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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">The reconstruction of armed forces in West Germany after World War II</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001,_Paris,_NATO-Konferenz,_Walter_Hallstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-27107-0001%2C_Paris%2C_NATO-Konferenz%2C_Walter_Hallstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>West Germany joins NATO: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (centre) at the NATO Conference in Paris in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p><b>West German rearmament</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wiederbewaffnung</i>) began in the decades after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Fears of another rise of <a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a> caused the new military to operate within an alliance framework, under <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> command.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events led to the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i>, the West German military, in 1955. The name <i>Bundeswehr</i> was a compromise choice suggested by former general <a href="/wiki/Hasso_von_Manteuffel" title="Hasso von Manteuffel">Hasso von Manteuffel</a> to distinguish the new forces from the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> term for the combined German forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1945 <a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a> had called to reduce <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial state</a> by eliminating its arms industry and other key industries essential to military strength, thus removing its ability to wage war.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because of the cost of food imports to Germany and the fear that poverty and hunger would drive desperate Germans toward <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, the US government signalled a moderation of this plan in September 1946 with Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>'s speech "<a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It gave Germans hope for the future, but it also evidenced the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>People resent the fact that while the United States followed a policy of German disarmament and of friendship with Russia after the war, it now advocates rearmament. They could just as easily argue that it was for cooperation with the Soviet Union and to change its policy.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Heinz Guderian</a>, <i>Can Europe Be Defended?</i>, 1950<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The vigorous <a href="/wiki/Allied_plans_for_German_industry_after_World_War_II" title="Allied plans for German industry after World War II">disarmament program in Germany</a> continued by the UK and the US for the first three years of occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">dismantling of industry</a> became increasingly unpopular and ran contrary to the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>'s mission to encourage industrial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union detonated the <a href="/wiki/RDS-1" title="RDS-1">RDS-1</a> atomic bomb, which forced a reevaluation of the defense requirements of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>. In June 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> began and raised fears in West Germany, with comparisons drawn between the actions of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and the possible actions of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. Both France and the United Kingdom were wary of the revival of German military potential since they had been severely tested in the world wars.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aneurin_Bevan" title="Aneurin Bevan">Aneurin Bevan</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Bevanism" title="Bevanism">left-wing faction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> rebelled against the party line in a parliamentary vote supporting West German rearmament, and they seized control of the party's <a href="/wiki/National_Executive_Committee_of_the_Labour_Party" title="National Executive Committee of the Labour Party">National Executive Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American political figures, such as Senator <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Thomas" title="Elmer Thomas">Elmer Thomas</a>, argued that West Germany needed to be included in a defensive system. He stated, "several divisions of German troops should be armed by the United States without Germany herself being permitted to manufacture arms."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was determined to use offers of rearmament to regain sovereignty for West Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the September 1950 <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> meeting, <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a> decided to become isolated for the rearmament operation because it did not want Germany to join NATO. West Germany wanted to join NATO because of Adenauer's desire to appease the fears of its neighbors and to show a willingness to co-operate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial skepticism by the US was set aside after <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight D Eisenhower">Dwight D Eisenhower</a> endorsed the deal, and West Germany agreed to support the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the better-known attempts to win West Germany the right to rearm was the <a href="/wiki/European_Defense_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Defense Community">European Defense Community</a> (EDC). A modification of the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Pleven_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleven Plan">Pleven Plan</a>, it proposed the raising of West German forces, integrated into a European Defense Force. When West Germany embraced an edited plan and the push for rearmament seemed to be assured, France vetoed the attempt in August 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, West Germany joined NATO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bundeswehr_formation"><i>Bundeswehr</i> formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bundeswehr formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neither East nor West Germany had any regular armed forces at the time. Instead, they had paramilitary police forces (the western <a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Bundesgrenzschutz</a> and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Kasernierte_Volkspolizei" title="Kasernierte Volkspolizei">Kasernierte Volkspolizei</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a> (West German military) was armed originally from <a href="/wiki/Military_Assistance_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Assistance Program">Military Assistance Program</a> funds from the US. Former <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> ships, seized under the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Naval_Commission" title="Tripartite Naval Commission">Tripartite Naval Commission</a>, were returned by the US. Slowly, West German sailors were stationed on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> ships, and West Germany helped to supply its navy. The operation was intended to ensure that West Germany possessed an effective military force. </p><p>The US supplied the potential sailors with intensive training to help build up the <a href="/wiki/German_Navy" title="German Navy">German Navy</a> for the future.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German generals wanted a small air force, the <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Luftwaffe</a>, which would focus on supporting ground operations. Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>'s budget called for limited air power. However the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> leaders, co-ordinating with the small Luftwaffe staff, successfully promoted a much larger Luftwaffe along American lines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Germany set a goal to have up to 500,000 men in military service, partly because <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> desired for West Germany to have a more significant military than Italy to <a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">project power</a> and increase its contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To get his point across, he used this chart: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Peacetime military strength </th> <th>Percentage of population </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States </td> <td>2,865,000 </td> <td>1.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom </td> <td>772,000 </td> <td>1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>850,000 </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belgium </td> <td>145,000 </td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Netherlands </td> <td>125,000 </td> <td>1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West Germany </td> <td>500,000 </td> <td>1.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To reach that goal, the West German border security force (<a href="/wiki/Bundesgrenzschutz" title="Bundesgrenzschutz">Bundesgrenzschutz</a>) was transformed into military personnel by using both conscripts and volunteers. West Germany instituted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Germany" title="Conscription in Germany">conscription</a>, despite apprehension that the new fighting force would be compared to the Nazi-era <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. Erik Reger, the editor of the Berlin daily <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel" title="Der Tagesspiegel">Tagesspiegel</a></i>, was noted as saying, "As soon as Germany has soldiers, there will be war".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that military support could lead to a rightward shift in national politics. The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> argued that even though the military was expanded to a positive reception, it would not be enough to revive German <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>. </p><p>Among many former German officers, however, there was the conviction that no future German army could be possible without a <a href="/wiki/Myth_of_the_clean_Wehrmacht" title="Myth of the clean Wehrmacht">rehabilitation of the Wehrmacht</a>. To that end, a group of former senior officers gathered on 9 October 1950 at <a href="/wiki/Himmerod_Abbey" title="Himmerod Abbey">Himmerod Abbey</a> to produce a <a href="/wiki/Himmerod_memorandum" title="Himmerod memorandum">memorandum</a> for Adenauer, which included these key demands: </p> <ul><li>All German soldiers convicted as <a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes" title="German war crimes">war criminals</a> (<i>Kriegsverurteilte</i>) would be released.</li> <li>The defamation of the German soldier, including those from the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, would have to cease.</li> <li>Measures to assure the welfare of former soldiers and their widows would have to be taken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Adenauer accepted those propositions and in turn advised the representatives of the three Western powers that a German military would not be possible as long as German soldiers remained in custody or were brought before courts. The willingness of the former Allies to commute a number of sentences for incarcerated officers undoubtedly tied back to that condition. In the early months of 1951, public declarations from <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and other <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> officers followed that outlined "a real difference between the German soldier and Hitler and his criminal group".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bundesmarine_formation"><i>Bundesmarine</i> formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bundesmarine formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001,_Bonn,_Theodor_Blank,_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-34150-0001%2C_Bonn%2C_Theodor_Blank%2C_Bundeswehrfreiwillige.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Generals <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Heusinger" title="Adolf Heusinger">Adolf Heusinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Speidel" title="Hans Speidel">Hans Speidel</a> sworn into the newly founded <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Blank" title="Theodor Blank">Theodor Blank</a> on 12 November 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>The US established the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Team" title="Naval Historical Team">Naval Historical Team</a> (NHT) to help with the Anglo-American World War II naval historical project. Both countries recruited German naval veterans and naval activists to help expand the future West German navy by gaining a better perspective of the previous naval war. However, the NHT soon shifted focus<sup id="cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to pursue information about Soviet naval forces. Its initial goal was to study the landings and targets of the Soviet Navy. The agency became the coordinating staff of the <a href="/wiki/Bundesmarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesmarine">Bundesmarine</a>, the West German Navy. Another group of veterans of the former <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i>, called "labour service units", was assigned to similar tasks of deciphering surveillance. Adenauer created the Blank Office (<a href="/wiki/Amt_Blank" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt Blank">Amt Blank</a>) to use West German defense contributions as leverage for increased sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the different organizations working together, a naval proposal referred to as the Wagner Paper was adopted to use as a negotiation tool at the February 1951 conference of the EDC, held in Paris. However, France forced a deadlock by opposing the threat of naval rearmament. especially as it had perceived links to the Nazi regime. </p><p>To resolve the issue, the Wagner Paper was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Powers_Europe" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe">Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe</a> (SHAPE), which was in favor of naval rearmament. France compromised by offering some escort ships and accepting the naval buildup. However, the West German military remained under the supreme allied NATO control, which diminished its command positions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The growth of the German Bundeswehr proved a key element in the growth of West German influence in central Europe. This, along with the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1951)" title="Treaty of Paris (1951)">Treaty of Paris</a>, cemented the elements of <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">Western European economic cooperation</a>, and helped to integrate post-war West Germany into the European community. At the same time, the Soviet Union used this as a foundational justification to implement the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, which formalized substantial military and political control over key Eastern European states.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Snyder, "Arming the <i>Bundesmarine</i>: The United States and the Build-Up of the German Federal Navy, 1950-1960." The Journal of Military History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Apr. 2002), pp. 477-500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David K Large, Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996) Pg 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgenthau1945" class="citation book cs1">Morgenthau, Henry (1945). <i>Germany is our Problem</i>. New York: Harper & brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+is+our+Problem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+brothers&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Morgenthau&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbel1972" class="citation journal cs1">Gimbel, John (June 1972). "On the Implementation of the Potsdam Agreement: An Essay on U.S. Postwar German Policy". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>. <b>87</b> (2): 242–269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2147827">10.2307/2147827</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2147827">2147827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=On+the+Implementation+of+the+Potsdam+Agreement%3A+An+Essay+on+U.S.+Postwar+German+Policy&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-269&rft.date=1972-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2147827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2147827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gimbel&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuderian1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Guderian" title="Heinz Guderian">Guderian, Heinz</a> (1950). <i>Kann Westeuropa verteidigt warden?</i> [<i>Can Europe Be Defended?</i>] (in German). Göttingen. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8977019">8977019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kann+Westeuropa+verteidigt+warden%3F&rft.pub=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8977019&rft.aulast=Guderian&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalabkins1964" class="citation book cs1">Balabkins, Nicholas (1964). <i>Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948</i>. Rutgers University Press. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+Under+Direct+Controls%3A+Economic+Aspects+of+Industrial+Disarmament+1945%E2%80%931948&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Balabkins&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkGress1989" class="citation book cs1">Bark, Dennis L.; Gress, David R. (1989). <i>A history of West Germany vol 1: from shadow to substance</i>. Oxford. p. 259.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+West+Germany+vol+1%3A+from+shadow+to+substance&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bark&rft.aufirst=Dennis+L.&rft.au=Gress%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarge1996" class="citation book cs1">Large, David K. (1996). <i>Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era</i>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+to+the+Front%3A+West+German+Rearmament+in+the+Adenauer+Era&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=3-6&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Andrew (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0"><i>A History of the British Labour Party</i></a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0">10.1007/978-1-349-25305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-56081-5"><bdi>978-0-333-56081-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+British+Labour+Party&rft.place=London&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rft.isbn=978-0-333-56081-5&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-25305-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.D.G. Onslow, "West German Rearmament". World Politics, Vol. 3, No. 3. (July, 1951), 450-485. Accessed April 28,2015. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2008892">jstor.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723003804/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2008892">Archived</a> 2018-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Speier, <i>German Rearmament and Atomic War</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson and Company, 1957. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-David_R._Snyder_2002_pp._477-500_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Snyder, "Arming the "Bundesmarine": The United States and the Build-Up of the German Federal Navy, 1950-1960" The Journal of Military History, Vol. 66, No. 2. (April 2002), pp. 477-500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David K Large, Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era. (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996). Pg 4-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David R. Snyder, "Arming the 'Bundesmarine': The United States and the Build-Up of the German Federal Navy, 1950–1960." <i>Journal of Military History</i> 66#2 (2002), pp. 477–500. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Corum, "Building a New Luftwaffe: The United States Air Force and Bundeswehr Planning for Rearmament, 1950–60." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 27#1 (2004): 89-113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Speier, <i>German Rearmament and Atomic War</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson and Company, 1957, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Large, <i>Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era</i> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmelserDavies200872–73_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmelserDavies2008">Smelser & Davies 2008</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Speier, <i>German Rearmament and Atomic War</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson and Company, 1957, 199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html">"Halsall, Paul. "TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP, CO-OPERATION AND MUTUAL ASSISTANCE." Modern History Sourcebook. November 1998. Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 18 Feb 2008"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080410061416/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Halsall%2C+Paul.+%22TREATY+OF+FRIENDSHIP%2C+CO-OPERATION+AND+MUTUAL+ASSISTANCE.%22+Modern+History+Sourcebook.+November+1998.+Internet+Modern+History+Sourcebook.+18+Feb+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1955warsawpact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226153443/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html">"Curtis, Glenn . "THE WARSAW PACT." THE WARSAW PACT. Czechoslovakia: A Country Study. 17 Feb 2008"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html">the original</a> on 26 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curtis%2C+Glenn+.+%22THE+WARSAW+PACT.%22+THE+WARSAW+PACT.+Czechoslovakia%3A+A+Country+Study.+17+Feb+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FWarPact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_German_rearmament&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_L._Beisner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert L. Beisner (page does not exist)">Beisner, Robert L.</a> <i>Dean Acheson: a life in the Cold War</i> (Oxford University Press, 2009) pp. 356–374.</li> <li>Corum, James S. "Building a New Luftwaffe: The United States Air Force and Bundeswehr Planning for Rearmament, 1950–60." <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i> 27#1 (2004): 89-113.</</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WarPact.html">Curtis, Glenn. "The Warsaw Pact" in <i>Czechoslovakia: A Country Study</i> (2008)</a></li> <li>Granieri, Ronald J. <i>The Ambivalent Alliance: Konrad Adenauer, the CDU/CSU, and the West, 1949-1966</i> (Berghahn Books, 2003).</li> <li>Guderian, Heinz, <i>Kann Westeuropa verteidigt werden?</i>, Göttingen, 1950; and idem, <i>So geht es nicht</i>, Heidelberg, 1951.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1955warsawpact.html">Halsall, Paul. "Treaty Of Friendship, Co-Operation And Mutual Assistance." <i>Modern History Sourcebook</i>. November 1998 . Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 18 Feb 2008</a></li> <li>Hershberg, James G. "'Explosion in the Offing: German Rearmament and American Diplomacy, 1953–1955." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 16.4 (1992): 511-550.</li> <li>Large, David K. <i>Germans to the Front: West German Rearmament in the Adenauer Era.</i> Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1996.</li> <li>Snyder, David R., "Arming the "Bundesmarine": The United States and the Build-Up of the German Federal Navy, 1950–1960." <i>Journal of Military History</i>, Vol. 66, No. 2. (Apr., 2002), pp. 477–500.</li> <li>Speier, Hans. <i>German Rearmament and Atomic War</i>. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson and Company, 1957.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelserDavies2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Smelser" title="Ronald Smelser">Smelser, Ronald</a>; Davies, Edward J. (2008). <i>The Myth of the Eastern Front: the Nazi-Soviet war in American popular culture</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521833653" title="Special:BookSources/9780521833653"><bdi>9780521833653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Eastern+Front%3A+the+Nazi-Soviet+war+in+American+popular+culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780521833653&rft.aulast=Smelser&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Davies%2C+Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+German+rearmament" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zimmermann, Hubert. <i>Money and Security: Troops, Monetary Policy, and West Germany's Relations with the United States and Britain, 1950-1971</i> (2002)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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