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Toggle Colonial New Zealand subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Colonial_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_New_Zealand_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Establishment of the New Zealand Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_New_Zealand_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māori_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māori_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Māori resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māori_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_national_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_national_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Development of national institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_national_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Women's suffrage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Radical politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Independence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Independence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominion_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Dominion status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominion_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_rule,_1912–1928" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_rule,_1912–1928"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Conservative rule, 1912–1928 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_rule,_1912–1928-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Party,_coalition_governments_and_party_merger,_1928–1935" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Party,_coalition_governments_and_party_merger,_1928–1935"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 United Party, coalition governments and party merger, 1928–1935 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Party,_coalition_governments_and_party_merger,_1928–1935-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Labour_Party_government,_1935–1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Labour_Party_government,_1935–1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 First Labour Party government, 1935–1949 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Labour_Party_government,_1935–1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_of_conservative_government,_1949–1972" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_of_conservative_government,_1949–1972"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Return of conservative government, 1949–1972 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_of_conservative_government,_1949–1972-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_Party_reforms,_1972–1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_Party_reforms,_1972–1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Labour Party reforms, 1972–1975 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_Party_reforms,_1972–1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservative_rule_under_Robert_Muldoon,_1975–1984" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservative_rule_under_Robert_Muldoon,_1975–1984"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Conservative rule under Robert Muldoon, 1975–1984 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservative_rule_under_Robert_Muldoon,_1975–1984-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_crisis_and_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_crisis_and_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Constitutional crisis and reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_crisis_and_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour's_return_and_economic_liberalisation,_1984–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour's_return_and_economic_liberalisation,_1984–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Labour's return and economic liberalisation, 1984–1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour's_return_and_economic_liberalisation,_1984–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_reforms_and_political_changes_under_the_National_Party,_1990–1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_reforms_and_political_changes_under_the_National_Party,_1990–1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Electoral reforms and political changes under the National Party, 1990–1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_reforms_and_political_changes_under_the_National_Party,_1990–1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Labour_government_under_Helen_Clark,_1999–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Labour_government_under_Helen_Clark,_1999–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 New Labour government under Helen Clark, 1999–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Labour_government_under_Helen_Clark,_1999–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National's_return_to_power,_2008–2017" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National's_return_to_power,_2008–2017"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 National's return to power, 2008–2017 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National's_return_to_power,_2008–2017-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand_under_Jacinda_Ardern_and_Labour,_2017–2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand_under_Jacinda_Ardern_and_Labour,_2017–2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 New Zealand under Jacinda Ardern and Labour, 2017–2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand_under_Jacinda_Ardern_and_Labour,_2017–2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National–ACT–NZ_First,_2023–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National–ACT–NZ_First,_2023–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 National–ACT–NZ First, 2023–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National–ACT–NZ_First,_2023–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">History of politics in New Zealand</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">Constitution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a> <dl><dd>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_New_Zealand" title="List of governors-general of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">Executive Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">List of governments</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">current</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_New_Zealand" title="List of prime ministers of New Zealand">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector_organisations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Public sector organisations in New Zealand">State services departments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/54th_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="54th New Zealand Parliament">54th New Zealand Parliament</a></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Brownlee" title="Gerry Brownlee">Gerry Brownlee</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">Official Opposition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">Electorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_New_Zealand" title="Electoral system of New Zealand">Electoral system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">Electoral reform</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)" title="Electoral Commission (New Zealand)">Electoral Commission</a></li> <li>Recent elections: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>General: <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">2023</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Local: <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2013 New Zealand local elections">2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2016 New Zealand local elections">2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2019_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2019 New Zealand local elections">2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2022_New_Zealand_local_elections" title="2022 New Zealand local elections">2022</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_New_Zealand" title="Referendums in New Zealand">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_New_Zealand" title="Political funding in New Zealand">Political funding and election expenses</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">Chief Justice</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helen_Winkelmann" title="Helen Winkelmann">Helen Winkelmann</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a> <dl><dd>President: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cooper_(judge)" title="Mark Cooper (judge)">Mark Cooper</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court</a></li> <li>Other courts: <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Employment Court of New Zealand">Employment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Environment Court of New Zealand">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Courts Martial Appeal</li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="white-space:nowrap;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Land_Court" title="Māori Land Court">Māori Land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_Zealand" title="Law of New Zealand">Law of New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_Zealand" title="Local government in New Zealand">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_New_Zealand" title="Mayors in New Zealand">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_in_New_Zealand" title="Community boards in New Zealand">Community boards</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand" title="Foreign relations of New Zealand">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions of New Zealand">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_New_Zealand" title="List of diplomatic missions in New Zealand">in New Zealand</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_passport" title="New Zealand passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_New_Zealand_citizens" title="Visa requirements for New Zealand citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_New_Zealand" title="Visa policy of New Zealand">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">New Zealand and the United Nations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_New_Zealand" title="Anarchism in New Zealand">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_New_Zealand" title="Christian politics in New Zealand">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Environmental movement in New Zealand">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in New Zealand">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_New_Zealand" title="Republicanism in New Zealand">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political history of New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;;text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile hlist" style="border-width:2px;border-style:ridge;border-color:grey;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:History of New Zealand">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Zealand" title="History of New Zealand">History of New Zealand</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth,_c._1769.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Māori man and a Naval officer trading, circa 1769"><img alt="A Māori man and a Naval officer trading, circa 1769" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg/220px-A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg/330px-A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg/440px-A_Maori_man_and_Joseph_Banks_exchanging_a_crayfish_for_a_piece_of_cloth%2C_c._1769.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1075" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Timeline of New Zealand history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Zealand%27s_links_with_Antarctica" title="Timeline of New Zealand's links with Antarctica">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_New_Zealand" title="History of education in New Zealand">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_New_Zealand_environment" title="Timeline of the New Zealand environment">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_history" title="Māori history">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">Voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Postage stamps and postal history of New Zealand">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand#History" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">Rail transport</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Prior_to_1800_in_New_Zealand" title="Prior to 1800 in New Zealand">Prior to 1800</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Natural history of New Zealand">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_New_Zealand" title="Archaeology of New Zealand">Archaeology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> 19th century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_settlers_in_New_Zealand" title="European settlers in New Zealand">European settlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Land confiscations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vogel_Era" title="The Vogel Era">The Vogel Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_New_Zealand" title="Temperance movement in New Zealand">Temperance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> Stages of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">independence</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">Responsible government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> World Wars</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Post-war" title="Post-war">Post-war</a> and contemporary history</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wool_boom" title="New Zealand wool boom">Wool boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">Nuclear-free zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Foreshore and seabed controversy</a> (2004)</li> <li>Christchurch national crises (2010s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Canterbury_earthquake" title="2010 Canterbury earthquake">September 2010</a> and <a href="/wiki/2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="2011 Christchurch earthquake">February</a>/<a href="/wiki/June_2011_Christchurch_earthquake" title="June 2011 Christchurch earthquake">June 2011 earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">2019 mosque massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_River_Mine_disaster" title="Pike River Mine disaster">Pike River Mine disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_New_Zealand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–2022)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEE;padding:0.1em 0;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_Zealand_history" title="Bibliography of New Zealand history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_New_Zealand" title="List of years in New Zealand">List of years in New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/16px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/24px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Zealand" title="Portal:New Zealand">New Zealand portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_New_Zealand" title="Template:History of New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:History of New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_New_Zealand" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of New Zealand"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The political history of New Zealand covers political events and trends related to the history of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, from the precolonial to the contemporary period, including significant milestones such as the attainment of <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>, transition to <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> status, and ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">independence</a>. Prior to <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation">British colonisation</a>, politics in New Zealand was dominated by <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs (<a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a>) as leaders of <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a>, utilising <a href="/wiki/Tikanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikanga">Māori customs</a> as a political system. New Zealand became a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">British colony</a> after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> in 1840. Subsequently, a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">series of conflicts</a> between the colonial government and Māori forces resulted in the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">alienation and confiscation</a> of large amounts of Māori land. The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">Colony of New Zealand</a> was initially directly ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand#History" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor</a>. Early settlers desired <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, leading to the first nationwide <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">parliamentary election in 1853</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">1st Parliament</a>, there was a debate over whether <a href="/wiki/Ministers_in_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers in the New Zealand Government">ministers</a> should be chosen by the governor or be <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible</a> to Parliament; parliamentarians prevailed, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">first responsible government</a> in 1856. Similar to Britain, <a href="/wiki/Voting_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting in New Zealand">suffrage in New Zealand</a> was initially limited to males over 21 who were <a href="/wiki/British_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="British subjects">British subjects</a> and owned a certain amount of land, effectively excluding Māori from voting rights. In 1867, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori seats">Māori seats</a> were established, allowing Māori to vote without <a href="/wiki/Property_qualification" title="Property qualification">property qualification</a>. New Zealand granted <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">voting rights to women</a> in 1893, becoming the first self-governing country to do so. The party system in New Zealand began to take shape in the 1890s, prior to which all <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">members of parliament</a> were <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician#New_Zealand" title="Independent politician">independents</a>. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a>, formed in 1891, passed many significant <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> social and economic measures during its 21-year period in government. It was the sole <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in New Zealand">political party</a> until the establishment of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Reform Party (New Zealand)">Reform Party</a> in 1909. The Liberal Party declined in the 1920s and became the <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Party (New Zealand)">United Party</a>. The early 20th-century working class and trade unions, discontent with existing political representation, founded the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> in 1916. After Labour won office in 1935, the United and Reform parties amalgamated to form the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a>, marking the start of a <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">two-party system</a> dominated by Labour and National. Labour expanded New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">welfare state</a>, which was largely maintained by alternating Labour and National governments, until the 1980s when Labour initiated <a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">free-market reforms</a>, further advanced by the National government in the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">Third parties</a> did not gain significant power until the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform_in_New_Zealand" title="Electoral reform in New Zealand">electoral system was reformed</a> in 1993, transitioning to a <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> system known as <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP). The new MMP system has resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_governments" title="List of New Zealand governments">New Zealand governments</a> since consisting of various parties. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Māori_society">Māori society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Māori society">edit</a>]</div> The original <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori society</a> of New Zealand was based on a collective identity found on the <a href="/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 20  Iwi are the largest social units in Māori society. In <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori-language">Māori</a> iwi roughly means "people" or "nation",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara1998Back_cover-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> and is often translated as "<a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribe</a>",<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> or "a confederation of tribes". Iwi groups trace their ancestry to the original Polynesian migrants who, according to tradition, arrived from <a href="/wiki/Hawaiki" title="Hawaiki">Hawaiki</a>. Some iwi cluster into larger groupings that are based on <a href="/wiki/Whakapapa" title="Whakapapa">whakapapa</a> (genealogical tradition) and known as <a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">waka</a> (literally "<a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>", with reference to the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">original migration voyages</a>). Māori use <a href="/wiki/Rohe" title="Rohe">rohe</a> to describe the territory or boundaries of iwi.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In pre-European times, most Māori were allied to relatively small groups in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a> ("sub-tribes")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara199817-6">[6]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a> ("family").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara1998164-7">[7]</a> Each iwi contains a number of hapū; among the hapū of the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Wh%C4%81tua" title="Ngāti Whātua">Ngāti Whātua</a> iwi, for example, are <a href="/wiki/Te_Uri-o-Hau" title="Te Uri-o-Hau">Te Uri-o-Hau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Roroa" title="Te Roroa">Te Roroa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Tao%C5%AB" title="Te Taoū">Te Taoū</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Wh%C4%81tua-o-%C5%8Cr%C4%81kei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei">Ngāti Whātua-o-Ōrākei</a>. From the early 1500's, settlements were based around the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81" title="Pā">pā</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 20  The pā were village or defensive <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillforts</a>–fortified settlements with <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisades</a> and defensive <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrace" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:terrace">terraces</a>–or fortified villages. A great pā represented the <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">mana</a> (prestige or power) and strategic ability of an iwi, as personified by a <a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a> (chieftain). Māori built pā in various defensible locations around the rohe of an iwi to protect fertile plantation-sites and food supplies. A person's mana on the other hand could based on one of two sources: mana <a href="/wiki/Tangata_whenua" title="Tangata whenua">tangata</a>, authority derived from whakapapa and mana huānga, defined as "authority derived from having a wealth of resources to <a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">gift to others to bind them into reciprocal obligations</a>".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Political leadership or governance traditionally came from the <a href="/wiki/Ariki" title="Ariki">ariki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a>. The Ariki are "persons of the highest rank and seniority".<a href="#cite_note-Ballara,_A._1998-9">[9]</a>: 58  The rangatira are the hereditary Māori leaders of hapū, often described by Europeans as <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftains</a>. The first impacts of <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Oceania" title="Europeans in Oceania">Europeans in Oceania</a> involved the effect of new weapons on traditional conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> were a series of as many as 3,000 battles and raids fought throughout New Zealand (including the <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>) among Māori between 1807 and 1837, after Māori first obtained <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and then engaged in an intertribal arms race in order to gain territory or seek revenge for past defeats. The battles resulted in the deaths of between 20,000 and 40,000 people and the enslavement of tens of thousands of Māori and significantly altered the rohe. The wars also included the <a href="/wiki/Moriori_genocide" title="Moriori genocide">Moriori genocide</a>. In the aftermath of the conflicts, three notable military leaders emerged as dominant figures in New Zealand's landscape: <a href="/wiki/Hongi_Hika" title="Hongi Hika">Hongi Hika</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81puhi" title="Ngāpuhi">Ngāpuhi</a> iwi, <a href="/wiki/P%C5%8Dtatau_Te_Wherowhero" title="Pōtatau Te Wherowhero">Te Wherowhero</a> of <a href="/wiki/Waikato_Tainui" title="Waikato Tainui">Waikato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Te_Rauparaha" title="Te Rauparaha">Te Rauparaha</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Ng%C4%81ti_Toa" title="Ngāti Toa">Ngāti Toa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 36  Not just firearms but also innovative tactics and strategies shook up traditional tribal structures.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 38  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_New_Zealand">Colonial New Zealand</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonial New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> New Zealand's connection to the British Empire began in 1830, initiated by Te Rauparaha, who sought the help of English Captain Stewart.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 38  In 1831, leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> reached out to King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>, requesting British protection against both British subjects and potential French incursions.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 41  Official British involvement took a modest step forward in May 1833 with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as the British Resident, funded by the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 41  In 1835, Busby crafted a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a>, which was initially endorsed by 35 rangatira under The <a href="/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a>. An additional 17 rangatira later signed the document, effectively proclaiming New Zealand as an independent state under British protection.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 42  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_New_Zealand_Government">Establishment of the New Zealand Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment of the New Zealand Government">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> between rangatira and British representatives of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> was subsequently signed on <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Day" title="Waitangi Day">6 February</a> 1840. In the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty in return for the rights, privileges and protections of being a <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subject</a>. The Māori translation of the treaty refers to <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81wanatanga" title="Kāwanatanga">kāwanatanga</a> which is generally translated as governance rather than sovereignty and this point remains a subject of much controversy and political debate.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>, Hobson became governor of New Zealand. The first organs of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Government" title="New Zealand Government">New Zealand Government</a> were also established to assist the governor: an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a> and a <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council_(1841%E2%80%931853)" title="New Zealand Legislative Council (1841–1853)">(General) Legislative Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nzhistory-11">[11]</a> The Legislative Council had the power to issue laws called <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance#British_colonies" title="Local ordinance">Ordinances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The colony was initially divided into three <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Ulster_Province" title="New Ulster Province">New Ulster Province</a> (the North Island), <a href="/wiki/New_Munster_Province" title="New Munster Province">New Munster Province</a> (the South Island), and <a href="/wiki/New_Leinster_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="New Leinster Province">New Leinster Province</a> (Stewart Island). In 1840 the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a>, a company chartered in the United Kingdom for the systematic colonisation of New Zealand, raised the flag of the United Tribes at their settlement in Port Nicholson (<a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>),<a href="#cite_note-flag-13">[13]</a> proclaiming government by "colonial council" that claimed to derive its powers from authority granted by local chiefs. Interpreting the moves as "high treason", Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> declared British sovereignty over the entirety of the North Island on 21 May 1840,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and on 23 May declared the council illegal.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He then despatched his Colonial Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Willoughby_Shortland" title="Willoughby Shortland">Willoughby Shortland</a>, with 30 soldiers and six mounted police on 30 June 1840,<a href="#cite_note-flag-13">[13]</a> to Port Nicholson to tear down the flag. Shortland commanded the residents to withdraw from their "illegal association" and to submit to the representatives of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">New Zealand Constitution Act</a> was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">General Assembly</a>, which consisted of the governor-appointed <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> and an elected <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (New Zealand)">House of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">first general election for the House of Representatives</a> was held from 14 July 1853 until early October.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">1st New Zealand Parliament</a> was opened on 24 May 1854.<a href="#cite_note-Governors-19">[19]</a> The Administrator of Government, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wynyard" title="Robert Wynyard">Robert Wynyard</a>, was quickly confronted by the demands of the new parliament that <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a> be granted to the colony immediately; on 2 June the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> passed a resolution, sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon_Wakefield" title="Edward Gibbon Wakefield">Edward Gibbon Wakefield</a>, to that effect. Wynyard refused, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prorogue" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:prorogue">prorogued</a> parliament for two weeks. Parliament met on 8 August 1855, by which time Wynyard had received instructions from the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to introduce responsible government. The new governor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gore_Browne" title="Thomas Gore Browne">Thomas Gore Browne</a>, arrived on 6 September 1855 and relieved Wynyard of his duties.<a href="#cite_note-DNZB_Wynyard-20">[20]</a> Governor Thomas Gore Browne subsequently announced that self-government would begin with the <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="2nd New Zealand Parliament">2nd New Zealand Parliament</a>, elected in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sewell_Ministry,_1856" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewell Ministry, 1856">Sewell Ministry</a> constituted the first responsible government, with control over all domestic matters other than <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-timeline2-22">[22]</a> Formed in 1856, it lasted from 18 April to 20 May. From 7 May onward, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sewell" title="Henry Sewell">Henry Sewell</a> was titled "<a href="/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_of_New_Zealand" title="Colonial Secretary of New Zealand">colonial secretary</a>", and is generally regarded as having been the country's first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Māori_resistance">Māori resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Māori resistance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> took place from 1845 to 1872 between the New Zealand colonial government and allied Māori on one side, and Māori and Māori-allied settlers on the other. Although Māori were initially fought by British Army forces, the New Zealand government developed its own military force, including local militia, rifle <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Force_(New_Zealand)" title="Volunteer Force (New Zealand)">volunteer groups</a>, the specialist Forest Rangers and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABpapa" title="Kūpapa">kūpapa</a> (pro-government Māori). Traders, <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> businessmen and the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> had bought large tracts of land before 1840.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Treaty of Waitangi included the right of pre-emption on land sales, and the New Zealand colonial government, pressured by immigrant European settlers, tried to speed up land sales to provide farmland. This met resistance from the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori King Movement">Māori King Movement</a> that emerged in the 1850s and opposed further European encroachment. The Māori King Movement, or Kīngitanga, arose among a group of central North Island iwi in the 1850s as a means of attaining Māori unity to halt the alienation of land at a time of rapid population growth by European colonists. The movement sought to establish a monarch who could claim status similar to that of Queen Victoria, and thus allow Māori to deal with <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> (Europeans) on equal footing. It took on the appearance of an alternative government with its own flag, newspaper, bank, councillors, magistrates and law enforcement. Violence over land ownership <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">broke out</a> first in the <a href="/wiki/Wairau_Valley" title="Wairau Valley">Wairau Valley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> in June 1843, but rising tensions in <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> eventually led to the involvement of British military forces at <a href="/wiki/Waitara,_New_Zealand" title="Waitara, New Zealand">Waitara</a> in March 1860. The war between the government and Kīngitanga Māori spread to other areas of the <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, with the biggest single campaign being the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato" title="Invasion of the Waikato">invasion of the Waikato</a> in 1863–1864, before hostilities concluded with the pursuits of <a href="/wiki/T%C4%ABtokowaru" title="Tītokowaru">Riwha Tītokowaru</a> in Taranaki (1868–1869) and Rangatira <a href="/wiki/Te_Kooti" title="Te Kooti">Te Kooti</a> Arikirangi Te Turuki on the East Coast (1868–1872). At the peak of hostilities in the 1860s, 18,000 <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> troops, supported by artillery, cavalry and local militia, battled about 4,000 Māori warriors<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> in what became a gross imbalance of manpower and weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">Guerrilla-style tactics</a> were used by both sides in later campaigns, often fought in dense bush. Over the course of the Taranaki and Waikato campaigns, the lives of about 1,800 Māori and 800 Europeans were lost,<a href="#cite_note-King_1977,_p._26-27">[27]</a> and total Māori losses over the course of all the wars may have exceeded 2,100. The <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">New Zealand land confiscations</a> took place during the 1860s to punish the Kīngitanga movement for attempting to set up an alternative Māori form of government that forbade the selling of land to European settlers. The confiscation law targeted Kīngitanga Māori against whom the government had waged war to restore the rule of British law. More than 1,200,000 hectares (3,000,000 acres) or 4.4 percent of land were confiscated,<a href="#cite_note-Ranginui-28">[28]</a> mainly in <a href="/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/South_Auckland" title="South Auckland">South Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hauraki_District" title="Hauraki District">Hauraki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Urewera" title="Te Urewera">Te Urewera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay" title="Hawke's Bay">Hawke's Bay</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gisborne_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisborne Region">East Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaupapa1-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-king-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_national_institutions">Development of national institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of national institutions">edit</a>]</div> The termination of provincial governance in 1876 led New Zealand to adopt a political framework with a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> and centralized structure, featuring a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 90–91  The lower house was elected through universal male suffrage starting in 1879, an upper house, composed of property owners, was appointed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 90–91  Māori men gained the right to vote 12 years prior to European settlers, a move aimed at alleviating tensions arising from past conflicts and from 1867 onwards, Māori males aged 21 or older, even those of mixed descent, could vote for representatives in four dedicated <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori parliamentary seats</a>.'<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 90–91  The expansion of voting rights to all adult men in December 1879, combined with the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> in 1870, positioned New Zealand as an early adopter of democratic principles and led to a shift towards national issues in electoral debates.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 90–91  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julius_Vogel,_ca_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg/170px-Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg/255px-Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg/340px-Julius_Vogel%2C_ca_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2366" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption>Premier Julius Vogel, whose time in office has been dubbed "<a href="/wiki/The_Vogel_Era" title="The Vogel Era">The Vogel Era</a>"</figcaption></figure> During the so-called <a href="/wiki/The_Vogel_Era" title="The Vogel Era">Vogel Era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Vogel" title="Julius Vogel">Julius Vogel</a> was premier from <a href="/wiki/1873%E2%80%931875_Vogel_Ministry" title="1873–1875 Vogel Ministry">1873 to 1875</a> and again <a href="/wiki/1876_Vogel_Ministry" title="1876 Vogel Ministry">in 1876</a>. From 1876 to 1881, he was <a href="/wiki/Agent-general" title="Agent-general">agent-general</a> for New Zealand in London, and, in 1884, he was again a member of the government of the colony. Vogel is best remembered for his "Great <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public Works</a>" scheme of the 1870s. Before 1870, New Zealand was a country largely dominated by provincial interests and <a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">pork-barrel politics</a>. After Vogel, as colonial treasurer, proposed borrowing the large sum of 10 million pounds, New Zealand developed a significant infrastructure of roads, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> and communication, all administered by central government. During his political career, Vogel worked generally successfully for reconciliation with the Māori. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government of New Zealand</a> was the first responsible government in New Zealand politics organised along <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_New_Zealand" title="List of political parties in New Zealand">party</a> lines. The government formed following the founding of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> after the victory of liberal-leaning members of Parliament, led by <a href="/wiki/John_Ballance" title="John Ballance">John Ballance</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/1890_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1890 New Zealand general election">1890 general election</a>. Despite an attempt by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Atkinson" title="Harry Atkinson">Harry Atkinson</a> and other members of the previous government to stack the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council#1891_appointments" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a> against the new government, it took office on 24 January 1891 and governed New Zealand for over 21 years until 10 July 1912, becoming the longest-serving government in New Zealand's history. Under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a>, the government was also historically notable for enacting significant social and economic changes, such as the Old Age Pensions Act. It also passed the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894</a> that established a conciliation and compulsory arbitration system with the aim of providing the unions with the means of protecting their members. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women's_suffrage">Women's suffrage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage">edit</a>]</div> In 1887, Julius Vogel introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> bill to Parliament, but it was unsuccessful. <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">Women's suffrage in New Zealand</a> was eventually granted after about two decades of campaigning by women such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ann Müller">Mary Ann Müller</a> and organisations such as the New Zealand branch of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Christian Temperance Union">Women's Christian Temperance Union</a>. On 19 September 1893 the governor, <a href="/wiki/David_Boyle,_7th_Earl_of_Glasgow" title="David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow">Lord Glasgow</a>, signed a new Electoral Act into law.<a href="#cite_note-womens_suffrage-32">[32]</a> As a result, New Zealand became the first self-governing nation in the world in which all women had the right to vote in parliamentary elections.<a href="#cite_note-suffrage-33">[33]</a> Women cast their first votes in the <a href="/wiki/1893_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1893 New Zealand general election">1893 general election</a>, with a high 85% turnout, compared to the 70% turnout among men.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_politics">Radical politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radical politics">edit</a>]</div> At the turn of the 20th century, the radical side of New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> politics was represented by the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Socialist_Party" title="New Zealand Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>, founded in 1901. In 1905 a group of working-class politicians who were dissatisfied with the Liberal approach established the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Political_Labour_League" title="Independent Political Labour League">Independent Political Labour League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198017f-35">[35]</a> which managed to win a seat in Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/1908_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1908 New Zealand general election">1908 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985216-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198019-37">[37]</a> At the same time, moderates contested as "<a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93Labour_(New_Zealand)" title="Liberal–Labour (New Zealand)">Lib-Lab</a>" candidates, aligning with the Liberal Party while enjoying the endorsement of the labour movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198080-38">[38]</a> A <a href="/wiki/1908_Blackball_miners%27_strike" title="1908 Blackball miners' strike">Blackball miners' strike</a> in 1908 led to the founding of the first nationwide federation of trade unions (the "<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Federation_of_Labour_(1909)" title="New Zealand Federation of Labour (1909)">Red Federation</a>").<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1912, the labour movement went through the <a href="/wiki/Waihi_miners%27_strike" title="Waihi miners' strike">Waihi miners' strike</a>, a major industrial disturbance prompted by radicals in the union movement.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Tuesday-40">[40]</a> The movement split over supporting or opposing the radicals, and in the end, the conservative <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Reform Party (New Zealand)">Reform Party</a> government of <a href="/wiki/William_Massey" title="William Massey">William Massey</a> suppressed the strike by force. Eventually the founding of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">New Zealand Labour Party</a>, on 7 July 1916 in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-founded-41">[41]</a> brought together different socialist groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson1980ix-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Te_Kotahitanga" title="Te Kotahitanga">Kotahitanga</a> movement, which sought unity among various Māori iwi , played a pivotal role in advocating for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a> and established a separate Māori parliament.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 115  The first session of this Māori parliament was convened in 1897 at Papawai, near <a href="/wiki/Greytown,_New_Zealand" title="Greytown, New Zealand">Greytown</a> in the Wairarapa region, in specifically constructed facilities.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 115  The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_King_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori King Movement">Kīngitanga (Māori King) movement</a> had also set up a competing parliament, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Young_M%C4%81ori_Party" title="Young Māori Party">Young Māori Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 115  A compromise in 1900 led to the formation of Māori Land Councils to replace the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 115  These councils were meant to strike a balance between the indigenous communities' desires to retain their remaining land and settler demands for new territory. but the influence of the councils waned when they were perceived as obstacles to settlement by the government.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 116  Following the enactment of the Native Land Act in 1909, which lifted limitations on land sales, the pace of land loss among indigenous communities accelerated significantly.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a>: 116  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independence">Independence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominion_status">Dominion status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dominion status">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg/220px-Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg/330px-Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg/440px-Dominion_Day_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Plunket,_5th_Baron_Plunket" title="William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket">Lord Plunket</a> declaring New Zealand a Dominion, Wellington, 26 September 1907</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/1907_Imperial_Conference" title="1907 Imperial Conference">1907 Imperial conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> passed a motion requesting that King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> "take such steps as he may consider necessary"<a href="#cite_note-govt1-43">[43]</a> to change the designation of New Zealand from the Colony of New Zealand to the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion of New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntyre2001-44">[44]</a> The adoption of the designation of Dominion would, "raise the status of New Zealand" stated Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ward" title="Joseph Ward">Sir Joseph Ward</a> and "… have no other effect than that of doing the country good".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Royal_proclamation" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal proclamation">royal proclamation</a> granting New Zealand the designation of 'Dominion' was issued on 9 September 1907. With the attaining of Dominion status, the Colonial Treasurer became the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(New_Zealand)" title="Minister of Finance (New Zealand)">Minister of Finance</a> and the Colonial Secretary's Office was renamed the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Department_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs">Department of Internal Affairs</a>. The proclamation of 10 September also designated members of the House of Representatives as "M.P." (<a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Member of Parliament</a>). Previously they were designated "M.H.R." (Member of the House of Representatives).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Dominion status allowed New Zealand <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">to become virtually independent</a>, while retaining the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">monarch</a> as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, represented by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor</a> appointed in consultation with the New Zealand Government. Control over defence, constitutional amendments, and (partially) foreign affairs remained with the British Government, however. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_rule,_1912–1928">Conservative rule, 1912–1928</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conservative rule, 1912–1928">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Reform Government of New Zealand">Reform Government of New Zealand</a> was the government of New Zealand from 1912 to 1928, led by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Reform Party (New Zealand)">Reform Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1911 New Zealand general election">1911 general election</a>, the Reform Party won thirty-seven seats compared with thirty-three for the Liberals. Supporters of the Liberals denied that Reform had won a mandate to rule, however, pointing out that the <a href="/wiki/Country_quota" title="Country quota">country quota</a> (a system in which rural electorates were smaller than urban ones, meaning that rural areas were slightly over-represented in Parliament) worked to "inflate" Reform's vote. Nevertheless, it did not take long for the Liberal government, now ruling only with the support of independents, to fall. William Massey became prime minister on 10 July 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett19823–14-47">[47]</a> In government, the Reform Party implemented many of its policies regarding freehold and public service reform. Many other Liberal-era policies were not changed, however, and Reform gained further support from disillusioned members of the Liberal Party. Following the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a>, the Reform and Liberal parties formed a National Government in August 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinclairDalziel2000217–220-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett198215–20-49">[49]</a> In the first action of New Zealand in the war, following the sailing of a <a href="/wiki/Samoa_Expeditionary_Force" title="Samoa Expeditionary Force">Samoa Expeditionary Force</a> on 15 August, the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">Occupation of German Samoa</a> soon took place without any fighting. On 17 December 1920, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> formally conferred a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Class C Mandate</a> over the former <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a> to the Dominion of New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-colonial-administration2-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 1 April 1922, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samoa_Act_1921&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samoa Act 1921 (page does not exist)">Samoa Act 1921</a> came into force.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Under the Act, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Governor-General">New Zealand Governor-General</a> appointed an administrator based in <a href="/wiki/Apia" title="Apia">Apia</a> to hold executive power and to report to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Minister_of_External_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Minister of External Affairs">New Zealand Minister of External Affairs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>; lawmaking power was held by the administrator and a local legislative council, although Wellington had final authority.<a href="#cite_note-colonial-administration2-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau</a> (translates as "strongly held opinion") was a popular non-violent movement which had its beginnings in the early 1900s (decade) in <a href="/wiki/Savai%CA%BBi" title="Savaiʻi">Savai'i</a>, which in 1920s saw the resurgence of the Mau in opposition to the New Zealand administration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Party,_coalition_governments_and_party_merger,_1928–1935">United Party, coalition governments and party merger, 1928–1935</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United Party, coalition governments and party merger, 1928–1935">edit</a>]</div> In the 1920s the Liberal Party, although previously dominant in New Zealand party politics, seemed in serious long-term decline following the advent of the Labour Party, and its organisation had decayed to the point of collapse. The <a href="/wiki/United_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="United Party (New Zealand)">United Party</a> represented an unexpected resurgence of the Liberals, and some historians consider it nothing more than the Liberal Party under a new name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1966-53">[53]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1928_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1928 New Zealand general election">1928 general election</a>, the new United Party performed surprisingly well, winning twenty-seven seats. The United Party subsequently formed a government with the backing of the Labour Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniels1966-53">[53]</a> In 1931 the United government passed a number of economic measures which appeared unfavourable to workers, and the Labour Party withdrew its support. The United Party continued in office with reluctant support from the Reform Party, which feared that a collapse of government (and thus a general election) would see large gains for Labour. Later the same year, formal <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> talks took place between United, Reform, and Labour, with a "unity government" proposed to counter the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression in New Zealand">Great Depression</a>. Labour eventually walked out of the talks, but Reform leader <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Coates" title="Gordon Coates">Gordon Coates</a> (pressed by Downie Stewart) eventually agreed to form a <a href="/wiki/United%E2%80%93Reform_Coalition" title="United–Reform Coalition">coalition between United and Reform</a>. The coalition went into the <a href="/wiki/1935_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1935 New Zealand general election">1935 general election</a> under the title of the "National Political Federation", a name adopted to indicate that the grouping intended to represent New Zealanders from all backgrounds (in contrast to the previous situation, where United served city-dwellers and Reform served farmers). However, because of the effects of the depression and a perception that the existing coalition government had handled the situation poorly, the National Political Federation lost heavily in 1935 to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a>, the rise of which had prompted the alliance. The two parties were cut down to 19 seats between them. Another factor was a third party, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Democrat_Party_(1934)" title="New Zealand Democrat Party (1934)">Democrat Party</a> formed by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Davy" title="Albert Davy">Albert Davy</a>, a former organiser for the coalition who disapproved of the "socialist" measures that the coalition had introduced. The new party split the conservative vote and aided Labour's victory.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> United and Reform maintained their coalition while in <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Official Opposition (New Zealand)">opposition</a>. In 1936 they decided to make the coalition permanent and to merge United and Reform into the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a>, which became one of New Zealand's two dominant political parties from that point on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson19864-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Labour_Party_government,_1935–1949">First Labour Party government, 1935–1949</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First Labour Party government, 1935–1949">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Michael_Joseph_Savage_Portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="3322" /></a><figcaption>The first Labour prime minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> is ranked as one of New Zealand's greatest prime ministers.</figcaption></figure> In the early 1930s the rigours of the Great Depression brought the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour Party</a> considerable popularity. In the <a href="/wiki/1935_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1935 New Zealand general election">1935 election</a>, Labour gained a significant majority, gaining 53 seats to the coalition's 19, and returned to government. Party leader <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a> on 6 December 1935, marking the beginning of Labour's first term in office. The new government quickly set about implementing a number of significant reforms, including a reorganisation of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_New_Zealand" title="Welfare in New Zealand">social-welfare system</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Act_1938" title="Social Security Act 1938">Social Security Act 1938</a>) and setting up the <a href="/wiki/State_housing_in_New_Zealand" title="State housing in New Zealand">state housing</a> scheme.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Workers also benefited from the introduction of the forty-hour week, and legislation making it easier for unions to negotiate on their behalf.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Savage himself was highly popular with the working classes, and his portrait could be found on walls in many houses around the country.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> At this time the Labour Party pursued an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This alliance was formalised with the Rātana movement joining with the Labour Party in a meeting between <a href="/wiki/T._W._Ratana" title="T. W. Ratana">Rātana</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Savage</a> on 22 April 1936. Savage died in 1940 and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Peter Fraser</a>, who became Labour's longest-serving prime minister, replaced him. Fraser became best-known as New Zealand's head of government for most of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the 1944 <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a> the Governor-General announced the Fraser government's intention to adopt the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bassett_fraser-60">[60]</a> In 1946, Fraser instructed Government departments not to use the term "Dominion" any longer. The adoption of the Statute of Westminster took place on 25 November 1947 with the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947</a>. This Act allowed passing of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Amendment_(Request_and_Consent)_Act_1947" title="New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947">New Zealand Constitution Amendment (Request and Consent) Act 1947</a>, which granted the New Zealand Parliament full legislative powers, extra-territorial control of the New Zealand military forces and legally separated the New Zealand Crown from the British Crown. In 1948, the New Zealand Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_and_New_Zealand_Citizenship_Act_1948" title="British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948">British Nationality and New Zealand Citizenship Act 1948</a>, altering the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a>. From 1 January 1949 all New Zealanders became New Zealand citizens. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_of_conservative_government,_1949–1972">Return of conservative government, 1949–1972</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Return of conservative government, 1949–1972">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/1949_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1949 New Zealand general election">1949 election</a>, the National Party campaigned on "the private ownership of production, distribution and exchange". It saw the governing Labour Party defeated by the opposition and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First National Government of New Zealand">First National government</a>. Once in power the new government led by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Holland" title="Sidney Holland">Sidney Holland</a> proved decidedly administratively conservative, retaining, for instance, compulsory unionism and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> set up by the previous Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In 1951, the <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_waterfront_dispute" title="1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute">Waterfront Dispute</a> broke out, lasting 151 days. The National government stepped into the conflict, acting in opposition to the maritime <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unions</a>. Holland also used this opportunity to call the <a href="/wiki/Snap_election" title="Snap election">snap</a> <a href="/wiki/1951_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1951 New Zealand general election">1951 general election</a>. Campaigning on an <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-Communist</a> platform and exploiting the Labour Opposition's apparent indecisiveness, National returned with an increased majority, gaining 54 parliamentary seats out of 80. In the <a href="/wiki/1954_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1954 New Zealand general election">1954 general election</a>, National was elected to a third term, though losing some of its seats. Towards the end of his third term, however, Holland became increasingly ill, and stepped down from the leadership shortly before the general election in 1957. <a href="/wiki/Keith_Holyoake" title="Keith Holyoake">Keith Holyoake</a>, the party's long-standing deputy leader, took Holland's place. Holyoake, however, had insufficient time to establish himself in the public mind as prime minister, and lost in the <a href="/wiki/1957_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1957 New Zealand general election">general election later that year</a> to Labour, then led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Nash" title="Walter Nash">Walter Nash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Second_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Second Labour Government of New Zealand">Second Labour Government of New Zealand</a> from 1957 to 1960 only lasted for one term, however, largely owing to the unpopular tax increases of the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Black_Budget_(New_Zealand)" title="Black Budget (New Zealand)">Black Budget</a>. Holyoke and the National Party returned to power in 1960. The Holyoake government implemented numerous reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> and government institutions: for example, it created the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Ombudsman_(New_Zealand)" title="Office of the Ombudsman (New Zealand)">Office of the Ombudsman</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Quango" title="Quango">quasi-autonomous non-governmental organisations</a>, and strengthened parliamentary scrutiny of the executive.<a href="#cite_note-dnzb-63">[63]</a> Public broadcasting was removed from direct government oversight and placed under corporation control.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Holyoake's government rewrote the criminal legal code, passing the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_Act_1961" title="Crimes Act 1961">Crimes Act 1961</a>; the Act abolished <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_New_Zealand" title="Capital punishment in New Zealand">capital punishment in New Zealand</a>, though only ten National MPs voted for its abolition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson2007-65">[65]</a> Holyoake accepted the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus#New_Zealand" title="Post-war consensus">post-war political consensus</a>; he believed in the necessity of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>, championing a <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> strategy of <a href="/wiki/Public_investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Public investment">public investment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demand_management" title="Demand management">maintain demand</a>. However, as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-socialist">anti-socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson2007-65">[65]</a> Holyoake sought to reduce the role of trade unions in <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a> and the National government introduced a form of voluntary unionism.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In February 1972, Holyoake stood aside and was replaced by his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Marshall" title="Jack Marshall">Jack Marshall</a>, who took steps to reinvigorate the party. In the <a href="/wiki/1972_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1972 New Zealand general election">1972 general election</a> Labour's slogan was "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Time_(New_Zealand_campaign)" title="It's Time (New Zealand campaign)">It's Time</a> – Time for a change, time for Labour", which expertly captured the national mood and Labour, led by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a>, defeated the governing National Party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_Party_reforms,_1972–1975">Labour Party reforms, 1972–1975</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Labour Party reforms, 1972–1975">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">Third Labour Government of New Zealand</a> from 1972 to 1975 carried out a wide range of reforms in areas such as overseas trade, farming, public works, energy generation, local government, health, the arts, sport and recreation, regional development, environmental protection, education, housing, and social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-Power_1975-67">[67]</a> The government's most significant policies concerned attempts to create a distinct New Zealand identity, both internally and in the world. For most of its history, New Zealand had been, economically, culturally and politically, highly dependent on Britain. However, by the early 1970s many New Zealanders felt the need for genuine national independence, a feeling strengthened when Britain joined the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> in 1973, causing serious problems for New Zealand trade. This was the first government to give serious recognition to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, first by making the anniversary of its signing a <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Day" title="Waitangi Day">national public holiday</a>, and then by establishing the <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> to investigate contemporary breaches of it. Both were concessions to increasingly angry <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> protest, as was the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Matiu_Rata" title="Matiu Rata">Matiu Rata</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_M%C4%81ori_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Māori Affairs">Minister of Māori Affairs</a> (and initially Lands). He was the first Māori Minister of Māori Affairs since the 1930s and the first ever Māori <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Lands">Minister of Lands</a>. Māori also benefited from revisions to the laws relating to land, together with a significant increase in a Māori and Island Affairs building programme.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-68">[68]</a> The government lasted for one term before being defeated a year after the death of its popular leader, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Norman Kirk</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservative_rule_under_Robert_Muldoon,_1975–1984">Conservative rule under Robert Muldoon, 1975–1984</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservative rule under Robert Muldoon, 1975–1984">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/1975_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1975 New Zealand general election">1975 general election</a>, the National Party under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a> came to power promising to lead "a Government of the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Bloke" title="Bloke">bloke</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell199621-69">[69]</a> Although he used <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">populist rhetoric</a><a href="#cite_note-stuff.co.nz2-70">[70]</a> to rail against <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elites</a> and the political establishment,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> he consistently tried to centralise power under himself during his premiership.<a href="#cite_note-GrimFace-72">[72]</a> His tenure was plagued by an economic pattern of stagnation, high inflation, growing unemployment, and high external debts and borrowing. Economic policies of the <a href="/wiki/Third_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third National Government of New Zealand">Muldoon Government</a> included national superannuation, wage and price freezes, industrial incentives, and the <a href="/wiki/Think_Big" title="Think Big">Think Big</a> industrial projects. He reintroduced and intensified the <a href="/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Third Labour Government of New Zealand">previous government's</a> policies of the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Raids_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn Raids (New Zealand)">Dawn Raids</a>, which racially targeted <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a> overstayers. To engage with crime, Muldoon built "unusually close relationships" with <a href="/wiki/Gangs_in_New_Zealand" title="Gangs in New Zealand">criminal gangs</a>; he personally favoured <a href="/wiki/Black_Power_(New_Zealand_gang)" title="Black Power (New Zealand gang)">Black Power</a>, and he and his wife <a href="/wiki/Thea_Muldoon" title="Thea Muldoon">Thea</a> met with them on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-TeAraThea-73">[73]</a> Muldoon led his party to two additional election victories in <a href="/wiki/1978_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1978 New Zealand general election">1978</a> and <a href="/wiki/1981_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1981 New Zealand general election">1981</a>. Departing significantly from National Party convention, Muldoon had a <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon#Public_image_and_legacy" title="Robert Muldoon">controversial public image</a>. He has been called the first world leader to be so openly informal and abrasive.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-stuff.co.nz2-70">[70]</a> He became more and more controversial as his premiership progressed. His refusal to stop a <a href="/wiki/1981_South_Africa_rugby_union_tour_of_New_Zealand_and_the_United_States" title="1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States">Springbok rugby tour of New Zealand</a> divided the country and led to unprecedented civil disorder in 1981. In addition to the controversy of the Springbok tour, he began a <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">smear campaign</a> against Labour MP <a href="/wiki/Colin_Moyle" title="Colin Moyle">Colin Moyle</a> for allegedly being gay, visited <a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">strip clubs</a>, and once personally punched demonstrators at a protest.<a href="#cite_note-:42-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-stuff.co.nz2-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Credit Party (New Zealand)">Social Credit Party</a>, which was New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Third_party_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (politics)">third party</a> for much of the 20th century, reached its zenith in 1981, achieving an unprecedented 20.7% of the nationwide vote but only two seats. In 1978 and 1981 Labour secured more votes than the National Party but failed to win a majority of seats. Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Bill_Rowling" title="Bill Rowling">Bill Rowling</a> claimed both results as a <a href="/wiki/Moral_victory" title="Moral victory">moral victory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1984 New Zealand general election">1984 snap election</a>—which Muldoon infamously called while visibly drunk<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>—National finally suffered a significant defeat to Labour. Shortly before leaving office, amid a <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>, Muldoon was forced by the incoming Government to devalue the New Zealand dollar (see below). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_crisis_and_reform">Constitutional crisis and reform</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Constitutional crisis and reform">edit</a>]</div> During the 1980s, New Zealand underwent significant <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> changes. In 1983, the Government replaced the outdated <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Patent">Letters Patent</a> of 1917 that delineated the powers and duties of the governor-general; new <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent_Constituting_the_Office_of_Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor-General of New Zealand">Letters Patent issued in 1983</a> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patriate" class="extiw" title="wikt:patriate">patriated</a>" the office of governor-general, transferring control from imperial to New Zealand authority.<a href="#cite_note-Patriated-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1984, Robert Muldoon lost power after nine years as prime minister. Convention required him to follow the instructions of the incoming government during the transition period, but he refused to cooperate, leading to <a href="/wiki/1984_New_Zealand_constitutional_crisis" title="1984 New Zealand constitutional crisis">a constitutional crisis</a> amidst a major <a href="/wiki/Currency_crisis" title="Currency crisis">currency crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Patriated-79">[79]</a> The constitutional crisis led the incoming Labour government to review New Zealand's constitutional structures, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act_1986" title="Constitution Act 1986">Constitution Act 1986</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The new Constitution Act rationalised New Zealand's legal framework by revoking the New Zealand Constitution Act 1952 and the Statute of Westminster. It nullified the authority of the <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> to enact laws for New Zealand (even with the consent of the New Zealand Parliament).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour's_return_and_economic_liberalisation,_1984–1990">Labour's return and economic liberalisation, 1984–1990</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Labour's return and economic liberalisation, 1984–1990">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fourth Labour Government</a> governed from 26 July 1984 to 2 November 1990 (the period up to 8 August 1989). It was the first <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a> government to win a second consecutive term since the First Labour Government. The policy agenda of the Fourth Labour Government differed significantly from that of previous Labour governments: it enacted major social reforms (such as <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986" title="Homosexual Law Reform Act 1986">homosexual law reform</a>) and economic reforms (including <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of New Zealand">corporatisation</a> of state services and <a href="/wiki/Tax_reform" title="Tax reform">reform of the tax system</a>). The economic reforms became known as "<a href="/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a>" (echoing <a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a>), after Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Roger_Douglas" title="Roger Douglas">Roger Douglas</a>. Rogernomics featured market-led restructuring and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and the control of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> through tight <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a>, a 20% <a href="/wiki/Devaluation" title="Devaluation">devaluation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">dollar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatisation">corporatisation</a> of state-owned business, removal of subsidies to industries (particularly <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidies#New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural subsidies">agricultural subsidies</a>), reduction of tariff protection, and a significant overhaul of the <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">tax system</a>. Tax cuts were implemented, and a <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(New_Zealand)" title="Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)">Goods and Services Tax</a> (initially set at 10%) was introduced. Rogernomics represented a sharp departure from the <a href="/wiki/Post-war_consensus#New_Zealand" title="Post-war consensus">post-war political consensus</a> that emphasised heavy interventionism, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">full employment</a>. Instead, it embraced principles of <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balanced_budgets" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced budgets">balanced budgets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> policies influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a>. Douglas' adoption of policies more usually associated with the political right (or <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>), and their implementation by a Labour government, became the subject of lasting controversy. The Labour government also enacted <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Nuclear_Free_Zone,_Disarmament,_and_Arms_Control_Act_1987" title="New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987">nuclear-free legislation</a>, which led to the United States suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand under the <a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> alliance. <a href="/wiki/David_Lange" title="David Lange">David Lange</a> led the government for most of its two three-year terms in office. Disagreements between Lange and Douglas split the party, with Douglas' supporters later forming the <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT Party</a>. The government suffered a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/1990_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1990 New Zealand general election">1990 general election</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth National Government of New Zealand">incoming National government</a> retained most of the reforms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_reforms_and_political_changes_under_the_National_Party,_1990–1999">Electoral reforms and political changes under the National Party, 1990–1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Electoral reforms and political changes under the National Party, 1990–1999">edit</a>]</div> For the first six years, the National Party governed alone under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Bolger" title="Jim Bolger">Jim Bolger</a>. Following in the footsteps of the previous Labour government, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fourth National Government of New Zealand">Fourth National Government</a> embarked on an extensive programme of spending cuts. This programme, popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>" after Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Richardson" title="Ruth Richardson">Ruth Richardson</a>, involved the reduction of social welfare benefits and the introduction of fees for healthcare and tertiary education. This was highly controversial, as was the retention of the <a href="/wiki/Superannuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Superannuation">superannuation</a> <a href="/wiki/Surtax" title="Surtax">surtax</a>, a tax on old age pensions which National had promised to abolish. Also controversial, but in a different way, was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">Treaty settlement process</a>. Extreme dissatisfaction with both National and Labour led to the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand electoral reform">reform of the electoral system</a> and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) representation. The first MMP election was held in 1996, and resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">populist</a><a href="#cite_note-Boston-83">[83]</a> and nationalist <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> party winning 17 MPs only three years after its founding. This led to a coalition between National and New Zealand First in which Bolger continued as prime minister. Bolger was ousted in 1997 and replaced as National leader and prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Shipley" title="Jenny Shipley">Jenny Shipley</a>. Disagreement between Shipley and NZ First leader <a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Winston Peters</a> caused the coalition to collapse in 1998;<a href="#cite_note-dissolve-84">[84]</a> the consequent cobbling together of another coalition between National and the deserters of various parties contributed to the government's defeat in 1999. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Labour_government_under_Helen_Clark,_1999–2008">New Labour government under Helen Clark, 1999–2008</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Labour government under Helen Clark, 1999–2008">edit</a>]</div> While in opposition, the Labour Party, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Helen Clark</a>, distanced itself from Rogernomics. This made it an attractive ally for the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_(New_Zealand_political_party)" title="Alliance (New Zealand political party)">Alliance</a>, a grouping of left-wing parties, which included defectors from Labour. In the <a href="/wiki/1999_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1999 New Zealand general election">1999 general election</a>, the Labour Party defeated the National Party easily, becoming the largest single party in the House of Representatives. The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand">Fifth Labour Government</a> was established through a coalition with the Alliance, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party of New Zealand">Green Party</a>. During its first term, the government pursued a number of progressive reforms. The controversial Employment Contracts Act was repealed, replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Employment_Relations_Act_2000" title="Employment Relations Act 2000">Employment Relations Act</a> more friendly to unions and collective bargaining; a state-owned bank, <a href="/wiki/Kiwibank" title="Kiwibank">Kiwibank</a>, was created at the behest of the Alliance; a majority stake in the national airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a>, was purchased; and the public health sector was reorganised with the re-establishment of partly-elected <a href="/wiki/District_health_board" title="District health board">district health boards</a>. <a href="/wiki/Closing_the_Gaps" title="Closing the Gaps">Closing the Gaps</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> strategy targeting socio-economic inequalities between Māori and <a href="/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders" title="Pasifika New Zealanders">Pasifika</a> ethnic groups and other groups, was a particularly controversial reform among right-wing National and <a href="/wiki/ACT_New_Zealand" title="ACT New Zealand">ACT</a> voters.<a href="#cite_note-:1-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-86">[86]</a> With the disintegration of the Alliance in 2002, Helen Clark called a <a href="/wiki/2002_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2002 New Zealand general election">snap election</a>, even though she still had the <a href="/wiki/Confidence_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence (politics)">confidence</a> of the House. Labour handily won the election. The Alliance failed to return to Parliament, although a rump returned as the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (New Zealand)">Progressives</a>. Labour formed a coalition with the Progressives, and turned to the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrist</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Future" title="United Future">United Future</a> party for <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a>. This second term was notable largely for its social and constitutional legislation, with the government establishing a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> and ending appeals to the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, decriminalising <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a>, and providing for <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a>. The government was also faced in this term with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">foreshore and seabed controversy</a>. While Labour, in cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> party, eventually resolved the legal dispute by vesting foreshore and seabed title in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, a dissident Labour minister, <a href="/wiki/Tariana_Turia" title="Tariana Turia">Tariana Turia</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/Te_P%C4%81ti_M%C4%81ori" title="Te Pāti Māori">Māori Party</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2005 New Zealand general election">2005 general election</a>, the Labour government was returned with a slim margin on the strength of the <a href="/wiki/Working_for_Families" title="Working for Families">Working for Families</a> assistance package and financial assistance to students.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National's_return_to_power,_2008–2017">National's return to power, 2008–2017</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: National's return to power, 2008–2017">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2008 New Zealand general election">2008 election</a>, the Labour Party lost convincingly to National, and the government was succeeded by the National Party led by <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> as prime minister. National came to power in the continuing wake of <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">a financial crisis</a>. In response to New Zealand's rising debt, Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">Bill English</a> made budget deficit-reduction his main priority for the first term. The government also <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_New_Zealand" title="Taxation in New Zealand">cut taxes</a> on all income; the top personal tax rate was lowered from 39% to 38% and then 33% in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2011_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2011 New Zealand general election">26 November 2011 general election</a>, National gained 47.31% of the party vote, the highest percentage gained by any political party since MMP was introduced, helped by a lower voter turnout and the misfortunes of its traditional support parties. The government then introduced the "mixed ownership model" plan, in which the Government planned to reduce its share in <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Energy_Limited" title="Genesis Energy Limited">Genesis Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meridian_Energy" title="Meridian Energy">Meridian Energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Energy" title="Mercury Energy">Mighty River Power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid_Energy" title="Solid Energy">Solid Energy</a> from 100% to 51% and <a href="/wiki/Air_New_Zealand" title="Air New Zealand">Air New Zealand</a> from 74% to 51%, and <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">sell off</a> the remainder. The plans to sell down Solid Energy were later axed due to the company's poor financial position. <a href="/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_asset_sales_referendum" title="2013 New Zealand asset sales referendum">A citizens-initiated referendum</a> on the sell-downs returned a 67.3% vote in opposition (on a turnout of 45.1%).<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Fifth National Government of New Zealand">Fifth National Government</a> won a third term at the <a href="/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 general election</a>. After serving for eight years, Key announced his resignation as the party leader on 5 December 2016. He stepped down as Prime Minister on 12 December.<a href="#cite_note-resignation-89">[89]</a> Key's deputy <a href="/wiki/Bill_English" title="Bill English">Bill English</a> was proclaimed as the party's new leader on 12 December 2016 after Health Minister <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Coleman_(politician)" title="Jonathan Coleman (politician)">Jonathan Coleman</a> and Minister of Police <a href="/wiki/Judith_Collins" title="Judith Collins">Judith Collins</a> withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_National_Party_leadership_election" title="2016 New Zealand National Party leadership election">leadership election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand_under_Jacinda_Ardern_and_Labour,_2017–2023">New Zealand under Jacinda Ardern and Labour, 2017–2023</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: New Zealand under Jacinda Ardern and Labour, 2017–2023">edit</a>]</div> On 1 August 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> succeeded <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)" title="Andrew Little (New Zealand politician)">Andrew Little</a> as both leader of the Labour Party and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(New_Zealand)" title="Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)">Leader of the Opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Labour's support increased rapidly after Ardern became leader, and she led her party to gain 14 seats at the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2017 New Zealand general election">2017 general election</a> on 23 September, winning 46 seats to the National Party's 56.<a href="#cite_note-auto52-93">[93]</a> After negotiations, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a> chose to enter a minority <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with Labour, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand">Green Party</a>, with Ardern as prime minister. She was sworn in by the governor-general on 26 October 2017.<a href="#cite_note-:03-94">[94]</a> She became the world's youngest female <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> at age 37.<a href="#cite_note-veconomist2-95">[95]</a> Ardern gave birth to her daughter on 21 June 2018, making her the world's second elected head of government to give birth while in office (after <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>).<a href="#cite_note-:13-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Sixth Labour Government</a> faced challenges from the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_housing_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand housing crisis">New Zealand housing crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Child poverty in New Zealand">child poverty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social inequality</a>. In March 2019, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a>, Ardern reacted by rapidly introducing <a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_New_Zealand" title="Gun law in New Zealand">strict gun laws</a>, winning her wide recognition.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Ardern moved the Labour Party further to the <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centre</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/2020_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2020 New Zealand general election">October 2020 general election</a>, promising to cut spending during the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> She led the Labour Party to a <a href="/wiki/Landslide_victory" title="Landslide victory">landslide victory</a>, gaining an overall majority of 65 seats in Parliament. This was the first time a single-party majority government had been formed under MMP.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 19 January 2023, Ardern announced she would <a href="/wiki/Resignation_of_Jacinda_Ardern" title="Resignation of Jacinda Ardern">resign</a> as Labour leader.<a href="#cite_note-:2-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_resignation-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_resignation-104">[104]</a> Following the unopposed election of <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a> as her successor, she resigned as leader of the Labour Party on 22 January and submitted her resignation as prime minister to the governor-general on 25 January.<a href="#cite_note-January25-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National–ACT–NZ_First,_2023–present">National–ACT–NZ First, 2023–present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: National–ACT–NZ First, 2023–present">edit</a>]</div> On 30 November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Luxon" title="Christopher Luxon">Christopher Luxon</a> was elected National Party leader, after a party crisis caused the removal of previous party leader <a href="/wiki/Judith_Collins" title="Judith Collins">Judith Collins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> He led his party into the <a href="/wiki/2023_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2023 New Zealand general election">October 2023 general election</a>, after which National became the largest party with 38% of the party vote. Chris Hipkins' Labour Party lost nearly half of its seats.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Coalition-formation negotiations between National, ACT and New Zealand First ended on 24 November 2023,<a href="#cite_note-Newshub_24_Nov_2023-108">[108]</a> and Luxon was sworn in as prime minister by the governor-general on 27 November.<a href="#cite_note-RNZ_27_Nov_2023-109">[109]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_National_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth National Government of New Zealand">National–ACT–NZ First coalition government</a> opposes <a href="/wiki/Co-governance" title="Co-governance">co-governance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and supports conservative <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and justice</a> reforms and tax cuts.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand#Modern_political_history" title="Politics of New Zealand">Politics of New Zealand § Modern political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_voting_in_New_Zealand" title="History of voting in New Zealand">History of voting in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_politics" title="Māori politics">Māori politics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-17">r</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Philippa Mein (6 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfnZAQAAQBAJ&q=concise+history+of+new+zealand">A Concise History of New Zealand</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-66336-7"><bdi>978-1-107-66336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-06&rft.isbn=978-1-107-66336-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philippa+Mein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfnZAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dconcise%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Bnew%2Bzealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara1998Back_cover-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallara1998Back_cover_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallara1998">Ballara 1998</a>, Back cover. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBallara1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> See also: Durie, A. (1999). Emancipatory Māori education: Speaking from the heart. In S. May (Ed.), Indigenous community education (pp. 67–78). Philadelphia, PA: Multilingual Matters. - See also: Healey, S. M. (2006). The nature of the relationship of the Crown in New Zealand with iwi Māori. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Auckland, New Zealand. - See also: Sharp, A. (1999). What if value and rights lie foundationally in groups? The Māori case. Critical Review of International, Social and Political Philosophy, 2(2), 1–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Taylor, R. (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-TayALea-t1-body-d2-d20.html">A leaf from the natural history of New Zealand, or, A vocabulary of its different productions, &c., &c., with their native names</a>. - <a href="/wiki/John_White_(ethnographer)" title="John White (ethnographer)">White, J.</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Whi03Anci-t1-g1-t1-body-d1.html">The ancient history of the Maori, his mythology and traditions</a>. - Smith, S. P. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-front-d3.html">Maori wars of the nineteenth century; the struggle of the northern against the southern Maori tribes prior to the colonisation of New Zealand in 1840</a>. - Best, E. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BesMaor-c5-0.html">The Maori as he was: A brief account of Maori life as it was in pre-European days</a>. - Buck, P. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BucTheC-t1-g1-t3-body1-d2-d3.html">The coming of the Maori</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tereoMāori.tki.org.nz/Curriculum-guidelines/Appendix-2-Glossary-of-Māori-terms">"Glossary of Māori terms"</a>. Te Kete Ipurangi – New Zealand Government. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+M%C4%81ori+terms&rft.pub=Te+Kete+Ipurangi+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2FtereoM%C4%81ori.tki.org.nz%2FCurriculum-guidelines%2FAppendix-2-Glossary-of-M%C4%81ori-terms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara199817-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallara199817_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallara1998">Ballara 1998</a>, p. 17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBallara1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallara1998164-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallara1998164_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallara1998">Ballara 1998</a>, p. 164. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBallara1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68450539/Whanganui%20River%20Report%201999.pdf">The Whanganui River report (Wai 167)</a> (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: GP Publications. 1999. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/186956250X" title="Special:BookSources/186956250X"><bdi>186956250X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914150131/https://forms.justice.govt.nz/search/Documents/WT/wt_DOC_68450539/Whanganui%20River%20Report%201999.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whanganui+River+report+%28Wai+167%29.&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=GP+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=186956250X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforms.justice.govt.nz%2Fsearch%2FDocuments%2FWT%2Fwt_DOC_68450539%2FWhanganui%2520River%2520Report%25201999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ballara,_A._1998-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ballara,_A._1998_9-0">^</a> Ballara, A. (1998). Iwi: The dynamics of Māori tribal organisation from c.1769 to c.1945. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/treaty/read-the-Treaty/differences-between-the-texts">"Differences between the texts – Read the Treaty"</a>. NZ History. Retrieved 19 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Differences+between+the+texts+%E2%80%93+Read+the+Treaty&rft.pub=NZ+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Ftreaty%2Fread-the-Treaty%2Fdifferences-between-the-texts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzhistory-11"><a href="#cite_ref-nzhistory_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/history-of-the-governor-general/crown-colony-era">"Crown colony era – the Governor-General"</a>. 30 August 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crown+colony+era+%E2%80%93+the+Governor-General&rft.date=2012-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzhistory.net.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fhistory-of-the-governor-general%2Fcrown-colony-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Mac01Comp-t1-g1-t5-g1-t2-g1-t21.html">"NO. 21. – Charter for erecting the Colony of New Zealand, and for creating and establishing a Legislative Council and an Executive Council, and for granting certain powers and authorities to the governor for the time being of the said colony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington" title="Victoria University of Wellington">Victoria University of Wellington</a>. Retrieved 13 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NO.+21.+%E2%80%93+Charter+for+erecting+the+Colony+of+New+Zealand%2C+and+for+creating+and+establishing+a+Legislative+Council+and+an+Executive+Council%2C+and+for+granting+certain+powers+and+authorities+to+the+governor+for+the+time+being+of+the+said+colony&rft.pub=Victoria+University+of+Wellington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Mac01Comp-t1-g1-t5-g1-t2-g1-t21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flag-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flag_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flag_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/object/62255">"New Zealand Company / United Tribes flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Te_Papa" title="Te Papa">Te Papa</a>. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Company+%2F+United+Tribes+flag&rft.pub=Te+Papa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fobject%2F62255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/NZConLRes/1840/9.html">"Proclamation of Sovereignty over the North Island 1840 [1840] NZConLRes 9"</a>. New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 21 May 1840. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+Sovereignty+over+the+North+Island+1840+%5B1840%5D+NZConLRes+9&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=1840-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Fother%2FNZConLRes%2F1840%2F9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzlii.org/nz/other/NZConLRes/1840/11.html">"Proclamation on the Illegal Assumption of Authority in the Port Nicholson District 1840 [1840] NZConLRes 11"</a>. New Zealand Legal Information Institute. 23 May 1840. Retrieved 6 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+on+the+Illegal+Assumption+of+Authority+in+the+Port+Nicholson+District+1840+%5B1840%5D+NZConLRes+11&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=1840-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzlii.org%2Fnz%2Fother%2FNZConLRes%2F1840%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1989" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Patricia (1989). Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company. Heinemann Reed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7900-0011-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7900-0011-3"><bdi>0-7900-0011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatal+Success%3A+A+History+of+the+New+Zealand+Company&rft.pub=Heinemann+Reed&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-7900-0011-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wilson, John (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government">"Government and nation [See Pages 2 and 3]"</a>. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Government+and+nation+%5BSee+Pages+2+and+3%5D&rft.btitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fnation-and-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features/165th-anniversary-of-new-zealand-s-first-general-election/">"165th anniversary of New Zealand's first General Election"</a>. www.parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.parliament.nz&rft.atitle=165th+anniversary+of+New+Zealand%27s+first+General+Election&rft.date=2018-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fen%2Fget-involved%2Ffeatures%2F165th-anniversary-of-new-zealand-s-first-general-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Governors-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Governors_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavin_McLean2006" class="citation cs2">Gavin McLean (2006), The Governors, Otago University Press, p. 50</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Otago+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Gavin+McLean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNZB_Wynyard-20"><a href="#cite_ref-DNZB_Wynyard_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers" class="citation web cs1">Rogers, Frank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1w40">"Wynyard, Robert Henry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Wynyard%2C+Robert+Henry&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1w40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._David_McIntyre" title="W. David McIntyre">McIntyre, W. David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1S8">"Sewell, Henry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+New+Zealand+Biography&rft.atitle=Sewell%2C+Henry&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=W.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fbiographies%2F1S8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline2-22"><a href="#cite_ref-timeline2_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones">"Political and constitutional timeline"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 4 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170408214941/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/milestones">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Political+and+constitutional+timeline&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.date=2016-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fmilestones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> McIntyre, W. David. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s8/sewell-henry">Sewell, Henry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513093518/http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s8/sewell-henry">Archived</a> 13 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", from the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_New_Zealand_Biography" title="Dictionary of New Zealand Biography">Dictionary of New Zealand Biography</a>. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 30 April 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrange1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Orange" title="Claudia Orange">Orange, Claudia</a> (1987). The Treaty of Waitangi. Wellington: Allen & Unwin. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/086861-634-6" title="Special:BookSources/086861-634-6"><bdi>086861-634-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Waitangi&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=086861-634-6&rft.aulast=Orange&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelich1986a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Belich_(historian)" title="James Belich (historian)">Belich, James</a> (1986a). The New Zealand Wars. Auckland: Penguin. pp. 126–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-027504-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-027504-5"><bdi>0-14-027504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Wars&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=126-133&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-14-027504-5&rft.aulast=Belich&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelich1986a">Belich 1986a</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-King_1977,_p._26-27"><a href="#cite_ref-King_1977,_p._26_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">King, Michael</a> (1977). Te Puea: A Biography. Auckland: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-22482-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-22482-7"><bdi>0-340-22482-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Te+Puea%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Auckland&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-340-22482-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranginui-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Ranginui_28-0">^</a> Ranginui Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou - Struggle Without End, Penguin Books, 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaupapa1-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaupapa1_29-0">^</a> Taranaki Report, Kaupapa Tuatahi, Chapter 1, <a href="/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a>, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-king-30"><a href="#cite_ref-king_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_King2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_King_(historian)" title="Michael King (historian)">Michael King</a> (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin Books. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-301867-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-301867-1"><bdi>0-14-301867-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+History+of+New+Zealand&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-14-301867-1&rft.au=Michael+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Keith Sinclair</a>, A History of New Zealand, Penguin, 2000, page 146 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-029875-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-029875-4">0-14-029875-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-womens_suffrage-32"><a href="#cite_ref-womens_suffrage_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/womens-suffrage/brief-history">"Women and the vote – Brief history"</a>. nzhistory.govt.nz. New Zealand History Online. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nzhistory.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+vote+%E2%80%93+Brief+history&rft.date=2016-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fwomens-suffrage%2Fbrief-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suffrage-33"><a href="#cite_ref-suffrage_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190125071304/https://www.elections.org.nz/book/export/html/646">"Votes for Women"</a>. elections.org.nz. Electoral Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elections.org.nz/book/export/html/646">the original</a> on 25 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elections.org.nz&rft.atitle=Votes+for+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elections.org.nz%2Fbook%2Fexport%2Fhtml%2F646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.nz/en/get-involved/features-pre-2016/document/00NZPHomeNews201311281/women-the-vote-and-the-1893-election">"Women, the vote and the 1893 election"</a>. parliament.nz. New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 31 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parliament.nz&rft.atitle=Women%2C+the+vote+and+the+1893+election&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.nz%2Fen%2Fget-involved%2Ffeatures-pre-2016%2Fdocument%2F00NZPHomeNews201311281%2Fwomen-the-vote-and-the-1893-election&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198017f-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGustafson198017f_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGustafson1980">Gustafson 1980</a>, pp. 17f. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGustafson1980 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985216-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985216_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1985">Wilson 1985</a>, p. 216. sfn error: no target: CITEREFWilson1985 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198019-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGustafson198019_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGustafson1980">Gustafson 1980</a>, p. 19. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGustafson1980 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson198080-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGustafson198080_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGustafson1980">Gustafson 1980</a>, p. 80. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGustafson1980 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerby2010" class="citation web cs1">Derby, Mark (11 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/strikes-and-labour-disputes/page-4">"Strikes and labour disputes −1908 Blackball strike"</a>. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Strikes+and+labour+disputes+%E2%88%921908+Blackball+strike&rft.date=2010-03-11&rft.aulast=Derby&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fstrikes-and-labour-disputes%2Fpage-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Tuesday-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_Tuesday_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/politics/black-tuesday/the-1912-waihi-strike">"'Black Tuesday' – The 1912 Waihi strike"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Black+Tuesday%27+%E2%80%93+The+1912+Waihi+strike&rft.pub=Ministry+for+Culture+and+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzhistory.govt.nz%2Fpolitics%2Fblack-tuesday%2Fthe-1912-waihi-strike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-founded-41"><a href="#cite_ref-founded_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/the-new-zealand-labour-party-is-formed">"New Zealand Labour Party founded"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage" title="Ministry for Culture and Heritage">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a>. 23 December 2016. 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Retrieved 22 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%3A+Chris+Hipkins+taking+over+from+Jacinda+Ardern+on+Wednesday&rft.date=2023-01-22&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fjan%2F22%2Fnew-zealand-labour-caucus-votes-in-chris-hipkins-to-succeed-jacinda-ardern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure2021" class="citation news cs1">McClure, Tess (30 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/30/new-zealands-national-party-anoints-ex-airline-boss-chris-luxon-as-leader">"New Zealand's National party anoints ex-airline boss Chris Luxon as leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+National+party+anoints+ex-airline+boss+Chris+Luxon+as+leader&rft.date=2021-11-30&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Tess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fnov%2F30%2Fnew-zealands-national-party-anoints-ex-airline-boss-chris-luxon-as-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommerville2023" class="citation web cs1">Sommerville, Troels (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/133123290/devastating-defeat-how-the-world-reacted-to-the-new-zealand-election-result">"'Devastating defeat': How the world reacted to the New Zealand election result"</a>. Stuff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016071552/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/133123290/devastating-defeat-how-the-world-reacted-to-the-new-zealand-election-result">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=%27Devastating+defeat%27%3A+How+the+world+reacted+to+the+New+Zealand+election+result&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.aulast=Sommerville&rft.aufirst=Troels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fnational%2F133123290%2Fdevastating-defeat-how-the-world-reacted-to-the-new-zealand-election-result&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newshub_24_Nov_2023-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Newshub_24_Nov_2023_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlivan2023" class="citation news cs1">Quinlivan, Mark (24 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124040207/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2023/11/election-2023-national-act-and-nz-first-s-coalition-agreement.html">"Election 2023: National, ACT and NZ First's Coalition agreement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newshub" title="Newshub">Newshub</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2023/11/election-2023-national-act-and-nz-first-s-coalition-agreement.html">the original</a> on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newshub&rft.atitle=Election+2023%3A+National%2C+ACT+and+NZ+First%27s+Coalition+agreement&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft.aulast=Quinlivan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newshub.co.nz%2Fhome%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F11%2Felection-2023-national-act-and-nz-first-s-coalition-agreement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RNZ_27_Nov_2023-109"><a href="#cite_ref-RNZ_27_Nov_2023_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231127054606/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503352/watch-christopher-luxon-new-ministers-sworn-in-at-government-house">"Watch: Christopher Luxon, new ministers sworn in at Government House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>. 27 November 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503352/watch-christopher-luxon-new-ministers-sworn-in-at-government-house">the original</a> on 27 November 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Watch%3A+Christopher+Luxon%2C+new+ministers+sworn+in+at+Government+House&rft.date=2023-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F503352%2Fwatch-christopher-luxon-new-ministers-sworn-in-at-government-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2024" class="citation news cs1">Sheppard, Nicholas (8 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skynews.com.au/insights-and-analysis/new-zealand-coalition-govt-has-mandate-to-dismantle-cogovernance-measures-across-the-country-despite-activists-mediaseeking-vandalism/news-story/7edf53ef5e55df9f513ee9ef460a7c93">"Media-seeking vandalism won't stop NZ from dismantling co-governance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sky_News_Australia" title="Sky News Australia">Sky News Australia</a>. Retrieved 25 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+News+Australia&rft.atitle=Media-seeking+vandalism+won%27t+stop+NZ+from+dismantling+co-governance&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skynews.com.au%2Finsights-and-analysis%2Fnew-zealand-coalition-govt-has-mandate-to-dismantle-cogovernance-measures-across-the-country-despite-activists-mediaseeking-vandalism%2Fnews-story%2F7edf53ef5e55df9f513ee9ef460a7c93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2023" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Russell (24 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/503153/coalition-details-at-a-glance-what-you-need-to-know">"Coalition details at a glance: What you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Coalition+details+at+a+glance%3A+What+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2023-11-24&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F503153%2Fcoalition-details-at-a-glance-what-you-need-to-know&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_Zealand_history#Political_history" title="Bibliography of New Zealand history">Bibliography of New Zealand history § Political history</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Raymond (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6oHAQAAMAAJ">New Zealand government and politics</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195584929" title="Special:BookSources/9780195584929"><bdi>9780195584929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+government+and+politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195584929&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6oHAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbons2003" class="citation book cs1">Gibbons, Matthew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/subjects/politics/resources/bib-nz-man.pdf">An annotated bibliography of New Zealand election programmes since 1905</a> (PDF). Hamilton, N.Z.: Dept. of Political Science and Public Policy, University of Waikato. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780473097714" title="Special:BookSources/9780473097714"><bdi>9780473097714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+annotated+bibliography+of+New+Zealand+election+programmes+since+1905&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+N.Z.&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Political+Science+and+Public+Policy%2C+University+of+Waikato&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780473097714&rft.aulast=Gibbons&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waikato.ac.nz%2Fwfass%2Fsubjects%2Fpolitics%2Fresources%2Fbib-nz-man.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+history+of+New+Zealand" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_history_of_New_Zealand&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics-and-government">Politics and Government</a> at New Zealand History online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023155014/http://www.elections.org.nz/study/education-centre/history/">History of the Vote</a> at Elections New Zealand</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation">Government and Nation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Te_Ara" class="mw-redirect" title="Te Ara">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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