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Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" > 51 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة الحاصلين على جائزة نوبل في الفيزياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান) – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ন'বেল বঁটা বিজয়ী (পদাৰ্থ বিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_Nobel_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1_laureatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_siyah%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Fizika üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fizika üzrə Nobel mükafatı laureatlarının siyahısı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থবিজ্ঞানে নোবেল বিজয়ীদের তালিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Bu%CC%8Dt-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk-chi%C3%B3ng_tit-chi%C3%B3ng-j%C3%AEn_%C3%AA_lia%CC%8Dt-toa%E2%81%BF" title="Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-chióng tit-chióng-jîn ê lia̍t-toaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Bu̍t-lí-ha̍k-chióng tit-chióng-jîn ê lia̍t-toaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па фізіцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спіс лаўрэатаў Нобелеўскай прэміі па фізіцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spisak_dobitnika_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziku – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Spisak dobitnika Nobelove nagrade za fiziku" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llista_de_guardonats_amb_el_Premi_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Física – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llista de guardonats amb el Premi Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Nobelpreistr%C3%A4ger_f%C3%BCr_Physik" title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Liste der Nobelpreisträger für Physik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q51759403 badge-goodlist mw-list-item" title="good list badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Ganadores_del_Premio_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Física – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Ganadores del Premio Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerrenda:Fisikako_Nobel_Saria" title="Zerrenda:Fisikako Nobel Saria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zerrenda:Fisikako Nobel Saria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل فیزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست برندگان جایزه نوبل فیزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99%EC%83%81_%EC%88%98%EC%83%81%EC%9E%90_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="노벨 물리학상 수상자 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 물리학상 수상자 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Ֆիզիկայի Նոբելյան մրցանակի դափնեկիրների ցանկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆիզիկայի Նոբելյան մրցանակի դափնեկիրների ցանկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80" title="भौतिकी में नोबेल विजेताओं की सूची – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भौतिकी में नोबेल विजेताओं की सूची" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_penerima_Nobel_Fisika" title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar penerima Nobel Fisika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appendice:Lista_de_laureatos_del_Premio_Nobel_pro_Physica" title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Appendice:Lista de laureatos del Premio Nobel pro Physica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincitori_del_premio_Nobel_per_la_fisica" title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la fisica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vincitori del premio Nobel per la fisica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaptar_pamenang_bebungah_Nobel_Fisika" title="Dhaptar pamenang bebungah Nobel Fisika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhaptar pamenang bebungah Nobel Fisika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ფიზიკაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემიის ლაურეატები ფიზიკაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Физика саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Физика саласында Нобель сыйлығы лауреаттарының тізімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AEsteya_Xelatgir%C3%AAn_Nobela_Fiz%C3%AEk%C3%AA" title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Fizîkê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lîsteya Xelatgirên Nobela Fizîkê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mijas_laure%C4%81ti_fizik%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti fizikā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmijas laureāti fizikā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABscht_vun_de_Laureate_vum_Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Physik" title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Physik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lëscht vun de Laureate vum Nobelpräis fir Physik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%85ra%C5%A1as:Nobelio_fizikos_premijos_laureatai" title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fizikos premijos laureatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sąrašas:Nobelio fizikos premijos laureatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lies_vaan_Nobelprieswinners_(natuurkunde)" title="Lies vaan Nobelprieswinners (natuurkunde) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lies vaan Nobelprieswinners (natuurkunde)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Список на добитници на Нобеловата награда за физика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на добитници на Нобеловата награда за физика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senarai_penerima_Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Fizik" title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Senarai penerima Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_over_nobelprisvinnere_i_fysikk" title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Liste over nobelprisvinnere i fysikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizika_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti_sovrindorlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fizika boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti sovrindorlari roʻyxati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureaci_Nagrody_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_fizyki" title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laureaci Nagrody Nobla w dziedzinie fizyki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laureados_com_o_Nobel_de_F%C3%ADsica" title="Laureados com o Nobel de Física – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laureados com o Nobel de Física" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Список лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Список лауреатов Нобелевской премии по физике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%95%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Физикаҕа Нобель бириэмийэтин лауреаттара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Физикаҕа Нобель бириэмийэтин лауреаттара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_e_fituesve_t%C3%AB_%C3%87mimit_Nobel_p%C3%ABr_Fizik%C3%AB" title="Lista e fituesve të Çmimit Nobel për Fizikë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lista e fituesve të Çmimit Nobel për Fizikë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincitura_d%C3%BB_Nobel_p%C3%A2_f%C3%ACsica_(crunul%C3%B2ggicu)" title="Vincitura dû Nobel pâ fìsica (crunulòggicu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vincitura dû Nobel pâ fìsica (crunulòggicu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Prize_winners_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B2%DA%AA%D8%B3_%DB%BE_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%DA%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%99%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فزڪس ۾ نوبل انعام حاصل ڪندڙن جي فهرست" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoznam_nosite%C4%BEov_Nobelovej_ceny_za_fyziku" title="Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zoznam nositeľov Nobelovej ceny za fyziku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="پێڕستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پێڕستی وەرگرانی خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە فیزیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Списак добитника Нобелове награде за физику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Списак добитника Нобелове награде за физику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luettelo_Nobelin_fysiikanpalkinnon_saaneista" title="Luettelo Nobelin fysiikanpalkinnon saaneista – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luettelo Nobelin fysiikanpalkinnon saaneista" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இயற்பியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு பெற்றவர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்பியலுக்கான நோபல் பரிசு பெற்றவர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE" title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి పొందిన భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్తల జాబితా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి పొందిన భౌతిక శాస్త్రవేత్తల జాబితా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Fizik_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sahipleri_listesi" title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri listesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Fizik Ödülü sahipleri listesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%B7_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Список лауреатів Нобелівської премії з фізики – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Список лауреатів Нобелівської премії з фізики" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="نوبل انعام برائے طبیعیات وصول کنندگان کی فہرست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام برائے طبیعیات وصول کنندگان کی فہرست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91o%E1%BA%A1t_gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel_V%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD" title="Danh sách người đoạt giải Nobel Vật lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh sách người đoạt giải Nobel Vật lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80t%C3%B2j%E1%BB%8D_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9%CC%81b%C3%B9n_Nobel_n%C3%ADn%C3%BA_F%C3%ADs%C3%ADks%C3%AC" title="Àtòjọ àwọn ẹlẹ́bùn Nobel nínú Físíksì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àtòjọ àwọn ẹlẹ́bùn Nobel nínú Físíksì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96%E5%BE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="诺贝尔物理学奖得主列表 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺贝尔物理学奖得主列表" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/200px-Nobel_medal.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/300px-Nobel_medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png/400px-Nobel_medal.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Front side (obverse) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> in 1947</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> to scientists in the various fields of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> established by the 1895 <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The award is presented in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 226 individuals as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>, of Germany, who received 150,782 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a> was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. He was also the youngest laureate for any Nobel prize until 2014 (when <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a> won the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 17).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> who was 96 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Only five women have won the prize: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1903), <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> (2020), and <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (2023).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Before L'Huillier, each woman only ever received a quarter share of the prize, although Marie Curie did receive an <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">unshared Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911</a>. In 2023, L'Huillier received a one-third share. There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year: <ul><li>The 1914 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> was announced only in November 1915.<a href="#cite_note-N1914-9">[9]</a></li> <li>The Prize was not awarded in 1917, as the Nobel Committee for Physics decided that none of that year's nominations met the necessary criteria, but was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> in 1918 and counted as the 1917 prize.<a href="#cite_note-N1917-10">[10]</a></li> <li>This precedent was followed for the 1918 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-N1918-11">[11]</a></li> <li>the 1921 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-N1921-12">[12]</a></li> <li>the 1924 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-N1924-13">[13]</a></li> <li>the 1925 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-N1925-14">[14]</a></li> <li>the 1928 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Owen_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-N1928-15">[15]</a></li> <li>the 1932 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> in 1933,<a href="#cite_note-N1932-16">[16]</a> and</li> <li>the 1943 prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-N1943-17">[17]</a></li></ul> A 2020 study reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines. <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a> (14%), <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a> (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines dominate the prize in recent decades, followed by <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor physics">semiconductor physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetics">magnetics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Laureates">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1111373058">.mw-parser-output .toc-top-false-title{font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .toc-top .hlist ul{text-align:inherit}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .toc-top{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .toc-top-center{margin:auto;clear:none}}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .toc-top{padding:7px}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .toc-top #toc-title-text{border-bottom:0;margin-top:0;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}</style><div class="toc plainlinks toc-top" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="toc-title-text-template"> <div class="toc-top-false-title"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="#1901">1901</a></li> <li><a href="#1910">1910</a></li> <li><a href="#1920">1920</a></li> <li><a href="#1930">1930</a></li> <li><a href="#1940">1940</a></li> <li><a href="#1950">1950</a></li> <li><a href="#1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="#1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="#1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="#1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="#2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="#2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="#2020">2020</a></li></ul> </div></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Image </th> <th scope="col">Laureate<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 100pt;">Nationality </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Rationale<a href="#cite_note-20">[b]</a> </th> <th scope="col" class="unsortable">Ref </th></tr> <tr id="1901"> <td>1901 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG/75px-WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG/113px-WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG/150px-WilhelmR%C3%B6ntgen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rontgen, Wilhelm"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (1845–1923) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">rays</a> subsequently named after him" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1902 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:H_A_Lorentz_(Nobel).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg/75px-H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg/113px-H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg/150px-H_A_Lorentz_%28Nobel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lorentz, Hendrik"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1853–1928) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td rowspan="2">"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> phenomena" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg/75px-Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg/113px-Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg/150px-Pieter_Zeeman_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="528" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Zeeman, Pieter"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a> (1865–1943) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1903 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg/75px-Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg/113px-Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg/150px-Henri_Becquerel_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Becquerel, Henri"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (1852–1908) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for his discovery of spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N1903-23">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PierreCurie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg/75px-PierreCurie.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg/113px-PierreCurie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/PierreCurie.jpg/150px-PierreCurie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Curie, Pierre"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (1859–1906) </th> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2">"for their joint researches on the <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> phenomena discovered by Professor <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/75px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/113px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/150px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Skłodowska-Curie, Marie"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (1867–1934) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/23px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/35px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg/45px-Military_ensign_of_Vistula_Flotilla_of_Congress_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Polish <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td></tr> <tr> <td>1904 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_William_Strutt_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-John_William_Strutt_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="620" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rayleigh, Lord"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1842–1919) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> in connection with these studies" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Lenard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lenard.jpg/75px-Lenard.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lenard.jpg/113px-Lenard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Lenard.jpg/150px-Lenard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lenard, Philipp"><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> (1862–1947) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his work on <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">cathode rays</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:J.J_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/75px-J.J_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/113px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/150px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1563" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Thomson, Joseph"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1856–1940) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the <a href="/wiki/Conduction_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction of electricity">conduction of electricity</a> by gases" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/75px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/113px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg/150px-Albert_Abraham_Michelson2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1286" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Michelson, Albert"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1852–1931) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his optical precision instruments and the <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscopic">spectroscopic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metrological" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrological">metrological</a> investigations carried out with their aid" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/75px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/113px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg/150px-Gabriel_Lippmann2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lippmann, Gabriel"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a> (1845–1921) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> Luxembourgish <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for <a href="/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">his method of reproducing colours photographically</a> based on the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1909 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/75px-Marconi_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/113px-Marconi_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Marconi_1909.jpg/150px-Marconi_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2687" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Marconi, Guglielmo"><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1874–1937) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_radio" title="Invention of radio">development of wireless telegraphy</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Braun_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Braun_1909.jpg/75px-Braun_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Braun_1909.jpg/113px-Braun_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Braun_1909.jpg/150px-Braun_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Braun, Karl"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> (1850–1918) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr id="1910"> <td>1910 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="941" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Van der Waals, Johannes"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> (1837–1923) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td>"for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state" title="Equation of state">equation of state</a> for gases and liquids" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1911 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg/75px-Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg/113px-Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg/150px-Wilhelm_Wien_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wien, Wilhelm"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a> (1864–1928) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1912 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg/75px-Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg/113px-Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg/150px-Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1312" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Dalén, Nils"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Gustaf Dalén</a> (1869–1937) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for his invention of <a href="/wiki/Sun_valve" title="Sun valve">automatic valves</a> designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in <a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">lighthouses</a> and buoys" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1913 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kamerlingh_portret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kamerlingh_portret.jpg/75px-Kamerlingh_portret.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kamerlingh_portret.jpg/113px-Kamerlingh_portret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kamerlingh_portret.jpg/150px-Kamerlingh_portret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike"><a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> (1853–1926) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td>"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1914 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg/75px-Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg/113px-Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg/150px-Max_von_Laue_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Von Laue, Max"><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> (1879–1960) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"For his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">diffraction of X-rays</a> by crystals", an important step in the development of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectroscopy</a>. </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1914-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wh-bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/75px-Wh-bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/113px-Wh-bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Wh-bragg.jpg/150px-Wh-bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bragg, William Henry"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1862–1942) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"'For their services in the analysis of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a> by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wl-bragg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/75px-Wl-bragg.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/113px-Wl-bragg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wl-bragg.jpg/150px-Wl-bragg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bragg, William Lawrence"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1890–1971) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td>1916 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1917 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg/75px-Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg/113px-Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg/150px-Charles_Glover_Barkla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Barkla, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a> (1877–1944) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"'For his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">characteristic Röntgen radiation</a> of the elements', another important step in the development of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1917-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1918 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Planck_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/75px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/113px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Max_Planck_1933.jpg/150px-Max_Planck_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2752" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Planck, Max"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1858–1947) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1918-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Stark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johannes_Stark.jpg/75px-Johannes_Stark.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johannes_Stark.jpg/113px-Johannes_Stark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Johannes_Stark.jpg/150px-Johannes_Stark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Stark, Johannes"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a> (1874–1957) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canal_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal rays">canal rays</a> and the splitting of <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral lines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1920"> <td>1920 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Guillaume_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Guillaume_1920.jpg/75px-Guillaume_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Guillaume_1920.jpg/113px-Guillaume_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Guillaume_1920.jpg/150px-Guillaume_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Guillaume, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Charles Édouard Guillaume</a> (1861–1938) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Einstein1921_by_F_Schmutzer_4_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1301" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Einstein, Albert"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1879–1955) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td>"for his services to <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, and especially for his discovery of the law of the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1921-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1922 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/75px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/113px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/150px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bohr, Niels"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1885–1962) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Danish </td> <td>"for his services in the investigation of the structure of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and of the radiation emanating from them" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1923 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/75px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/113px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/150px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1769" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Millikan, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a> (1868–1953) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge">elementary charge</a> of electricity and on the <a href="/wiki/Photoelectric_effect" title="Photoelectric effect">photoelectric effect</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg/75px-1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg/113px-1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg/150px-1924_Karl_Manne_Siegbahn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Siegbahn, Manne"><a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> (1886–1978) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for his discoveries and research in the field of <a href="/wiki/X-ray_spectroscopy" title="X-ray spectroscopy">X-ray spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1924-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Franck_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/James_Franck_1925.jpg/75px-James_Franck_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/James_Franck_1925.jpg/113px-James_Franck_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/James_Franck_1925.jpg/150px-James_Franck_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Franck, James"><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> (1882–1964) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> upon an atom" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N1925-14">[14]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gustav_Hertz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gustav_Hertz.jpg/75px-Gustav_Hertz.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gustav_Hertz.jpg/113px-Gustav_Hertz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Gustav_Hertz.jpg/150px-Gustav_Hertz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hertz, Gustav"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a> (1887–1975) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/75px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/113px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg/150px-Jean_Perrin_1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1074" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Perrin, Jean"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a> (1870–1942) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_equilibrium" title="Sedimentation equilibrium">sedimentation equilibrium</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1927 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Compton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Compton.jpg/75px-Arthur_Compton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Compton.jpg/113px-Arthur_Compton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Arthur_Compton.jpg/150px-Arthur_Compton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Compton, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a> (1892–1962) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Compton_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton effect">effect named after him</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N1927-40">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CTR_Wilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/75px-CTR_Wilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/113px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/CTR_Wilson.jpg/150px-CTR_Wilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wilson, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1869–1959) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">method</a> of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1928 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Owen_Richardson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Owen_Richardson.jpg/75px-Owen_Richardson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Owen_Richardson.jpg/113px-Owen_Richardson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Owen_Richardson.jpg/150px-Owen_Richardson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Richardson, Owen"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a> (1879–1959) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his work on the <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic phenomenon</a> and especially for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Richardson%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson's law">the law named after him</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1928-15">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Broglie_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broglie_Portrait.jpg/75px-Broglie_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broglie_Portrait.jpg/113px-Broglie_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Broglie_Portrait.jpg/150px-Broglie_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="De Broglie, Louis"><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a> (1892–1987) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for his discovery of the wave nature of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1930"> <td>1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_CV_Raman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/75px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/113px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sir_CV_Raman.JPG/150px-Sir_CV_Raman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Raman, Chandrasekhara"><a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> (1888–1970) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> Indian </td> <td>"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Raman_scattering" title="Raman scattering">effect named after him</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1931 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td>1932 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262,_Werner_Heisenberg_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild183-R57262%2C_Werner_Heisenberg_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="663" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Heisenberg, Werner"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (1901–1976) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td>"for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Allotropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotropic">allotropic</a> forms of hydrogen" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1932-16">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1933 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_(1933).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/75px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/113px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg/150px-Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger_%281933%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schrodinger, Erwin"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> (1887–1961) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of new productive forms of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic theory">atomic theory</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Dirac,_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/75px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/113px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg/150px-Paul_Dirac%2C_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1107" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Dirac, Paul"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1902–1984) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded </td></tr> <tr> <td>1935 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Chadwick_(3x4_cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-75px-James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-113px-James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-150px-James_Chadwick_%283x4_cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="746" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Chadwick, James"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1891–1974) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1936 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hess.jpg/75px-Hess.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hess.jpg/113px-Hess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Hess.jpg/150px-Hess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hess, Victor"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Victor Francis Hess</a> (1883–1964) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg/23px-State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg/35px-State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg/45px-State_flag_of_Austria_%281934%E2%80%931938%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /> Austrian </td> <td>"for his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic radiation</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N1936-45">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_David_Anderson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carl_David_Anderson.jpg/75px-Carl_David_Anderson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carl_David_Anderson.jpg/113px-Carl_David_Anderson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carl_David_Anderson.jpg/150px-Carl_David_Anderson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3703" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Anderson, Carl"><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a> (1905–1991) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">positron</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1937 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_Davisson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clinton_Davisson.jpg/75px-Clinton_Davisson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clinton_Davisson.jpg/113px-Clinton_Davisson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Clinton_Davisson.jpg/150px-Clinton_Davisson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Davisson, Clinton"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Clinton Davisson</a> (1881–1958) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their experimental discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">diffraction of electrons</a> by crystals" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Paget_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/George_Paget_Thomson.jpg/75px-George_Paget_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/George_Paget_Thomson.jpg/113px-George_Paget_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/George_Paget_Thomson.jpg/150px-George_Paget_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Thomson, George"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> (1892–1975) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg/75px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg/113px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49_140x190.jpg 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="190" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Fermi, Enrico"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> (1901–1954) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian </td> <td>"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_irradiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron irradiation">neutron irradiation</a>, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ernest_Lawrence.jpg/75px-Ernest_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ernest_Lawrence.jpg/113px-Ernest_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ernest_Lawrence.jpg/150px-Ernest_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lawrence, Ernest"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> (1901–1958) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the invention and development of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1940"> <td>1940 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1941 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded due to World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td colspan="5" align="center">Not awarded due to World War II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Stern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg/75px-Otto_Stern.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg/113px-Otto_Stern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Otto_Stern.jpg/150px-Otto_Stern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Stern, Otto"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> (1888–1969) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N1943-17">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:II_Rabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/75px-II_Rabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/113px-II_Rabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/150px-II_Rabi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rabi, Isidor"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a> (1898–1988) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pauli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pauli.jpg/75px-Pauli.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pauli.jpg/113px-Pauli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pauli.jpg/150px-Pauli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Pauli, Wolfgang"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> (1900–1958) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian </td> <td>"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the <a href="/wiki/Pauli_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauli principle">Pauli principle</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bridgman.jpg/75px-Bridgman.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bridgman.jpg/113px-Bridgman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bridgman.jpg/150px-Bridgman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bridgman, Percy"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a> (1882–1961) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of <a href="/wiki/High_pressure_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="High pressure physics">high pressure physics</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Appleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/75px-Appleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/113px-Appleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Appleton.jpg/150px-Appleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Appleton, Edward"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> (1892–1965) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his investigations of the physics of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> especially for the discovery of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Appleton_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Appleton layer">Appleton layer</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Blackett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blackett.jpg/75px-Blackett.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blackett.jpg/113px-Blackett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Blackett.jpg/150px-Blackett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Blackett, Patrick"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1897–1974) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his development of the Wilson <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a> method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yukawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yukawa.jpg/75px-Yukawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yukawa.jpg/113px-Yukawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yukawa.jpg/150px-Yukawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2687" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Yukawa, Hideki"><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Hideki Yukawa</a> (1907–1981) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Japanese </td> <td>"for his prediction of the existence of <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a> on the basis of theoretical work on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear forces">nuclear forces</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1950"> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cecil_Powell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cecil_Powell.jpg/75px-Cecil_Powell.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cecil_Powell.jpg/113px-Cecil_Powell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cecil_Powell.jpg/150px-Cecil_Powell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Powell, Cecil"><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">C. F. Powell</a> (1903–1969) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cockcroft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cockcroft.jpg/75px-Cockcroft.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cockcroft.jpg/113px-Cockcroft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cockcroft.jpg/150px-Cockcroft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cockcroft, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> (1897–1967) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Walton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ernest_Walton.jpg/75px-Ernest_Walton.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ernest_Walton.jpg/113px-Ernest_Walton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Ernest_Walton.jpg/150px-Ernest_Walton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Walton, Ernest"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (1903–1995) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Irish </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Bloch,_Stanford_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/75px-Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/113px-Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/150px-Felix_Bloch%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bloch, Felix"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> (1905–1983) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg/75px-Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg/113px-Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg/150px-Edward_Mills_Purcell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Purcell, Edward"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a> (1912–1997) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zernike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Zernike.jpg/75px-Zernike.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Zernike.jpg/113px-Zernike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Zernike.jpg/150px-Zernike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Zernike, Frits"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (1888–1966) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td>"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phase_contrast_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase contrast microscope">phase contrast microscope</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Born_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Max_Born_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="999" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Born, Max"><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> (1882–1970) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his fundamental research in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, especially for his statistical interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Wavefunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N54-59">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bothe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bothe.jpg/75px-Bothe.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bothe.jpg/113px-Bothe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bothe.jpg/150px-Bothe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bothe, Walther"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a> (1891–1957) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td>"for the <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_circuit" title="Coincidence circuit">coincidence method</a> and his discoveries made therewith" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1955 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg/75px-Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg/113px-Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg/150px-Willis_Lamb_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lamb, Willis"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Willis Lamb</a> (1913–2008) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his discoveries concerning the <a href="/wiki/Fine_structure" title="Fine structure">fine structure</a> of the hydrogen spectrum" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N55-60">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Polykarp_Kusch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polykarp_Kusch.jpg/75px-Polykarp_Kusch.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polykarp_Kusch.jpg/113px-Polykarp_Kusch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Polykarp_Kusch.jpg/150px-Polykarp_Kusch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kusch, Polykarp"><a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a> (1911–1993) </th> <td>"for his precision determination of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bardeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/75px-Bardeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/113px-Bardeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/150px-Bardeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bardeen, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1908–1991) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their researches on <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> and their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> effect" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brattain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brattain.jpg/75px-Brattain.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brattain.jpg/113px-Brattain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Brattain.jpg/150px-Brattain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Brattain, Walter"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a> (1902–1987) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_Shockley,_Stanford_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/75px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/113px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/150px-William_Shockley%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1625" data-file-height="2264" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Shockley, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> (1910–1989) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:TD_Lee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg/75px-TD_Lee.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg/113px-TD_Lee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/TD_Lee.jpg/150px-TD_Lee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lee, Tsung-Dao"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Tsung-Dao" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Tsung-Dao">Lee Tsung-Dao</a> (1926–2024) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Chinese </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Parity_violation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parity violation">parity laws</a> which has led to important discoveries regarding the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary particles">elementary particles</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Yang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Yang.jpg/75px-Yang.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Yang.jpg/113px-Yang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Yang.jpg/150px-Yang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Yang, Chen-Ning"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang Chen-Ning</a> (b. 1922) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1958 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cerenkov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cerenkov.jpg/75px-Cerenkov.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cerenkov.jpg/113px-Cerenkov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Cerenkov.jpg/150px-Cerenkov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cherenkov, Pavel"><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Pavel Cherenkov</a> (1904–1990) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Soviet </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery and the interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Cherenkov-Vavilov_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherenkov-Vavilov effect">Cherenkov effect</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ilya_Frank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilya_Frank.jpg/75px-Ilya_Frank.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilya_Frank.jpg/113px-Ilya_Frank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ilya_Frank.jpg/150px-Ilya_Frank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Frank, Ilya"><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Ilya Frank</a> (1908–1990) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Igor_Tamm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Igor_Tamm.jpg/75px-Igor_Tamm.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Igor_Tamm.jpg/113px-Igor_Tamm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Igor_Tamm.jpg/150px-Igor_Tamm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Tamm, Igor"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Igor Tamm</a> (1895–1971) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Segre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Segre.jpg/75px-Segre.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Segre.jpg/113px-Segre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Segre.jpg/150px-Segre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="2687" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Segre, Emilio"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> (1905–1989) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281959-1960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Owen_Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Owen_Chamberlain.jpg/75px-Owen_Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Owen_Chamberlain.jpg/113px-Owen_Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Owen_Chamberlain.jpg/150px-Owen_Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Chamberlain, Owen"><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a> (1920–2006) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr id="1960"> <td>1960 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Glaser_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Donald_Glaser_1.jpg/75px-Donald_Glaser_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Donald_Glaser_1.jpg/113px-Donald_Glaser_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/89/Donald_Glaser_1.jpg/150px-Donald_Glaser_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Glaser, Donald"><a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> (1926–2013) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble chamber</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1961 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Hofstadter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hofstadter.jpg/75px-Robert_Hofstadter.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hofstadter.jpg/113px-Robert_Hofstadter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Robert_Hofstadter.jpg/150px-Robert_Hofstadter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hofstadter, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> (1915–1990) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his pioneering studies of <a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">electron scattering</a> in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Nucleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleons">nucleons</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N61-66">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mossbauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mossbauer.jpg/75px-Mossbauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mossbauer.jpg/113px-Mossbauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mossbauer.jpg/150px-Mossbauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mossbauer, Rudolf"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Rudolf Mössbauer</a> (1929–2011) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td>"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a> and his discovery in this connection of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ssbauer_effect" title="Mössbauer effect">effect</a> which bears his name" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Landau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/75px-Landau.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/113px-Landau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Landau.jpg/150px-Landau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1527" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Landau, Lev"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> (1908–1968) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Soviet </td> <td>"for his pioneering theories for <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Liquid_helium" title="Liquid helium">liquid helium</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Wigner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wigner.jpg/75px-Wigner.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wigner.jpg/113px-Wigner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wigner.jpg/150px-Wigner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wigner, Eugene"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a> (1902–1995) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental <a href="/wiki/Wigner%27s_theorem" title="Wigner's theorem">symmetry principles</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N63-68">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg/75px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg/113px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg/150px-Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Goeppert-Mayer, Maria"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> (1906–1972) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discoveries concerning <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell structure</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N63-68">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_(1907%E2%80%931973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg/75px-Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg/113px-Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg/150px-Johannes_Hans_Daniel_Jensen_%281907%E2%80%931973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Jensen, J."><a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a> (1907–1973) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1964 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Basov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Basov.jpg/75px-Basov.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Basov.jpg/113px-Basov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Basov.jpg/150px-Basov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Basov, Nikolay"><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Nikolay Basov</a> (1922–2001) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Soviet </td> <td rowspan="3">"for fundamental work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum electronics">quantum electronics</a>, which has led to the construction of <a href="/wiki/Oscillator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscillator">oscillators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifiers</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>–<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> principle" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg/75px-Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg/113px-Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg/150px-Aleksandr_Prokhorov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Prokhorov, Alexander"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a> (1916–2002) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg/75px-Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg/113px-Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg/150px-Charles_Townes_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Townes, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles H. Townes</a> (1915–2015) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1965 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg/75px-Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg/113px-Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg/150px-Richard_Feynman_Nobel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1008" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Feynman, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> (1918–1988) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their fundamental work in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a> (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Schwinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/75px-Schwinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/113px-Schwinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/150px-Schwinger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schwinger, Julian"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> (1918–1994) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tomonaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tomonaga.jpg/75px-Tomonaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tomonaga.jpg/113px-Tomonaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Tomonaga.jpg/150px-Tomonaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="744" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro"><a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Shin'ichirō Tomonaga</a> (1906–1979) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kastler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/75px-Kastler.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/113px-Kastler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Kastler.jpg/150px-Kastler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kastler, Alfred"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a> (1902–1984) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Bethe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hans_Bethe.jpg/75px-Hans_Bethe.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hans_Bethe.jpg/113px-Hans_Bethe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hans_Bethe.jpg/150px-Hans_Bethe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="913" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bethe, Hans"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a> (1906–2005) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contributions to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a>, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:LWA_Picture_Final.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LWA_Picture_Final.jpg/75px-LWA_Picture_Final.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LWA_Picture_Final.jpg/113px-LWA_Picture_Final.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/LWA_Picture_Final.jpg/150px-LWA_Picture_Final.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="2734" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Alvarez, Luis"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> (1911–1988) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Resonance_(particle_physics)" title="Resonance (particle physics)">resonance</a> states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Bubble_chamber" title="Bubble chamber">bubble chamber</a> and data analysis" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:MurrayGellMannJI1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-MurrayGellMannJI1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="2634" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Gell-Mann, Murray"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1929–2019) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> </td></tr> <tr id="1970"> <td rowspan="2">1970 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:YoungAlfven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/YoungAlfven.jpg/75px-YoungAlfven.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/YoungAlfven.jpg/113px-YoungAlfven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/YoungAlfven.jpg/150px-YoungAlfven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1744" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Alfven, Hannes"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Hannes Alfvén</a> (1908–1995) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for fundamental work and discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Magneto-hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Magneto-hydrodynamics">magneto-hydrodynamics</a> with fruitful applications in different parts of <a href="/wiki/Plasma_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma physics">plasma physics</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N70-75">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Neel_1970.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Louis_Neel_1970.jpg/75px-Louis_Neel_1970.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Louis_Neel_1970.jpg/113px-Louis_Neel_1970.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Louis_Neel_1970.jpg/150px-Louis_Neel_1970.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="3000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Neel, Louis"><a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Louis Néel</a> (1904–2000) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetism</a> which have led to important applications in <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state physics">solid state physics</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">1971 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg/75px-Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg/113px-Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg/150px-Dennis_Gabor_1971b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="933" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Gabor, Dennis"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a> (1900–1979) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his invention and development of the <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holographic method</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bardeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/75px-Bardeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/113px-Bardeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bardeen.jpg/150px-Bardeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bardeen, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> (1908–1991) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their jointly developed theory of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, usually called the <a href="/wiki/BCS-theory" class="mw-redirect" title="BCS-theory">BCS-theory</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Cooper_1972_(Portrait_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Leon_Cooper_1972_%28Portrait_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="486" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cooper, Leon"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Leon Cooper</a> (1930–2024) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Robert_Schrieffer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/John_Robert_Schrieffer.jpg/75px-John_Robert_Schrieffer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/John_Robert_Schrieffer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="141" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schrieffer, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a> (1931–2019) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1973 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg/75px-Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg/113px-Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg/150px-Leo_Esaki_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Esaki, Leo"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a> (b. 1925) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> Japanese </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Superconductor">superconductors</a>, respectively" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N73-78">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ivar_Giaever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ivar_Giaever.jpg/75px-Ivar_Giaever.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ivar_Giaever.jpg/113px-Ivar_Giaever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ivar_Giaever.jpg/150px-Ivar_Giaever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="799" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Giaever, Ivar"><a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> (b. 1929) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> Norwegian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><div class="floatnone"> <div style="width: 75px; height: 100px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -24px; width: 150px"><div class="noresize"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg/150px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg/225px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg/300px-Cmglee_Cambridge_Wikimedia_Meetup_23_tour_Brian_Josephson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Josephson, Brian"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (b. 1940) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a <a href="/wiki/Supercurrent" title="Supercurrent">supercurrent</a> through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Josephson_effect" title="Josephson effect">Josephson effect</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ryle, Martin"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> (1918–1984) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their pioneering research in <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astrophysics</a>: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the <a href="/wiki/Aperture_synthesis" title="Aperture synthesis">aperture synthesis</a> technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:26._Tagung_1976_Physiker;_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-26._Tagung_1976_Physiker%3B_Gruppen_beim_Bayrischen_Fr%C3%BChst%C3%BCck_Antony_Hewish_-_W134Nr.106841b_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="617" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hewish, Antony"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a> (1924–2021) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Aage_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aage_Bohr.jpg/75px-Aage_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aage_Bohr.jpg/113px-Aage_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aage_Bohr.jpg/150px-Aage_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="501" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bohr, Aage"><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a> (1922–2009) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Danish </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic nuclei">atomic nuclei</a> and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mottelson,Ben_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg/75px-Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg/113px-Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg/150px-Mottelson%2CBen_1963_Kopenhagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mottelson, Ben"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Roy Mottelson</a> (1926–2022) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> Danish </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James_Rainwater_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Rainwater_2.jpg/75px-James_Rainwater_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Rainwater_2.jpg/113px-James_Rainwater_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/James_Rainwater_2.jpg/150px-James_Rainwater_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="466" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rainwater, James"><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a> (1917–1986) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg/75px-Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg/113px-Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg/150px-Samuel_ting_10-19-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="862" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ting, Samuel"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (b. 1936) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their pioneering work in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/J/%CF%88_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="J/ψ meson">a heavy elementary particle</a> of a new kind" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Burton_Richter_1976_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Burton_Richter_1976_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="260" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Richter, Burton"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> (1931–2018) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andersonphoto_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Andersonphoto_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="477" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Anderson, Philip"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a> (1923–2020) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mott,Nevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg/75px-Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg/113px-Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg/150px-Mott%2CNevill_Francis_Heisenberg_1952_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="275" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mott, Nevill"><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (1905–1996) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg/75px-JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg/113px-JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg/150px-JH_van_Vleck_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1239" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Van Vleck, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (1899–1980) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1978 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg/75px-Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg/113px-Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg/150px-Pyotr_L_Kapitsa_Russian_physicist_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1200" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kapitsa, Pyotr"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a> (1894–1984) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Soviet </td> <td>"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of <a href="/wiki/Low-temperature_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-temperature physics">low-temperature physics</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N78-83">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:32._Tagung_1982_Physiker;_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-32._Tagung_1982_Physiker%3B_Beim_Studentenabend_Arno_A._Penzias_-_W134Nr.119142_-_Willy_Pragher_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="388" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Penzias, Arno"><a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Arno Allan Penzias</a> (1933–2024) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Wilson_(28215880301)_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg/75px-Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg/113px-Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg/150px-Robert_Wilson_%2828215880301%29_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="752" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wilson, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a> (b. 1936) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/75px-Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/113px-Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg/150px-Sheldon_Glashow_at_Harvard_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="263" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Glashow, Sheldon"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Sheldon Glashow</a> (b. 1932) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their contributions to the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroweak force">unified weak and electromagnetic interaction</a> between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the <a href="/wiki/Weak_neutral_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak neutral current">weak neutral current</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/75px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/113px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg/150px-Abdus_Salam_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1872" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Salam, Abdus"><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1926–1996) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Pakistani </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/75px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/113px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg/150px-Steven_weinberg_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="787" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Weinberg, Steven"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a> (1933–2021) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr id="1980"> <td rowspan="2">1980 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:James-cronin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James-cronin.jpg/75px-James-cronin.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James-cronin.jpg/113px-James-cronin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/James-cronin.jpg/150px-James-cronin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2680" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cronin, James"><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">James Cronin</a> (1931–2016) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of violations of fundamental <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">symmetry principles</a> in the decay of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_K-meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral K-meson">neutral K-mesons</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Val_Fitch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Val_Fitch.jpg/75px-Val_Fitch.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Val_Fitch.jpg/113px-Val_Fitch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Val_Fitch.jpg/150px-Val_Fitch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="979" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Fitch, Val"><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a> (1923–2015) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/75px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/113px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg/150px-Nicolaas_Bloembergen_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="3465" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bloembergen, Nicolaas"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a> (1920–2017) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their contribution to the development of <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N81-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Artur_Schawlow,_Stanford_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/75px-Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/113px-Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/150px-Artur_Schawlow%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schawlow, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Arthur Leonard Schawlow</a> (1921–1999) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg/75px-Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg/113px-Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg/150px-Kai_Manne_B%C3%B6rje_Siegbahn_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1484" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Siegbahn, Kai"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a> (1918–2007) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> Swedish </td> <td>"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Electron_spectroscopy" title="Electron spectroscopy">electron spectroscopy</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N81-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wilson, Kenneth"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1936–2013) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1983 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif/75px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif/113px-Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.gif 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="198" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan"><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> (1910–1995) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Indian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution of the stars</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N83-88">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png/75px-William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png/113px-William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/William_A._Fowler_Los_Alamos_ID.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="159" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Fowler, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> (1911–1995) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reactions</a> of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/75px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/113px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg/150px-Carlo_Rubbia_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3448" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rubbia, Carlo"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> (b. 1934) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">particles W and Z</a>, communicators of <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Van_der_Meer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Simon_Van_der_Meer.png/75px-Simon_Van_der_Meer.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Simon_Van_der_Meer.png/113px-Simon_Van_der_Meer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Simon_Van_der_Meer.png/150px-Simon_Van_der_Meer.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="559" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Van der Meer, Simon"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a> (1925–2011) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg/75px-Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg/113px-Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg/150px-Klaus_von_Klitzing_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="2126" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Von Klitzing, Klaus"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (b. 1943) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td>"for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_Hall_effect" title="Quantum Hall effect">quantized Hall effect</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ruska, Ernst"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a> (1906–1988) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td>"for his fundamental work in <a href="/wiki/Electron_optics" title="Electron optics">electron optics</a>, and for the design of the first <a href="/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">electron microscope</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-N86-91">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg/75px-Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg/113px-Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg/150px-Gerd_Binnig_sw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="708" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Binnig, Gerd"><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> (b. 1947) </th> <td rowspan="2">"for their design of the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N86-91">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rohrer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rohrer.jpg/75px-Rohrer.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rohrer.jpg/113px-Rohrer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Rohrer.jpg/150px-Rohrer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Rohrer, Heinrich"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a> (1933–2013) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1987 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg/75px-Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg/113px-Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg/150px-Georg_Bednorz_speaking_at_the_groundbreaking_of_the_new_IBM_and_ETH_Zurich_Nanotech_Exploratory_Technology_Lab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="414" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Bednorz, Georg"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Georg Bednorz</a> (b. 1950) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their important break-through in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> materials" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller,_Nobel_Laureate,_in_the_1980s_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Head_photo_of_K_Alex_Mueller%2C_Nobel_Laureate%2C_in_the_1980s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="688" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Muller, K. Alex"><a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">K. Alex Müller</a> (1927–2023) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1988 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg/75px-Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg/113px-Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg/150px-Leon_M._Lederman_1988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1498" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lederman, Leon"><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> (1922–2018) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a> beam method and the demonstration of the <a href="/wiki/Doublet_state" title="Doublet state">doublet</a> structure of the <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">leptons</a> through the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">muon neutrino</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schwartz, Melvin"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> (1932–2006) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG/75px-Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG/113px-Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG/150px-Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1221" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Steinberger, Jack"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a> (1921–2020) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Norman_Foster_Ramsey_1970_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="206" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ramsey, Norman"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.</a> (1915–2011) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the invention of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separated_oscillatory_fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separated oscillatory fields (page does not exist)">separated oscillatory fields</a> method and its use in the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_maser" title="Hydrogen maser">hydrogen maser</a> and other atomic clocks" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N89-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Dehmelt, Hans"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> (1922–2017) </th> <td rowspan="2">"for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Ion_trap" title="Ion trap">ion trap</a> technique" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Paul, Wolfgang"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> (1913–1993) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> West German </td></tr> <tr id="1990"> <td rowspan="3">1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg/75px-Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg/113px-Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg/150px-Physics_Nobel_laureate_Jerry_Friedman%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="2284" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Friedman, Jerome"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome I. Friedman</a> (b. 1930) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their pioneering investigations concerning <a href="/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Deep inelastic scattering">deep inelastic scattering</a> of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">quark model</a> in particle physics" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg/75px-Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg/113px-Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg/150px-Henry_Kendall_by_Tom_Frost_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="283" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kendall, Henry"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> (1926–1999) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_E._Taylor_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Richard_E._Taylor_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1386" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Taylor, Richard"><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Richard E. Taylor</a> (1929–2018) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre-Gilles_crop_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Pierre-Gilles_crop_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="De Gennes, Pierre-Gilles"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> (1932–2007) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal" title="Liquid crystal">liquid crystals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymers</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG/75px-CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG/113px-CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG/150px-CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Charpak, Georges"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Georges Charpak</a> (1924–2010) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td>"for his invention and development of <a href="/wiki/Particle_detector" title="Particle detector">particle detectors</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Multiwire_proportional_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiwire proportional chamber">multiwire proportional chamber</a>" </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1993 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Russell_Alan_Hulse_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Russell_Alan_Hulse_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1338" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hulse, Russell"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> (b. 1950) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/PSR_B1913%2B16" class="mw-redirect" title="PSR B1913+16">new type</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitation</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:2008JosephTaylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2008JosephTaylor.jpg/75px-2008JosephTaylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2008JosephTaylor.jpg/113px-2008JosephTaylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/2008JosephTaylor.jpg/150px-2008JosephTaylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="909" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Taylor, Joseph"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a> (b. 1941) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1994 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg/75px-Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg/113px-Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg/150px-Bertram_Brockhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="499" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Brockhouse, Bertram"><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Bertram Brockhouse</a> (1918–2003) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td> <td>"for the development of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_spectroscopy" title="Neutron spectroscopy">neutron spectroscopy</a>" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> techniques for studies of <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N94-99">[97]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Clifford_Shull_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Clifford_Shull_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="1382" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Shull, Clifford"><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a> (1915–2001) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the development of the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a> technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of <a href="/wiki/Neutron_scattering" title="Neutron scattering">neutron scattering</a> techniques for studies of <a href="/wiki/Condensed_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Condensed matter">condensed matter</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg/75px-Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg/113px-Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="148" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Perl, Martin"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1927–2014) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Tau_lepton" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau lepton">tau lepton</a>" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> physics" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N95-100">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Reines,_early_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg/75px-Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg/113px-Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg/150px-Frederick_Reines%2C_early_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="1198" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Reines, Frederick"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a> (1918–1998) </th> <td>"for the detection of the <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrino</a>" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to <a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">lepton</a> physics" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1996 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg/75px-Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg/113px-Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg/150px-Nobel_Laureate_David_Morris_Lee_in_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Lee, David"><a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">David Lee</a> (b. 1931) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their discovery of <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluidity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">helium-3</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg/75px-Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg/113px-Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg/150px-Douglas_Osheroff_NSF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1741" data-file-height="2259" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Osheroff, Douglas"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Douglas D. Osheroff</a> (b. 1945) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg/75px-Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg/113px-Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg/150px-Robert_Coleman_Richardson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="242" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Richardson, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a> (1937–2013) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg/75px-Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg/113px-Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg/150px-Steven_Chu_official_portrait_headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="850" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Chu, Steven"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> (b. 1948) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"<a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light</a>." </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG/75px-Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG/113px-Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="758" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (b. 1933) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:William_D._Phillips.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/William_D._Phillips.jpg/75px-William_D._Phillips.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/William_D._Phillips.jpg/113px-William_D._Phillips.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/William_D._Phillips.jpg/150px-William_D._Phillips.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3640" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Phillips, William"><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> (b. 1948) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Laughlin,_Stanford_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/75px-Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/113px-Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg/150px-Robert_Laughlin%2C_Stanford_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Laughlin, Robert"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a> (b. 1950) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for their discovery of a new form of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluid" title="Quantum fluid">quantum fluid</a> with fractionally charged excitations" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg/75px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg/113px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg/150px-Horst_St%C3%B6rmer_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="891" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Stormer, Horst"><a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> (b. 1949) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Chee_Tsui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Daniel_Chee_Tsui.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="84" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Tsui, Daniel"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a> (b. 1939) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg/75px-Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg/113px-Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg/150px-Gerard_%27t_Hooft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2634" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hooft, Gerard"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a> (b. 1946) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Dutch </td> <td rowspan="2">"for elucidating the quantum structure of <a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">electroweak interactions</a> in physics" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Martinus_Veltman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martinus_Veltman.jpg/75px-Martinus_Veltman.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martinus_Veltman.jpg/113px-Martinus_Veltman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Martinus_Veltman.jpg/150px-Martinus_Veltman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="445" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Veltman, Martinus"><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Martinus J. G. Veltman</a> (1931–2021) </th></tr> <tr id="2000"> <td rowspan="3">2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Zhores_Alferov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zhores_Alferov.jpg/75px-Zhores_Alferov.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zhores_Alferov.jpg/113px-Zhores_Alferov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Zhores_Alferov.jpg/150px-Zhores_Alferov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="246" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Alferov, Zhores"><a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Zhores Alferov</a> (1930–2019) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for developing <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> <a href="/wiki/Heterostructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterostructure">heterostructures</a> used in high-speed- and <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronics</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N00-105">[103]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Kroemer_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Herbert_Kroemer_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2811" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kroemer, Herbert"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> (1928–2024) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_Kilby_1960s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jack_Kilby_1960s.png/75px-Jack_Kilby_1960s.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Jack_Kilby_1960s.png/113px-Jack_Kilby_1960s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Jack_Kilby_1960s.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="181" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kilby, Jack"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> (1923–2005) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his part in the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell,_in_June_of_2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Physics_Nobel_Laureate_Eric_Allin_Cornell%2C_in_June_of_2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1431" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Cornell, Eric"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a> (b. 1961) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the achievement of <a href="/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate" title="Bose–Einstein condensate">Bose–Einstein condensation</a> in dilute gases of <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Wieman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carl_Wieman.jpg/75px-Carl_Wieman.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carl_Wieman.jpg/113px-Carl_Wieman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carl_Wieman.jpg/150px-Carl_Wieman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="463" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wieman, Carl"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Wieman</a> (b. 1951) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ketterle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ketterle.jpg/75px-Ketterle.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ketterle.jpg/113px-Ketterle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ketterle.jpg/150px-Ketterle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ketterle, Wolfgang"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> (b. 1957) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Davis,_Jr_2001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg/75px-Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg/113px-Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg/150px-Raymond_Davis%2C_Jr_2001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="762" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Davis, Raymond"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> (1914–2006) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for pioneering contributions to <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, in particular for the detection of cosmic <a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">neutrinos</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N02-107">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg/75px-Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg/113px-Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg/150px-Masatoshi_Koshiba_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Koshiba, Masatoshi"><a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (1926–2020) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:RiccardoGiacconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/75px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/113px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RiccardoGiacconi.jpg/150px-RiccardoGiacconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1482" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Giacconi, Riccardo"><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1931–2018) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_X-ray_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic X-ray source">cosmic X-ray sources</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg/75px-AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg/113px-AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg/150px-AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="397" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Abrikosov, Alexei"><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov">Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov</a> (1928–2017) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for pioneering contributions to the theory of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superfluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfluid">superfluids</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg/75px-Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg/113px-Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg/150px-Ginzburg_in_MSU_opaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ginzburg, Vitaly"><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> (1916–2009) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nobel_Laureate_Sir_Anthony_James_Leggett_in_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Leggett, Anthony"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a> (b. 1938) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Gross_LANL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_Gross_LANL.jpg/75px-David_Gross_LANL.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_Gross_LANL.jpg/113px-David_Gross_LANL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/David_Gross_LANL.jpg/150px-David_Gross_LANL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1965" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Gross, David"><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">David Gross</a> (b. 1941) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_freedom" title="Asymptotic freedom">asymptotic freedom</a> in the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Politzer, Hugh"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Hugh David Politzer</a> (b. 1949) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:FrankStockholm2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/75px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/113px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/FrankStockholm2004.jpg/150px-FrankStockholm2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="982" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wilczek, Frank"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a> (b. 1951) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg/75px-Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg/113px-Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg/150px-Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="466" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Glauber, Roy"><a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Roy J. Glauber</a> (1925–2018) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for his contribution to the quantum theory of <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">optical coherence</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N05-110">[108]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_L._Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_L._Hall.jpg/75px-John_L._Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_L._Hall.jpg/113px-John_L._Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/John_L._Hall.jpg/150px-John_L._Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="267" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hall, John"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">John L. Hall</a> (b. 1934) </th> <td rowspan="2">"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Optical_frequency_comb" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical frequency comb">optical frequency comb</a> technique" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_Haensch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theodor_Haensch.jpg/75px-Theodor_Haensch.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theodor_Haensch.jpg/113px-Theodor_Haensch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theodor_Haensch.jpg/150px-Theodor_Haensch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3688" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hansch, Theodor"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor W. Hänsch</a> (b. 1941) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John-C-Mather5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John-C-Mather5.jpg/75px-John-C-Mather5.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John-C-Mather5.jpg/113px-John-C-Mather5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/John-C-Mather5.jpg/150px-John-C-Mather5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1074" data-file-height="1320" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mather, John"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> (b. 1946) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for their discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Blackbody" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackbody">blackbody form</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic microwave background radiation">cosmic microwave background radiation</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:George_Smoot_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/George_Smoot_crop.jpg/75px-George_Smoot_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/George_Smoot_crop.jpg/113px-George_Smoot_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/George_Smoot_crop.jpg/150px-George_Smoot_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="270" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Smoot, George"><a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">George Smoot</a> (b. 1945) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Fert-002_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Fert-002_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="1781" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Fert, Albert"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> (b. 1938) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Giant_magnetoresistance" title="Giant magnetoresistance">giant magnetoresistance</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg/75px-Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg/113px-Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg/150px-Peter_Gruenberg_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="2900" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Grunberg, Peter"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (1939–2018) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Mkobayashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mkobayashi.jpg/75px-Mkobayashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mkobayashi.jpg/113px-Mkobayashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mkobayashi.jpg/150px-Mkobayashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="270" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kobayashi, Makoto"><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> (b. 1944) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of the origin of the <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">broken symmetry</a> which predicts the existence of at least three families of <a href="/wiki/Quarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarks">quarks</a> in nature" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N08-113">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Toshihide_Masukawa-press_conference_Dec_07th%2C_2008-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1473" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Maskawa, Toshihide"><a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a> (1940–2021) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:YoichiroNambu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/75px-YoichiroNambu.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/113px-YoichiroNambu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/YoichiroNambu.jpg/150px-YoichiroNambu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1263" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Nambu, Yoichiro"><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1921–2015) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry</a> in subatomic physics" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2009 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg/75px-Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg/113px-Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg/150px-Charles_K._Kao_cropped_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2350" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kao, Charles"><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (1933–2018) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Chinese <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fibers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">optical communication</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N09-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1858" data-file-height="2596" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Boyle, Willard"><a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard S. Boyle</a> (1924–2011) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the invention of an imaging <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> circuit – the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD sensor</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg/75px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg/113px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg/150px-Nobel_Prize_2009-Press_Conference_KVA-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Smith, George"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> (b. 1930) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr id="2010"> <td rowspan="2">2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/75px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/113px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg/150px-Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="2042" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Geim, Andre"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (b. 1958) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Russian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="2">"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N10-115">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg/75px-Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg/113px-Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg/150px-Konstantin_Novoselov_at_MIPT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1683" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Novoselov, Konstantin"><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a> (b. 1974) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2011 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Saul_Perlmutter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saul_Perlmutter.jpg/75px-Saul_Perlmutter.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saul_Perlmutter.jpg/113px-Saul_Perlmutter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Saul_Perlmutter.jpg/150px-Saul_Perlmutter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="334" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Perlmutter, Saul"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a> (b. 1959) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerating expansion of the Universe">accelerating expansion of the Universe</a> through observations of distant <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N11-116">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg/75px-Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg/113px-Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg/150px-Brian_P_Schmidt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="260" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Schmidt, Brian"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian P. Schmidt</a> (b. 1967) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> Australian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Riess.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adam_Riess.jpg/75px-Adam_Riess.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adam_Riess.jpg/113px-Adam_Riess.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Adam_Riess.jpg/150px-Adam_Riess.jpg 2x" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="265" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Riess, Adam"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam G. Riess</a> (b. 1969) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2012 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg/75px-Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg/113px-Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg/150px-Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="437" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Haroche, Serge"><a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a> (b. 1944) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="2">"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quantum</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_system" title="Physical system">systems</a>." </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-nobel-2012-117">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg/75px-David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg/113px-David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg/150px-David_Wineland_2008crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="681" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Wineland, David"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> (b. 1944) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Francois_Englert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francois_Englert.jpg/75px-Francois_Englert.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francois_Englert.jpg/113px-Francois_Englert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Francois_Englert.jpg/150px-Francois_Englert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1082" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Englert, Francois"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> (b. 1932) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Belgian </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the theoretical discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">mechanism</a> that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental <a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">particle</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> experiments at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider" title="Large Hadron Collider">Large Hadron Collider</a>" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Higgs,_Peter_(1929)3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/75px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/113px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg/150px-Higgs%2C_Peter_%281929%293.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="375" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Higgs, Peter"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (1929–2024) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg/75px-Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg/113px-Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg/150px-Isamu_Akasaki_20141211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Akasaki, Isamu"><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a> (1929–2021) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td> <td rowspan="3">"for the invention of efficient blue <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-emitting diodes">light-emitting diodes</a> which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N14-119">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg/75px-Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg/113px-Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg/150px-Hiroshi_Amano_20141211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Amano, Hiroshi"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> (b. 1960) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Shuji_Nakamura_Nobel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Shuji_Nakamura_Nobel_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Shuji_Nakamura_Nobel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Shuji_Nakamura_Nobel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="173" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Nakamura, Shuji"><a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a> (b. 1954) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Takaaki_Kajita_5171-2015_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2705" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kajita, Takaaki"><a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> (b. 1959) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">neutrino oscillations</a>, which shows that neutrinos have mass" </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-N15-120">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/75px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/113px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg/150px-Arthur_B._McDonald_5193-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="3204" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="McDonald, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">Arthur B. McDonald</a> (b. 1943) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2016 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg/75px-DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg/113px-DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg/150px-DavidThouless_1995_UW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2626" data-file-height="3847" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Thouless, David"><a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1934–2019) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td rowspan="3">"for theoretical discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Topological_phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological phase transitions">topological phase transitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Topological_phases_of_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Topological phases of matter">topological phases of matter</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N16-121">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Duncan_Haldane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Duncan_Haldane.jpg/75px-Duncan_Haldane.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Duncan_Haldane.jpg/113px-Duncan_Haldane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Duncan_Haldane.jpg/150px-Duncan_Haldane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2914" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Haldane, Duncan"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> (b. 1951) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jkosterl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jkosterl.jpg/75px-Jkosterl.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jkosterl.jpg/113px-Jkosterl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Jkosterl.jpg/150px-Jkosterl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="250" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Kosterlitz, John"><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">John M. Kosterlitz</a> (b. 1943) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2017 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Rainer_Weiss_-_December_2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="428" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Weiss, Rainer"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a> (b. 1932) </th> <td rowspan="3"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="3">"for decisive contributions to the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> detector and the observation of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N17-122">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg/75px-Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg/113px-Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg/150px-Kip_Thorne_at_Caltech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1142" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Thorne, Kip"><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> (b. 1940) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:05-0367-92D.hr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/05-0367-92D.hr.jpg/75px-05-0367-92D.hr.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/05-0367-92D.hr.jpg/113px-05-0367-92D.hr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/05-0367-92D.hr.jpg/150px-05-0367-92D.hr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Barish, Barry"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a> (b. 1936) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2018 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_(44417135450)_(adjusted).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg/75px-Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg/113px-Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg/150px-Arthur_Ashkin_EM1B5678_%2844417135450%29_%28adjusted%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="1447" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ashkin, Arthur"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Arthur Ashkin</a> (1922–2020) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Laser_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser physics">laser physics</a>", in particular "for the <a href="/wiki/Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">optical tweezers</a> and their application to biological systems" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N18-123">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9rard_Mourou,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/75px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/113px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg/150px-G%C3%A9rard_Mourou%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3703" data-file-height="5554" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mourou, Gérard"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> (b. 1944) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="2">"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of <a href="/wiki/Laser_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser physics">laser physics</a>", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Donna_Strickland,_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg/75px-Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg/113px-Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg/150px-Donna_Strickland%2C_OSA_Holiday_Party_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="2044" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Strickland, Donna"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a> (b. 1959) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Peebles_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/75px-Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/113px-Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/150px-Jim_Peebles_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2848" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Peebles, James"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">James Peebles</a> (b. 1935) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td>"for theoretical discoveries in <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N19-124">[122]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_Mayor,_2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Michel_Mayor%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="752" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Mayor, Michel"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> (b. 1942) </th> <td rowspan="2"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> Swiss </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of an <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> orbiting a solar-type star" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Didier_Queloz,_2012_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Didier_Queloz%2C_2012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2273" data-file-height="3215" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Queloz, Didier"><a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (b. 1966) </th></tr> <tr id="2020"> <td rowspan="3">2020 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2880" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Penrose, Roger"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a> (b. 1931) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British </td> <td>"for the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> formation is a robust prediction of the <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general theory of relativity</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N20-125">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Reinhard_Genzel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/75px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/113px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reinhard_Genzel.jpg/150px-Reinhard_Genzel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1964" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Genzel, Reinhard"><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> (b. 1952) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">a supermassive compact object</a> at the centre of <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">our galaxy</a>" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Andrea_Ghez_(cropped_3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/75px-Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/113px-Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg/150px-Andrea_Ghez_%28cropped_3x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="939" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Ghez, Andrea"><a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea M. Ghez</a> (b. 1965) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_(42329290061).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg/75px-Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg/113px-Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg/150px-Crafoord_Prize_EM1B0732_%2842329290061%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1583" data-file-height="1979" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Manabe, Syukuro"><a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Syukuro Manabe</a> (b. 1931) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Japanese <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">"for the physical modelling of Earth's <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, quantifying variability and reliably predicting <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-N21-127">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:No_image.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/50px-No_image.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/75px-No_image.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/No_image.svg/100px-No_image.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hasselmann, Klaus"><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Klaus Hasselmann</a> (b. 1931) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> German </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Parisi_Giorgio_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Parisi_Giorgio_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="469" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Parisi, Giorgio"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (b. 1948) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> Italian </td> <td>"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales" </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2022 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Alain-Aspect-ForMemRS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="3039" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Aspect, Alain"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> (b. 1947) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="3">"for experiments with <a href="/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" title="Quantum entanglement">entangled photons</a>, establishing the violation of <a href="/wiki/Bell_inequalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell inequalities">Bell inequalities</a> and pioneering <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information_science" title="Quantum information science">quantum information science</a>" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:JohnClauser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JohnClauser.jpg/75px-JohnClauser.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JohnClauser.jpg/113px-JohnClauser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/JohnClauser.jpg/150px-JohnClauser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Clauser, John"><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a> (b. 1942) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Zeilinger_2021_(profile_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Anton_Zeilinger_2021_%28profile_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1668" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Zeilinger, Anton"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (b. 1945) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> Austrian </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2023 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG/75px-Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="75" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG/113px-Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG/150px-Anne_LHuiller_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="3952" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="L'Huillier, Anne"><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (b. 1958) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td> <td rowspan="3">"for experimental methods that generate <a href="/wiki/Attosecond_pulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Attosecond pulse">attosecond pulses</a> of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter" </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ferenc_Krausz_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Ferenc_Krausz_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="956" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Krausz, Ferenc"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (b. 1962) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Hungarian </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_(53397591873)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-US_Embassy_Sweden_2023_Nobel_Reception_%2853397591873%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="249" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Agostini, Pierre"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> (b. 1941) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> French </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hopfield_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/71px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/107px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/John_Hopfield_2016.jpg/142px-John_Hopfield_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hopfield, Johng"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">John Hopfield</a> (b. 1933) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> American </td> <td rowspan="2">"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> with <a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">artificial neural networks</a>” </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Geoffrey_Hinton_-_Collision_2023_-_Centre_Stage_RCZ_1307_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1358" data-file-height="1529" /></a> </td> <th scope="row" data-sort-value="Hinton, Geoffrey"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a> (b. 1947) </th> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> British <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Canadian </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics_by_country">Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country#Nobel_Prizes_by_category/country_of_birth" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">List of Nobel laureates by country § Nobel Prizes by category/country of birth</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF">Country </th> <th align="center" style="background-color:#ABCDEF">Number of Nobel laureates </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>/<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (1912–1949)</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">List of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">List of Nobel laureates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physicists" title="List of physicists">List of physicists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The form and spelling of the names are taken from the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Alternative spellings and name forms, where they exist, are given at the articles linked from this column. Where available, an image of each Nobel laureate is provided. For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation, see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The citation for each award is quoted (not always in full) from the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">"Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+The+Man+Behind+the+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Falfred_nobel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015013145/http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/">"The Nobel Prize Awarders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/">the original</a> on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Awarders&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fprize_awarders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/">"The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/">the original</a> on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Award+Ceremonies&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Faward_ceremonies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">"The Nobel Prize"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015012957/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 29 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/all-nobel-prizes-in-physics/">"All Nobel Prizes in Physics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. 8 October 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061025062604/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2006. Retrieved 8 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Prizes+in+Physics&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fall-nobel-prizes-in-physics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://priceonomics.com/why-nobel-winning-scientists-are-getting-older/">"Why Nobel-Winning Scientists are Getting Older"</a>. Priceonomics. 10 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011221821/https://priceonomics.com/why-nobel-winning-scientists-are-getting-older/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022. <q>Though Bragg is no longer the youngest Nobel Laureate of all time — Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize this past year, at age 17 — he is still the youngest in the sciences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Priceonomics&rft.atitle=Why+Nobel-Winning+Scientists+are+Getting+Older&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpriceonomics.com%2Fwhy-nobel-winning-scientists-are-getting-older%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics/">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. 6 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917051337/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2020. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+on+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2022-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Ffacts%2Ffacts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/">"Nobel Prize Awarded Women"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+Awarded+Women&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Flists%2Fnobel-prize-awarded-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1914-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1914_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1914_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915195235/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1914&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1914%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1917-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1917_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1917_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063800/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. 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Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1921&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1921%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1924-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1924_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1924_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041739/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1924&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1924%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1925-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1925_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1925_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919052335/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1925&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1925%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1928-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1928_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1928_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202144516/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1928&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1928%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1932-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1932_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1932_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182244/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1932&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1932%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1943-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N1943_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N1943_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1943/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225301/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1943/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1943&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1943%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannidisCristeaBoyack2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ioannidis, John; Cristea, Ioana-Alina; Boyack, Kevin (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390258">"Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PLOS_ONE" class="mw-redirect" title="PLOS ONE">PLOS ONE</a>. 15 (7): e0234612. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PLoSO..1534612I">2020PLoSO..1534612I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0234612">10.1371/journal.pone.0234612</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7390258">7390258</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32726312">32726312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Work+honored+by+Nobel+prizes+clusters+heavily+in+a+few+scientific+fields&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e0234612&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390258%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32726312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0234612&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PLoSO..1534612I&rft.aulast=Ioannidis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cristea%2C+Ioana-Alina&rft.au=Boyack%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7390258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213243/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1901&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1901%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034748/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1902&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1902%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1903-23"><a href="#cite_ref-N1903_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213248/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1903&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1903%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213253/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1904&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1904%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008110704/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1905&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1905%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213259/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1906&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175238/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1907&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1907%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041709/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1908&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1908%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080822174212/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1909&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1909%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041714/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1910&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1910%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175243/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1911&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1911%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1912/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103139/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1912/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1912&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1912%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014454/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1913&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1913%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182238/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1915&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1915%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1919/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020155453/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1919/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1919&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1919%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1920/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912040115/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1920/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1920&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1920%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213314/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1922&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1922%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102193126/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1923&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1923%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093003/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1926&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1926%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1927-40"><a href="#cite_ref-N1927_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041754/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1927&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1927%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1929&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1929%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1930&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1930%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213324/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1933&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1933%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033135/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1935&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1935%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1936-45"><a href="#cite_ref-N1936_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916084743/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1936&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1936%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090118/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1937&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1937%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213329/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1938&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1938%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052532/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1939&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1939%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090830030342/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1944&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1944%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111759/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1945&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1945%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1946/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093008/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1946/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1946&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1946%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033140/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1947&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1947%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210174412/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1948&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1948%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034758/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1949&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1949%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005100443/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1950&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1950%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024912/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1951&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1951%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201111644/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1952&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1952%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202143951/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1953&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1953%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N54-59"><a href="#cite_ref-N54_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034803/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1954&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1954%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N55-60"><a href="#cite_ref-N55_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093027/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1955&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1955%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1956&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1956%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034808/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1957&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1957%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1958&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1958%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225311/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1959&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1959%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206005316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1960&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1960%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N61-66"><a href="#cite_ref-N61_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104055012/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1961&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1961%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022204150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1962&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1962%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N63-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N63_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N63_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022204155/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1963&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1963%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024917/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1964&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1964%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034818/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1965&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1965%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215809/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1966&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1966%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215814/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1967&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1967%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052547/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1968&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1968%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081104055023/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1969&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1969%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N70-75"><a href="#cite_ref-N70_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1970/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014504/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1970/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1970&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1970%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081105072646/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1971&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1971%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014509/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1972&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1972%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N73-78"><a href="#cite_ref-N73_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621141041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1973&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1973%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210193210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1974&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1974%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033145/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1975&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1975%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081014111342/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1976&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1976%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014515/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1977&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1977%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N78-83"><a href="#cite_ref-N78_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034833/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1978&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1978%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1979&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1979%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211004721/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1980&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1980%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N81-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N81_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N81_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080801111427/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1981&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1981%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1982/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021043113/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1982/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1982&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1982%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N83-88"><a href="#cite_ref-N83_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101810/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1983&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1983%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024922/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1984&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1984%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1985/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090341/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1985/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1985&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1985%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N86-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N86_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-N86_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1986&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1986%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1987&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1987%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111804/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1988&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1988%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N89-94"><a href="#cite_ref-N89_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034844/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1989&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1989%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215855/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1990&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1990%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1991/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102193215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1991/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1991&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1991%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022071715/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1992&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1992%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014091534/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1993&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1993%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N94-99"><a href="#cite_ref-N94_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915060616/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1994&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1994%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N95-100"><a href="#cite_ref-N95_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225427/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1995&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1995%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1996/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090212091915/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1996/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1996&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1996%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007171154/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1997&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1997%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211005110/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1998&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1998%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034857/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1999&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1999%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N00-105"><a href="#cite_ref-N00_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034902/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2000&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2001&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2001%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N02-107"><a href="#cite_ref-N02_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324053221/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2002&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2002%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008110720/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2003&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2003%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052705/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2004&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2004%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N05-110"><a href="#cite_ref-N05_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2005&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2005%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011142836/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2006&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2006%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805062614/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html">the original</a> on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2007&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2007%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N08-113"><a href="#cite_ref-N08_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008214840/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008. Retrieved 9 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2008&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2008%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N09-114"><a href="#cite_ref-N09_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008215314/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2009&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N10-115"><a href="#cite_ref-N10_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221326/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2010&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2010%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N11-116"><a href="#cite_ref-N11_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120801221425/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2011&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2011%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobel-2012-117"><a href="#cite_ref-nobel-2012_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011232400/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2012&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F2012%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405023447/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/summary/">the original</a> on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2013&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2013%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N14-119"><a href="#cite_ref-N14_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407181951/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2014&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2014%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N15-120"><a href="#cite_ref-N15_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2015/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506235854/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2015/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 5 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2015&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2015%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N16-121"><a href="#cite_ref-N16_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405024846/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2016&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2016%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N17-122"><a href="#cite_ref-N17_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240405024446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2017&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2017%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+Nobel+laureates+in+Physics" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-N18-123"><a href="#cite_ref-N18_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240504112438/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2024. 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li> <li>1931</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li>1934</li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nobel_Prizes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template talk:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prizes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nobel_laureates" title="Lists of Nobel laureates">Lists of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by population group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div>1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a 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