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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Cell and Molecular Biology</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">13,492 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Cell and Molecular Biology</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78681807" data-work_id="78681807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78681807/Microcurrent_Frequencies_Effect_on_the_Cell_Membrane_Potential">Microcurrent Frequencies' Effect on the Cell Membrane Potential</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Research shows that cellular and mitochondrial (ΔΨm) membrane potentials are strong indicators of cellular physiology. In this paper we review further research suggesting that microcurrent frequencies can positively influence both these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78681807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Research shows that cellular and mitochondrial (ΔΨm) membrane potentials are strong indicators of cellular physiology. In this paper we review further research suggesting that microcurrent frequencies can positively influence both these membrane potentials. The goal of this research is to show how microcurrent might stimulate physiological potentials in order to support a healthy function of bioelectric fields of cells and organs. In the second part of the article, a study to examine the effects of microcurrent application on the body's response to electric measurements is presented, in particular to a change in voltage-current lag known as a phase angle. The test involved measuring bioimpedance of a person before and after a 30-minute application with microcurrent stimulation. Fifteen healthy subjects were examined through impedance measurements taken on one arm. The results showed a consistent increase in phase angle directly after the stimulation, confirming a widely accepted indication of health improvement on a cellular level. These results are encouraging and justify further investigations on the effect of microcurrent stimulation on the human body in relation to general cellular health and regenerative functions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78681807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a94f0eada13d79929ae5d68cbdb0a5b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":85643943,"asset_id":78681807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85643943/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17468829" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusSchmieke">Marcus Schmieke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17468829" type="text/json">{"id":17468829,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schmieke","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcusSchmieke","display_name":"Marcus Schmieke","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusSchmieke?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17468829/4856564/67150714/s65_marcus.schmieke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78681807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78681807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78681807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78681807", }); 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In this paper we review further research suggesting that microcurrent frequencies can positively influence both these membrane potentials. The goal of this research is to show how microcurrent might stimulate physiological potentials in order to support a healthy function of bioelectric fields of cells and organs. In the second part of the article, a study to examine the effects of microcurrent application on the body's response to electric measurements is presented, in particular to a change in voltage-current lag known as a phase angle. The test involved measuring bioimpedance of a person before and after a 30-minute application with microcurrent stimulation. Fifteen healthy subjects were examined through impedance measurements taken on one arm. The results showed a consistent increase in phase angle directly after the stimulation, confirming a widely accepted indication of health improvement on a cellular level. These results are encouraging and justify further investigations on the effect of microcurrent stimulation on the human body in relation to general cellular health and regenerative functions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":85643943,"asset_id":78681807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17468829,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schmieke","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MarcusSchmieke","display_name":"Marcus Schmieke","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MarcusSchmieke?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17468829/4856564/67150714/s65_marcus.schmieke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":40131,"name":"Holistic Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Holistic_Health?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular 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href="https://www.academia.edu/79825560/Prevalence_and_Financial_Losses_of_Cystic_Echinococcosis_in_Slaughtered_Goats_at_Gumbo_Slab_in_Juba_County_South_Sudan">Prevalence and Financial Losses of Cystic Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Goats at Gumbo Slab in Juba County, South Sudan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A cross-sectional study was conducted at Gumbo slaughter slab in Juba, Central Equatoria State (CES) in South Sudan, between October and December 2015, to determine the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and to estimate the direct... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79825560" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A cross-sectional study was conducted at Gumbo slaughter slab in Juba, Central Equatoria <br />State (CES) in South Sudan, between October and December 2015, to determine the prevalence of cystic echinococcosis (CE) and to estimate the direct economic losses associated with condemnation of infected organs in slaughtered goats. A thorough postmortem examination was conducted on carcasses of a total of 1126 goats selected by systematic random sampling for detection of CE in <br />the lungs, liver, heart, kidneys, and the spleen. Moreover, CE-related direct financial losses were <br />estimated by using a standardized formula. The overall prevalence of CE was found to be 281 (24.9%, <br />95% CI 22.5–27.6). Furthermore, old age (OR = 2.61, p value < 0.001), Mubende breed (OR = 2.97, <br />p value < 0.001), and Ugandan geographical origin (OR = 2.97, p value < 0.001) were associated  <br />with higher prevalence of CE. The lungs were the most affected organ with a prevalence of 55.2% <br />followed by liver (44.1%), and the spleen (0.07%). A direct CE-related monetary loss of 78,820 South <br />Sudanese Pounds (SSP) per year was estimated. This loss is equivalent to USD 43,788. In conclusion, CE is considerably prevalent and is associated with significant direct financial losses among goats slaughtered at Gumbo slaughter slab in Juba, CES, South Sudan.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79825560" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="be591285f5eb70d26b274a8fc3ef50f6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86409884,"asset_id":79825560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86409884/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="162908510" href="https://sustech.academia.edu/KunduNigo">Kundu L E V I S E B I T Nigo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="162908510" type="text/json">{"id":162908510,"first_name":"Kundu","last_name":"Nigo","domain_name":"sustech","page_name":"KunduNigo","display_name":"Kundu L E V I S E B I T Nigo","profile_url":"https://sustech.academia.edu/KunduNigo?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162908510/45761862/35580157/s65_kundu.nigo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-79825560">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-79825560"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://upernile.academia.edu/batathomas">bata thomas</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-79825560'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-79825560').html(); 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A thorough postmortem examination was conducted on carcasses of a total of 1126 goats selected by systematic random sampling for detection of CE in \nthe lungs, liver, heart, kidneys, and the spleen. Moreover, CE-related direct financial losses were \nestimated by using a standardized formula. The overall prevalence of CE was found to be 281 (24.9%, \n95% CI 22.5–27.6). Furthermore, old age (OR = 2.61, p value \u003c 0.001), Mubende breed (OR = 2.97, \np value \u003c 0.001), and Ugandan geographical origin (OR = 2.97, p value \u003c 0.001) were associated \nwith higher prevalence of CE. The lungs were the most affected organ with a prevalence of 55.2% \nfollowed by liver (44.1%), and the spleen (0.07%). A direct CE-related monetary loss of 78,820 South \nSudanese Pounds (SSP) per year was estimated. This loss is equivalent to USD 43,788. In conclusion, CE is considerably prevalent and is associated with significant direct financial losses among goats slaughtered at Gumbo slaughter slab in Juba, CES, South Sudan. \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86409884,"asset_id":79825560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":162908510,"first_name":"Kundu","last_name":"Nigo","domain_name":"sustech","page_name":"KunduNigo","display_name":"Kundu L E V I S E B I T Nigo","profile_url":"https://sustech.academia.edu/KunduNigo?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162908510/45761862/35580157/s65_kundu.nigo.jpg"},{"id":225435823,"first_name":"bata","last_name":"thomas","domain_name":"upernile","page_name":"batathomas","display_name":"bata thomas","profile_url":"https://upernile.academia.edu/batathomas?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/225435823/82607798/75532389/s65_bata.thomas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular 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Aha1","created_at":"2021-10-27T07:21:23.377-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60145390/Activation_of_the_ATPase_Activity_of_Hsp90_by_the_Stress_Regulated_Cochaperone_Aha1?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_60145390","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73715286,"asset_id":60145390,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":206365333,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Prodromou","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisProdromou","display_name":"Chris Prodromou","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisProdromou?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":48981,"name":"Molecular chaperones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_chaperones?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":49123,"name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae?f_ri=46578"},{"id":76407,"name":"Circular Dichroism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circular_Dichroism?f_ri=46578"},{"id":213897,"name":"Phenotype","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenotype?f_ri=46578"},{"id":295728,"name":"Molecular cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_cloning?f_ri=46578"},{"id":990417,"name":"Recombinant Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_Proteins?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1274450,"name":"Conformational Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conformational_Change?f_ri=46578"},{"id":2768946,"name":"centromere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/centromere?f_ri=46578"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28081942" data-work_id="28081942" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28081942/A_Role_for_NBR1_in_Autophagosomal_Degradation_of_Ubiquitinated_Substrates">A Role for NBR1 in Autophagosomal Degradation of Ubiquitinated Substrates</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Autophagy is a catabolic process where cytosolic cellular components are delivered to the lysosome for degradation. Recent studies have indicated the existence of specific receptors, such as p62, which link ubiquitinated targets to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28081942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Autophagy is a catabolic process where cytosolic cellular components are delivered to the lysosome for degradation. Recent studies have indicated the existence of specific receptors, such as p62, which link ubiquitinated targets to autophagosomal degradation pathways. Here we show that NBR1 (neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1) is an autophagy receptor containing LC3-and ubiquitin (Ub)-binding domains. NBR1 is recruited to Ub-positive protein aggregates and degraded by autophagy depending on an LC3-interacting region (LIR) and LC3 family modifiers. Although NBR1 and p62 interact and form oligomers, they can function independently, as shown by autophagosomal clearance of NBR1 in p62-deficient cells. NBR1 was localized to Ub-positive inclusions in patients with liver dysfunction, and depletion of NBR1 abolished the formation of Ub-positive p62 bodies upon puromycin treatment of cells. We propose that NBR1 and p62 act as receptors for selective autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated targets.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28081942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="99be19574d7268ed82bbcfc0183c0a2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48398282,"asset_id":28081942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48398282/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52641613" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TrondLamark">Trond Lamark</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52641613" type="text/json">{"id":52641613,"first_name":"Trond","last_name":"Lamark","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TrondLamark","display_name":"Trond Lamark","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TrondLamark?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28081942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28081942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28081942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28081942", }); 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Recent studies have indicated the existence of specific receptors, such as p62, which link ubiquitinated targets to autophagosomal degradation pathways. Here we show that NBR1 (neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1) is an autophagy receptor containing LC3-and ubiquitin (Ub)-binding domains. NBR1 is recruited to Ub-positive protein aggregates and degraded by autophagy depending on an LC3-interacting region (LIR) and LC3 family modifiers. Although NBR1 and p62 interact and form oligomers, they can function independently, as shown by autophagosomal clearance of NBR1 in p62-deficient cells. NBR1 was localized to Ub-positive inclusions in patients with liver dysfunction, and depletion of NBR1 abolished the formation of Ub-positive p62 bodies upon puromycin treatment of cells. We propose that NBR1 and p62 act as receptors for selective autophagosomal degradation of ubiquitinated targets.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48398282,"asset_id":28081942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52641613,"first_name":"Trond","last_name":"Lamark","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"TrondLamark","display_name":"Trond Lamark","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/TrondLamark?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17923,"name":"Autophagy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autophagy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":18533,"name":"Confocal Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Confocal_Microscopy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":55266,"name":"Ubiquitin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ubiquitin?f_ri=46578"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=46578"},{"id":181569,"name":"Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteins?f_ri=46578"},{"id":205560,"name":"Molecular Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Cell_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":432129,"name":"Substrate Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substrate_Specificity?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16103818" data-work_id="16103818" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16103818/Reconstituted_NALP1_Inflammasome_Reveals_Two_Step_Mechanism_of_Caspase_1_Activation">Reconstituted NALP1 Inflammasome Reveals Two-Step Mechanism of Caspase-1 Activation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Interleukin (IL)-1b maturation is accomplished by caspase-1-mediated proteolysis, an essential element of innate immunity. NLRs constitute a recently recognized family of caspase-1activating proteins, which contain a nucleotidebinding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16103818" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interleukin (IL)-1b maturation is accomplished by caspase-1-mediated proteolysis, an essential element of innate immunity. NLRs constitute a recently recognized family of caspase-1activating proteins, which contain a nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain and leucinerich repeat (LRR) domains and which assemble into multiprotein complexes to create caspase-1-activating platforms called ''inflammasomes.'' Using purified recombinant proteins, we have reconstituted the NALP1 inflammasome and have characterized the requirements for inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Oligomerization of NALP1 and activation of caspase-1 occur via a two-step mechanism, requiring microbial product, muramyldipeptide, a component of peptidoglycan, followed by ribonucleoside triphosphates. Caspase-1 activation by NALP1 does not require but is enhanced by adaptor protein ASC. The findings provide the biochemical basis for understanding how inflammasome assembly and function are regulated, and shed light on NALP1 as a direct sensor of bacterial components in host defense against pathogens.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16103818" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f8ff7dbbb4abac9d4e8304ec2c5ccb7c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42747917,"asset_id":16103818,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42747917/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35221477" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DoritHanein">Dorit Hanein</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35221477" type="text/json">{"id":35221477,"first_name":"Dorit","last_name":"Hanein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DoritHanein","display_name":"Dorit Hanein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DoritHanein?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16103818 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16103818"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16103818, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16103818", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16103818]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16103818").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16103818").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16103818"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2184" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy">Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2184" type="text/json">{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9334" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation">Inflammation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9334" type="text/json">{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16103818]'), work: {"id":16103818,"title":"Reconstituted NALP1 Inflammasome Reveals Two-Step Mechanism of Caspase-1 Activation","created_at":"2015-09-23T15:32:34.761-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16103818/Reconstituted_NALP1_Inflammasome_Reveals_Two_Step_Mechanism_of_Caspase_1_Activation?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_16103818","summary":"Interleukin (IL)-1b maturation is accomplished by caspase-1-mediated proteolysis, an essential element of innate immunity. NLRs constitute a recently recognized family of caspase-1activating proteins, which contain a nucleotidebinding oligomerization domain and leucinerich repeat (LRR) domains and which assemble into multiprotein complexes to create caspase-1-activating platforms called ''inflammasomes.'' Using purified recombinant proteins, we have reconstituted the NALP1 inflammasome and have characterized the requirements for inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Oligomerization of NALP1 and activation of caspase-1 occur via a two-step mechanism, requiring microbial product, muramyldipeptide, a component of peptidoglycan, followed by ribonucleoside triphosphates. Caspase-1 activation by NALP1 does not require but is enhanced by adaptor protein ASC. The findings provide the biochemical basis for understanding how inflammasome assembly and function are regulated, and shed light on NALP1 as a direct sensor of bacterial components in host defense against pathogens.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42747917,"asset_id":16103818,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35221477,"first_name":"Dorit","last_name":"Hanein","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DoritHanein","display_name":"Dorit Hanein","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DoritHanein?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":9334,"name":"Inflammation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inflammation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578"},{"id":70902,"name":"Magnesium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnesium?f_ri=46578"},{"id":247477,"name":"Caspase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caspase?f_ri=46578"},{"id":956752,"name":"Protein Quaternary Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Quaternary_Structure?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1222191,"name":"Ligands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ligands?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1816594,"name":"Adenosine Triphosphate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adenosine_Triphosphate?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20766174" data-work_id="20766174" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20766174/The_Dissociation_of_Cohesin_from_Chromosomes_in_Prophase_Is_Regulated_by_Polo_like_Kinase">The Dissociation of Cohesin from Chromosomes in Prophase Is Regulated by Polo-like Kinase</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">onset of anaphase, cohesion has to be dissolved. In and Jan-Michael Peters 1,5 budding yeast, this event depends on the proteolytic 1 Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) cleavage of the cohesin subunit Scc1/Mcd1 (Uhlmann Dr.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20766174" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">onset of anaphase, cohesion has to be dissolved. In and Jan-Michael Peters 1,5 budding yeast, this event depends on the proteolytic 1 Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) cleavage of the cohesin subunit Scc1/Mcd1 (Uhlmann Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7 et al., 1999) and coincides with the complete removal A-1030 Vienna of cohesin from chromosomes (Michaelis et al., 1997). Austria The removal of cohesin from chromosomes may there-2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics fore directly dissolve cohesion between sisters. University of Virginia Medical School Cleavage of yeast cohesin is catalyzed by an endopep-Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 tidase called separase (Uhlmann et al., 1999; Uhlmann 3 Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry et al., 2000). Separase is activated at the metaphase-Department of Cell Biology anaphase transition by ubiquitin-dependent degrada-Am Klopferspitz 18a tion of the separase inhibitor securin (Cohen-Fix et al., D-82152 Martinsried 1996; Ciosk et al., 1998; Uhlmann et al., 1999). This 4 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG reaction is initiated by the anaphase-promoting com-Department of Metabolic Research plex/cyclosome (APC), a ubiquitin ligase that targets D-88397 Biberach mitotic proteins for destruction by the 26S proteasome Germany (reviewed in Peters, 1999). Cohesin cleavage is further activated by the Polo-like kinase Cdc5, which phosphorylates Scc1/Mcd1 and thereby enhances its cleavability Summary (Alexandru et al., 2001). Most if not all of yeast cohesin is removed from chromosomes at the onset of anaphase The separation of sister chromatids in anaphase deby separase-dependent cleavage. Newly synthesized pends on the dissociation of cohesin from chromocohesin can rebind to chromatin only at the subsequent somes. In vertebrates, some cohesin is removed from G1-S transition, presumably once separase has been chromosomes at the onset of anaphase by proteolytic inactivated by securin reaccumulation (Uhlmann et al., cleavage. In contrast, the bulk of cohesin is removed 1999). from chromosomes already in prophase and prometa-In other eukaryotes, the situation is very different. In phase by an unknown mechanism that does not invertebrates, two different pathways dissociate cohesin volve cohesin cleavage. We show that Polo-like kinase from mitotic chromosomes (Waizenegger et al., 2000).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20766174" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="550e8e1b3d811191539f65eb0418f62b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41550242,"asset_id":20766174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41550242/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42050942" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IzabelaSumara">Izabela Sumara</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42050942" type="text/json">{"id":42050942,"first_name":"Izabela","last_name":"Sumara","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IzabelaSumara","display_name":"Izabela Sumara","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IzabelaSumara?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20766174 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20766174"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20766174, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20766174", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20766174]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20766174").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20766174").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20766174"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9113" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle">Cell Cycle</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9113" type="text/json">{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69424" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Kinases">Protein Kinases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="69424" type="text/json">{"id":69424,"name":"Protein Kinases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Kinases?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20766174]'), work: {"id":20766174,"title":"The Dissociation of Cohesin from Chromosomes in Prophase Is Regulated by Polo-like Kinase","created_at":"2016-01-25T03:33:38.601-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20766174/The_Dissociation_of_Cohesin_from_Chromosomes_in_Prophase_Is_Regulated_by_Polo_like_Kinase?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_20766174","summary":"onset of anaphase, cohesion has to be dissolved. In and Jan-Michael Peters 1,5 budding yeast, this event depends on the proteolytic 1 Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP) cleavage of the cohesin subunit Scc1/Mcd1 (Uhlmann Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7 et al., 1999) and coincides with the complete removal A-1030 Vienna of cohesin from chromosomes (Michaelis et al., 1997). Austria The removal of cohesin from chromosomes may there-2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics fore directly dissolve cohesion between sisters. University of Virginia Medical School Cleavage of yeast cohesin is catalyzed by an endopep-Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 tidase called separase (Uhlmann et al., 1999; Uhlmann 3 Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry et al., 2000). Separase is activated at the metaphase-Department of Cell Biology anaphase transition by ubiquitin-dependent degrada-Am Klopferspitz 18a tion of the separase inhibitor securin (Cohen-Fix et al., D-82152 Martinsried 1996; Ciosk et al., 1998; Uhlmann et al., 1999). This 4 Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG reaction is initiated by the anaphase-promoting com-Department of Metabolic Research plex/cyclosome (APC), a ubiquitin ligase that targets D-88397 Biberach mitotic proteins for destruction by the 26S proteasome Germany (reviewed in Peters, 1999). Cohesin cleavage is further activated by the Polo-like kinase Cdc5, which phosphorylates Scc1/Mcd1 and thereby enhances its cleavability Summary (Alexandru et al., 2001). Most if not all of yeast cohesin is removed from chromosomes at the onset of anaphase The separation of sister chromatids in anaphase deby separase-dependent cleavage. Newly synthesized pends on the dissociation of cohesin from chromocohesin can rebind to chromatin only at the subsequent somes. In vertebrates, some cohesin is removed from G1-S transition, presumably once separase has been chromosomes at the onset of anaphase by proteolytic inactivated by securin reaccumulation (Uhlmann et al., cleavage. In contrast, the bulk of cohesin is removed 1999). from chromosomes already in prophase and prometa-In other eukaryotes, the situation is very different. In phase by an unknown mechanism that does not invertebrates, two different pathways dissociate cohesin volve cohesin cleavage. We show that Polo-like kinase from mitotic chromosomes (Waizenegger et al., 2000).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41550242,"asset_id":20766174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42050942,"first_name":"Izabela","last_name":"Sumara","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IzabelaSumara","display_name":"Izabela Sumara","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IzabelaSumara?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9113,"name":"Cell Cycle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":69424,"name":"Protein Kinases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Kinases?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":122188,"name":"Cell Fractionation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Fractionation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":172083,"name":"Phosphorylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphorylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":422325,"name":"HeLa cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HeLa_cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":477264,"name":"Xenopus laevis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenopus_laevis?f_ri=46578"},{"id":884226,"name":"Aurora kinases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aurora_kinases?f_ri=46578"},{"id":956315,"name":"Oocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oocytes?f_ri=46578"},{"id":983317,"name":"Cell Cycle Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle_Proteins?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1147230,"name":"Chromosomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromosomes?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51007049" data-work_id="51007049" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51007049/Influence_of_Domestic_Violence_on_Mental_Health">Influence of Domestic Violence on Mental Health</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">World Health organization has identified the domestic violence as a matter directly related to public health, the most of such cases reaches to the severity during the period of pregnancy. Domestic violence may originate in the home; it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51007049" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">World Health organization has identified the domestic violence as a matter directly related to public health, the most of such cases reaches to the severity during the period of pregnancy. Domestic violence may originate in the home; it can spill over into the world of work. All females, males and children might be its victims. It includes a combination of violence i.e., wife battering, psychology torture, sexual violence and both simultaneous physical and sexual violence. Other type of violence may lead to anxiety and depression in the females. Studies show that living with domestic violence can cause physical and emotional harm to fry and young people in the way of life like ongoing anxiety and impression, emotional suffering etc. Male casualties of abusive behavior at home once in a while report their episodes of misuse. Domestic violence directly affects the behavior health and emotions of victim and violator that will ultimately affect relations with relatives, their workplace, their neighbors and their fellows.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51007049" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a633656e38f363f2054031b6dc4147f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68878473,"asset_id":51007049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68878473/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="185880603" href="https://tnstate.academia.edu/umerali">Umer Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="185880603" type="text/json">{"id":185880603,"first_name":"Umer","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"tnstate","page_name":"umerali","display_name":"Umer Ali","profile_url":"https://tnstate.academia.edu/umerali?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/185880603/58512311/46744740/s65_umer.ali.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51007049 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51007049"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51007049, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51007049", }); 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Domestic violence may originate in the home; it can spill over into the world of work. All females, males and children might be its victims. It includes a combination of violence i.e., wife battering, psychology torture, sexual violence and both simultaneous physical and sexual violence. Other type of violence may lead to anxiety and depression in the females. Studies show that living with domestic violence can cause physical and emotional harm to fry and young people in the way of life like ongoing anxiety and impression, emotional suffering etc. Male casualties of abusive behavior at home once in a while report their episodes of misuse. Domestic violence directly affects the behavior health and emotions of victim and violator that will ultimately affect relations with relatives, their workplace, their neighbors and their fellows.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68878473,"asset_id":51007049,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":185880603,"first_name":"Umer","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"tnstate","page_name":"umerali","display_name":"Umer Ali","profile_url":"https://tnstate.academia.edu/umerali?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/185880603/58512311/46744740/s65_umer.ali.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":151,"name":"Cryobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cryobiology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":2467,"name":"Conservation Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":73035,"name":"Microbiology and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36045131" data-work_id="36045131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36045131/Protective_effect_of_garlic_extract_against_maternal_and_fetal_cerebellar_damage_induced_by_lead_administration_during_pregnancy_in_rats">Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and fetal cerebellar damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">BACKGROUND: In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36045131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">BACKGROUND:<br />In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.<br />AIM OF THE WORK:<br />In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.<br />MATERIALS AND METHODS:<br />Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.<br />RESULTS:<br />The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.<br />CONCLUSIONS:<br />This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.<br />KEYWORDS:<br />garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36045131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8b2b001629774bcf915c92a4e4f245f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55931132,"asset_id":36045131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55931132/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21972122" href="https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa">Prof. Dr. Hesham N Mustafa 🩺</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21972122" type="text/json">{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Dr. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa 🩺","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Dr. Hesham N Mustafa 🩺","profile_url":"https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21972122/6015802/7471085/s65_hesham.mustafa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36045131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36045131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36045131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36045131", }); 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Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.\nAIM OF THE WORK:\nIn light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS:\nPositively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.\nRESULTS:\nThe results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.\nCONCLUSIONS:\nThis study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.\nKEYWORDS:\ngarlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55931132,"asset_id":36045131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Dr. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa 🩺","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Dr. Hesham N Mustafa 🩺","profile_url":"https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21972122/6015802/7471085/s65_hesham.mustafa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":143,"name":"Comparative Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Anatomy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":144,"name":"Human Anatomy 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The whole length m* the eeak represents 7 ± π of an English inch, and each one of it« ten divisions j^'-j^ of an inch, as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_24267511" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">All the objecte are rod blood-wrpuscles done to one and the t*ime ficaie, whieli is at the foot of the drawing. The whole length m* the eeak represents 7 ± π of an English inch, and each one of it« ten divisions j^'-j^ of an inch, as described at page 475. Only corpuscles of the average sizes and quite regular shapes are given; and they are all raagniilod to the same, or nearly the same, degree--to wit, about 800 diameters. VERTEBRATA Homo. l. ; Corpuscle lying flat. 2. The same on edge. 3. 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21610063/Ribosomal_Protein_S6_Phosphorylation_Four_Decades_of_Research">Ribosomal Protein S6 Phosphorylation: Four Decades of Research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) has been described for the first time about four decades ago. Since then, numerous studies have shown that this modification occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli on five... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21610063" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) has been described for the first time about four decades ago. Since then, numerous studies have shown that this modification occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli on five evolutionarily conserved serine residues. However, despite a large body of information on the respective kinases and the signal transduction pathways, the physiological role of rpS6 phosphorylation remained obscure until genetic manipulations were applied in both yeast and mammals in an attempt to block this modification. Thus, studies based on both mice and cultured cells subjected to disruption of the genes encoding rpS6 and the respective kinases, as well as the substitution of the phosphorylatable serine residues in rpS6, have laid the ground for the elucidation of the multiple roles of this protein and its posttranslational modification. This review focuses primarily on newly identified kinases that phosphorylate rpS6, pathways that transduce various signals into rpS6 phosphorylation, and the recently established physiological functions of this modification. It should be noted, however, that despite the significant progress made in the last decade, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the diverse effects of rpS6 phosphorylation on cellular and organismal physiology are still poorly understood.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21610063" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9bb9cad282f9eb2bef15e7be37eb6dae" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43383005,"asset_id":21610063,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43383005/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35208330" href="https://huji.academia.edu/OdedMeyuhas">Oded Meyuhas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35208330" type="text/json">{"id":35208330,"first_name":"Oded","last_name":"Meyuhas","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"OdedMeyuhas","display_name":"Oded Meyuhas","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/OdedMeyuhas?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21610063 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21610063"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21610063, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21610063", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_21610063 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21610063; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_21610063"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_21610063 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="21610063"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 21610063; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21610063]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21610063").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21610063").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21610063"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21610063]'), work: {"id":21610063,"title":"Ribosomal Protein S6 Phosphorylation: Four Decades of Research","created_at":"2016-02-05T20:07:47.015-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21610063/Ribosomal_Protein_S6_Phosphorylation_Four_Decades_of_Research?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_21610063","summary":"The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) has been described for the first time about four decades ago. 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Administration of phenylhydrazine mainly causes haematotoxicity which leads to the haemolytic anemia. In mammals PHZ induced anemia increased... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6700801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), a potent chemical causes toxicity on various tissues at various levels. Administration of phenylhydrazine mainly causes haematotoxicity which leads to the haemolytic anemia. In mammals PHZ induced anemia increased the iron absorption in spleen, liver and duodenum and finally iron metabolism was altered. Local demand and supply of Fe would increase erythropoeitic activity of the spleen so the size of spleen was increased that create the splenomegaly. PHZ induced anemia activate immune response which triggers phagocytosis in the spleen and liver. Apart from this administration of PHZ interfere the binding of erythropoietin (EPO) with erythropoietin receptors (EPOR) so that JAK-STAT would be affected.PHZ also showed genotoxic effect by creating single strand DNA damage.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6700801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="844fc6797f65990a671b18f3a588494f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33423749,"asset_id":6700801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33423749/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6882299" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ajpctorg">Am Jour of Phytomed & Clinical Therapeut</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6882299" type="text/json">{"id":6882299,"first_name":"Am Jour of Phytomed","last_name":"\u0026 Clinical Therapeut","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ajpctorg","display_name":"Am Jour of Phytomed \u0026 Clinical Therapeut","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ajpctorg?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6882299/2735031/6716662/s65_am_jour_of_phytomed._clinical_therapeut.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6700801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6700801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6700801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6700801", }); 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Administration of phenylhydrazine mainly causes haematotoxicity which leads to the haemolytic anemia. In mammals PHZ induced anemia increased the iron absorption in spleen, liver and duodenum and finally iron metabolism was altered. Local demand and supply of Fe would increase erythropoeitic activity of the spleen so the size of spleen was increased that create the splenomegaly. PHZ induced anemia activate immune response which triggers phagocytosis in the spleen and liver. 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Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43512553 coauthored" data-work_id="43512553" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43512553/SARS_CoV_2_Recombinant_Spike_Protein_based_Vaccine_A_Promising_Candidate_against_the_Recent_Imperial_Coronavirus_Disease_COVID_19_">SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein-based Vaccine: A Promising Candidate against the Recent Imperial Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In time past, to date combating against diseases and fatal disorders (of known or idiopathic cause) is a major effort among the human race. The emergence of several, novel and pathogenic viral infections have posed a great threat to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43512553" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In time past, to date combating against diseases and fatal disorders (of known or idiopathic cause) is a major effort among the human race. The emergence of several, novel and pathogenic viral infections have posed a great threat to humanity and could wipe us out of existence if there are no counter measures. Among the increasing number of pathogenic viruses in this past decade, the advent of the recent imperial SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus type cannot be underestimated as it is not just a malady endemic to a nation, but have also triggered an emergency of public health across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 a memorial of the initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) reported in China in (2003) is the etiological agent of the mysterious COVID-19 reported to originate from Wuhan, Hubei province, China in 2019. Though the virus exhibit mild pathogenicity compared to other previously emerged human coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV), however, the high transmissibility and infectivity among human is alarming. In spite the evidences from the increasing number of substantiated global cases and deaths resulting from the epidemic outbreak to date, curative measures to curtail and treat this disease are still lacking. Just like SARS-CoV, it has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 also uses similar receptor for infectivity and shares similar disease pathogenesis. This knowledge presents a therapeutic target against COVID-19. The presence of cross-reactive epitopes in the spike protein subunit of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 present the use of neutralization antibodies from convalescent SARS challenged patients against COVID 19. However, limited cross-neutralization due to lower sequence conservation in the Spike protein subunit could render this approach ineffective. Realizing the urgent need for developing potent therapeutics against the imminent risk of COVID-19 on humanity, this review article, suggests the use of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein-based vaccine as an immunotherapeutic target to combat COVID-19 based on garnered knowledge from researches on consanguineal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV), and current trends in vaccine development against this infection.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43512553" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee067bfa03fea54ea3e88cc5cc041eba" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63823353,"asset_id":43512553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63823353/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="123292086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChukwuemekaProsper1">Chukwuemeka Prosper</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="123292086" type="text/json">{"id":123292086,"first_name":"Chukwuemeka","last_name":"Prosper","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChukwuemekaProsper1","display_name":"Chukwuemeka Prosper","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChukwuemekaProsper1?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/123292086/31066534/35552362/s65_chukwuemeka.prosper.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-43512553">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-43512553"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://mangabb.academia.edu/OlowosokeChristopher">Olowosoke B Christopher</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/OretadeOluwaseyi">Oretade Oluwaseyi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-43512553'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-43512553').html(); 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The emergence of several, novel and pathogenic viral infections have posed a great threat to humanity and could wipe us out of existence if there are no counter measures. Among the increasing number of pathogenic viruses in this past decade, the advent of the recent imperial SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus type cannot be underestimated as it is not just a malady endemic to a nation, but have also triggered an emergency of public health across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 a memorial of the initial Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) reported in China in (2003) is the etiological agent of the mysterious COVID-19 reported to originate from Wuhan, Hubei province, China in 2019. Though the virus exhibit mild pathogenicity compared to other previously emerged human coronaviruses (HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKU1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV), however, the high transmissibility and infectivity among human is alarming. In spite the evidences from the increasing number of substantiated global cases and deaths resulting from the epidemic outbreak to date, curative measures to curtail and treat this disease are still lacking. Just like SARS-CoV, it has been revealed that SARS-CoV-2 also uses similar receptor for infectivity and shares similar disease pathogenesis. This knowledge presents a therapeutic target against COVID-19. The presence of cross-reactive epitopes in the spike protein subunit of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 present the use of neutralization antibodies from convalescent SARS challenged patients against COVID 19. However, limited cross-neutralization due to lower sequence conservation in the Spike protein subunit could render this approach ineffective. Realizing the urgent need for developing potent therapeutics against the imminent risk of COVID-19 on humanity, this review article, suggests the use of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant Spike protein-based vaccine as an immunotherapeutic target to combat COVID-19 based on garnered knowledge from researches on consanguineal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV), and current trends in vaccine development against this infection.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63823353,"asset_id":43512553,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":123292086,"first_name":"Chukwuemeka","last_name":"Prosper","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChukwuemekaProsper1","display_name":"Chukwuemeka 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2017)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Certificate of Excellence in Reviewing - The 5th Virtual Multidisciplinary Conference (QUAESTI 2017)</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35719504" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50bcb9e51546c51e0b165777bc841cb0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55593091,"asset_id":35719504,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22236686" data-work_id="22236686" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22236686/Genetic_mechanisms_of_allopolyploid_speciation_through_hybrid_genome_doubling_novel_insights_from_wheat_Triticum_and_Aegilops_studies">Genetic mechanisms of allopolyploid speciation through hybrid genome doubling: novel insights from wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) studies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Polyploidy, which arises through complex genetic and ecological processes, is an important mode of plant speciation. This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding why plant polyploid species are so ubiquitous and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22236686" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Polyploidy, which arises through complex genetic and ecological processes, is an important mode of plant speciation. This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding why plant polyploid species are so ubiquitous and diverse. We consider how the modern framework for understanding genetic mechanisms of speciation could be used to study allopolyploid speciation that occurs through hybrid genome doubling, that is, whole genome doubling of interspecific F1 hybrids by the union of male and female unreduced gametes. We outline genetic and ecological mechanisms that may have positive or negative impacts on the process of allopolyploid speciation through hybrid genome doubling. We also discuss the current status of studies on the underlying genetic mechanisms focusing on the wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) hybrid-specific reproductive phenomena that are well known but deserve renewed attention from an evolutionary viewpoint.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22236686" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="238eba3f7b3cda2f8083530ed1be91b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42887393,"asset_id":22236686,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42887393/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43605146" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShuheiNasuda">Shuhei Nasuda</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43605146" type="text/json">{"id":43605146,"first_name":"Shuhei","last_name":"Nasuda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShuheiNasuda","display_name":"Shuhei Nasuda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShuheiNasuda?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22236686 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22236686"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22236686, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22236686", }); 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This review provides an overview of recent advances in understanding why plant polyploid species are so ubiquitous and diverse. We consider how the modern framework for understanding genetic mechanisms of speciation could be used to study allopolyploid speciation that occurs through hybrid genome doubling, that is, whole genome doubling of interspecific F1 hybrids by the union of male and female unreduced gametes. We outline genetic and ecological mechanisms that may have positive or negative impacts on the process of allopolyploid speciation through hybrid genome doubling. We also discuss the current status of studies on the underlying genetic mechanisms focusing on the wheat (Triticum and Aegilops) hybrid-specific reproductive phenomena that are well known but deserve renewed attention from an evolutionary viewpoint.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42887393,"asset_id":22236686,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43605146,"first_name":"Shuhei","last_name":"Nasuda","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ShuheiNasuda","display_name":"Shuhei Nasuda","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ShuheiNasuda?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":40609,"name":"Polyploidy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polyploidy?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":57178,"name":"Plant Genome Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Genome_Project?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":991443,"name":"Triticum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triticum?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35662625" data-work_id="35662625" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35662625/Research_Techniques_in_Genetics_and_Molecular_Biology">Research Techniques in Genetics & Molecular Biology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The Book comprises sophisticated laboratory techniques for cellular, genetic and molecular studies in Biology.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35662625" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bb86b41c98f41db4fb13b6840dea4fb3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55533091,"asset_id":35662625,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55533091/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51136419" href="https://bioinfobubpl.academia.edu/DrHKGarg">Dr HK Garg</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51136419" type="text/json">{"id":51136419,"first_name":"Dr HK","last_name":"Garg","domain_name":"bioinfobubpl","page_name":"DrHKGarg","display_name":"Dr HK Garg","profile_url":"https://bioinfobubpl.academia.edu/DrHKGarg?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51136419/18804628/20347200/s65_dr_hk.garg.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35662625 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35662625"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35662625, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35662625", }); 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Una entrevista a Carlos López-Otín. Recent Research on Aging and Life Extension. An Interview with Carlos López-Otín</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Entrevista realizada a Carlos López-Otín, Catedrático de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular en la Universidad<br />de Oviedo, sobre algunas cuestiones de interés<br />filosófico como son la extensión de la vida o el transhumanismo.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26055124" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb576a77d6299d896ed3f8654a40da37" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46396125,"asset_id":26055124,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46396125/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32662065" href="https://concepta-net.academia.edu/PabloGarc%C3%ADaBarranquero">Pablo García-Barranquero</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32662065" type="text/json">{"id":32662065,"first_name":"Pablo","last_name":"García-Barranquero","domain_name":"concepta-net","page_name":"PabloGarcíaBarranquero","display_name":"Pablo García-Barranquero","profile_url":"https://concepta-net.academia.edu/PabloGarc%C3%ADaBarranquero?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32662065/10337353/43187568/s65_pablo.garc_a-barranquero.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26055124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26055124"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26055124, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26055124", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26055124]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26055124").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26055124").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26055124"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6791" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging">Aging</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6791" type="text/json">{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11861" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11861" type="text/json">{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26055124]'), work: {"id":26055124,"title":"Últimas investigaciones sobre el envejecimiento y la extensión de la vida. 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This sketch from 2015 can... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7269203" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">TO READ THE PREVIEW SCROLL DOWN TO READ THE PREVIEW SCROLL DOWN <br /> <br />The living symphony of life sounds from deep within the microphysical, representing the veritable completion of the fabled Great Chain of Being. This sketch from 2015 can be coordinated with a much more concrete, recent description of the fundamental physical system of living motion and psychical reality at issue (especially the chirality that deeply informs musical thematics) now to be found in the author's 'Carlyle and the Idea' (2018) at Academia.Edu, toward which interested readers of this rough sketch are directed as a kind of paved road ahead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7269203" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c15225ba4c6015ba5264a82071d71d47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33881280,"asset_id":7269203,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33881280/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6512333" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RonaldSchleyer">R. 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class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25538846" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e12b042a582b4fce0fd941ff4df9cc62" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45870712,"asset_id":25538846,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45870712/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa 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data-has-card-for-ri="4967" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution">Molecular Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4967" type="text/json">{"id":4967,"name":"Molecular Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Evolution?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5398" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5398" type="text/json">{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular 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data-work_id="23715155" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23715155/Critical_Issues_in_Successful_Production_of_Skin_Substitutes_for_Wound_Healing">Critical Issues in Successful Production of Skin Substitutes for Wound Healing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Novel findings on fabrication techniques for bioactive materials, discovering further basic knowledge about wound healing process, and availability of stem cells as alternative candidate for differentiated cells have highly encouraged... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23715155" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Novel findings on fabrication techniques for bioactive materials, discovering further basic knowledge about wound healing process, and availability of stem cells as alternative candidate for differentiated cells have highly encouraged scientists for developing new bioengineered skin substitutes (BSS) that offer an effective remedy for a specific wound type. However, technical, clinical, legislative and economic reasons hamper widespread commercialization and clinical translation of BSS. Among the various types of strategies that target skin repair and regeneration, tissue engineering with stem cells is most promising route. Tissue engineering by cooperation of several disciplines forms a context on which the commercial development of BSS is possible to provide benefits for patients who currently have limited or no cure options. The principles of tissue engineering are to initiate cell cultures in vitro, grow them in monolayer or on porous scaffolds and transplant the composite into a patient with a specific wound indication in vivo. The potential for creating of custom-designed biomaterials and availability of stem cells from either autologous or allogenic sources have helped to produce novel innovative BSS. Currently, wide range of skin substitutes are already being fabricated for clinical use in different wound indications but not yet definitively established. Therefore, many novel engineered constructs might be fabricated in the future. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made to date in the field of skin substitutes and the critical issues that are still hindering successful production and bench to bedside translation of BSS and restricting the availability of these innovative therapeutic constructs. Integrity of the science and technology, interdisciplinary expertise collaborations, and early interaction with regulatory entities such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), together with other critical determinants, is vital to the successful commercialization of tissue engineering products into the marketplace/clinic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23715155" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d0a7ece4433d369618cca0cce2960a21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44137602,"asset_id":23715155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44137602/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27896750" href="https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin">Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27896750" type="text/json">{"id":27896750,"first_name":"Hojjat","last_name":"Naderi-Meshkin","domain_name":"qub","page_name":"HojjatNaderiMeshkin","display_name":"Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin","profile_url":"https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27896750/7915493/35296893/s65_hojjat.naderi-meshkin.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-23715155">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-23715155"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://aztu.academia.edu/mimaqsood">Dr. Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-23715155'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-23715155').html(); 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However, technical, clinical, legislative and economic reasons hamper widespread commercialization and clinical translation of BSS. Among the various types of strategies that target skin repair and regeneration, tissue engineering with stem cells is most promising route. Tissue engineering by cooperation of several disciplines forms a context on which the commercial development of BSS is possible to provide benefits for patients who currently have limited or no cure options. The principles of tissue engineering are to initiate cell cultures in vitro, grow them in monolayer or on porous scaffolds and transplant the composite into a patient with a specific wound indication in vivo. The potential for creating of custom-designed biomaterials and availability of stem cells from either autologous or allogenic sources have helped to produce novel innovative BSS. Currently, wide range of skin substitutes are already being fabricated for clinical use in different wound indications but not yet definitively established. Therefore, many novel engineered constructs might be fabricated in the future. In this review, we describe the progress that has been made to date in the field of skin substitutes and the critical issues that are still hindering successful production and bench to bedside translation of BSS and restricting the availability of these innovative therapeutic constructs. Integrity of the science and technology, interdisciplinary expertise collaborations, and early interaction with regulatory entities such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA), together with other critical determinants, is vital to the successful commercialization of tissue engineering products into the marketplace/clinic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44137602,"asset_id":23715155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27896750,"first_name":"Hojjat","last_name":"Naderi-Meshkin","domain_name":"qub","page_name":"HojjatNaderiMeshkin","display_name":"Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin","profile_url":"https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27896750/7915493/35296893/s65_hojjat.naderi-meshkin.jpg"},{"id":1046496,"first_name":"Dr. Muhammad","last_name":"Irfan-Maqsood","domain_name":"aztu","page_name":"mimaqsood","display_name":"Dr. Muhammad Irfan-Maqsood","profile_url":"https://aztu.academia.edu/mimaqsood?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1046496/362453/9375560/s65_muhammad.irfan-maqsood.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":595,"name":"Medical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":2698,"name":"Biomaterials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomaterials?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":2699,"name":"Tissue Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Engineering?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":3699,"name":"Stem cell and Regenerative medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_cell_and_Regenerative_medicine?f_ri=46578"},{"id":4455,"name":"Medical Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Education?f_ri=46578"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":7793,"name":"Targeted Drug Delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Targeted_Drug_Delivery?f_ri=46578"},{"id":8991,"name":"Wound Healing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wound_Healing?f_ri=46578"},{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":25550,"name":"Regenerative Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regenerative_Medicine?f_ri=46578"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=46578"},{"id":32723,"name":"Angiogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Angiogenesis?f_ri=46578"},{"id":37268,"name":"Technology Commercialization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Commercialization?f_ri=46578"},{"id":37369,"name":"Translational Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Translational_Medicine?f_ri=46578"},{"id":44454,"name":"Scaffolding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scaffolding?f_ri=46578"},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":52048,"name":"Stem Cell Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell_Research?f_ri=46578"},{"id":61093,"name":"Mesenchymal stem cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesenchymal_stem_cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":63067,"name":"Molecular and cellular biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_and_cellular_biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":66110,"name":"Clinical research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_research?f_ri=46578"},{"id":81699,"name":"Clinical and Translational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_and_Translational_Research?f_ri=46578"},{"id":127370,"name":"Bio-Medical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bio-Medical_Engineering?f_ri=46578"},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=46578"},{"id":298206,"name":"Biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomaterials_and_tissue_engineering_scaffolds?f_ri=46578"},{"id":367190,"name":"Burns","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burns?f_ri=46578"},{"id":543529,"name":"Skin tissue engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin_tissue_engineering?f_ri=46578"},{"id":547520,"name":"Tissue Engineering and Artificial Skin Equivalents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Engineering_and_Artificial_Skin_Equivalents?f_ri=46578"},{"id":842319,"name":"Burn wound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burn_wound?f_ri=46578"},{"id":887774,"name":"Pharmaceutical Gmp","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmaceutical_Gmp?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1187469,"name":"Current Good Manufacturing Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Current_Good_Manufacturing_Practices?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1229328,"name":"Skin Substitutes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skin_Substitutes?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18375416 coauthored" data-work_id="18375416" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18375416/Differential_Roles_of_p300_and_PCAF_Acetyltransferases_in_Muscle_Differentiation">Differential Roles of p300 and PCAF Acetyltransferases in Muscle Differentiation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18375416" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee99077c7bc5626912c6d8c6305e871a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40021490,"asset_id":18375416,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button 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Yang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/XiangjiaoYang?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-18375416">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-18375416"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PierPuri">Pier Puri</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AdolfGraessmann">Adolf Graessmann</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-18375416'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-18375416').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li 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u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4228" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology">Skeletal muscle biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4228" type="text/json">{"id":4228,"name":"Skeletal muscle biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4338" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_regulation">Gene regulation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4338" type="text/json">{"id":4338,"name":"Gene regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_regulation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22404" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a>, <script 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expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=46578"},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578"},{"id":60436,"name":"Cell Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":65644,"name":"Chromatin Remodeling and Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromatin_Remodeling_and_Epigenetics?f_ri=46578"},{"id":82128,"name":"Epigenetics \u0026 Chromatin Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics_and_Chromatin_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=46578"},{"id":300832,"name":"Protein Complex Detection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Complex_Detection?f_ri=46578"},{"id":329235,"name":"Histone acetyltransferases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histone_acetyltransferases?f_ri=46578"},{"id":557718,"name":"Multienzyme complexes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multienzyme_complexes?f_ri=46578"},{"id":809799,"name":"Cell Cycle Arrest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle_Arrest?f_ri=46578"},{"id":983317,"name":"Cell Cycle Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle_Proteins?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21238432" data-work_id="21238432" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21238432/Current_Progress_and_Potential_Practical_Application_for_Human_Pluripotent_Stem_Cells">Current Progress and Potential Practical Application for Human Pluripotent Stem Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21238432" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4fd5e456594b7767afdba256afc9142b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41776909,"asset_id":21238432,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21238432"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4531" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial">Clinical Trial</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4531" type="text/json">{"id":4531,"name":"Clinical Trial","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Trial?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8366" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Induced_Pluripotent_Stem_Cells_I_Psc_">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (I Psc)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8366" type="text/json">{"id":8366,"name":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (I Psc)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Induced_Pluripotent_Stem_Cells_I_Psc_?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23163" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell">Stem Cell</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23163" type="text/json">{"id":23163,"name":"Stem Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21238432]'), work: {"id":21238432,"title":"Current Progress and Potential Practical Application for Human Pluripotent Stem 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Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryonic_Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":839311,"name":"Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Induced_Pluripotent_Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":2194607,"name":"Somatic Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatic_Cells?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26556835" data-work_id="26556835" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26556835/Chapter_5_Limbal_Stem_Cells_Application_in_Ocular_Biomedicine">Chapter 5 Limbal Stem Cells: Application in Ocular Biomedicine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26556835" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or thermal injuries, intrinsic include dysfunction, or reduction in the number of stem cells either due to pathological changes in autoimmune diseases or secondary to certain clinical conditions such as diabetes, dry eye disorders, or multiple previous eye surgeries. LSCD is characterized by a classic triad of signs—conjunctivalization, neovascularization and decrease in vision. With the increasing knowledge of limbal stem cells, the treatment of this condition has evolved from simple debridement to use of biological materials, direct transplantation of the healthy limbal tissue from the contralateral eye, or allogenic source to the use of cultivated limbal epithelial sheets. This chapter provides an update on the disease pathology, various treatment meth...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26556835" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c902eba878afaf99c43cb3be47a61696" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46849910,"asset_id":26556835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46849910/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34739495" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VirenderSangwan">Virender Sangwan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34739495" type="text/json">{"id":34739495,"first_name":"Virender","last_name":"Sangwan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VirenderSangwan","display_name":"Virender Sangwan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VirenderSangwan?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26556835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26556835"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26556835, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26556835", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_26556835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556835; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_26556835"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_26556835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="26556835"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 26556835; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26556835]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26556835").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26556835").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26556835"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26556835]'), work: {"id":26556835,"title":"Chapter 5 Limbal Stem Cells: Application in Ocular Biomedicine","created_at":"2016-06-28T00:04:20.018-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26556835/Chapter_5_Limbal_Stem_Cells_Application_in_Ocular_Biomedicine?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_26556835","summary":"Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or thermal injuries, intrinsic include dysfunction, or reduction in the number of stem cells either due to pathological changes in autoimmune diseases or secondary to certain clinical conditions such as diabetes, dry eye disorders, or multiple previous eye surgeries. LSCD is characterized by a classic triad of signs—conjunctivalization, neovascularization and decrease in vision. With the increasing knowledge of limbal stem cells, the treatment of this condition has evolved from simple debridement to use of biological materials, direct transplantation of the healthy limbal tissue from the contralateral eye, or allogenic source to the use of cultivated limbal epithelial sheets. This chapter provides an update on the disease pathology, various treatment meth...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46849910,"asset_id":26556835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34739495,"first_name":"Virender","last_name":"Sangwan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VirenderSangwan","display_name":"Virender Sangwan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VirenderSangwan?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15795454" data-work_id="15795454" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15795454/H2A_Z_Maintenance_during_Mitosis_Reveals_Nucleosome_Shifting_on_Mitotically_Silenced_Genes">H2A.Z Maintenance during Mitosis Reveals Nucleosome Shifting on Mitotically Silenced Genes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Profound chromatin changes occur during mitosis to allow for gene silencing and chromosome segregation followed by re-activation of memorized transcription states in daughter cells. Using genome-wide sequencing, we found H2A.Z containing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15795454" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Profound chromatin changes occur during mitosis to allow for gene silencing and chromosome segregation followed by re-activation of memorized transcription states in daughter cells. Using genome-wide sequencing, we found H2A.Z containing +1 nucleosomes of active genes shift upstream to occupy TSSs during mitosis, significantly reducing nucleosome-depleted regions. Single molecule analysis confirmed nucleosome shifting and demonstrated that mitotic shifting is specific to active genes that are silenced during mitosis and thus is not seen on promoters, which are silenced by methylation or mitotically expressed genes. Using the GRP78 promoter as a model, we found H3K4 tri-methylation is also maintained while other indicators of active chromatin are lost and expression is decreased. These key changes provide a potential mechanism for rapid silencing and re-activation of genes during the cell cycle.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15795454" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="30f3dd2a0ed1514407c02869eaa36554" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42884841,"asset_id":15795454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42884841/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34986195" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoyLin3">Joy Lin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34986195" type="text/json">{"id":34986195,"first_name":"Joy","last_name":"Lin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoyLin3","display_name":"Joy Lin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoyLin3?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15795454 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15795454"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15795454, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15795454", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15795454]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15795454").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15795454").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15795454"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11298" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins">Membrane Proteins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11298" type="text/json">{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27784" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression">Gene expression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27784" type="text/json">{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32923" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing">Gene Silencing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32923" type="text/json">{"id":32923,"name":"Gene Silencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38650" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division">Cell Division</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38650" type="text/json">{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15795454]'), work: {"id":15795454,"title":"H2A.Z Maintenance during Mitosis Reveals Nucleosome Shifting on Mitotically Silenced Genes","created_at":"2015-09-17T01:38:41.672-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15795454/H2A_Z_Maintenance_during_Mitosis_Reveals_Nucleosome_Shifting_on_Mitotically_Silenced_Genes?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_15795454","summary":"Profound chromatin changes occur during mitosis to allow for gene silencing and chromosome segregation followed by re-activation of memorized transcription states in daughter cells. Using genome-wide sequencing, we found H2A.Z containing +1 nucleosomes of active genes shift upstream to occupy TSSs during mitosis, significantly reducing nucleosome-depleted regions. Single molecule analysis confirmed nucleosome shifting and demonstrated that mitotic shifting is specific to active genes that are silenced during mitosis and thus is not seen on promoters, which are silenced by methylation or mitotically expressed genes. Using the GRP78 promoter as a model, we found H3K4 tri-methylation is also maintained while other indicators of active chromatin are lost and expression is decreased. These key changes provide a potential mechanism for rapid silencing and re-activation of genes during the cell cycle.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42884841,"asset_id":15795454,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34986195,"first_name":"Joy","last_name":"Lin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoyLin3","display_name":"Joy Lin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoyLin3?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11298,"name":"Membrane Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Proteins?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":32923,"name":"Gene Silencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Silencing?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578"},{"id":55267,"name":"Mitosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitosis?f_ri=46578"},{"id":87651,"name":"Methylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":121665,"name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_methylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":172083,"name":"Phosphorylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphorylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":211309,"name":"Nucleosomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleosomes?f_ri=46578"},{"id":317185,"name":"Histones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histones?f_ri=46578"},{"id":440820,"name":"Chromatin Immunoprecipitation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chromatin_Immunoprecipitation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":463081,"name":"Acetylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acetylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":588751,"name":"Heat Shock Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Shock_Proteins?f_ri=46578"},{"id":983317,"name":"Cell Cycle Proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Cycle_Proteins?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19892288 coauthored" data-work_id="19892288" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19892288/Endoplasmic_Reticulum_and_the_Unfolded_Protein_Response">Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to cellular stress, a well-established signaling cascade,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19892288" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to cellular stress, a well-established signaling cascade, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated. This intricate mechanism is an important means of reestablishing cellular homeostasis and alleviating the inciting stress. Now, emerging evidence has demonstrated that the UPR influences cellular metabolism through diverse mechanisms, including calcium and lipid transfer, raising the prospect of involvement of these processes in the pathogenesis of disease, including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the distinct functions of the ER and UPR from a metabolic point of view, highlighting their association with prevalent pathologies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19892288" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5bf283cf3c5a96771b933e35090ca892" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41191702,"asset_id":19892288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41191702/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40726282" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FelipeParedes7">Felipe Paredes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40726282" type="text/json">{"id":40726282,"first_name":"Felipe","last_name":"Paredes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelipeParedes7","display_name":"Felipe Paredes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelipeParedes7?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19892288">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19892288"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umich.academia.edu/Dami%C3%A1nGatica">Damián Gatica</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uchile.academia.edu/EnriqueJaimovich">Enrique Jaimovich</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19892288'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19892288').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19892288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19892288"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19892288, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19892288", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19892288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19892288; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19892288"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19892288 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19892288"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19892288; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19892288]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19892288").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19892288").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19892288"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18459" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Stress">Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18459" type="text/json">{"id":18459,"name":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Stress?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="99773" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease">Disease</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="99773" type="text/json">{"id":99773,"name":"Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="117915" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfolded_Protein_Response">Unfolded Protein Response</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="117915" type="text/json">{"id":117915,"name":"Unfolded Protein Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfolded_Protein_Response?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19892288]'), work: {"id":19892288,"title":"Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Unfolded Protein Response","created_at":"2015-12-29T12:55:11.615-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19892288/Endoplasmic_Reticulum_and_the_Unfolded_Protein_Response?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_19892288","summary":"The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic intracellular organelle with multiple functions essential for cellular homeostasis, development, and stress responsiveness. In response to cellular stress, a well-established signaling cascade, the unfolded protein response (UPR), is activated. This intricate mechanism is an important means of reestablishing cellular homeostasis and alleviating the inciting stress. Now, emerging evidence has demonstrated that the UPR influences cellular metabolism through diverse mechanisms, including calcium and lipid transfer, raising the prospect of involvement of these processes in the pathogenesis of disease, including neurodegeneration, cancer, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Here, we review the distinct functions of the ER and UPR from a metabolic point of view, highlighting their association with prevalent pathologies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41191702,"asset_id":19892288,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40726282,"first_name":"Felipe","last_name":"Paredes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelipeParedes7","display_name":"Felipe Paredes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelipeParedes7?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":40978711,"first_name":"Damián","last_name":"Gatica","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"DamiánGatica","display_name":"Damián Gatica","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/Dami%C3%A1nGatica?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40978711/11136031/12427316/s65_dami_n.gatica.jpg"},{"id":14139954,"first_name":"Enrique","last_name":"Jaimovich","domain_name":"uchile","page_name":"EnriqueJaimovich","display_name":"Enrique Jaimovich","profile_url":"https://uchile.academia.edu/EnriqueJaimovich?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":18459,"name":"Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum_Stress?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":99773,"name":"Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":117915,"name":"Unfolded Protein Response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unfolded_Protein_Response?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":122187,"name":"Endoplasmic Reticulum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endoplasmic_Reticulum?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36359132" data-work_id="36359132" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36359132/Expert_peer_review_at_Medicine_Journal_Hesham_N_Mustafa_Presented_April_8_2018_Wolters_Kluwer_">Expert peer review at Medicine® Journal Hesham N. Mustafa Presented April 8, 2018 (Wolters Kluwer)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Expert peer review at Medicine® Journal Hesham N. 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There are three distinct steps in the killing of a sensi-Bronx, New York 10461 tive E. coli by colicins, each of which is carried out by a separate domain of the molecule (Figure 1). The first step, receptor binding, is mediated by the R domain, Summary which lies in the central part of the primary sequence. The N-terminal T domain mediates the second step, Colicins kill E. coli by a process that involves binding translocation from the outer membrane receptor to the to a surface receptor, entering the cell, and, finally, colicin's target in the cell. Finally, the killing activity reintoxicating it. The lethal action of colicin E3 is a spesides in the carboxy-terminal C (catalytic or channelcific cleavage in the ribosomal decoding A site. The forming) domain. crystal structure of colicin E3, reported here in a binary Colicin E3 kills the target cell by inactivation of its complex with its immunity protein (IP), reveals a protein biosynthetic machinery (Nomura, 1967; Nomura Y-shaped molecule with the receptor binding domain et al., 1974). The mode of action involves the cleavage forming a 100 Å long stalk and the two globular heads of a single phosphodiester bond of E. coli 16S ribosomal of the translocation domain (T) and the catalytic do-RNA in the 30S subunit at a specific site (Bowman et main (C) comprising the two arms. Active site residues al., 1971a; Senior and Holland, 1971; Dahlberg and Dahlare D510, H513, E517, and R545. IP is buried between T berg, 1975). This site, between adenine 1493 and guaand C. Rather than blocking the active site, IP prevents nine 1494, is on a bubble of the penultimate helix close access of the active site to the ribosome. to the 3Ј end and the interface between the small and large ribosomal subunits and is at a critical position near Introduction where interactions of the A site tRNA and the mRNA occur on the ribosome (Cate et al., 1999). The same Bacteriocins are protein antibiotics that kill bacteria cleavage occurs in vitro when isolated 70S ribosomes closely related to the producing species. Colicins constiare incubated with purified colicin E3 (Boon, 1971; Bowtute the subgroup of bacteriocins that are produced and man et al., 1971b). secreted by E. coli (Braun et al., 1994). The lethal action</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34744355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b12cda402fdf84fab4c76e374f57ea90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54602414,"asset_id":34744355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54602414/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27589156" href="https://case.academia.edu/MShoham">Menachem Shoham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27589156" type="text/json">{"id":27589156,"first_name":"Menachem","last_name":"Shoham","domain_name":"case","page_name":"MShoham","display_name":"Menachem Shoham","profile_url":"https://case.academia.edu/MShoham?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27589156/17873654/17893359/s65_menachem.shoham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34744355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34744355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34744355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34744355", }); 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reviewed in James et al., 1996); or (3) inhibition of protein synthesis by RNase Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, Ohio 44106 cleavage of specific tRNAs which contain the modified base queuine at the wobble position of the anticodon 2 Department of Physiology and Biophysics Albert Einstein College of Medicine (colicin E5; Ogawa et al., 1999). There are three distinct steps in the killing of a sensi-Bronx, New York 10461 tive E. coli by colicins, each of which is carried out by a separate domain of the molecule (Figure 1). The first step, receptor binding, is mediated by the R domain, Summary which lies in the central part of the primary sequence. The N-terminal T domain mediates the second step, Colicins kill E. coli by a process that involves binding translocation from the outer membrane receptor to the to a surface receptor, entering the cell, and, finally, colicin's target in the cell. Finally, the killing activity reintoxicating it. The lethal action of colicin E3 is a spesides in the carboxy-terminal C (catalytic or channelcific cleavage in the ribosomal decoding A site. The forming) domain. crystal structure of colicin E3, reported here in a binary Colicin E3 kills the target cell by inactivation of its complex with its immunity protein (IP), reveals a protein biosynthetic machinery (Nomura, 1967; Nomura Y-shaped molecule with the receptor binding domain et al., 1974). The mode of action involves the cleavage forming a 100 Å long stalk and the two globular heads of a single phosphodiester bond of E. coli 16S ribosomal of the translocation domain (T) and the catalytic do-RNA in the 30S subunit at a specific site (Bowman et main (C) comprising the two arms. Active site residues al., 1971a; Senior and Holland, 1971; Dahlberg and Dahlare D510, H513, E517, and R545. IP is buried between T berg, 1975). This site, between adenine 1493 and guaand C. Rather than blocking the active site, IP prevents nine 1494, is on a bubble of the penultimate helix close access of the active site to the ribosome. to the 3Ј end and the interface between the small and large ribosomal subunits and is at a critical position near Introduction where interactions of the A site tRNA and the mRNA occur on the ribosome (Cate et al., 1999). The same Bacteriocins are protein antibiotics that kill bacteria cleavage occurs in vitro when isolated 70S ribosomes closely related to the producing species. Colicins constiare incubated with purified colicin E3 (Boon, 1971; Bowtute the subgroup of bacteriocins that are produced and man et al., 1971b). secreted by E. coli (Braun et al., 1994). 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Drosophila CtBP La Jolla, California 92093 (dCtBP) is maternally expressed and uniformly distrib-4 Structural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13351699" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">vivo as a transcription corepressor was provided by University of California, San Diego experiments carried out in Drosophila. Drosophila CtBP La Jolla, California 92093 (dCtBP) is maternally expressed and uniformly distrib-4 Structural Biology Program uted throughout the early embryo. Mutations in dCtBP Department of Physiology and Biophysics cause severe segmentation and patterning defects that Mount Sinai School of Medicine have been attributed to the combined loss of repression New York, New York 10029 activities of Knirps, Krü ppel, and Snail; factors critical for early development and repression of genes such as even skipped, rhomboid, and fushi tarazu (Nibu et al., Summary 1998a, 1998b; Poortinga et al. , 1998). All three of these sequence-specific repressors contain PXDLS-related Transcriptional repression is based on the selective motifs that have been shown in vitro and in vivo to actions of recruited corepressor complexes, including be important in recruiting dCtBP. CtBP1 and CtBP2, a those with enzymatic activities. One well-characterized second highly related factor in vertebrates, have been developmentally important corepressor is the C-terlinked to a host of disparate transcription factors includminal binding protein (CtBP). Although intriguingly reing several that are important in cellular proliferation, lated in sequence to D2 hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, homeostasis, and development by a conserved PXDLSthe mechanism by which CtBP functions remains unlike motif (Chinnadurai, 2002).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13351699" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2130b5b232ec16f96ee22c30bce1a9d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45439169,"asset_id":13351699,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45439169/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32588160" href="https://tifr.academia.edu/vivekkumar">vivek kumar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32588160" type="text/json">{"id":32588160,"first_name":"vivek","last_name":"kumar","domain_name":"tifr","page_name":"vivekkumar","display_name":"vivek kumar","profile_url":"https://tifr.academia.edu/vivekkumar?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32588160/11781089/13132046/s65_vivek.kumar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13351699 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13351699"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13351699, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13351699", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13351699]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13351699").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13351699").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13351699"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33441" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macromolecular_X-Ray_Crystallography">Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="33441" type="text/json">{"id":33441,"name":"Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macromolecular_X-Ray_Crystallography?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line">Cell line</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="57808" type="text/json">{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13351699]'), work: {"id":13351699,"title":"Transcription Corepressor CtBP Is an NAD+-Regulated Dehydrogenase","created_at":"2015-06-27T08:40:59.263-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13351699/Transcription_Corepressor_CtBP_Is_an_NAD_Regulated_Dehydrogenase?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_13351699","summary":"vivo as a transcription corepressor was provided by University of California, San Diego experiments carried out in Drosophila. Drosophila CtBP La Jolla, California 92093 (dCtBP) is maternally expressed and uniformly distrib-4 Structural Biology Program uted throughout the early embryo. Mutations in dCtBP Department of Physiology and Biophysics cause severe segmentation and patterning defects that Mount Sinai School of Medicine have been attributed to the combined loss of repression New York, New York 10029 activities of Knirps, Krü ppel, and Snail; factors critical for early development and repression of genes such as even skipped, rhomboid, and fushi tarazu (Nibu et al., Summary 1998a, 1998b; Poortinga et al. , 1998). All three of these sequence-specific repressors contain PXDLS-related Transcriptional repression is based on the selective motifs that have been shown in vitro and in vivo to actions of recruited corepressor complexes, including be important in recruiting dCtBP. CtBP1 and CtBP2, a those with enzymatic activities. One well-characterized second highly related factor in vertebrates, have been developmentally important corepressor is the C-terlinked to a host of disparate transcription factors includminal binding protein (CtBP). Although intriguingly reing several that are important in cellular proliferation, lated in sequence to D2 hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, homeostasis, and development by a conserved PXDLSthe mechanism by which CtBP functions remains unlike motif (Chinnadurai, 2002).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45439169,"asset_id":13351699,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32588160,"first_name":"vivek","last_name":"kumar","domain_name":"tifr","page_name":"vivekkumar","display_name":"vivek kumar","profile_url":"https://tifr.academia.edu/vivekkumar?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32588160/11781089/13132046/s65_vivek.kumar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":33441,"name":"Macromolecular X-Ray Crystallography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macromolecular_X-Ray_Crystallography?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":76407,"name":"Circular Dichroism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circular_Dichroism?f_ri=46578"},{"id":354019,"name":"Active site","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_site?f_ri=46578"},{"id":620070,"name":"Transfection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transfection?f_ri=46578"},{"id":653665,"name":"Protein Conformation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Conformation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":828507,"name":"NAD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NAD?f_ri=46578"},{"id":967839,"name":"Structure activity Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_activity_Relationship?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1010725,"name":"Protein Binding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_Binding?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1029284,"name":"Enzymatic Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzymatic_Activity?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1186610,"name":"DNA binding proteins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_binding_proteins?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1274450,"name":"Conformational Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conformational_Change?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1809037,"name":"Dimerization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dimerization?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16023998" data-work_id="16023998" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16023998/Chapter_5_Limbal_Stem_Cells">Chapter 5 Limbal Stem Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16023998" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or thermal injuries, intrinsic include dysfunction, or reduction in the number of stem cells either due to pathological changes in autoimmune diseases or secondary to certain clinical conditions such as diabetes, dry eye disorders, or multiple previous eye surgeries. LSCD is characterized by a classic triad of signs-conjunctivalization, neovascularization and decrease in vision. With the increasing knowledge of limbal stem cells, the treatment of this condition has evolved from simple debridement to use of biological materials, direct transplantation of the healthy limbal tissue from the contralateral eye, or allogenic source to the use of cultivated limbal epithelial sheets. This chapter provides an update on the disease pathology, various treatment methodologies, with specific emphasis on the fast developing field of cell therapy and tissue engineering.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16023998" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7294fe2d19ac8a1b089273a20201fd08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42782556,"asset_id":16023998,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42782556/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35165553" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SurendraBasti">Surendra Basti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35165553" type="text/json">{"id":35165553,"first_name":"Surendra","last_name":"Basti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SurendraBasti","display_name":"Surendra Basti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SurendraBasti?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16023998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16023998"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16023998, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16023998", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16023998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16023998; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16023998"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16023998 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16023998"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16023998; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16023998]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16023998").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16023998").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16023998"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2699" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Engineering">Tissue Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2699" type="text/json">{"id":2699,"name":"Tissue Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Engineering?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3642" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells">Stem Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3642" type="text/json">{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23163" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell">Stem Cell</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23163" type="text/json">{"id":23163,"name":"Stem Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37864" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell_Transplantation">Stem Cell Transplantation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37864" type="text/json">{"id":37864,"name":"Stem Cell Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell_Transplantation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16023998]'), work: {"id":16023998,"title":"Chapter 5 Limbal Stem Cells","created_at":"2015-09-22T06:14:22.299-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16023998/Chapter_5_Limbal_Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_16023998","summary":"Corneal opacification due to limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is an important cause for ocular morbidity, resulting from a number of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. While the extrinsic factors include conditions such as chemical or thermal injuries, intrinsic include dysfunction, or reduction in the number of stem cells either due to pathological changes in autoimmune diseases or secondary to certain clinical conditions such as diabetes, dry eye disorders, or multiple previous eye surgeries. LSCD is characterized by a classic triad of signs-conjunctivalization, neovascularization and decrease in vision. With the increasing knowledge of limbal stem cells, the treatment of this condition has evolved from simple debridement to use of biological materials, direct transplantation of the healthy limbal tissue from the contralateral eye, or allogenic source to the use of cultivated limbal epithelial sheets. This chapter provides an update on the disease pathology, various treatment methodologies, with specific emphasis on the fast developing field of cell therapy and tissue engineering.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42782556,"asset_id":16023998,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35165553,"first_name":"Surendra","last_name":"Basti","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SurendraBasti","display_name":"Surendra Basti","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SurendraBasti?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2699,"name":"Tissue Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_Engineering?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":23163,"name":"Stem Cell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":37864,"name":"Stem Cell Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cell_Transplantation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":57805,"name":"Cell therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_therapy?f_ri=46578"},{"id":66613,"name":"Autoimmune Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_Disease?f_ri=46578"},{"id":187760,"name":"Cell Transplantation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Transplantation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":379416,"name":"Epithelial cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epithelial_cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1275886,"name":"Clinical Application","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Application?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21610065" data-work_id="21610065" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21610065/Physiological_roles_of_ribosomal_protein_S6_one_of_its_kind">Physiological roles of ribosomal protein S6: one of its kind</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), which occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli on five evolutionarily conserved serine residues, has attracted much attention since its discovery more than three decades ago.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21610065" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6), which occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli on five evolutionarily conserved serine residues, has attracted much attention since its discovery more than three decades ago. However, despite a large body of information on the respective kinases and the signal transduction pathways, the role of this phosphorylation remained obscure. It is only recent that targeting the genes encoding rpS6, the phosphorylatable serine residues or the respective kinases that the unique role of rpS6 and its posttranslational modification have started to be elucidated. This review focuses primarily on the critical role of rpS6 for mouse development, the pathways that transduce various signals into rpS6 phosphorylation, and the physiological functions of this modification. The mechanism(s) underlying the diverse effects of rpS6 phosphorylation on cellular and organismal physiology has yet to be determined. 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data-work_id="3476926" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3476926/Mast_cells_in_nonmammalian_vertebrates_an_overview">Mast cells in nonmammalian vertebrates: an overview</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mast cells are best known as multifunctional entities that may confer a benefit on immune system. This review presents the known facts on mast-cell system and breakthroughs in mast-cell biology in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. As... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3476926" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mast cells are best known as multifunctional entities that may confer a benefit on immune system. This review presents the known facts on mast-cell system and breakthroughs in mast-cell biology in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. As compared to mammals, there are relatively few data available on mast cells in many nonmammalian vertebrates. Nevertheless, like in mammals, mast cells in nonmammalian vertebrates contain a wide range of bioactive compounds including histamine, heparin, neuropeptides, and neutral proteases. In bony fishes, these cells secrete antimicrobial peptides as well. Mast cells have a widespread distribution in the brain, endocrine glands, intestine, liver, kidney, skin, tongue, and lungs, the highest concentration occurring in different tissues in the different taxa. Currently, researchers are grappling with the nature of scientific support to substantiate the functional importance of mast cells in</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3476926" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e1c1d6c84d182561bfc638c746bbdc21" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50291940,"asset_id":3476926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50291940/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="141361" href="https://unina2.academia.edu/ClaudiaPinelli">Claudia Pinelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="141361" type="text/json">{"id":141361,"first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Pinelli","domain_name":"unina2","page_name":"ClaudiaPinelli","display_name":"Claudia Pinelli","profile_url":"https://unina2.academia.edu/ClaudiaPinelli?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141361/37496/23119992/s65_claudia.pinelli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3476926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3476926"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3476926, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3476926", }); 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This review presents the known facts on mast-cell system and breakthroughs in mast-cell biology in fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. As compared to mammals, there are relatively few data available on mast cells in many nonmammalian vertebrates. Nevertheless, like in mammals, mast cells in nonmammalian vertebrates contain a wide range of bioactive compounds including histamine, heparin, neuropeptides, and neutral proteases. In bony fishes, these cells secrete antimicrobial peptides as well. Mast cells have a widespread distribution in the brain, endocrine glands, intestine, liver, kidney, skin, tongue, and lungs, the highest concentration occurring in different tissues in the different taxa. Currently, researchers are grappling with the nature of scientific support to substantiate the functional importance of mast cells in","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50291940,"asset_id":3476926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":141361,"first_name":"Claudia","last_name":"Pinelli","domain_name":"unina2","page_name":"ClaudiaPinelli","display_name":"Claudia Pinelli","profile_url":"https://unina2.academia.edu/ClaudiaPinelli?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141361/37496/23119992/s65_claudia.pinelli.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":15570,"name":"Mast Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mast_Cells?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":103254,"name":"Vertebrates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vertebrates?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12880312" data-work_id="12880312" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12880312/The_subcommissural_organ_and_the_development_of_the_posterior_commissure_in_chick_embryos">The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure in chick embryos</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12880312" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span 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class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32016970" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelCifuentes3">Manuel Cifuentes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32016970" type="text/json">{"id":32016970,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Cifuentes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelCifuentes3","display_name":"Manuel Cifuentes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelCifuentes3?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12880312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12880312"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12880312, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12880312", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12880312 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12880312]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12880312").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12880312").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12880312"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="60436" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation">Cell Differentiation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="60436" type="text/json">{"id":60436,"name":"Cell Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="111012" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques">Plant tissue Culture Techniques</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="111012" type="text/json">{"id":111012,"name":"Plant tissue Culture Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12880312]'), work: {"id":12880312,"title":"The subcommissural organ and the development of the posterior commissure in chick embryos","created_at":"2015-06-09T02:11:36.890-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12880312/The_subcommissural_organ_and_the_development_of_the_posterior_commissure_in_chick_embryos?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_12880312","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45869952,"asset_id":12880312,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32016970,"first_name":"Manuel","last_name":"Cifuentes","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ManuelCifuentes3","display_name":"Manuel Cifuentes","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ManuelCifuentes3?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":60436,"name":"Cell Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":111012,"name":"Plant tissue Culture Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":126972,"name":"P-glycoprotein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/P-glycoprotein?f_ri=46578"},{"id":132019,"name":"Axon Guidance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Axon_Guidance?f_ri=46578"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=46578"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=46578"},{"id":846581,"name":"Cell communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_communication?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1027717,"name":"Embryos","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryos?f_ri=46578"},{"id":1665626,"name":"Neurite Outgrowth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurite_Outgrowth?f_ri=46578"},{"id":2406785,"name":"Diencephalon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diencephalon?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13462161" data-work_id="13462161" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13462161/The_Dynamics_of_Genome_wide_DNA_Methylation_Reprogramming_in_Mouse_Primordial_Germ_Cells">The Dynamics of Genome-wide DNA Methylation Reprogramming in Mouse Primordial Germ Cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Genome-wide DNA methylation reprogramming occurs in mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and preimplantation embryos, but the precise dynamics and biological outcomes are largely unknown. We have carried out whole-genome bisulfite... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13462161" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Genome-wide DNA methylation reprogramming occurs in mouse primordial germ cells (PGCs) and preimplantation embryos, but the precise dynamics and biological outcomes are largely unknown. We have carried out whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-Seq) and RNA-Seq across key stages from E6.5 epiblast to E16.5 PGCs. Global loss of methylation takes place during PGC expansion and migration with evidence for passive demethylation, but sequences that carry long-term epigenetic memory (imprints, CpG islands on the X chromosome, germline-specific genes) only become demethylated upon entry of PGCs into the gonads. The transcriptional profile of PGCs is tightly controlled despite global hypomethylation, with transient expression of the pluripotency network, suggesting that reprogramming and pluripotency are inextricably linked. Our results provide a framework for the understanding of the epigenetic ground state of pluripotency in the germline.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13462161" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e0454dc6bcc6ee9591f6a61e3fc6bf43" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45320755,"asset_id":13462161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45320755/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32689306" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FelixKrueger">Felix Krueger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32689306" type="text/json">{"id":32689306,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Krueger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelixKrueger","display_name":"Felix Krueger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelixKrueger?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13462161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13462161"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13462161, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13462161", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13462161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13462161; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_13462161"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_13462161 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="13462161"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 13462161; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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We have carried out whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (BS-Seq) and RNA-Seq across key stages from E6.5 epiblast to E16.5 PGCs. Global loss of methylation takes place during PGC expansion and migration with evidence for passive demethylation, but sequences that carry long-term epigenetic memory (imprints, CpG islands on the X chromosome, germline-specific genes) only become demethylated upon entry of PGCs into the gonads. The transcriptional profile of PGCs is tightly controlled despite global hypomethylation, with transient expression of the pluripotency network, suggesting that reprogramming and pluripotency are inextricably linked. Our results provide a framework for the understanding of the epigenetic ground state of pluripotency in the germline.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45320755,"asset_id":13462161,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32689306,"first_name":"Felix","last_name":"Krueger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FelixKrueger","display_name":"Felix Krueger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FelixKrueger?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10967,"name":"Genomic Imprinting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomic_Imprinting?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":43761,"name":"Transcriptome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transcriptome?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":66130,"name":"Germ Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germ_Cells?f_ri=46578"},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=46578"},{"id":121665,"name":"DNA methylation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_methylation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":121667,"name":"CpG islands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CpG_islands?f_ri=46578"},{"id":176486,"name":"Genome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome?f_ri=46578"},{"id":613173,"name":"X chromosome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_chromosome?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16490334" data-work_id="16490334" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16490334/Overlapping_Mechanisms_Promote_Postsynaptic_RAD_51_Filament_Disassembly_during_Meiotic_Double_Strand_Break_Repair">Overlapping Mechanisms Promote Postsynaptic RAD-51 Filament Disassembly during Meiotic Double-Strand Break Repair</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for repair of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although the mechanisms of RAD-51-DNA filament assembly and strand exchange are well characterized, the subsequent steps of HR are less well... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16490334" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for repair of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although the mechanisms of RAD-51-DNA filament assembly and strand exchange are well characterized, the subsequent steps of HR are less well defined. Here, we describe a synthetic lethal interaction between the C. elegans helicase helq-1 and RAD-51 paralog rfs-1, which results in a block to meiotic DSB repair after strand invasion. Whereas RAD-51-ssDNA filaments assemble at meiotic DSBs with normal kinetics in helq-1, rfs-1 double mutants, persistence of RAD-51 foci and genetic interactions with rtel-1 suggest a failure to disassemble RAD-51 from strand invasion intermediates. Indeed, purified HELQ-1 and RFS-1 independently bind to and promote the disassembly of RAD-51 from doublestranded, but not single-stranded, DNA filaments via distinct mechanisms in vitro. These results indicate that two compensating activities are required to promote postsynaptic RAD-51 filament disassembly, which are collectively essential for completion of meiotic DSB repair.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16490334" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50e5040b0194258c787fe5a9e39d1d78" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42478519,"asset_id":16490334,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42478519/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35704844" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FedericaMarini2">Federica Marini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35704844" type="text/json">{"id":35704844,"first_name":"Federica","last_name":"Marini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FedericaMarini2","display_name":"Federica Marini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FedericaMarini2?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16490334 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16490334"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16490334, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16490334", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16490334]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16490334").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16490334").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16490334"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2889" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caenorhabditis_elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2889" type="text/json">{"id":2889,"name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caenorhabditis_elegans?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23067" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_repair">DNA repair</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23067" type="text/json">{"id":23067,"name":"DNA repair","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_repair?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46578" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology">Cell and Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46578" type="text/json">{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16490334]'), work: {"id":16490334,"title":"Overlapping Mechanisms Promote Postsynaptic RAD-51 Filament Disassembly during Meiotic Double-Strand Break Repair","created_at":"2015-10-05T14:02:43.801-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16490334/Overlapping_Mechanisms_Promote_Postsynaptic_RAD_51_Filament_Disassembly_during_Meiotic_Double_Strand_Break_Repair?f_ri=46578","dom_id":"work_16490334","summary":"Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for repair of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Although the mechanisms of RAD-51-DNA filament assembly and strand exchange are well characterized, the subsequent steps of HR are less well defined. Here, we describe a synthetic lethal interaction between the C. elegans helicase helq-1 and RAD-51 paralog rfs-1, which results in a block to meiotic DSB repair after strand invasion. Whereas RAD-51-ssDNA filaments assemble at meiotic DSBs with normal kinetics in helq-1, rfs-1 double mutants, persistence of RAD-51 foci and genetic interactions with rtel-1 suggest a failure to disassemble RAD-51 from strand invasion intermediates. Indeed, purified HELQ-1 and RFS-1 independently bind to and promote the disassembly of RAD-51 from doublestranded, but not single-stranded, DNA filaments via distinct mechanisms in vitro. These results indicate that two compensating activities are required to promote postsynaptic RAD-51 filament disassembly, which are collectively essential for completion of meiotic DSB repair.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42478519,"asset_id":16490334,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35704844,"first_name":"Federica","last_name":"Marini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FedericaMarini2","display_name":"Federica Marini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FedericaMarini2?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2889,"name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caenorhabditis_elegans?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":23067,"name":"DNA repair","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_repair?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":46578,"name":"Cell and Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=46578","nofollow":true},{"id":73564,"name":"Meiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meiosis?f_ri=46578"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=46578"},{"id":569028,"name":"Genetic Recombination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Recombination?f_ri=46578"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19036392 coauthored" data-work_id="19036392" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19036392/Cleave_to_Leave">Cleave to Leave</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">ABSTRACT A detailed understanding of the fine structure of the nuclear pore complex has remained elusive. Now, studies on a small protein domain have shed light on the dynamic organization of this massive assembly.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19036392" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7d8f1e6961a7497424bd161f15b1cc59" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42117378,"asset_id":19036392,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42117378/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39609189" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SvetlanaDokudovskaya">Svetlana Dokudovskaya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39609189" type="text/json">{"id":39609189,"first_name":"Svetlana","last_name":"Dokudovskaya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SvetlanaDokudovskaya","display_name":"Svetlana Dokudovskaya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SvetlanaDokudovskaya?f_ri=46578","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19036392">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19036392"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LiesbethVeenhoff">Liesbeth Veenhoff</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19036392'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19036392').html(); 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A single gene (CALD1) encodes high molecular mass CaD (h-CaD) and low molecular mass CaD... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12274382" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Caldesmon (CaD) is a multimodular protein that regulates contractility and actin cytoskeleton remodeling in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells. A single gene (CALD1) encodes high molecular mass CaD (h-CaD) and low molecular mass CaD (l-CaD) by alternative splicings. The h-CaD exclusively expresses in smooth muscle, whereas the l-CaD ubiquitously expresses in all cell types except skeletal muscle. The h-CaD/l-CaD ratio could be a marker for monitoring differentiating and pathological states of smooth muscles. The l-CaD associates with stress fibers and membrane ruffles in nonmuscle cells and with the actin core of podosomes in highly motile/invasive cells. Together with tropomyosin, CaD stabilizes actin filaments and inhibits actin-tropomyosin-activated myosin ATPase activity. This inhibition can be effectively released by Ca(2+)-calmodulin and/or by phosphorylation with various kinases. Through its interactions with a spectrum of actin-binding proteins, CaD modulates dynamics of cort...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12274382" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="39a12bd1f7b70988e4014d81a4f2480b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46266179,"asset_id":12274382,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46266179/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30853676" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JimLin6">Jim Lin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30853676" type="text/json">{"id":30853676,"first_name":"Jim","last_name":"Lin","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JimLin6","display_name":"Jim Lin","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JimLin6?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30853676/11402719/12718898/s65_jim.lin.jpg_oh_45dbb6663a6a05caf854bbce16d84c3c_oe_57497b97"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12274382 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12274382"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12274382, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12274382", }); 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A single gene (CALD1) encodes high molecular mass CaD (h-CaD) and low molecular mass CaD (l-CaD) by alternative splicings. The h-CaD exclusively expresses in smooth muscle, whereas the l-CaD ubiquitously expresses in all cell types except skeletal muscle. The h-CaD/l-CaD ratio could be a marker for monitoring differentiating and pathological states of smooth muscles. The l-CaD associates with stress fibers and membrane ruffles in nonmuscle cells and with the actin core of podosomes in highly motile/invasive cells. Together with tropomyosin, CaD stabilizes actin filaments and inhibits actin-tropomyosin-activated myosin ATPase activity. This inhibition can be effectively released by Ca(2+)-calmodulin and/or by phosphorylation with various kinases. 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In this study, non-woven fibrous substrate based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (75/25) were hy-drolyzed in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25101990" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In skin tissue engineering, surface feature of the scaffolds plays an important role in cell adhesion and proliferation. In this study, non-woven fibrous substrate based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (75/25) were hy-drolyzed in various concentrations of NaOH (0.05 N, 0.1 N, 0.3 N) to increase carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the fiber surfaces. These functional groups were activated by EDC/NHS to create chemical bonding with collagen. To improve bioactivity, the activated substrates were coated with a collagen solution (2 mg/ml) and cross-linking was carried out using the EDC/NHS in MES buffer. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated by contact angle measurements, porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile and degradation tests as well as in vitro cell attachment and cytotoxicity assays. Cell culture results of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and keratinocytes cell line (HaCat) revealed that the cells could attach to the scaffold. Further investigation with MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation of HaCat significantly increases with collagen coating. It seems that sufficient stability of collagen on the surface due to proper chemical bonding and cross-linking has increased the bioactivity of surface remarkably which can be promising for bioengineered skin applications.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25101990" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cd8a204cca65d32a275e784fce6797a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45422925,"asset_id":25101990,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45422925/download_file?st=MTczOTgwNTQwMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27896750" href="https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin">Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27896750" type="text/json">{"id":27896750,"first_name":"Hojjat","last_name":"Naderi-Meshkin","domain_name":"qub","page_name":"HojjatNaderiMeshkin","display_name":"Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin","profile_url":"https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27896750/7915493/35296893/s65_hojjat.naderi-meshkin.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-25101990">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-25101990"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://iranpolymerinstitute.academia.edu/mohammadkhorsandghayeni">mohammad khorsand-ghayeni</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-25101990'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-25101990').html(); 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In this study, non-woven fibrous substrate based on poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (75/25) were hy-drolyzed in various concentrations of NaOH (0.05 N, 0.1 N, 0.3 N) to increase carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the fiber surfaces. These functional groups were activated by EDC/NHS to create chemical bonding with collagen. To improve bioactivity, the activated substrates were coated with a collagen solution (2 mg/ml) and cross-linking was carried out using the EDC/NHS in MES buffer. The effectiveness of the method was evaluated by contact angle measurements, porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile and degradation tests as well as in vitro cell attachment and cytotoxicity assays. Cell culture results of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and keratinocytes cell line (HaCat) revealed that the cells could attach to the scaffold. Further investigation with MTT assay showed that the cell proliferation of HaCat significantly increases with collagen coating. It seems that sufficient stability of collagen on the surface due to proper chemical bonding and cross-linking has increased the bioactivity of surface remarkably which can be promising for bioengineered skin applications.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45422925,"asset_id":25101990,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27896750,"first_name":"Hojjat","last_name":"Naderi-Meshkin","domain_name":"qub","page_name":"HojjatNaderiMeshkin","display_name":"Hojjat Naderi-Meshkin","profile_url":"https://qub.academia.edu/HojjatNaderiMeshkin?f_ri=46578","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27896750/7915493/35296893/s65_hojjat.naderi-meshkin.jpg"},{"id":24504831,"first_name":"mohammad","last_name":"khorsand-ghayeni","domain_name":"iranpolymerinstitute","page_name":"mohammadkhorsandghayeni","display_name":"mohammad 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