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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Founding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Post-war developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Il" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Il"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Leadership of Kim Jong Il </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Il-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Un" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Un"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Leadership of Kim Jong Un </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Un-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political ideology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kim_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kim_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Kim family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kim_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_internal_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_internal_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Law enforcement and internal security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_internal_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songbun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songbun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Songbun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songbun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Government websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 General websites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">North Korea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 258 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-258" aria-hidden="true" > 258 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A8a_Utara" title="Korèa Utara – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Korèa Utara" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Корей Лъэпкъ Демократ Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Корей Лъэпкъ Демократ Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9C%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB" title="ስሜን ኮርያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስሜን ኮርያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tave-Korea" title="Tave-Korea – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tave-Korea" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEcorea" title="Norþcorea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþcorea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A9%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аҩадатәи Кореиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аҩадатәи Кореиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كوريا الشمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوريا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%27o_Norte" title="Corea d'o Norte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corea d'o Norte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%94%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%A1" title="Հիւսիսային Քորէա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հիւսիսային Քորէա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_de_Bise" title="Corèa de Bise – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Corèa de Bise" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তৰ কোৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উত্তৰ কোৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Norte" title="Corea del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corea del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvate_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Yvate Koréa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvate Koréa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_Koreya" title="Şimali Koreya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali Koreya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="قوزئی کوره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوزئی کوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Koréa Kalér – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Koréa Kalér" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="উত্তর কোরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর কোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u-si%C3%A1n_B%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB_J%C3%AEn-b%C3%AEn_Ki%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4-kok" title="Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiâu-sián Bîn-chú-chú-gī Jîn-bîn Kiōng-hô-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Корея Халыҡ-Демократик Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корея Халыҡ-Демократик Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Паўночная Карэя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўночная Карэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Карэйская Народна-Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карэйская Народна-Дэмакратычная Рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_na_Korea" title="Amihanan na Korea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amihanan na Korea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Koria" title="Not Koria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Not Koria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Северна Корея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Северна Корея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noadkorea" title="Noadkorea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Noadkorea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱང་ཀོ་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱང་ཀོ་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Koreja" title="Sjeverna Koreja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjeverna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Poblel_ha_Demokratel_Korea" title="Republik Poblel ha Demokratel Korea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Poblel ha Demokratel Korea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Хойто Солонгос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хойто Солонгос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Nord" title="Corea del Nord – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%97_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Корей Халӑх Демократиллӗ Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Корей Халӑх Демократиллӗ Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanang_Koreya" title="Amihanang Koreya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Amihanang Koreya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn%C3%AD_Korea" title="Severní Korea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severní Korea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Norte" title="Corea del Norte – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Corea del Norte" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd_Corea" title="Gogledd Corea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd Corea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كوريا الشمالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوريا الشمالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davvi-Korea" title="Davvi-Korea – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Davvi-Korea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AA%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA_%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އުތުރު ކޮރެއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އުތުރު ކޮރެއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1hook%C7%ABsj%C3%AD_Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD" title="Náhookǫsjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Náhookǫsjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82nocna_Koreja" title="Pódpołnocna Koreja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołnocna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="བྱང་ཀོ་རི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བྱང་ཀོ་རི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Korea" title="Põhja-Korea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Korea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Βόρεια Κορέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Κορέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Norte" title="Corea del Norte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corea del Norte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Koreio" title="Nord-Koreio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nord-Koreio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Norti" title="Corea del Norti – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Corea del Norti" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Korea" title="Ipar Korea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Korea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کره شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کره شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0urkorea" title="Norðurkorea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Norðurkorea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord" title="Corée du Nord – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corée du Nord" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noard-Kore%C3%A4" title="Noard-Koreä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noard-Koreä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coree_dal_Nord" title="Coree dal Nord – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Coree dal Nord" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%B3ir%C3%A9_Thuaidh" title="An Chóiré Thuaidh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chóiré Thuaidh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chorea_Twoaie" title="Yn Chorea Twoaie – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chorea Twoaie" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poyraz_Koreya" title="Poyraz Koreya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Poyraz Koreya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coir%C3%A8a_a_Tuath" title="Coirèa a Tuath – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coirèa a Tuath" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_do_Norte" title="Corea do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corea do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="ઉત્તર કોરિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉત્તર કોરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%AAu-si%C3%A9n_M%C3%ACn-ch%C3%BA-ch%C3%BA-ngi_Ng%C3%ACn-m%C3%ACn_Khiung-f%C3%B2-koet" title="Chêu-sién Mìn-chú-chú-ngi Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chêu-sién Mìn-chú-chú-ngi Ngìn-mìn Khiung-fò-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" title="조선민주주의인민공화국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조선민주주의인민공화국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koriya_ta_Arewa" title="Koriya ta Arewa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Koriya ta Arewa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dlea_%CA%BB%C4%80kau" title="Kōlea ʻĀkau – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kōlea ʻĀkau" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Հյուսիսային Կորեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հյուսիսային Կորեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewjerna_Koreja" title="Sewjerna Koreja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sewjerna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Koreja" title="Sjeverna Koreja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeverna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Korea" title="Nord-Korea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amianan_a_Korea" title="Amianan a Korea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Amianan a Korea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ঔয়াং কোরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ঔয়াং কোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Nord" title="Corea del Nord – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Korea" title="Nord-Korea – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%95%86%E1%90%83_%E1%90%85%E1%90%8A%E1%96%95%E1%93%87%E1%96%93%E1%93%82" title="ᑯᕆᐃ ᐅᐊᖕᓇᖓᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᕆᐃ ᐅᐊᖕᓇᖓᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salli%C3%B1iq_Kuriaq" title="Salliñiq Kuriaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Salliñiq Kuriaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Цæгат Корей – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Цæгат Корей" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreia_do_Twoaie" title="Coreia do Twoaie – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Coreia do Twoaie" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0ur-K%C3%B3rea" title="Norður-Kórea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norður-Kórea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Nord" title="Corea del Nord – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קוריאה הצפונית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוריאה הצפונית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Lor" title="Koréa Lor – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Koréa Lor" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooree_Hay%C9%A9_Ki%C5%8B" title="Kooree Hayɩ Kiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kooree Hayɩ Kiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%89%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ಉತ್ತರ ಕೊರಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಉತ್ತರ ಕೊರಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulung_Korea" title="Pangulung Korea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pangulung Korea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корей Халкъ-Демократ Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Корей Халкъ-Демократ Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ჩრდილოეთი კორეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთი კორეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8F%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A0_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شُمألؠ کوریا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شُمألؠ کوریا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2reja%C5%84sk%C3%B4_L%C3%ABdow%C3%B2-Demokratn%C3%B4_Rep%C3%B9blika" title="Kòrejańskô Lëdowò-Demokratnô Repùblika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòrejańskô Lëdowò-Demokratnô Repùblika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Солтүстік Корея – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солтүстік Корея" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Gledh" title="Korea Gledh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korea Gledh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_y%E2%80%99Amajyaruguru" title="Koreya y’Amajyaruguru – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Koreya y’Amajyaruguru" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Kaskazini" title="Korea Kaskazini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Korea Kaskazini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корея Войтыр Демократия Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Корея Войтыр Демократия Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_ya_Node" title="Hangu ya Node – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hangu ya Node" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_din%C3%B2" title="Kore dinò – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kore dinò" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9_di_N%C3%B2" title="Koré di Nò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Koré di Nò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%AAya_Bakur" title="Korêya Bakur – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Korêya Bakur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%AD%D0%BB-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Корей Эл-Демократиялык Республикасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Корей Эл-Демократиялык Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_dl_Nord" title="Corea dl Nord – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Corea dl Nord" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_del_Nord" title="Korea del Nord – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Korea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BB%9C%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD" title="ປະເທດເກົາຫຼີເໜືອ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເກົາຫຼີເໜືອ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_popularis_democratica_Coreana" title="Res publica popularis democratica Coreana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica popularis democratica Coreana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCkoreja" title="Ziemeļkoreja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļkoreja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokratesch_Volleksrepublik_Korea" title="Demokratesch Volleksrepublik Korea – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Demokratesch Volleksrepublik Korea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кореядин Халкьдинни-Демократиядин Республика – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кореядин Халкьдинни-Демократиядин Республика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Kor%C4%97ja" title="Šiaurės Korėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Korėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_do_Nord" title="Corea do Nord – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Corea do Nord" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9_ya_Nola" title="Koré ya Nola – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Koré ya Nola" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_Norde" title="Corea Norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Corea Norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjas-Korea" title="Pohjas-Korea – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pohjas-Korea" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/berti_zei_.tcosyn" title="berti zei .tcosyn – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="berti zei .tcosyn" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Corea del Nòrd – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Corea del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-Korea" title="Észak-Korea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-Korea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северна Кореја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Северна Кореја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4rea_Avaratra" title="Kôrea Avaratra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôrea Avaratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ഉത്തര കൊറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉത്തര കൊറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_ta%27_Fuq" title="Korea ta' Fuq – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Korea ta' Fuq" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Drea-ki-te-raki" title="Kōrea-ki-te-raki – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōrea-ki-te-raki" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ოორუე კორეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ოორუე კორეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كوريا الشماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوريا الشماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="شمالی کره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شمالی کره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8u-si%C4%93ng_M%C3%ACng-ci%C5%8D-ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA_%C3%8Cng-m%C3%ACng_G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-hu%C3%B2-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dièu-siēng Mìng-ciō-ciō-ngiê Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dièu-siēng Mìng-ciō-ciō-ngiê Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreia_de_l_Norte" title="Coreia de l Norte – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Coreia de l Norte" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Умард Солонгос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Умард Солонгос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မြောက်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြောက်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noord-Korea" title="Noord-Korea – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तर कोरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="उत्तर कोरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%22o_Nord" title="Corea d"o Nord – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Corea d"o Nord" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корейн Халкъан-Демократин Республика – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Корейн Халкъан-Демократин Республика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurdkorea" title="Nuurdkorea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurdkorea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koriya" title="North Koriya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="North Koriya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Korea" title="Nord-Korea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Korea" title="Nord-Korea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nord-Korea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Korea" title="Nord Korea – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nord Korea" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Corèa del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corèa del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B1%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Йӱдвел Корей – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Йӱдвел Корей" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଉତ୍ତର କୋରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉତ୍ତର କୋରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooriyaa_Kaabaa" title="Kooriyaa Kaabaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kooriyaa Kaabaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Xalq_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Koreya Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreya Xalq Demokratik Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੱਤਰੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_north" title="Korea, north – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Korea, north" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شمالی کوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شمالی کوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB" title="ကိုးရီးယားခမ်းထင်ꩻ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကိုးရီးယားခမ်းထင်ꩻ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nort_Korea" title="Nort Korea – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Nort Korea" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شمالي کوريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمالي کوريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naat_Koria" title="Naat Koria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Naat Koria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="កូរ៉េខាងជើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កូរ៉េខាងជើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_dech_Nord" title="Corée dech Nord – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Corée dech Nord" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9a_d%C3%ABl_N%C3%B2rd" title="Coréa dël Nòrd – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Coréa dël Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_Koria" title="Not Koria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Not Koria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noordkorea" title="Noordkorea – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Noordkorea" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocna" title="Korea Północna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korea Północna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreia_do_Norte" title="Coreia do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coreia do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Xal%C4%B1q_Demokratiyal%C4%B1q_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Koreya Xalıq Demokratiyalıq Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Koreya Xalıq Demokratiyalıq Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Demokratik_Halq_Cumhuriyeti" title="Koreya Demokratik Halq Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Koreya Demokratik Halq Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreea_de_Nord" title="Coreea de Nord – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coreea de Nord" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordutni_Koreya" title="Nordutni Koreya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Nordutni Koreya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_Kuriya" title="Chinchay Kuriya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay Kuriya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корейска Людова Демократична Република – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Корейска Людова Демократична Република" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Кэриэйэ Норуотун Демократическэй Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэриэйэ Норуотун Демократическэй Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_north" title="Korea, north – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Korea, north" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="उत्तरकोरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उत्तरकोरिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱸᱭᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_de_su_Norte" title="Corea de su Norte – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Corea de su Norte" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreja_e_Veriut" title="Koreja e Veriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koreja e Veriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%C3%BB_Nord" title="Corea dû Nord – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Corea dû Nord" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="උතුරු කොරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උතුරු කොරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اتر ڪوريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اتر ڪوريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhoriya_leseNyakatfo" title="IKhoriya leseNyakatfo – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhoriya leseNyakatfo" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rejsk%C3%A1_%C4%BEudovodemokratick%C3%A1_republika" title="Kórejská ľudovodemokratická republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kórejská ľudovodemokratická republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severna_Koreja" title="Severna Koreja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Severna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Корєиска Народьна Димократїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Корєиска Народьна Димократїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AF%C5%82nocno_Koryjo" title="Půłnocno Koryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Půłnocno Koryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqooyiga_Kuuriya" title="Waqooyiga Kuuriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waqooyiga Kuuriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کۆریای باکوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆریای باکوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondroben-Korea" title="Ondroben-Korea – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ondroben-Korea" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Северна Кореја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северна Кореја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeverna_Koreja" title="Sjeverna Koreja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeverna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Kal%C3%A9r" title="Koréa Kalér – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koréa Kalér" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_demokraattinen_kansantasavalta" title="Korean demokraattinen kansantasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korean demokraattinen kansantasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkorea" title="Nordkorea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordkorea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilagang_Korea" title="Hilagang Korea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hilagang Korea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="வட கொரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட கொரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurya_n_i%E1%BA%93%E1%BA%93lm%E1%B8%8D" title="Kurya n iẓẓlmḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kurya n iẓẓlmḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurya_n_Ugafa" title="Kurya n Ugafa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kurya n Ugafa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Корея Халык Демократик Җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Корея Халык Демократик Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵၢဝ်းလီႁွင်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵၢဝ်းလီႁွင်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_north" title="Korea, north – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Korea, north" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఉత్తర కొరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉత్తర కొరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreia_Norte" title="Koreia Norte – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Koreia Norte" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเกาหลีเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D3%A3-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳурии Халқӣ-Демократии Корея – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Халқӣ-Демократии Корея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dlea_Tokelau" title="Kōlea Tokelau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kōlea Tokelau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_Kore" title="Kuzey Kore – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey Kore" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore%C3%BDa_Halk-Demokratik_Respublikasy" title="Koreýa Halk-Demokratik Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Koreýa Halk-Demokratik Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kworiya_A%CC%B1za" title="Kworiya A̱za – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kworiya A̱za" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%83_%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Соңгу Көрей – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Соңгу Көрей" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA-%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корея Калык-Демократи Республика – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Корея Калык-Демократи Республика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%95_%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%91" title="ᨀᨚᨑᨙᨕ ᨕᨘᨈᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨚᨑᨙᨕ ᨕᨘᨈᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Північна Корея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північна Корея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شمالی کوریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمالی کوریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%86%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B4%D9%8A%DB%95%D9%86" title="شىمالىي چاۋشيەن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شىمالىي چاۋشيەن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauzsenh_Minzcujcujyi_Yinzminz_Gunghozgoz" title="Cauzsenh Minzcujcujyi Yinzminz Gunghozgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cauzsenh Minzcujcujyi Yinzminz Gunghozgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Nord" title="Corea del Nord – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Corea del Nord" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejan_Rahvahali%C5%BE-Demokratine_Tazovaldkund" title="Korejan Rahvahaliž-Demokratine Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Korejan Rahvahaliž-Demokratine Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa Dân chủ Nhân dân Triều Tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nol%C3%BCda-Korey%C3%A4n" title="Nolüda-Koreyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Nolüda-Koreyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5h%27a-Korea" title="Põh'a-Korea – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Põh'a-Korea" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%AAye_bijhrece" title="Corêye bijhrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Corêye bijhrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amihanan_nga_Korea" title="Amihanan nga Korea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amihanan nga Korea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_gu_B%C3%ABj-g%C3%A0nnaar" title="Kore gu Bëj-gànnaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kore gu Bëj-gànnaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="North Korea" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A2" title="צפון קארעע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="צפון קארעע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2r%C3%A9%C3%A0_%C3%80r%C3%ADw%C3%A1" title="Kòréà Àríwá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kòréà Àríwá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朝鮮民主主義人民共和國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryay_Z%C4%B1mey" title="Koryay Zımey – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koryay Zımey" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%B4rd-Korea" title="Noôrd-Korea – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Noôrd-Korea" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Kuoriej%C4%97" title="Šiaurės Kuoriejė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šiaurės Kuoriejė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Lor" title="Koréa Lor – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Koréa Lor" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Koibutan" title="Korea Koibutan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Korea Koibutan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Korea Utara" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Liba" title="Korea Liba – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Korea Liba" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%B4" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥘᥤᥰ ᥕᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥨᥝᥰ ᥘᥤᥰ ᥕᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C9%99son%C9%99_Korej%C9%99" title="Kobəsonə Korejə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kobəsonə Korejə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴽⵓⵔⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q423#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Korea&params=40_N_127_E_">40°N 127°E / 40°N 127°E / 40; 127</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Democratic People's Republic of Korea" redirects here. Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea (South Korea)</a> or the provisional <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">People's Republic of Korea</a> (1945–1946).</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</div><div class="ib-country-names">조선민주주의인민공화국 (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk (<a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of North Korea"><img alt="Flag of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/125px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/188px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/250px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of North Korea"><img alt="Emblem of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/80px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/120px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/160px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: 애국가 <a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a> ("The Patriotic Song")</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">National ideology: <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Territory controlled</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territory <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_North_Korea#Claimed_provinces" title="Provinces of North Korea">claimed but not controlled</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_Korea&params=39_2_N_125_45_E_type:city">39°2′N 125°45′E / 39.033°N 125.750°E / 39.033; 125.750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn%27g%C5%ADl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn'gŭl">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>73% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li>13% <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Chondoism</a></li> <li>12% <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li>0.5% other<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">North Korean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary dictatorship">hereditary dictatorship</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">WPK General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">SAC President</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[c]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok-hun" title="Kim Tok-hun">Kim Tok-hun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">SPA Standing Committee Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" title="Vice President of the State Affairs Commission">SAC Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Supreme People's Assembly">SPA Chairman</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pak_In-chol_(politician)" title="Pak In-chol (politician)">Pak In-chol</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2333 BC (<a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">mythological</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">57 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Balhae and Silla Kingdoms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">668</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1392</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1897</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese annexation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 August 1910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Korean Declaration of Independence">Independence from Japan declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 March 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="People's Republic of Korea">People's Republic of Korea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">6 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet administration north of the 38th parallel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">1st provisional govt.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">2nd provisional govt.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• DPRK established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1972</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">120,538<a href="#cite_note-4">[1]</a> km2 (46,540 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-unstats08-5">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">98th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.11</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 26,298,666<a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">54th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2008 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 24,052,231</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">212/km2 (549.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">45th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$40 billion<a href="#cite_note-CIAGDP(PPP)-8">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$1,800<a href="#cite_note-CIAGDP(PPP)Capita-9">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$16 billion<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$640</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">Korean People's won</a> (₩) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KPW</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+9 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_North_Korea" title="Time in North Korea">Pyongyang Time</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>yy, yyyy년 mm월 dd일</li><li>yy, yyyy/mm/dd (<a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">AD–1911</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_North_Korea" title="Telephone numbers in North Korea">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_North_Korea" title="Telephone numbers in North Korea">+850</a><a href="#cite_note-CIATelephone-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KP" title="ISO 3166-2:KP">KP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.kp" title=".kp">.kp</a><a href="#cite_note-Hersher2016-13">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> North Korea,<a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK),<a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. It constitutes the northern half of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> and borders <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the north at the <a href="/wiki/Yalu_River" title="Yalu River">Yalu</a> (Amnok) and <a href="/wiki/Tumen_River" title="Tumen River">Tumen</a> rivers, and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> to the south at the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[f]</a> The country's western border is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, while its eastern border is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. North Korea, like <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">its southern counterpart</a>, claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_Korea" title="List of islands of North Korea">adjacent islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> is the capital and largest city. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> was first inhabited as early as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> period. Its <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">first kingdom</a> was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BCE. Following the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> into <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> in the late 7th century, Korea was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Goryeo dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</a> (918–1392) and the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> (1392–1897). The succeeding <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> (1897–1910) was <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">annexed in 1910</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. In 1945, after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> at the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of World War II</a>, Korea was <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided into two zones</a> along the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">north occupied by the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">south occupied by the United States</a>. In 1948, separate governments were formed in Korea: the socialist and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-aligned</a> Democratic People's Republic of Korea in the north, and the capitalist, <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western-aligned</a> Republic of Korea in the south. North Korean invasion of South Korea in 1950 started the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a> brought about a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> and established a <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarized zone</a> (DMZ), but no formal <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> has ever been signed. Post-war North Korea benefited greatly from economic aid and expertise provided by other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries. However, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, North Korea's first leader, promoted his personal philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="State ideology">state ideology</a>. Pyongyang's international isolation sharply accelerated from the 1980s onwards as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> came to an end. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 then brought about a sharp decline to the North Korean economy. From 1994 to 1998, <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korea suffered a famine</a> with the population continuing to suffer from malnutrition. In 2024, the DPRK formally abandoned efforts to peacefully <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">reunify Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a> North Korea is a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> with a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">cult of personality</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> considers the country to have the worst <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">human rights record</a> in the world. Officially, North Korea is an "independent <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>"<a href="#cite_note-19">[g]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">holds democratic elections</a>; however, outside observers have described the elections as unfair, uncompetitive, and pre-determined, in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">elections in the Soviet Union</a>. The Workers' Party of Korea is the ruling party of North Korea. According to Article 3 of the constitution, <a href="/wiki/Kimilsungism%E2%80%93Kimjongilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism">Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism</a> is the official ideology of North Korea. The <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> are owned by the state through <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-run enterprises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivized farms</a>. Most services—such as <a href="/wiki/Socialized_medicine" title="Socialized medicine">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">housing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">food production</a>—are subsidized or state-funded. North Korea follows <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">military first</a>" policy which prioritizes the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> in state affairs and the allocation of resources. It <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">possesses nuclear weapons</a>. Its active-duty army of 1.28 million soldiers is the fourth-largest in the world. In addition to being a member of the United Nations since 1991, North Korea is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/150px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/225px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/300px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>The name Korea is derived from <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, also known as Koryŏ, one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>.</figcaption></figure> The modern spelling of Korea first appeared in 1671 in the travel writings of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Hamel" title="Hendrick Hamel">Hendrick Hamel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UDN-20">[13]</a> After the division of the country into North and South Korea, the two sides used different terms to refer to Korea: Chosun or Joseon (조선) in North Korea, and Hanguk (한국) in South Korea. In 1948, North Korea adopted Democratic People's Republic of Korea (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 조선민주주의인민공화국, Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk; <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg\/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\uc870\uc120\ubbfc\uc8fc\uc8fc\uc758\uc778\ubbfc\uacf5\ud654\uad6d \ubc1c\uc74c.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">listen</a><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9D%8C.ogg" title="File:조선민주주의인민공화국 발음.ogg">ⓘ</a>) as its official name. In the wider world, because its government controls the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, it is commonly called North Korea to distinguish it from South Korea, which is officially called the Republic of Korea in English. Both governments consider themselves to be the legitimate government of the whole of <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[15]</a> For this reason, the people do not consider themselves as 'North Koreans' but as Koreans in the same divided country as their compatriots in the South, and foreign visitors are discouraged from using the former term.<a href="#cite_note-23">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangunhyeon.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/170px-Hangunhyeon.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/255px-Hangunhyeon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/340px-Hangunhyeon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a>, established in the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> after the fall of Wiman Joseon.<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a> The location of the commanderies has become a controversial topic in Korea in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> However, the location of the commanderies is not controversial outside of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-26">[note 1]</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a> in 2333 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> Kingdom was established by the god-king <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>. Following the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> in 668 AD, Korea was subsequently ruled by the Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) and the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> (1392–1897). In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">King Gojong</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Yi_1984_p.-27">[19]</a> From 1910 to the <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">end of World War II</a> in 1945, Korea was <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">under Japanese rule</a>. Most Koreans were peasants engaged in <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a> In the 1930s, Japan developed mines, hydro-electric dams, steel mills, and manufacturing plants in northern Korea and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[21]</a> The Korean industrial working class expanded rapidly, and many Koreans went to work in Manchuria.<a href="#cite_note-30">[22]</a> As a result, 65% of Korea's heavy industry was located in the north, but, due to the rugged terrain, only 37% of its agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-31">[23]</a> Northern Korea had little exposure to modern, Western ideas.<a href="#cite_note-32">[24]</a> One partial exception was the penetration of religion. Since the arrival of missionaries in the late nineteenth century, the northwest of Korea, and <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> in particular, had been a stronghold of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-33">[25]</a> As a result, Pyongyang was called the "Jerusalem of the East".<a href="#cite_note-34">[26]</a> A Korean guerrilla movement emerged in the mountainous interior and in Manchuria, harassing the Japanese imperial authorities. One of the most prominent guerrilla leaders was the Communist <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/170px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/255px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/340px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, the founder of North Korea</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a> at the end of World War II in 1945, <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">the Korean Peninsula was divided</a> into two zones along the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>, with the northern half of the peninsula <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">occupied by the Soviet Union</a> and the southern half <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">by the United States</a>. Negotiations on reunification failed. Soviet general <a href="/wiki/Terenty_Shtykov" title="Terenty Shtykov">Terenty Shtykov</a> recommended the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> in October 1945, and supported Kim Il Sung as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">Provisional People's Committee of North Korea</a>, established in February 1946. In September 1946, South Korean citizens <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Uprising_of_1946" title="Autumn Uprising of 1946">rose up against the Allied Military Government</a>. In April 1948, an <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeju Uprising">uprising of the Jeju islanders</a> was violently crushed. The South declared its statehood in May 1948 and two months later the ardent anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> became its ruler. The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was established in the North on 9 September 1948. Shtykov served as the first Soviet ambassador, while Kim Il Sung became premier. Soviet forces withdrew from the North in 1948, and most American forces withdrew from the South in 1949. Ambassador Shtykov suspected Rhee was planning to invade the North and was sympathetic to Kim's goal of Korean unification under socialism. The two successfully lobbied Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to support a quick war against the South, which culminated in the outbreak of the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-LankovArticle-37">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-38">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lankov1945-1948-39">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lankov2-40">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Korean_War" title="Aftermath of the Korean War">Aftermath of the Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">North Korea–South Korea relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/170px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/255px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Korean_war_1950-1953.gif/340px-Korean_war_1950-1953.gif 2x" data-file-width="562" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>Territory often changed hands early in the war, until the front stabilized.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  North Korean, Chinese, and Soviet forces</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  South Korean, U.S., Commonwealth, and United Nations forces</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Military_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of North Korea">military of North Korea</a> invaded the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South</a> on 25 June 1950, and swiftly overran most of the country. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> (UNC) was subsequently established following the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>'s recognition of North Korean aggression against South Korea. The motion passed because the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a close ally of North Korea and a member of the UN Security Council, was boycotting the UN over its recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[33]</a> The UNC, led by the United States, intervened to defend the South, and rapidly advanced into North Korea. As they neared the border with China, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Chinese forces</a> intervened on behalf of North Korea, shifting the balance of the war again. Fighting ended on 27 July 1953, with <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">an armistice</a> that approximately restored the original boundaries between North and South Korea, but no peace treaty was signed.<a href="#cite_note-42">[34]</a> Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_p.45-43">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-47">[39]</a> In both per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the country most devastated by the war, which resulted in the death of an estimated 12–15% of the North Korean population (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 10 million), "a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet citizens killed in World War II</a>," according to <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Armstrong" title="Charles K. Armstrong">Charles K. Armstrong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[40]</a> As a result of the war, almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-49">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013237–242-50">[42]</a> Some have referred to the conflict as a civil war, with other factors involved.<a href="#cite_note-AMH-51">[43]</a> A heavily guarded <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a> (DMZ) still divides the peninsula, and an anti-communist and anti-North Korea sentiment remains in South Korea. Since the war, the United States has maintained a strong <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">military presence in the South</a> which is depicted by the North Korean government as an imperialist occupation force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt2014125–126-52">[44]</a> It claims that the Korean War was caused by the United States and South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Brune1996-53">[45]</a> In October 2024, North Korea claims that 1.4 million people have joined its military after accusing South Korea of a drone intrusion. In response, South Korea is restricting leaflet launches near the border to prevent potential conflict, while both sides engage in psychological warfare, including disturbing broadcasts at the border.<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_developments">Post-war developments</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg/230px-Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg/345px-Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg/460px-Dprk_pyongyang_tchholima_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chollima_Statue" title="Chollima Statue">Statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chollima_Movement" title="Chollima Movement">Chollima Movement</a> in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> The post-war 1950s and 1960s saw an ideological shift in North Korea, as Kim Il Sung sought to consolidate his power. Kim Il Sung was highly critical of Soviet premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> and his <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> policies and critiqued Khrushchev as revisionist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong20109-56">[48]</a> During the 1956 <a href="/wiki/August_Faction_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="August Faction Incident">August Faction Incident</a>, Kim Il Sung successfully resisted efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China to depose him in favor of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Koreans_faction" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Koreans faction">Soviet Koreans</a> or the pro-Chinese <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_faction" title="Yan'an faction">Yan'an faction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sino-SovietSplit-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-NKMajorPowers-58">[50]</a> Some scholars believe that the 1956 August incident was an example of North Korea demonstrating political independence.<a href="#cite_note-Sino-SovietSplit-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-NKMajorPowers-58">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009XV-59">[51]</a> However, most scholars consider the final withdrawal of Chinese troops from North Korea in October 1958 to be the latest date when North Korea became effectively independent. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, North Korea sought to distinguish itself internationally by becoming a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> and promoting the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[52]</a> In United States policymaking, North Korea was considered among the <a href="/wiki/Captive_Nations" title="Captive Nations">Captive Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[53]</a> Despite its efforts to break out of the Soviet and Chinese spheres of influence, North Korea remained closely aligned with both countries throughout the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-Armstrong2-62">[54]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg/230px-Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg/345px-Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg/460px-Pyongyang_metro_station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3578" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro" title="Pyongyang Metro">Pyongyang Metro</a> with bomb shelter functions</figcaption></figure> Industry was the favored sector in North Korea. Industrial production returned to pre-war levels by 1957. In 1959, relations with Japan had improved somewhat, and North Korea began allowing the repatriation of Japanese citizens in the country. The same year, North Korea revalued the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a>, which held greater value than its South Korean counterpart. Until the 1960s, economic growth was higher than in South Korea, and North Korean GDP per capita was equal to that of its southern neighbor as late as 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxxii,_46-63">[55]</a> However, by the 1980s, the economy had begun to stagnate; it started its long decline in 1987 and almost completely collapsed after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, when all Soviet aid was suddenly halted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200797–99-64">[56]</a> An internal CIA study acknowledged various achievements of the North Korean government post-war: compassionate care for war orphans and children in general, a radical improvement in the status of women, free housing, free healthcare, and health statistics particularly in life expectancy and infant mortality that were comparable to even the most advanced nations up until the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[57]</a> Life expectancy in the North was 72 before the famine which was only marginally lower than in the South.<a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[58]</a> The country once boasted a comparatively developed healthcare system; pre-famine North Korea had a network of nearly 45,000 family practitioners with some 800 hospitals and 1,000 clinics.<a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> The relative peace between the North and South following the armistice was interrupted by border skirmishes, celebrity abductions, and assassination attempts. The North failed in several assassination attempts on South Korean leaders, such as <a href="/wiki/Blue_House_raid" title="Blue House raid">in 1968</a>, 1974, and the <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">Rangoon bombing</a> in 1983; tunnels were found under the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">DMZ</a> and tensions flared over the <a href="/wiki/Korean_axe_murder_incident" title="Korean axe murder incident">axe murder incident</a> at <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-68">[60]</a> For almost two decades after the war, the two states did not seek to negotiate with one another. In 1971, secret, high-level contacts began to be conducted culminating in the 1972 <a href="/wiki/July_4_South%E2%80%93North_Joint_Statement" title="July 4 South–North Joint Statement">July 4 South–North Joint Statement</a> that established principles of working toward peaceful reunification. The talks ultimately failed because in 1973, South Korea declared its preference that the two Koreas should seek separate memberships in international organizations.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Il">Leadership of Kim Jong Il</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolved</a> on 26 December 1991, ending its aid and support to North Korea. In 1992, as Kim Il Sung's health began deteriorating, his son <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> slowly began taking over various state tasks. Kim Il Sung <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">died of a heart attack in 1994</a>; Kim Jong Il declared a three-year period of national mourning, afterward officially announcing his position as the new leader.<a href="#cite_note-edit_CNN--70">[62]</a> North Korea promised to halt its development of nuclear weapons under the <a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a>, negotiated with U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and signed in 1994. Building on <a href="/wiki/Nordpolitik" title="Nordpolitik">Nordpolitik</a>, South Korea began to engage with the North as part of its <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> Kim Jong Il instituted a policy called <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a>, or "military first".<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> Flooding in the mid-1990s exacerbated the economic crisis, severely damaging crops and infrastructure and leading to <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">widespread famine</a> that the government proved incapable of curtailing, resulting in the deaths of between 240,000 and 420,000 people. Which led many North Koreans to flee into China, South Korea and neighboring countries. In China, these illegal North Korea child immigrants are called the <a href="/wiki/Kotjebi" title="Kotjebi">Kotjebi</a>. In 1996, the government accepted UN food aid.<a href="#cite_note-Spoorenberg-74">[66]</a> The international environment changed once <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> became U.S. President in 2001. His administration rejected South Korea's Sunshine Policy and the Agreed Framework. Bush included North Korea in his <a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">axis of evil</a> in his <a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002 State of the Union Address</a>. The U.S. government accordingly treated North Korea as a <a href="/wiki/Rogue_state" title="Rogue state">rogue state</a>, while North Korea redoubled its efforts to acquire nuclear weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013456-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt201455,_109,_119-76">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> On 9 October 2006, North Korea announced it had conducted <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">its first nuclear weapons test</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radioactive-78">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-nukeconfirmed-79">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg/220px-Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg/330px-Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg/440px-Minister_of_Defence_of_Russian_Federation_takes_part_in_solemn_events_dedicated_to_70th_anniversary_of_Day_of_Victory_in_Great_Fatherland_Liberation_War_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Un with Russian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Shoigu" title="Sergei Shoigu">Sergei Shoigu</a> during the ceremonies marking the 70th anniversary of the end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, in Pyongyang, 27 July 2023</figcaption></figure> U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> adopted a policy of "strategic patience", resisting making deals with North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> Tensions with South Korea and the United States increased in 2010 with the <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">sinking of the South Korean warship Cheonan</a><a href="#cite_note-Anger_at_North_Korea_over_sinking-81">[73]</a> and North Korea's <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">shelling of Yeonpyeong Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_of_Kim_Jong_Un">Leadership of Kim Jong Un</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 North Korea crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Korean_peace_process" title="2018–19 Korean peace process">2018–19 Korean peace process</a></div>On 17 December 2011, Kim Jong Il <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Jong_Il" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Jong Il">died from a heart attack</a>. His youngest son <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> was announced as his successor.<a href="#cite_note-apdeath-84">[76]</a> In the face of international condemnation, North Korea continued to develop its nuclear arsenal, possibly including a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a> and a missile capable of reaching the United States.<a href="#cite_note-auto-85">[77]</a> Throughout 2017, following <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s ascension to the US presidency, tensions between the United States and North Korea increased, and there was heightened rhetoric between the two, with Trump threatening "fire and fury" if North Korea ever attacked U.S. territory<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> amid North Korean threats to test missiles that would land near <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> The tensions substantially decreased in 2018, and a <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> developed.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-88">[80]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9320_Korean_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–20 Korean peace process">series of summits</a> took place between Kim Jong Un of North Korea, President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> of South Korea, and President Trump.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a> On 10 January 2021, Kim Jong Un was formally elected as the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a> in <a href="/wiki/8th_Congress_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea">8th Congress of the Workers' Party of Korea</a>, a title previously held by Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> On 24 March 2022, North Korea conducted a successful ICBM test launch for the first time since the 2017 crisis.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> In September 2022, North Korea passed a law that declared itself a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> On December 30, 2023, North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong-un</a> provocatively declared South Korea a "colonial vassal state",<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> marking a significant departure from the longstanding position of mutual claims over the entire Korean Peninsula by both North and South Korea. This statement was followed by a call on January 15, 2024, for a constitutional amendment to redefine the boundary with South Korea as the 'Southern National Borderline,' further intensifying the rhetoric against South Korea. Kim Jong-un also stated that in the event of a war, North Korea would seek to annex the entirety of South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/North_Korea_Topography.png/260px-North_Korea_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/North_Korea_Topography.png/390px-North_Korea_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/North_Korea_Topography.png/520px-North_Korea_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1705" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of North Korea</figcaption></figure> North Korea occupies the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, lying between latitudes <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/124th_meridian_east" title="124th meridian east">124°</a> and <a href="/wiki/131st_meridian_east" title="131st meridian east">131°E</a>. It covers an area of 120,540 square kilometers (46,541 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-unstats08-5">[2]</a> To its west are the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_Bay" title="Korea Bay">Korea Bay</a>, and to its east lies Japan across the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. Early European visitors to Korea remarked that the country resembled "a sea in a heavy gale" because of the many successive <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> that crisscross the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Topography-95">[87]</a> Some 80 percent of North Korea is composed of mountains and uplands, separated by deep and narrow valleys. All of the Korean Peninsula's mountains with elevations of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft) or more are located in North Korea. The highest point in North Korea is <a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a>, a volcanic mountain with an elevation of 2,744 meters (9,003 ft) above sea level.<a href="#cite_note-Topography-95">[87]</a> Considered a sacred place by North Koreans, Mount Paektu holds significance in Korean culture and has been incorporated in the elaborate folklore and personality cult around the Kim family.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> For example, the song, "We Will Go To Mount Paektu" sings in praise of Kim Jong Un and describes a symbolic trek to the mountain. Other prominent ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Range</a> in the extreme northeast and the <a href="/wiki/Rangrim_Mountains" title="Rangrim Mountains">Rangrim Mountains</a>, which are located in the north-central part of North Korea. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kumgang" title="Mount Kumgang">Mount Kumgang</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Taebaek_Mountains" title="Taebaek Mountains">Taebaek Range</a>, which extends into South Korea, is famous for its scenic beauty.<a href="#cite_note-Topography-95">[87]</a> The coastal plains are wide in the west and discontinuous in the east. A great majority of the population lives in the plains and lowlands. According to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environmental_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Environmental Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a> report in 2003, forest covers over 70 percent of the country, mostly on steep slopes.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Environmental_Programme_12-97">[89]</a> North Korea had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 8.02/10, ranking it 28th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-98">[90]</a> The longest river is the <a href="/wiki/Amnok" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnok">Amnok</a> (Yalu) River which flows for 790 kilometers (491 mi).<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> The country contains three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Central_Korean_deciduous_forests" title="Central Korean deciduous forests">Central Korean deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Changbai Mountains mixed forests">Changbai Mountains mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_mixed_forests" title="Manchurian mixed forests">Manchurian mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-100">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg/260px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg/390px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg/520px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_PRK_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>North Korea map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> North Korea experiences a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> within the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> scheme. Winters bring clear weather interspersed with snow storms as a result of northern and northwestern winds that blow from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-climate-101">[93]</a> Summer tends to be by far the hottest, most humid, and rainiest time of year because of the southern and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> winds that carry moist air from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Approximately 60 percent of all precipitation occurs from June to September.<a href="#cite_note-climate-101">[93]</a> Spring and autumn are transitional seasons between summer and winter. The daily average high and low temperatures for <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> are −3 and −13 °C (27 and 9 °F) in January and 29 and 20 °C (84 and 68 °F) in August.<a href="#cite_note-climate-101">[93]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/184px-Kim_Jong-un_April_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="1429" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">WPK General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">SAC President</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Tok-un.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kim_Tok-un.jpg/119px-Kim_Tok-un.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kim_Tok-un.jpg/179px-Kim_Tok-un.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Kim_Tok-un.jpg/238px-Kim_Tok-un.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="640" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Tok Hun">Kim Tok Hun</a> <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/99px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/149px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg/198px-18th_Summit_of_Non-Aligned_Movement_gets_underway_in_Baku_005_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="596" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">SPA Standing Committee Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">SAC First Vice President</a></div></div></div></div></div> North Korea functions as a highly centralized, <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-:9-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica-104">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a> According to its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">constitution</a>, it is a self-described revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> "guided in its building and activities only by great Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism".<a href="#cite_note-naenara-106">[98]</a> In addition to the constitution, North Korea is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Principles_for_the_Establishment_of_a_Monolithic_Ideological_System" title="Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System">Ten Principles for the Establishment of a Monolithic Ideological System</a> (also known as the "Ten Principles of the One-Ideology System") which establishes standards for governance and a guide for the behaviors of North Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK), a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> led by a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-scmp-yoo-sep-18-2013-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> has an estimated 6.5 million members<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> and is in control of North Korean politics. It has two satellite parties, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Korean Social Democratic Party">Korean Social Democratic Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chondoist_Chongu_Party" title="Chondoist Chongu Party">Chondoist Chongu Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009192-111">[103]</a> Kim Jong Un of the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader</a> or Suryeong of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-leon_DPRK-112">[104]</a> He heads all major governing structures: he is the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">president of the State Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NK_Leaders-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a> His grandfather Kim Il Sung, the founder and leader of North Korea until his death in 1994, is the country's "<a href="/wiki/Eternal_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal President">eternal President</a>",<a href="#cite_note-hitchens07-115">[107]</a> while his father Kim Jong Il who succeeded Kim Il Sung as the leader was announced "Eternal General Secretary" and "Eternal Chairman of the National Defence Commission" after his death in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-NK_Leaders-113">[105]</a> According to the constitution, there are officially three main branches of government. The first of these is the <a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission</a> (SAC), which acts as "the supreme national guidance organ of state sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> Its role is to deliberate and decide the work on defense building of the State, including major policies of the State, and to carry out the directions of the president of the commission, Kim Jong Un.<a href="#cite_note-unikorea-118">[110]</a> The SAC also directly supervises the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Defence (North Korea)">Ministry of Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">Ministry of State Security</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Social Security (North Korea)">Ministry of Social Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unikorea-118">[110]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG/220px-Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG/330px-Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG/440px-Mansudae-Kongressalle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="2420" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall" title="Mansudae Assembly Hall">Mansudae Assembly Hall</a>, seat of the Supreme People's Assembly</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is held by the unicameral <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a> (SPA).<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Its 687 members are elected every five years by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a> though the elections have been described by outside observers as similar to <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">elections in the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-defectorcensus-122">[114]</a> Elections in North Korea have also been described as a form of government census, due to the near 100% turnout. Although the elections are not <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralistic</a>, North Korean state media describes the elections as "an expression of the absolute support and trust of all voters in the DPRK government".<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Supreme People's Assembly sessions are convened by the SPA Standing Committee, whose <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly">Chairman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Choe_Ryong-hae" title="Choe Ryong-hae">Choe Ryong-hae</a> since 2019) is the third-ranking official in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[117]</a> Deputies formally elect the chairman, the vice chairpersons and members of the Standing Committee and take part in the constitutionally appointed activities of the legislature: pass laws, establish domestic and foreign policies, appoint members of the cabinet, review and approve the state economic plan, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009198-126">[118]</a> The SPA itself cannot initiate any legislation independently of party or state organs. It is unknown whether it has ever criticized or amended bills placed before it, and the elections are based around a single list of WPK-approved candidates who stand without opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009197–198-127">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_North_Korea" title="Cabinet of North Korea">Cabinet of North Korea</a>, which has been headed by <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Tok_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Tok Hun">Kim Tok Hun</a> since 14 August 2020,<a href="#cite_note-128">[120]</a> who's officially the second-ranking official after Kim Jong Un.<a href="#cite_note-:5-125">[117]</a> The Premier represents the government and functions independently. His authority extends over two vice premiers, 30 <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministers</a>, two cabinet commission chairmen, the cabinet chief secretary, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Central Bank</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(North_Korea)" title="Central Bureau of Statistics (North Korea)">Central Bureau of Statistics</a> and the president of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Academy of Sciences of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Academy of Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009200-129">[121]</a> North Korea, like its southern counterpart, claims to be the legitimate government of the entire <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> and adjacent islands.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> Despite its official title as the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea", some observers have described North Korea's political system as a "hereditary dictatorship".<a href="#cite_note-Hallam_Magramo_Seo_2023_x856-131">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim_Ko_2020_pp._216–233-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flannery_2016_s094-133">[125]</a> It has also been described as a <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-nysuccess-136">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></div> Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism is the official ideology of North Korea and the WPK, and is the cornerstone of party works and government operations.<a href="#cite_note-naenara-106">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a>, part of the larger Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism along with <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a> under Kim Jong Un,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013-138">[130]</a> is viewed by the official North Korean line as an embodiment of Kim Il Sung's wisdom, an expression of his leadership, and an idea which provides "a complete answer to any question that arises in the struggle for national liberation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009203-139">[131]</a> Juche was pronounced in December 1955 in a speech called <a href="/wiki/On_Eliminating_Dogmatism_and_Formalism_and_Establishing_Juche_in_Ideological_Work" title="On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work">On Eliminating Dogmatism and Formalism and Establishing Juche in Ideological Work</a> in order to emphasize a Korea-centered revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009203-139">[131]</a> Its core tenets are <a href="/wiki/Economic_self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic self-sufficiency">economic self-sufficiency</a>, military self-reliance and an independent foreign policy. The roots of Juche were made up of a complex mixture of factors, including the popularity of Kim Il Sung, the conflict with pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese dissenters, and Korea's centuries-long struggle for independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009204-140">[132]</a> Juche was introduced into the constitution in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004111-142">[134]</a> Juche was initially promoted as a "creative application" of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, but in the mid-1970s, it was described by state propaganda as "the only scientific thought... and most effective revolutionary theoretical structure that leads to the future of communist society".<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Juche eventually replaced Marxism–Leninism entirely by the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009206-144">[136]</a> and in 1992 references to the latter were omitted from the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009186-145">[137]</a> The 2009 constitution dropped references to communism and elevated the Songun military first policy while explicitly confirming the position of Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> However, the constitution retains references to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-147">[139]</a> The WPK reasserted its commitment to communism in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-:4-148">[140]</a> Juche's concepts of self-reliance have evolved with time and circumstances, but still provide the groundwork for the spartan austerity, sacrifice, and discipline demanded by the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009207-149">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kim_family">Kim family</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader (North Korean title)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg/230px-Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg/345px-Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg/460px-Mansudae-Monument-Bow-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2951" /></a><figcaption>North Korean citizens paying respect to the statues of Kim Il Sung (left) and Kim Jong Il at the <a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansudae Grand Monument</a></figcaption></figure> Since the founding of the nation, North Korea's supreme leadership has stayed within the Kim family, which in North Korea is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Mount Paektu</a> Bloodline. It is a three-generation lineage descending from the country's first leader, Kim Il Sung, who developed North Korea around the Juche ideology, and stayed in power until his death.<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> Kim developed a cult of personality closely tied to the state philosophy of Juche, which was later passed on to his successors: his son Kim Jong Il in 1994 and grandson Kim Jong Un in 2011. In 2013, Clause 2 of Article 10 of the newly edited Ten Fundamental Principles of the Workers' Party of Korea stated that the party and revolution must be carried "eternally" by the "Mount Paektu Bloodline".<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> According to New Focus International, the cult of personality, particularly surrounding Kim Il Sung, has been crucial for legitimizing the family's hereditary succession.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> The control the North Korean government exercises over many aspects of the nation's culture is used to perpetuate the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">cult of personality</a> surrounding Kim Il Sung,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011100-153">[145]</a> and Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011113-154">[146]</a> While visiting North Korea in 1979, journalist Bradley Martin wrote that nearly all music, art, and sculpture that he observed glorified "Great Leader" Kim Il Sung, whose personality cult was then being extended to his son, "Dear Leader" Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004353-155">[147]</a> Claims that the family has been deified are contested by B. R. Myers: "Divine powers have never been attributed to either of the two Kims. In fact, the propaganda apparatus in Pyongyang has generally been careful not to make claims that run directly counter to citizens' experience or common sense."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers20117-156">[148]</a> He further explains that the state propaganda painted Kim Jong Il as someone whose expertise lay in military matters and that the famine of the 1990s was partially caused by natural disasters out of Kim Jong Il's control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011114,_116-157">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg/220px-Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg/330px-Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg/440px-Chung_Eui-yong_and_Kim_Jong-un.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Un and his sister <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yo-jong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Yo-jong">Kim Yo-jong</a> (right) in March 2018</figcaption></figure> The song "<a href="/wiki/No_Motherland_Without_You" title="No Motherland Without You">No Motherland Without You</a>", sung by the North Korean army choir, was created especially for Kim Jong Il and is one of the most popular tunes in the country. Kim Il Sung is still officially revered as the nation's "Eternal President". Several landmarks in North Korea are <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Kim_Il_Sung" title="List of things named after Kim Il Sung">named for Kim Il Sung</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Stadium" title="Kim Il Sung Stadium">Kim Il Sung Stadium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a>. Defectors have been quoted as saying that North Korean schools deify both father and son.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> Kim Il Sung rejected the notion that he had created a cult around himself and accused those who suggested this of "<a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">factionalism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004105-159">[151]</a> Following the death of Kim Il Sung, North Koreans were prostrating and weeping to a bronze statue of him in an organized event;<a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> similar scenes were broadcast by state television following the death of Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> Critics maintain that Kim Jong Il's personality cult was inherited from his father. Kim Jong Il was often the center of attention throughout ordinary life. His birthday is one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_North_Korea" title="Public holidays in North Korea">public holidays in the country</a>. On his 60th birthday (based on his official date of birth), mass celebrations occurred throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> Kim Jong Il's personality cult, although significant, was not as extensive as his father's. One point of view is that Kim Jong Il's cult of personality was solely out of respect for Kim Il Sung or out of fear of punishment for failure to pay homage,<a href="#cite_note-Hermit-163">[155]</a> while North Korean government sources consider it genuine hero worship.<a href="#cite_note-164">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_North_Korea" title="Provinces of North Korea">Provinces of North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></div> <div class="left"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Chosŏn'gŭl</th> <th>Administrative seat </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17"><div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 500px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/500px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="503" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/750px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/1000px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1616" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110px; top:356px"><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:454px; top:68px"><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:372px"><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110px; top:324px"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:114px; top:404px"><a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae_Province" title="North Hwanghae Province">North Hwanghae</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:74px; top:444px"><a href="/wiki/South_Hwanghae_Province" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:222px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Kangwon_Province_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangwon Province (North Korea)">Kangwon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:256px"><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong_Province" title="South Hamgyong Province">South Hamgyong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:112px"><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province" title="North Hamgyong Province">North Hamgyong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:274px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Ryanggang_Province" title="Ryanggang Province">Ryanggang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:212px"><a href="/wiki/Chagang_Province" title="Chagang Province">Chagang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:54px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province" title="North Pyongan Province">North Pyongan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:142px; top:460px"><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:236px; top:472px"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10px; top:480px"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea (Korea West Sea)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:10px; top:351.2px"><a href="/wiki/Korea_Bay" title="Korea Bay">Korea Bay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:334px; top:351.2px"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan (Korea East Sea)</a></div> </div> </td> <th colspan="4">Directly-governed city (직할시) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></td> <td>평양</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung-guyok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Special-level city (특별시) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></td> <td>개성</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Special cities (특별시) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a></td> <td>라선</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajin-guyok" title="Rajin-guyok">Rajin-guyok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></td> <td>남포</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Waudo-guyok" title="Waudo-guyok">Waudo-guyok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Provinces (도) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan</a></td> <td>평안남도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyongsong" title="Pyongsong">Pyongsong</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province" title="North Pyongan Province">North Pyongan</a></td> <td>평안북도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sinuiju" title="Sinuiju">Sinuiju</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chagang_Province" title="Chagang Province">Chagang</a></td> <td>자강도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanggye" title="Kanggye">Kanggye</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Hwanghae_Province" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae</a></td> <td>황해남도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae_Province" title="North Hwanghae Province">North Hwanghae</a></td> <td>황해북도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sariwon" title="Sariwon">Sariwon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangwon_Province_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangwon Province (North Korea)">Kangwon</a></td> <td>강원도</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong_Province" title="South Hamgyong Province">South Hamgyong</a></td> <td>함경남도 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province" title="North Hamgyong Province">North Hamgyong</a></td> <td>함경북도 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryanggang_Province" title="Ryanggang Province">Ryanggang</a></td> <td>량강도 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyesan" title="Hyesan">Hyesan</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_-_China_friendship_(5578914865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/220px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/330px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg/440px-North_Korea_-_China_friendship_%285578914865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The close <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">China-North Korea relationship</a> is celebrated at the <a href="/wiki/Arirang_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang Festival">Arirang Mass Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.</figcaption></figure> As a result of its isolation, North Korea is sometimes known as the "<a href="/wiki/Hermit_kingdom" title="Hermit kingdom">hermit kingdom</a>", a term that originally referred to the isolationism in the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-alja_NKorLankov-165">[157]</a> Initially, North Korea had diplomatic ties only with other communist countries, and even today, most of the foreign embassies accredited to North Korea are located in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> rather than in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> In the 1960s and 1970s, it pursued an independent foreign policy, established relations with many developing countries, and joined the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. In the late 1980s and the 1990s its foreign policy was thrown into turmoil with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>. Suffering an economic crisis, it closed a number of its embassies. At the same time, North Korea sought to build relations with developed free market countries.<a href="#cite_note-DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations-167">[159]</a> North Korea joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1991 together with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. North Korea is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a> and the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>, North Korea had diplomatic relations with 166 countries and embassies in 47 countries.<a href="#cite_note-DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations-167">[159]</a> North Korea does not have diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Botswana–North Korea relations">Botswana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-suspension_of_diplomatic_relations-169">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="France–North Korea relations">France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-France_and_Estonia-170">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iraq–North Korea relations">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Israel–North Korea relations">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="North Korea–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[h]</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haggard-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> is unusual in maintaining a North Korean embassy. German Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lohr" title="Friedrich Lohr">Friedrich Lohr</a> says most of his time in North Korea involved facilitating the delivery of humanitarian aid and agricultural assistance to a population plagued by food shortages.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_(2019-04-25)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg/220px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg/330px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg/440px-Kim_Jong-un_and_Vladimir_Putin_%282019-04-25%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4781" data-file-height="3548" /></a><figcaption>North Korean leader Kim Jong Un meeting with Russian President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 25 April 2019</figcaption></figure> North Korea enjoys a <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">close relationship with China</a> which is often called North Korea's closest ally.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a> Relations were strained beginning in 2006 because of China's concerns about North Korea's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Relations improved after <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese President</a> visited North Korea in April 2019.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> North Korea continues to have strong ties with several Southeast Asian countries such as <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="North Korea–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cambodia–North Korea relations">Cambodia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Indonesia–North Korea relations">Indonesia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Malaysia–North Korea relations">Relations with Malaysia</a> were strained in 2017 by the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Kim_Jong-nam" title="Assassination of Kim Jong-nam">assassination of Kim Jong-nam</a>. North Korea has a <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">close relationship with Russia</a> and has voiced support for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> North Korea was previously designated a <a href="/wiki/State_Sponsors_of_Terrorism_(U.S._list)" title="State Sponsors of Terrorism (U.S. list)">state sponsor of terrorism</a> by the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> because of its alleged involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Rangoon_bombing" title="Rangoon bombing">1983 Rangoon bombing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858" title="Korean Air Flight 858">1987 bombing of a South Korean airliner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> On 11 October 2008, the United States removed North Korea from its list of states that sponsor terrorism after Pyongyang agreed to cooperate on issues related to its nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> North Korea was re-designated a state sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on 20 November 2017 after continued nuclear tests.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_abductions_of_Japanese_citizens" title="North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens">The kidnapping of at least 13 Japanese citizens</a> by North Korean agents in the 1970s and the 1980s has had a detrimental effect on North Korea's relationship with Japan.<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a> US President Trump met with Kim in Singapore on 12 June 2018. An agreement was signed between the two countries endorsing the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a> signed by North and South Korea, pledging to work towards denuclearizing the Korean Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">They met in Hanoi</a> from 27 to 28 February 2019, but failed to achieve an agreement.<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> On 30 June 2019, Trump met with Kim along with South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> at the Korean DMZ.<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">North Korea–South Korea relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean reunification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/220px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/330px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/440px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Kim Jong Un and South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> shake hands during the <a href="/wiki/April_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="April 2018 inter-Korean summit">inter-Korean Summit</a>, April 2018</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> with South Korea remains the most heavily fortified border in the world.<a href="#cite_note-border-192">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> Inter-Korean relations are at the core of North Korean diplomacy and have seen numerous shifts in the last few decades. North Korea's policy is to seek reunification without what it sees as outside interference, through a federal structure retaining each side's leadership and systems. In 1972, the two Koreas agreed in principle to achieve reunification through peaceful means and without foreign interference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009218-194">[185]</a> On 10 October 1980, the then North Korean leader Kim Il Sung proposed a federation between North and South Korea named the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Federal_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Federal Republic of Korea">Democratic Federal Republic of Korea</a> in which the respective political systems would initially remain.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> However, relations remained cool well until the early 1990s, with a brief period in the early 1980s when North Korea offered to provide flood relief to its southern neighbor.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> Although the offer was initially welcomed, talks over how to deliver the relief goods broke down and none of the promised aid ever crossed the border.<a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> The two countries also organized a reunion of 92 separated families.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009220-198">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg/170px-501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg/255px-501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg/340px-501_cows_sent_to_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>South Korean aid convoy entering North Korea through the Demilitarized Zone, 1998</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a> instituted by South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> in 1998 was a watershed in inter-Korean relations. It encouraged other countries to engage with the North, which allowed Pyongyang to normalize relations with a number of European Union states and contributed to the establishment of joint North-South economic projects. The culmination of the Sunshine Policy was the <a href="/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit" title="2000 inter-Korean summit">2000 inter-Korean summit</a>, when Kim Dae-jung visited Kim Jong Il in Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009222-199">[190]</a> Both North and South Korea signed the <a href="/wiki/June_15th_North%E2%80%93South_Joint_Declaration" title="June 15th North–South Joint Declaration">June 15th North–South Joint Declaration</a>, in which both sides promised to seek peaceful reunification.<a href="#cite_note-joint-200">[191]</a> On 4 October 2007, South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> and Kim Jong Il signed an eight-point peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-idUKSEO16392220071004-201">[192]</a> However, relations worsened when South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> adopted a more hard-line approach and suspended aid deliveries pending the de-nuclearization of the North. In 2009, North Korea responded by ending all of its previous agreements with the South.<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> It deployed additional ballistic missiles<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a> and placed its military on full combat alert after South Korea, Japan and the United States threatened to intercept a <a href="/wiki/Unha-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Unha-2">Unha-2</a> space launch vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> The next few years witnessed a string of hostilities, including the alleged North Korean involvement in the <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">sinking of South Korean warship Cheonan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Anger_at_North_Korea_over_sinking-81">[73]</a> mutual ending of diplomatic ties,<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> a North Korean artillery <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">attack on Yeonpyeong Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> and growing international concern over North Korea's nuclear program.<a href="#cite_note-207">[198]</a> In May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> was elected president of South Korea with a promise to return to the Sunshine Policy.<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> In February 2018, a détente developed at the Winter Olympics held in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-88">[80]</a> In April, South Korean president Moon Jae-in and Kim Jong Un met at the DMZ, and, in the <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a>, pledged to work for peace and nuclear disarmament.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_pledge-209">[200]</a> In September, at a joint news conference in Pyongyang, Moon and Kim agreed upon turning the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> into a "land of peace without nuclear weapons and nuclear threats".<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> In January 2024, North Korea officially announced through its leader Kim Jong Un that it would no longer seek reunification with South Korea. Kim instead called for "completely occupying, subjugating and reclaiming" South Korea if war breaks out.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> Kim Jong Un also announced to the Supreme People's Assembly that the constitution should be changed such that South Korea would be considered the "primary foe and invariable principal enemy" of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> Additionally, government agencies tasked with promoting reunification were closed.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_(8179381094).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg/220px-AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg/330px-AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg/440px-AIR_KORYO_IL76_P912_AT_SONDOK_HAMHUNG_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288179381094%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4603" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Ilyushin Il-76</a> strategic military airlifter used by <a href="/wiki/Air_Koryo" title="Air Koryo">Air Koryo</a></figcaption></figure> The North Korean armed forces, or the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA), is estimated to comprise 1,280,000 active and 6,300,000 reserve and paramilitary troops, making it one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest military institutions in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-214">[205]</a> With an active duty army consisting of 4.9% of its population, North Korea maintains the fourth <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest active military force</a> in the world behind China, India and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-bgn-215">[206]</a> About 20 percent of men aged 17–54 serve in the regular armed forces,<a href="#cite_note-bgn-215">[206]</a> and approximately one in every 25 citizens is an enlisted soldier.<a href="#cite_note-economist-armied-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[208]</a> The KPA is divided into five branches: <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Ground_Force" title="Korean People's Army Ground Force">Ground Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Navy" title="Korean People's Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_and_Anti-Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean People's Army Air and Anti-Air Force">Air and Anti-Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Special_Operations_Forces" title="Korean People's Army Special Operations Forces">Special Operations Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Strategic_Force" title="Korean People's Army Strategic Force">Rocket Force</a>. Command of the KPA lies in both the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea">Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> and the independent State Affairs Commission, which controls the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Defence (North Korea)">Ministry of Defence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009239-218">[209]</a> Of all the KPA's branches, the Ground Force is the largest, comprising approximately one million personnel divided into 80 infantry <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, 30 artillery <a href="/wiki/Brigade_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigade (military)">brigades</a>, 25 special warfare brigades, 20 mechanized brigades, 10 tank brigades and seven tank <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009247-219">[210]</a> It is equipped with 3,700 tanks, 2,100 <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infantry_fighting_vehicle" title="Infantry fighting vehicle">infantry fighting vehicles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009248-220">[211]</a> 17,900 artillery pieces, 11,000 anti-aircraft guns<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Profile200719_–_Major_Military_Equipment-221">[212]</a> and some 10,000 <a href="/wiki/MANPADS" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPADS">MANPADS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> The Air Force is estimated to possess around 1,600 aircraft (with between 545 – 810 serving combat roles), while the Navy operates approximately 800 vessels, including the largest submarine fleet in the world.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009288–293-223">[214]</a> The KPA's Special Operation Force is also the world's largest special forces unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009288–293-223">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG/170px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG/255px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG/340px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_26.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption>The Memorial of Soldiers at the Mansudae Grand Monument</figcaption></figure> North Korea is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-armed state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-economist-armied-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> though the nature and strength of the country's arsenal is uncertain. As of September 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>, estimates of its size ranged between 40 and 116 assembled <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warheads">nuclear warheads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> Delivery capabilities<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> are provided by the Rocket Force, which has some 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a> with a range of up to 11,900 km (7,400 mi).<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> According to a 2004 South Korean assessment, North Korea also possesses a stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> estimated to amount to between 2,500 and 5,000 tons, including nerve, blister, blood, and vomiting agents, as well as the ability to cultivate and produce <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapons">biological weapons</a> including <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009260-228">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> As a result of its nuclear and missile tests, North Korea has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">sanctioned under United Nations Security Council resolutions</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1695" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695">1695</a> of July 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">1718</a> of October 2006, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874">1874</a> of June 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2087" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087">2087</a> of January 2013,<a href="#cite_note-secu_UNDo-230">[221]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2397" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397">2397</a> in December 2017. The sale of weapons to North Korea by other states is prohibited by UN sanctions, and the KPA's conventional capabilities are limited by a number of factors including obsolete equipment, insufficient fuel supplies and a shortage of digital <a href="/wiki/Command_and_control" title="Command and control">command and control</a> assets. To compensate for these deficiencies, the KPA has deployed a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> technologies including anti-personnel blinding lasers,<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> jammers,<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">human torpedoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">stealth</a> paint,<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a> units.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> In 2015, North Korea was reported to employ 6,000 sophisticated computer security personnel in a cyberwarfare unit operating out of China.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-236">[227]</a> KPA units were blamed for the 2014 <a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_hack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Pictures hack">Sony Pictures hack</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-236">[227]</a> and have allegedly attempted to jam South Korean <a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">military satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[228]</a> Much of the equipment in use by the KPA is engineered and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_North_Korea" title="Defense industry of North Korea">the domestic defense industry</a>. Weapons are manufactured in roughly 1,800 underground defense industry plants scattered throughout the country, most of them located in <a href="/wiki/Chagang_Province" title="Chagang Province">Chagang Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> The defense industry is capable of producing a full range of individual and crew-operated weapons, artillery, armored vehicles, tanks, missiles, helicopters, submarines, landing and infiltration craft and <a href="/wiki/Yak-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Yak-18">Yak-18</a> trainers, and may even have limited jet aircraft manufacturing capacity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009272-239">[230]</a> According to North Korean state media, military expenditure amounted to 15.8 percent of the state budget in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-kcna2010budget-240">[231]</a> The U.S. State Department has estimated that North Korea's military spending averaged 23% of its GDP from 2004 to 2014, the highest level in the world.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> North Korea successfully tested a new type of submarine-launched ballistic missile on 19 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_internal_security">Law enforcement and internal security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_North_Korea" title="Law enforcement in North Korea">Law enforcement in North Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_North_Korea" title="Judiciary of North Korea">Judiciary of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg/220px-Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg/330px-Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg/440px-Police_car_outside_Okryu_Restaurant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>A North Korean police car in 2017; the <a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn%27g%C5%ADl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn'gŭl">Chosŏn'gŭl</a> lettering on the side translates to "Traffic safety".</figcaption></figure> North Korea has a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system based on the <a href="/wiki/General_State_Laws_for_the_Prussian_States" title="General State Laws for the Prussian States">Prussian model</a> and influenced by Japanese traditions and communist legal theory.<a href="#cite_note-243">[234]</a> Judiciary procedures are handled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Court_(North_Korea)" title="Central Court (North Korea)">Central Court</a> (the highest <a href="/wiki/Court_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of appeal">court of appeal</a>), provincial or special city-level courts, people's courts, and special courts. People's courts are at the lowest level of the system and operate in cities, counties and urban districts, while different kinds of special courts handle cases related to military, railroad, or maritime matters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009274-244">[235]</a> Judges are elected by their respective local people's assemblies, but this vote tends to be overruled by the Workers' Party of Korea. The <a href="/wiki/Penal_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal code">penal code</a> is based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Nulla_poena_sine_lege" title="Nulla poena sine lege">nullum crimen sine lege</a> (no crime without a law), but remains a tool for political control despite several amendments reducing ideological influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009274-244">[235]</a> Courts carry out legal procedures related to not only criminal and civil matters, but also political cases as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009201-245">[236]</a> Political prisoners are sent to <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a>, while criminal offenders are incarcerated in a separate system.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Social Security (North Korea)">Ministry of Social Security</a> maintains most law enforcement activities. It is one of the most powerful state institutions in North Korea and oversees the national police force, investigates criminal cases and manages non-political correctional facilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009276-247">[238]</a> It handles other aspects of domestic security like civil registration, traffic control, fire departments and railroad security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277-248">[239]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">Ministry of State Security</a> was separated from the Ministry of Public Security in 1973 to conduct domestic and foreign intelligence, counterintelligence and manage the political prison system. Political camps can be short-term reeducation zones or "<a href="/wiki/Kwalliso" title="Kwalliso">kwalliso</a>" (total control zones) for lifetime detention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277–278-249">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yodok_concentration_camp" title="Yodok concentration camp">Camp 15 in Yodok</a><a href="#cite_note-csw-250">[241]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pukchang_concentration_camp" title="Pukchang concentration camp">Camp 18 in Pukchang</a><a href="#cite_note-sub_ihr-251">[242]</a> have been described in detailed testimonies.<a href="#cite_note-hrnk2-252">[243]</a> The security apparatus is extensive,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009272-239">[230]</a> exerting strict control over residence, travel, employment, clothing, food and family life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009273-253">[244]</a> Security forces employ <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance_in_North_Korea" title="Mass surveillance in North Korea">mass surveillance</a>. It is believed they tightly monitor cellular and digital communications.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> North Korea has updated its constitution, labeling South Korea as a "hostile state" and abandoning its previous goal of peaceful reunification. This shift coincides with the destruction of inter-Korean connections and increased border defenses.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_North_Korea" title="Prisons in North Korea">Prisons in North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in North Korea">LGBT rights in North Korea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Korea is located in North Korea"><img alt="North Korea is located in North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/240px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/360px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg/480px-North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1616" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.857%;left:30.342%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Pukchang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Pukchang_concentration_camp" title="Pukchang concentration camp">Pukchang</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.974%;left:82.729%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Chongjin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chongjin_concentration_camp" title="Chongjin concentration camp">Chongjin</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.615%;left:85.816%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Hoeryong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hoeryong_concentration_camp" title="Hoeryong concentration camp">Hoeryong</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.886%;left:77.812%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Hwasong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Hwasong_concentration_camp" title="Hwasong concentration camp">Hwasong</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.665%;left:28.757%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kaechon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kaechon_internment_camp" title="Kaechon internment camp">Kaechon</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.857%;left:40.462%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Yodok" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yodok_concentration_camp" title="Yodok concentration camp">Yodok</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:North Korea adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>A map of political prison camps in North Korea. An estimated 40% of prisoners die of malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a></div></div></div> The state of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> in North Korea has been widely condemned. A 2014 UN inquiry into the DPRK's human rights record found evidence for "systematic, widespread and gross human rights violations" and stated that "the gravity, scale and nature of these violations reveal a state that does not have any parallel in the contemporary world",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyDarusmanBiserko2014346-257">[248]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> holding similar views.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_2007-258">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw1-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw2-260">[251]</a> North Koreans have been referred to as "some of the world's most brutalized people" by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, because of the severe restrictions placed on their <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrw1-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw2-260">[251]</a> The North Korean population is strictly managed by the state and all aspects of daily life are subordinated to party and state planning. According to US government reports, employment is managed by the party on the basis of political reliability, and travel is tightly controlled by the Ministry of People's Security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009272–273-261">[252]</a> The US State Department says that North Koreans do not have a choice in the jobs they work and are not free to change jobs at will.<a href="#cite_note-dos-262">[253]</a> There are restrictions on the freedom of association, expression and movement; arbitrary detention, torture and other ill-treatment result in death and execution.<a href="#cite_note-ai1-263">[254]</a> Citizens in North Korea are generally not permitted to leave the country<a href="#cite_note-:0-264">[255]</a> at will and its government denies access to UN human rights observers.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> The Ministry of State Security extrajudicially apprehends and imprisons those accused of political crimes without due process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009278-266">[257]</a> People perceived as hostile to the government, such as Christians or critics of the leadership,<a href="#cite_note-ai_ppc-267">[258]</a> are deported to labor camps without trial,<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> often with their whole family and mostly without any chance of being released.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> Forced labor is part of an established system of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_North_Korea" title="Political repression in North Korea">political repression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dos-262">[253]</a> Based on satellite images and defector testimonies, an estimated 200,000 prisoners are held in six large prison camps,<a href="#cite_note-ai_ppc-267">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-ai2-270">[261]</a> where they are made to work to right their wrongdoings.<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> Supporters of the government who deviate from the government line are subject to <a href="/wiki/Reeducation_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Reeducation through labor">reeducation</a> in sections of <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> set aside for that purpose. Those who are deemed <a href="/wiki/Political_rehabilitation" title="Political rehabilitation">politically rehabilitated</a> may reassume responsible government positions on their release.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Human_Rights_in_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">United Nations Commission of Inquiry</a> has accused North Korea of <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyDarusmanBiserko2014-274">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Coalition_to_Stop_Crimes_Against_Humanity_in_North_Korea" title="International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea">International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea</a> (ICNK) estimates that over 10,000 people die in North Korean prison camps every year.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> With 1,100,000 people in <a href="/wiki/Modern_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern slavery">modern slavery</a> (via forced labor), North Korea is ranked highest in the world in terms of the percentage of population in modern slavery, with 10.4 percent enslaved according to the <a href="/wiki/Walk_Free" title="Walk Free">Walk Free</a>'s 2018 <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-277">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> North Korea is the only country in the world that has not explicitly criminalized any form of modern slavery.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> A United Nations report listed slavery among the crimes against humanity occurring in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-TheTimesUK-280">[271]</a> According to the US State Department, the North Korean government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and is not making significant efforts to do so.<a href="#cite_note-dos-262">[253]</a> North Korea has trafficked thousands of its own citizens allegedly as forced laborers to Russia,<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> Poland,<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> Malaysia,<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> various parts of Africa<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> where most of the laborers' earnings are pocketed by Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> The North Korean government rejects the human rights abuse claims,<a href="#cite_note-human_rights4-287">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-288">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-kcna.co.jp-289">[280]</a> calling them a smear campaign and a human rights racket made to topple the government.<a href="#cite_note-human_rights1-290">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-human_rights2-291">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCR212-292">[283]</a> In a 2014 report to the UN, North Korea dismissed accusations of atrocities as wild rumors.<a href="#cite_note-human_rights4-287">[278]</a> The official state media, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">KCNA</a>, responded with an article that included homophobic insults against the author of the human rights report, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kirby_(judge)" title="Michael Kirby (judge)">Michael Kirby</a>, calling him "a disgusting old lecher with a 40-odd-year-long career of homosexuality ... This practice can never be found in the DPRK boasting of the sound mentality and good morals ... In fact, it is ridiculous for such gay [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] to sponsor dealing with others' human rights issue."<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-288">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-kcna.co.jp-289">[280]</a> The government, however, admitted some human rights issues related to living conditions and stated that it is working to improve them.<a href="#cite_note-SCR212-292">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg/220px-Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg/330px-Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg/440px-Economic_growth_of_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita estimates of North Korea, 1820–2018</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_(22971791331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/220px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/330px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/440px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="3182" /></a><figcaption>Apartments along <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></figcaption></figure> North Korea has maintained one of the most closed and centralized economies in the world since the 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009135-293">[284]</a> For several decades, it followed the Soviet pattern of five-year plans with the ultimate goal of achieving self-sufficiency. Extensive Soviet and Chinese support allowed North Korea to rapidly recover from the Korean War and register very high growth rates. Systematic inefficiency began to arise around 1960, when the economy shifted from the <a href="/wiki/Extensive_growth" title="Extensive growth">extensive</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Intensive_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive growth">intensive development</a> stage. The shortage of skilled labor, energy, arable land and transportation significantly impeded long-term growth and resulted in consistent failure to meet planning objectives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009138-294">[285]</a> The major slowdown of the economy contrasted with South Korea, which surpassed the North in terms of absolute <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and per capita income by the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009142-295">[286]</a> North Korea declared the last seven-year plan unsuccessful in December 1993 and thereafter stopped announcing plans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009140-296">[287]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industry_Hamhung,_North_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg/220px-Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg/330px-Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg/440px-Industry_Hamhung%2C_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2836" data-file-height="1890" /></a><figcaption>An industrial plant in <a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a></figcaption></figure> The loss of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> trading partners and a series of natural disasters throughout the 1990s caused severe hardships, including widespread <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>. By 2000, the situation improved owing to a massive international food assistance effort, but the economy continues to suffer from food shortages, dilapidated infrastructure and a critically low energy supply.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Economy-297">[288]</a> In an attempt to recover from the collapse, the government began structural reforms in 1998 that formally legalized <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> of assets and decentralized control over production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009143,_145-298">[289]</a> A second round of reforms in 2002 led to an expansion of market activities, partial <a href="/wiki/Monetization" title="Monetization">monetization</a>, flexible prices and salaries, and the introduction of incentives and accountability techniques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Profile20079-299">[290]</a> Despite these changes, North Korea remains a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> where the state owns almost all means of production and development priorities are defined by the government.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Economy-297">[288]</a> North Korea has the structural profile of a relatively industrialized country<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009145-300">[291]</a> where nearly half of the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> is generated by <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial sector">industry</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a> is at medium levels.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-302">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">Purchasing power parity</a> (PPP) GDP is estimated at $40 billion,<a href="#cite_note-CIAGDP(PPP)-8">[5]</a> with a very low per capita value of $1,800.<a href="#cite_note-CIAGDP(PPP)Capita-9">[6]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> per capita was $1,523, compared to $28,430 in South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> is the national currency, issued by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003931-304">[295]</a> The economy has been developing dramatically in recent years despite sanctions. The <a href="/wiki/Sejong_Institute" title="Sejong Institute">Sejong Institute</a> describes these changes as "astonishing".<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> The economy is heavily nationalized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxiii-306">[297]</a> Food and housing are extensively subsidized by the state; education and healthcare are free;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Profile20077–8-307">[298]</a> and the payment of taxes was officially abolished in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009152-308">[299]</a> A variety of goods are available in department stores and supermarkets in Pyongyang,<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> though most of the population relies on small-scale <a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">jangmadang</a> markets.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> In 2009, the government attempted to stem the expanding free market by banning jangmadang and the use of foreign currency,<a href="#cite_note-EB_Economy-297">[288]</a> heavily devaluing the won and restricting the convertibility of savings in the old currency,<a href="#cite_note-cha-312">[303]</a> but the resulting <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> spike and rare public protests caused a reversal of these policies.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> Private trade is dominated by women because most men are required to be present at their workplace, even though many state-owned enterprises are non-operational.<a href="#cite_note-314">[305]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_(12300043424).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg/220px-Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg/330px-Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg/440px-Masikryong_North_Korea_Ski_Resort_%2812300043424%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Foreign tourists in <a href="/wiki/Masikryong_Ski_Resort" title="Masikryong Ski Resort">Masikryong Ski Resort</a></figcaption></figure> Industry and services employ 65%<a href="#cite_note-315">[306]</a> of North Korea's 12.6 million labor force.<a href="#cite_note-316">[307]</a> Major industries include machine building, military equipment, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">Iron ore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> production are among the few sectors where North Korea performs significantly better than its <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">southern neighbor</a>—it produces about 10 times more of each resource.<a href="#cite_note-318">[309]</a> Using ex-Romanian drilling rigs, several oil exploration companies have confirmed significant oil reserves in the North Korean shelf of the Sea of Japan, and in areas south of Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> The agricultural sector was shattered by the natural disasters of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009154-320">[311]</a> Its 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">cooperatives</a> and state farms<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009143-321">[312]</a> were moderately successful until the mid-1990s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200947-322">[313]</a> but now experience chronic <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> and equipment shortages. Rice, corn, soybeans and <a href="/wiki/Potato_production_in_North_Korea" title="Potato production in North Korea">potatoes</a> are some of the primary crops.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Economy-297">[288]</a> A significant contribution to the food supply comes from commercial fishing and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Economy-297">[288]</a> Smaller specialized farms, managed by the state, also produce high-value crops, including <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">matsutake</a> and herbs for <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">traditional Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2007155-323">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism</a> has been a growing sector for the past decade.<a href="#cite_note-324">[315]</a> North Korea has been aiming to increase the number of foreign visitors through projects like the <a href="/wiki/Masikryong_Ski_Resort" title="Masikryong Ski Resort">Masikryong Ski Resort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> On 22 January 2020, North Korea closed its borders to foreign tourists in response to the threat of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_North_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea">COVID-19 pandemic in North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[317]</a> Foreign trade surpassed pre-crisis levels in 2005 and continues to expand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009173-327">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> North Korea has a number of special economic zones (SEZs) and <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special Administrative Regions</a> where foreign companies can operate with tax and tariff incentives while North Korean establishments gain access to improved technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009165-329">[320]</a> Initially four such zones existed, but they yielded little overall success.<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> The SEZ system was overhauled in 2013 when 14 new zones were opened and the <a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a> was reformed as a joint Chinese-North Korean project.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kaesong_Industrial_Region" title="Kaesong Industrial Region">Kaesong Industrial Region</a> is a special economic zone where more than 100 South Korean companies employ some 52,000 North Korean workers.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> As of August 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>, China is the biggest trading partner of North Korea outside inter-Korean trade, accounting for more than 84% of the total external trade ($5.3 billion) followed by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> at 3.3% share ($205 million).<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> In 2014, Russia wrote off 90% of North Korea's debt and the two countries agreed to conduct all transactions in <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">rubles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> Overall, external trade in 2013 reached a total of $7.3 billion (the highest amount since 1990<a href="#cite_note-IFES1-335">[326]</a>), while inter-Korean trade dropped to an eight-year low of $1.1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-ft-20140220-336">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></div> Transport infrastructure in North Korea includes railways, highways, water and air routes, but rail transport is by far the most widespread. North Korea has some 5,200 kilometers (3,200 mi) of railways mostly in <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> which carry 80% of annual passenger traffic and 86% of freight, but electricity shortages undermine their efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009147-337">[328]</a> Construction of a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed railway</a> connecting Kaesong, Pyongyang and <a href="/wiki/Sinuiju" title="Sinuiju">Sinuiju</a> with speeds exceeding 200 kilometers per hour (120 mph) was approved in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-NKT-338">[329]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] North Korea connects with the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a> through <a href="/wiki/Rajin_station" title="Rajin station">Rajin</a>. Road transport is very limited—only 724 kilometers (450 mi) of the 25,554 kilometers (15,879 mi) road network are paved,<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a> and maintenance on most roads is poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009150-340">[331]</a> Only 2% of the freight capacity is supported by river and sea transport, and air traffic is negligible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009147-337">[328]</a> All port facilities are ice-free and host a merchant fleet of 158 vessels.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a> Eighty-two airports<a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> and 23 helipads<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a> are operational and the largest serve the state-run airline, <a href="/wiki/Air_Koryo" title="Air Koryo">Air Koryo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009147-337">[328]</a> Cars are relatively rare,<a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a> but bicycles are common.<a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a> There is only one <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a>—<a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_International_Airport" title="Pyongyang International Airport">Pyongyang International Airport</a>—serviced by Russia and China (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_North_Korea#Public_airports" title="List of airports in North Korea">List of public airports in North Korea</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/220px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/330px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg/440px-Korean_Peninsula_at_night_from_space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> at night, showing the difference in lighting between North and South Korea<a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a></figcaption></figure> North Korea's energy infrastructure is obsolete and in disrepair. Power shortages are chronic and would not be alleviated even by electricity imports because the poorly maintained grid causes significant losses during transmission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009146-348">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> accounts for 70% of primary energy production, followed by <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> with 17%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009147-337">[328]</a> The government under Kim Jong Un has increased emphasis on renewable energy projects like wind farms, solar parks, solar heating and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IFES2-350">[341]</a> A set of legal regulations adopted in 2014 stressed the development of geothermal, wind and solar energy along with <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> and environmental conservation.<a href="#cite_note-IFES2-350">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[342]</a> North Korea's long-term objective is to curb fossil fuel usage and reach an output of 5 million <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt">kilowatts</a> from renewable sources by 2044, up from its current total of 430,000 kilowatts from all sources. Wind power is projected to satisfy 15% of the country's total energy demand under this strategy.<a href="#cite_note-352">[343]</a> North Korea also strives to develop its own civilian nuclear program. These efforts are under much international dispute due to their military applications and concerns about safety.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">Korean Committee of Space Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">National Aerospace Technology Administration</a></div> R&D efforts are concentrated at the State Academy of Sciences, which runs 40 research institutes, 200 smaller research centers, a scientific equipment factory and six publishing houses.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a> The government considers science and technology to be directly linked to economic development.<a href="#cite_note-IFES3-355">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a> A five-year scientific plan emphasizing IT, biotechnology, nanotechnology, marine technology, and laser and plasma research was carried out in the early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-IFES3-355">[346]</a> A 2010 report by the South Korean Science and Technology Policy Institute identified <a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">polymer chemistry</a>, single carbon materials, <a href="/wiki/Nanoscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoscience">nanoscience</a>, mathematics, software, nuclear technology and rocketry as potential areas of inter-Korean scientific cooperation. North Korean institutes are strong in these fields of research, although their engineers require additional training, and laboratories need equipment upgrades.<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg/170px-North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg/255px-North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg/340px-North_Korean_Unha-3_rocket_at_launch_pad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unha-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Unha-3">Unha-3</a> space launch vehicle at Sohae Satellite Launching Station</figcaption></figure> Under its "constructing a powerful <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">knowledge economy</a>" slogan, the state has launched a project to concentrate education, scientific research and production into a number of "high-tech development zones". International sanctions remain a significant obstacle to their development.<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a> The Miraewon network of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic library">electronic libraries</a> was established in 2014 under similar slogans.<a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a> Significant resources have been allocated to the national space program, which is managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">National Aerospace Technology Administration</a> (formerly managed by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">Korean Committee of Space Technology</a> until April 2013).<a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spacerace-361">[352]</a> Domestically produced <a href="/wiki/Space_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Space launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng_program" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng program">Kwangmyŏngsŏng satellite class</a> are launched from two <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceports</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tonghae_Satellite_Launching_Ground" title="Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground">Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station" title="Sohae Satellite Launching Station">Sohae Satellite Launching Station</a>. After four failed attempts, North Korea became the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">tenth spacefaring nation</a> with the launch of <a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-3_Unit_2" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2">Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2</a> in December 2012, which successfully reached orbit but was believed to be crippled and non-operational.<a href="#cite_note-ap20121218-362">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[354]</a> It joined the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> in 2009<a href="#cite_note-364">[355]</a> and has stated its intentions to undertake <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">crewed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon missions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spacerace-361">[352]</a> The government insisted the space program is for peaceful purposes, but the United States, Japan, South Korea and other countries maintained that it serves to advance North Korea's ballistic missile program.<a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a> On 7 February 2016, a statement broadcast on Korean Central Television said that a new Earth observation satellite, <a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-4" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4">Kwangmyongsong-4</a>, had successfully been put into orbit.<a href="#cite_note-UNSecurityCouncilVows-366">[357]</a> Usage of communication technology is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Post_and_Telecommunications_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (North Korea)">Ministry of Post and Telecommunications</a>. An adequate nationwide <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic</a> <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephone system</a> with 1.18 million fixed lines<a href="#cite_note-367">[358]</a> and expanding mobile coverage is in place.<a href="#cite_note-CIATelephone-12">[9]</a> Most phones are installed for senior government officials and installation requires written explanation why the user needs a telephone and how it will be paid for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench200722-368">[359]</a> Cellular coverage is available with a <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> network operated by <a href="/wiki/Koryolink" title="Koryolink">Koryolink</a>, a joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Orascom_Telecom_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Orascom Telecom Holding">Orascom Telecom Holding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20130426-369">[360]</a> The number of subscribers has increased from 3,000 in 2002<a href="#cite_note-370">[361]</a> to almost two million in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20130426-369">[360]</a> International calls through either fixed or cellular service are restricted, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Web" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Web">mobile Internet</a> is not available.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20130426-369">[360]</a> Internet access itself is limited to a handful of elite users and scientists. Instead, North Korea has a <a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">walled garden</a> <a href="/wiki/Intranet" title="Intranet">intranet</a> system called <a href="/wiki/Kwangmyong_(network)" title="Kwangmyong (network)">Kwangmyong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20121210-371">[362]</a> which is maintained and monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Computer_Center" title="Korea Computer Center">Korea Computer Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[363]</a> Its content is limited to state media, chat services, message boards,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20121210-371">[362]</a> an e-mail service and an estimated 1,000–5,500 websites.<a href="#cite_note-Bright-373">[364]</a> Computers employ the <a href="/wiki/Red_Star_OS" title="Red Star OS">Red Star OS</a>, an operating system derived from <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">user shell</a> visually similar to that of <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bright-373">[364]</a> On 19 September 2016, a TLDR project noticed the North Korean Internet DNS data and top-level domain was left open which allowed global DNS zone transfers. A dump of the data discovered was shared on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hersher2016-13">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[365]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea</figcaption></figure> North Korea's population was 10.9 million in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> With the exception of a small <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">Chinese community</a> and a few ethnic <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_North_Korea" title="Japanese people in North Korea">Japanese</a>, North Korea's 25,971,909<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-376">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-377">[368]</a> people are ethnically homogeneous.<a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> Demographic experts in the 20th century estimated that the population would grow to 25.5 million by 2000 and 28 million by 2010, but this increase never occurred due to the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200969-379">[370]</a> The famine began in 1995, lasted for three years, and resulted in the deaths of between 240,000 and 420,000 North Koreans.<a href="#cite_note-Spoorenberg-74">[66]</a> International donors led by the United States initiated shipments of food through the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program">World Food Program</a> in 1997 to combat the famine.<a href="#cite_note-380">[371]</a> Despite a drastic reduction of aid under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a> the situation gradually improved: the number of malnourished children declined from 60% in 1998<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxii-382">[373]</a> to 37% in 2006<a href="#cite_note-383">[374]</a> and 28% in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-384">[375]</a> Domestic food production almost recovered to the recommended annual level of 5.37 million tons of cereal equivalent in 2013,<a href="#cite_note-385">[376]</a> but the World Food Program reported a continuing lack of dietary diversity and access to fats and proteins.<a href="#cite_note-386">[377]</a> By the mid-2010s national levels of severe wasting, an indication of famine-like conditions, were lower than in other low-income countries and about on par with developing nations in the Pacific and East Asia. Children's health and nutrition is significantly better on a number of indicators than in many other Asian countries.<a href="#cite_note-387">[378]</a> The famine had a significant impact on the population growth rate, which declined to 0.9% annually in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200969-379">[370]</a> It was 0.5% in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-388">[379]</a> Late marriages after military service, limited housing space and long hours of work or political studies further exhaust the population and reduce growth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200969-379">[370]</a> The national birth rate is 14.5 births per year per 1,000 population.<a href="#cite_note-389">[380]</a> Two-thirds of households consist of <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended families</a> mostly living in two-room units. <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a> is virtually universal and <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> is extremely rare.<a href="#cite_note-PRB-390">[381]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Largest cities of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:Largest cities of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in North Korea <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331091148/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf">2008 Census</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative division</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative division</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyongyang"><img alt="Pyongyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg/120px-Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg/180px-Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg/240px-Pyongyang_western_view_April_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3587" data-file-height="2690" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamhung"><img alt="Hamhung" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg/120px-Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg/180px-Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg/240px-Hamhung_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang Capital City</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,255,288</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sunchon" title="Sunchon">Sunchon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyongan">South Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">297,317 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongjin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chongjin"><img alt="Chongjin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chongjin.jpg/120px-Chongjin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chongjin.jpg/180px-Chongjin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chongjin.jpg/240px-Chongjin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Nampocity.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nampo"><img alt="Nampo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nampocity.jpg/120px-Nampocity.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nampocity.jpg/180px-Nampocity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nampocity.jpg/240px-Nampocity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="414" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hamgyong">South Hamgyong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">768,551</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pyongsong" title="Pyongsong">Pyongsong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyongan">South Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">284,386 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hamgyong">North Hamgyong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">667,929</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Hwanghae" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hwanghae">South Hwanghae</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">273,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">366,815</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanggye" title="Kanggye">Kanggye</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chagang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagang">Chagang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">251,971 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kangwon_Province_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangwon Province (North Korea)">Kangwon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">363,127</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anju,_South_Pyongan" title="Anju, South Pyongan">Anju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyongan">South Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">240,117 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sinuiju" title="Sinuiju">Sinuiju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pyongan">North Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">359,341</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tokchon" title="Tokchon">Tokchon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyongan">South Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">237,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tanchon" title="Tanchon">Tanchon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hamgyong">South Hamgyong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">345,875</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kimchaek" title="Kimchaek">Kimchaek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hamgyong">North Hamgyong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaechon" title="Kaechon">Kaechon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyongan">South Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">319,554</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hwanghae">North Hwanghae</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">308,440</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kusong" title="Kusong">Kusong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pyongan">North Pyongan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">196,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sariwon" title="Sariwon">Sariwon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hwanghae">North Hwanghae</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">307,764</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hyesan" title="Hyesan">Hyesan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ryanggang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryanggang">Ryanggang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">192,680 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">North–South differences in the Korean language</a></div> North Korea shares the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> with South Korea, although some <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_differences_in_the_Korean_language" title="North–South differences in the Korean language">dialectal differences</a> exist within both Koreas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxii-382">[373]</a> North Koreans refer to their <a href="/wiki/Pyongan_dialect" title="Pyongan dialect">Pyongan dialect</a> as <a href="/wiki/Munhwa%C5%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Munhwaŏ">munhwaŏ</a> ("cultured language") as opposed to the dialects of South Korea, especially the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul dialect">Seoul dialect</a> or p'yojun'ŏ ("standard language"), which are viewed as decadent because of its use of loanwords from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Language-391">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minahan2014-392">[383]</a> Words of Chinese, Manchu or Western origin have been eliminated from munhwa along with the usage of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Hancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hancha">hancha</a> characters.<a href="#cite_note-Language-391">[382]</a> Written language uses only the <a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn%27g%C5%ADl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn'gŭl">Chosŏn'gŭl</a> (Hangul) phonetic alphabet, developed under <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> (1418–1450).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley201389-393">[384]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200918-394">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilgol_Church_(15545529301).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg/220px-Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg/330px-Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg/440px-Chilgol_Church_%2815545529301%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chilgol_Church" title="Chilgol Church">Chilgol Church</a> in Pyongyang, where <a href="/wiki/Kang_Pan-sok" class="mw-redirect" title="Kang Pan-sok">Kang Pan-sok</a>—the mother of the late supreme leader Kim Il Sung—served as a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Deaconess" title="Deaconess">deaconess</a></figcaption></figure> North Korea is officially an <a href="/wiki/Atheist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist state">atheist state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cavendish2007-395">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-PalmerOBrien1993-396">[387]</a> Its constitution guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">freedom of religion</a> under Article 68, but this principle is limited by the requirement that religion may not be used as a pretext to harm the state, introduce foreign forces, or harm the existing social order.<a href="#cite_note-naenara-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2019216-397">[388]</a> Religious practice is therefore restricted,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009115-398">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[390]</a> despite nominal constitutional protections.<a href="#cite_note-400">[391]</a> Proselytizing is also prohibited due to concerns about foreign influence. The number of Christian churchgoers nonetheless more than doubled between the 1980s and the early 2000s due to the recruitment of Christians who previously worshipped privately or in small house churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2019233-401">[392]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Open_Doors" title="Open Doors">Open Doors</a> mission, a Protestant group based in the United States and founded during the Cold War era, claims the most severe <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution of Christians</a> in the world occurs in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-opendoors-402">[393]</a> There are no known official statistics of religions in North Korea. According to a 2020 study published by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_World_Christianity" title="Centre for the Study of World Christianity">Centre for the Study of World Christianity</a>, 73% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a> (58% <a href="/wiki/Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a>, 15% <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>), 13% practice <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Chondoism</a>, 12% practice <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a>, 1.5% are <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, and less than 0.5% practice another religion such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Korea" title="Islam in Korea">Islam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[394]</a> Amnesty International has expressed concerns about religious persecution in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-:0-264">[255]</a> Pro-North groups such as the Paektu Solidarity Alliance deny these claims, saying that multiple religious facilities exist across the nation.<a href="#cite_note-404">[395]</a> Some religious places of worship are located in foreign embassies in the capital city of Pyongyang.<a href="#cite_note-405">[396]</a> Five Christian churches built with state funds stand in Pyongyang: three Protestant, one Roman Catholic, and one Russian Orthodox.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2019233-401">[392]</a> Critics claim these are showcases for foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-406">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[398]</a> Buddhism and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Confucianism</a> still influence spirituality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200914-408">[399]</a> Chondoism ("Heavenly Way") is an indigenous <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic belief</a> combining elements of Korean shamanism, Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Taoism_in_Korea" title="Taoism in Korea">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> that is officially represented by the WPK-controlled <a href="/wiki/Chondoist_Chongu_Party" title="Chondoist Chongu Party">Chondoist Chongu Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009120-409">[400]</a> Chondoism is recognized and favored by the government, being seen as an indigenous form of "revolutionary religion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2019216-397">[388]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_(7968604172).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg/220px-Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg/330px-Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg/440px-Laika_ac_Grand_People%27s_Study_House_%287968604172%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4921" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption>English lecture at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_People%27s_Study_House" title="Grand People's Study House">Grand People's Study House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2008_North_Korea_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 North Korea census">2008 census</a> listed the entire population as literate.<a href="#cite_note-PRB-390">[381]</a> An 11-year free, compulsory cycle of primary and secondary education is provided in more than 27,000 <a href="/wiki/Nursery_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Nursery school">nursery schools</a>, 14,000 <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergartens</a>, 4,800 four-year primary and 4,700 six-year secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxii-382">[373]</a> 77% of males and 79% of females aged 30–34 have finished secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-PRB-390">[381]</a> An additional 300 universities and colleges offer <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009xxii-382">[373]</a> Most graduates from the compulsory program do not attend university but begin their obligatory military service or proceed to work in farms or factories instead. The main deficiencies of higher education are the heavy presence of ideological subjects, which comprise 50% of courses in social studies and 20% in sciences,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009122-410">[401]</a> and the imbalances in curriculum. The study of natural sciences is greatly emphasized while social sciences are neglected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009123-411">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heuristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics">Heuristics</a> is actively applied to develop the independence and creativity of students throughout the system.<a href="#cite_note-412">[403]</a> The study of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was made compulsory in upper middle schools in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009124-413">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_North_Korea" title="Health in North Korea">Health in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg/220px-North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg/330px-North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg/440px-North_Korea-Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A dental clinic at <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital" title="Pyongyang Maternity Hospital">Pyongyang Maternity Hospital</a></figcaption></figure> North Korea has a life expectancy of 72.3 years in 2019, according to HDR 2020.<a href="#cite_note-414">[405]</a> While North Korea is classified as a low-income country, the structure of North Korea's causes of death (2013) is unlike that of other low-income countries.<a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_the_Burden_of_Diseases-415">[406]</a> Instead, it is closer to worldwide averages, with non-communicable diseases—such as cardiovascular disease and cancers—accounting for 84 percent of the total deaths in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-416">[407]</a> According to the World Bank report of 2016 (based on <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>'s estimate), only 9.5% of the total deaths recorded in North Korea are attributed to communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions, a figure which is slightly lower than that of South Korea (10.1%) and one fifth of other low-income countries (50.1%) but higher than that of high income countries (6.7%).<a href="#cite_note-417">[408]</a> Only one out of ten leading causes of overall deaths in North Korea is attributed to communicable diseases (<a href="/wiki/Lower_respiratory_tract_infection" title="Lower respiratory tract infection">lower respiratory infection</a>), a disease which is reported to have declined by six percent since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-:2-418">[409]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> as a single disease group was reported as the largest cause of death in North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_the_Burden_of_Diseases-415">[406]</a> The three major causes of death in North Korea are <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-418">[409]</a> Non-communicable diseases risk factors in North Korea include high rates of urbanization, an aging society, and high rates of <a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">smoking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> consumption amongst men.<a href="#cite_note-Overview_of_the_Burden_of_Diseases-415">[406]</a> Maternal mortality is lower than other low-income countries, but significantly higher than South Korea and other high income countries, at 89 per 100,000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-419">[410]</a> In 2008 child mortality was estimated to be 45 per 1,000, which is much better than other economically comparable countries. <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a> for example had a child mortality rate of 120 per 1,000, despite the fact that Chad was most likely wealthier than North Korea at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[58]</a> Healthcare Access and Quality Index, as calculated by <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation" title="Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation">IHME</a>, was reported to stand at 62.3, much lower than that of South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-420">[411]</a> According to a 2003 report by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, almost 100% of the population has access to water and sanitation.<a href="#cite_note-Life_Inside_North_Korea-421">[412]</a> Further, 80% of the population had access to <a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved sanitation</a> facilities in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-422">[413]</a> North Korea has the highest number of doctors per capita amongst low-income countries, with 3.7 physicians per 1,000 people, a figure which is also significantly higher than that of South Korea, according to <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>'s data.<a href="#cite_note-423">[414]</a> Conflicting reports between Amnesty and WHO have emerged, where the Amnesty report claimed that North Korea had an inadequate health care system, while the Director of the World Health Organization claimed that North Korea's healthcare system was considered the envy of the developing world and had "no lack of doctors and nurses".<a href="#cite_note-424">[415]</a> A free universal insurance system is in place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Profile20077–8-307">[298]</a> Quality of medical care varies significantly by region<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009127-425">[416]</a> and is often low, with severe shortages of equipment, drugs and anesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-cha-312">[303]</a> According to WHO, expenditure on health per capita is one of the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cha-312">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a> is emphasized through physical exercise and sports, nationwide monthly checkups and routine spraying of public places against disease. Every individual has a lifetime health card which contains a full medical record.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009126-426">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songbun">Songbun</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Songbun" title="Songbun">Songbun</a></div> According to North Korean documents and refugee testimonies,<a href="#cite_note-HRNKSongbun-427">[418]</a> all North Koreans are sorted into groups according to their <a href="/wiki/Songbun" title="Songbun">Songbun</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ascribed_status" title="Ascribed status">ascribed status</a> system based on a citizen's assessed loyalty to the government. Based on their own behavior and the political, social, and economic background of their family for three generations as well as behavior by relatives within that range, Songbun is allegedly used to determine whether an individual is trusted with responsibility or given certain opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-NKSongbun-428">[419]</a> Songbun allegedly affects access to educational and employment opportunities and particularly whether a person is eligible to join North Korea's ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-NKSongbun-428">[419]</a> There are 3 main classifications and about 50 sub-classifications. According to Kim Il Sung, speaking in 1958, the loyal "core class" constituted 25% of the North Korean population, the "wavering class" 55%, and the "hostile class" 20%.<a href="#cite_note-HRNKSongbun-427">[418]</a> The highest status is accorded to individuals descended from those who participated with Kim Il Sung in the resistance against Japanese occupation before and during World War II and to those who were factory workers, laborers, or peasants in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-BRHLH-429">[420]</a> While some analysts believe private commerce recently changed the Songbun system to some extent,<a href="#cite_note-430">[421]</a> most North Korean refugees say it remains a commanding presence in everyday life.<a href="#cite_note-HRNKSongbun-427">[418]</a> The North Korean government claims all citizens are equal and denies any discrimination on the basis of family background.<a href="#cite_note-431">[422]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_(10449400303).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg/220px-Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg/330px-Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg/440px-Pyohunsa_Temple_-_Mount_Kumgang_North_Korea_%2810449400303%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyohunsa" title="Pyohunsa">Pyohunsa</a> Buddhist Temple, a <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of North Korea">National Treasure of North Korea</a></figcaption></figure> Despite a historically strong Chinese influence, Korean culture has shaped its own unique identity.<a href="#cite_note-Fairbank_et_al.-432">[423]</a> It came under attack during the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> from 1910 to 1945, when Japan enforced a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> policy. Koreans were forced to learn and speak Japanese, adopt the Japanese family name system and <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion, and were forbidden to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places.<a href="#cite_note-433">[424]</a> After the peninsula was divided in 1945, two distinct cultures formed out of the common Korean heritage. North Koreans have little exposure to foreign influence.<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Culture-434">[425]</a> The revolutionary struggle and the brilliance of the leadership are some of the main themes in art. "Reactionary" elements from traditional culture have been discarded and cultural forms with a "folk" spirit have been reintroduced.<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Culture-434">[425]</a> Korean heritage is protected and maintained by the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003496–497-435">[426]</a> Over 190 historical sites and objects of national significance are cataloged as <a href="/wiki/National_Treasures_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Treasures of North Korea">National Treasures of North Korea</a>, while some 1,800 less valuable artifacts are included in a list of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assets_of_North_Korea" title="Cultural assets of North Korea">Cultural Assets</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Historic_Monuments_and_Sites_in_Kaesong" title="Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong">Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Complex_of_Koguryo_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex of Koguryo Tombs">Complex of Koguryo Tombs</a> are <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[427]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo_tombs" title="Goguryeo tombs">Goguryeo tombs</a> are registered on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. These remains were registered as the first World Heritage property of North Korea in the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">World Heritage Committee</a> (WHC) in July 2004. There are 63 burial mounds on the site, with clear murals preserved. The burial customs of the Goguryeo culture have influenced Asian civilizations beyond Korea, including Japan.<a href="#cite_note-437">[428]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></div> Visual arts are generally produced in the aesthetic of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Socialist_realism-438">[429]</a> North Korean painting combines the influence of Soviet and Japanese visual expression to instill a sentimental loyalty to the system.<a href="#cite_note-Art_world-439">[430]</a> All artists in North Korea are required to join the Artists' Union, and the best among them can receive an official license to portray the leaders. Portraits and sculptures depicting Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il and Kim Jong Un are classed as "Number One works".<a href="#cite_note-Socialist_realism-438">[429]</a> Most aspects of art have been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Art_Studio" title="Mansudae Art Studio">Mansudae Art Studio</a> since its establishment in 1959. It employs around 1,000 artists in what is likely the biggest art factory in the world where paintings, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a> and monuments are designed and produced.<a href="#cite_note-BussinessWeek-440">[431]</a> The studio has commercialized its activity and sells its works to collectors in a variety of countries including China, where it is in high demand.<a href="#cite_note-Art_world-439">[430]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Overseas_Projects" title="Mansudae Overseas Projects">Mansudae Overseas Projects</a> is a subdivision of Mansudae Art Studio that carries out construction of large-scale monuments for international customers.<a href="#cite_note-BussinessWeek-440">[431]</a> Some of the projects include the <a href="/wiki/African_Renaissance_Monument" title="African Renaissance Monument">African Renaissance Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-441">[432]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heroes%27_Acre_(Namibia)" title="Heroes' Acre (Namibia)">Heroes' Acre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-442">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_(5015250703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg/220px-North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg/330px-North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg/440px-North_Korea_%285015250703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A North Korean bookstore with works of Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il</figcaption></figure> All publishing houses are owned by the government or the WPK because they are considered an important tool for <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003423–424-443">[434]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea_Publishing_House" title="Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House">Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House</a> is the most authoritative among them and publishes all <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_bibliography" title="Kim Il Sung bibliography">works of Kim Il Sung</a>, ideological education materials and party policy documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003424-444">[435]</a> The availability of foreign literature is limited, examples being North Korean editions of Indian, German, Chinese and Russian fairy tales, <a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Shakespeare" title="Tales from Shakespeare">Tales from Shakespeare</a>, some works of <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Art_world-439">[430]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Potter series">Harry Potter series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-445">[436]</a> Kim Il Sung's personal works are considered "classical masterpieces" while the ones created under his instruction are labeled "models of Juche literature". These include The Fate of a Self-Defense Corps Man, The Song of Korea and Immortal History, a series of historical novels depicting the suffering of Koreans under Japanese occupation.<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Culture-434">[425]</a><a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Lit-446">[437]</a> More than four million literary works were published between the 1980s and the early 2000s, but almost all of them belong to a narrow variety of political genres like "army-first revolutionary literature".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003475-447">[438]</a> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a> is considered a secondary genre because it somewhat departs from the traditional standards of detailed descriptions and metaphors of the leader. The exotic settings of the stories give authors more freedom to depict <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, which are absent in other genres. Sci-fi works glorify technology and promote the Juche concept of <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentric existence</a> through depictions of <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-448">[439]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">Music of North Korea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Song_of_Comradeship_excerpt.ogg" title="File:Song of Comradeship excerpt.ogg">"Song of Comradeship"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Song_of_Comradeship_excerpt.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6f/Song_of_Comradeship_excerpt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/6/6f/Song_of_Comradeship_excerpt.ogg/Song_of_Comradeship_excerpt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">performed by the <a href="/wiki/KPA_State_Chorus" class="mw-redirect" title="KPA State Chorus">KPA State Chorus</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Moranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg" title="File:Moranbong Band excerpt.ogg">"Let us Dash towards the Future"</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Moranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/aa/Moranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/a/aa/Moranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg/Moranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMoranbong_Band_excerpt.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">performed by <a href="/wiki/Moranbong_Band" title="Moranbong Band">Moranbong Band</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The government emphasized optimistic folk-based tunes and revolutionary music throughout most of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Culture-434">[425]</a> Ideological messages are conveyed through massive orchestral pieces like the "<a href="/wiki/Korean_revolutionary_opera" title="Korean revolutionary opera">Five Great Revolutionary Operas</a>" based on traditional Korean <a href="/wiki/Changgeuk" title="Changgeuk">ch'angguk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Lit-446">[437]</a> Revolutionary operas differ from their Western counterparts by adding traditional instruments to the orchestra and avoiding <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a> segments.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_of_Blood-449">[440]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Blood" title="Sea of Blood">Sea of Blood</a> is the most widely performed of the Five Great Operas: since its premiere in 1971, it has been played over 1,500 times,<a href="#cite_note-450">[441]</a> and its 2010 tour in China was a major success.<a href="#cite_note-Sea_of_Blood-449">[440]</a> Western <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Stravinsky</a> and other composers is performed both by the <a href="/wiki/State_Symphony_Orchestra_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="State Symphony Orchestra of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">State Symphony Orchestra</a> and student orchestras.<a href="#cite_note-451">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a> appeared in the 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Pochonbo_Electronic_Ensemble" title="Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble">Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wangjaesan_Light_Music_Band" title="Wangjaesan Light Music Band">Wangjaesan Light Music Band</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moranbong-452">[443]</a> Improved relations with South Korea following the <a href="/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit" title="2000 inter-Korean summit">2000 inter-Korean summit</a> caused a decline in direct ideological messages in pop songs, but themes like comradeship, nostalgia and the construction of a powerful country remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003478-453">[444]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/All-female_band" title="All-female band">all-girl</a> <a href="/wiki/Moranbong_Band" title="Moranbong Band">Moranbong Band</a> was described as the most popular group in the country.<a href="#cite_note-454">[445]</a> North Koreans also listen to <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a> which spreads through illegal markets.<a href="#cite_note-455">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of North Korea">Media of North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG/220px-Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG/330px-Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG/440px-Pyongyang_TV_Tower_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_TV_Tower" title="Pyongyang TV Tower">Pyongyang TV Tower</a> designed after <a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a> in Moscow</figcaption></figure> Government policies towards <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> are no different from those applied to other arts—motion pictures serve to fulfill the targets of "social education". Some of the most influential films are based on historic events (An Jung-geun shoots Itō Hirobumi) or folk tales (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Gildong_jeon" title="Hong Gildong jeon">Hong Gildong</a>).<a href="#cite_note-LCCS_Lit-446">[437]</a> Most movies have predictable propaganda story lines which make cinema an unpopular entertainment; viewers only see films that feature their favorite actors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009114-457">[448]</a> Western productions are only available at private showings to high-ranking Party members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200994-458">[449]</a> although the 1997 film <a href="/wiki/Titanic_(1997_film)" title="Titanic (1997 film)">Titanic</a> is frequently shown to university students as an example of Western culture.<a href="#cite_note-459">[450]</a> Access to foreign media products is available through smuggled <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a> and television or radio broadcasts in border areas.<a href="#cite_note-intermedia-460">[451]</a> Western films like <a href="/wiki/The_Interview" title="The Interview">The Interview</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels_(2000_film)" title="Charlie's Angels (2000 film)">Charlie's Angels</a>, and the aforementioned Titanic are just a few films that have been smuggled across the borders of North Korea, allowing for access to the North Korean citizens.<a href="#cite_note-461">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[453]</a> North Korean media are under some of the strictest government control in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_North_Korea" title="Censorship in North Korea">censorship in North Korea</a> encompasses all the information produced by the media. Monitored heavily by government officials, the media is strictly used to reinforce ideals approved by the government.<a href="#cite_note-:1-463">[454]</a> There is no freedom of press in North Korea as all the media is controlled and filtered through governmental censors.<a href="#cite_note-:1-463">[454]</a> Freedom of the press in 2017 was 180th out of 180 countries in <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>' annual <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[455]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, all media outlets serve as government mouthpieces, all journalists are party members and listening to foreign broadcasts carries the threat of the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-465">[456]</a> The main news provider is the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a>. All 12 major <a href="/wiki/Newspapers_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers in North Korea">newspapers</a> and 20 periodicals, including <a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a>, are published in the capital.<a href="#cite_note-466">[457]</a> There are three state-owned TV stations. Two of them broadcast only on weekends and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Television" title="Korean Central Television">Korean Central Television</a> is on air every day in the evenings.<a href="#cite_note-467">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uriminzokkiri" title="Uriminzokkiri">Uriminzokkiri</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> accounts distribute imagery, news and video issued by government media.<a href="#cite_note-468">[459]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> opened the first Western all-format, full-time bureau in Pyongyang in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-469">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_North_Korea" title="Media coverage of North Korea">Media coverage of North Korea</a> has often been inadequate as a result of the country's isolation. Stories like Kim Jong Un executing his ex-girlfriend or feeding his uncle to a pack of hungry dogs have been circulated by foreign media as truth despite the lack of a credible source.<a href="#cite_note-transfixed-470">[461]</a> Many of the claims originate from the South Korean <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-471">[462]</a> Max Fisher of <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> has written that "almost any story [on North Korea] is treated as broadly credible, no matter how outlandish or thinly sourced".<a href="#cite_note-472">[463]</a> Occasional deliberate disinformation on the part of North Korean establishments further complicates the issue.<a href="#cite_note-transfixed-470">[461]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_(12330376074).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg/220px-North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg/330px-North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg/440px-North_Korean_Bibimbap_%EB%B9%84%EB%B9%94%EB%B0%A5_%2812330376074%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>North Korean <a href="/wiki/Yukhoe" title="Yukhoe">yukhoe</a> <a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">bibimbap</a></figcaption></figure> Korean cuisine has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Originating from ancient <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">agricultural and nomadic traditions</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, it has gone through a complex interaction of the natural environment and different cultural trends.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Cuisine-473">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> dishes and <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a> are staple Korean food. In a traditional meal, they accompany both side dishes (<a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">panch'an</a>) and main courses like <a href="/wiki/Juk_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juk (food)">juk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">pulgogi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Noodles" class="mw-redirect" title="Noodles">noodles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a> liquor is the best-known traditional Korean spirit.<a href="#cite_note-474">[465]</a> North Korea's most famous restaurant, <a href="/wiki/Okryu-gwan" title="Okryu-gwan">Okryu-gwan</a>, located in Pyongyang, is known for its <a href="/wiki/Naengmyeon" title="Naengmyeon">raengmyeon</a> cold noodles.<a href="#cite_note-Okryu-475">[466]</a> Other dishes served there include <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">gray mullet</a> soup with boiled rice, <a href="/wiki/Galbitang" class="mw-redirect" title="Galbitang">beef rib soup</a>, green bean pancake, <a href="/wiki/Sinseollo" title="Sinseollo">sinsollo</a> and dishes made from <a href="/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">terrapin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-476">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-477">[468]</a> Okryu-gwan sends research teams into the countryside to collect data on <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> and introduce new recipes.<a href="#cite_note-Okryu-475">[466]</a> Some Asian cities host branches of the <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_(restaurant_chain)" title="Pyongyang (restaurant chain)">Pyongyang restaurant chain</a> where waitresses perform music and dance.<a href="#cite_note-478">[469]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg/220px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg/330px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg/440px-FIFA_World_Cup_2010_Brazil_North_Korea_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2387" /></a><figcaption>North Korea (in red) against Brazil at the 2010 FIFA World Cup</figcaption></figure> Most schools have daily practice in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> and others. The <a href="/wiki/DPR_Korea_League" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR Korea League">DPR Korea League</a> is popular inside the country and its games are often televised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009114-457">[448]</a> The national football team, <a href="/wiki/Korea_DPR_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea DPR national football team">Chollima</a>, competed in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>, when it lost all three matches against <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team" title="Ivory Coast national football team">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[470]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1966 FIFA World Cup">1966 appearance</a> was much more successful, seeing a surprise 1–0 victory over <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_football_team" title="Italy national football team">Italy</a> and a quarter final loss to Portugal by 3–5.<a href="#cite_note-480">[471]</a> A <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korea national basketball team">national team</a> represents the nation in international basketball competitions as well. In December 2013, former American basketball professional <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Rodman" title="Dennis Rodman">Dennis Rodman</a> visited North Korea to help train the national team after he developed a friendship with Kim Jong Un.<a href="#cite_note-481">[472]</a> North Korea's <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_at_the_Olympics" title="North Korea at the Olympics">first appearance</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympics">Olympics</a> came <a href="/wiki/1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">in 1964</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Olympics</a> saw its summer games debut and five medals, including one gold. With the exception of the boycotted <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Seoul Olympics</a>, North Korean athletes have won medals in all summer games since then.<a href="#cite_note-482">[473]</a> <a href="/wiki/Weightlifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Weightlifter">Weightlifter</a> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Un-guk" title="Kim Un-guk">Kim Un-guk</a> broke the <a href="/wiki/World_record" title="World record">world record</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_62_kg" title="Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 62 kg">Men's 62 kg</a> category at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-483">[474]</a> Successful Olympians receive luxury apartments from the state in recognition for their achievements.<a href="#cite_note-484">[475]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG/220px-Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG/330px-Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG/440px-Arirang_Mass_Games_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Arirang_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang Festival">Arirang Festival</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Mass Games</a> has been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the biggest choreographic event in the world.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2007-485">[476]</a> Some 100,000 athletes perform <a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_gymnastics" title="Rhythmic gymnastics">rhythmic gymnastics</a> and dances while another 40,000 participants create a vast animated screen in the background. The event is an artistic representation of the country's history and pays homage to Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il.<a href="#cite_note-reuters2007-485">[476]</a><a href="#cite_note-arirang-486">[477]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium" title="Rungrado 1st of May Stadium">Rungrado 1st of May Stadium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of stadiums by capacity">largest stadium in the world</a> with its capacity of 150,000, hosts the Festival.<a href="#cite_note-arirang-486">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[478]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Marathon" title="Pyongyang Marathon">Pyongyang Marathon</a> is another notable sports event. It is an <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Road_Race_Label_Events" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF Road Race Label Events">IAAF Bronze Label Race</a> where amateur runners from around the world can participate.<a href="#cite_note-488">[479]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_North_Korea" title="Bibliography of North Korea">Bibliography of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_border" title="China–North Korea border">China–North Korea border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_North_Korea" title="Outline of North Korea">Outline of North Korea</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> 58% agnostic, 15% atheist. North Korea is officially an <a href="/wiki/Atheist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist state">atheist state</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_leader_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme leader of North Korea">Supreme leader of North Korea</a>, who holds the titles of: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_of_North_Korea" title="President of the State Affairs of North Korea">President of the State Affairs of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_North_Korea" title="Commander-in-Chief of North Korea">Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Force</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> North Koreans use the name Chosŏn (조선, 朝鮮) when referring to North Korea or Korea as a whole. The literal translation of North Korea, Pukchosŏn (북조선, 北朝鮮), is rarely used, although it may be found in sources which predate the Korean War. South Koreans use Bukhan (북한, 北韓) when referring to North Korea, derived from the South Korean name for Korea, Hanguk (한국, 韓國). </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <div><ul><li>Also abbreviated as DPR Korea and Korea, DPR</li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 조선민주주의인민공화국, <a href="/wiki/Hancha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hancha">Hancha</a>: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國, <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">MR</a>: Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> North Korea's border with South Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> The constitution of the DPRK, Article 1, states that "The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is an independent socialist State representing the interests of all the Korean people."<a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> In spite of the United States' recognition of South Korea de jure, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> acts as its <a href="/wiki/Protecting_power" title="Protecting power">protecting power</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2016" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA6">North Korea: A Country Study</a>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0"><bdi>978-1-59033-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-443-0&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybmFuqReAqUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Han Chinese built four commanderies, or local military units, to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lolang (Nangnang in Korean), near present-day P'yongyang. It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea, as well as both countries' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism, that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2003" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Edgar V. (2003). Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Science Publishers. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0"><bdi>978-1-59033-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-443-0&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Edgar+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"They place it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing, in order to de-emphasize China's influence on ancient Korean history."</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA18">18</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>"Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung2000" class="citation book cs1">Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA129">Constructing "Korean" Origins</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+%22Korean%22+Origins&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00244-9&rft.aulast=Hyung&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxztLeLoVkQC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"When material evidence from the Han commandery site excavated during the colonial period began to be reinterpreted by Korean nationalist historians as the first full-fledged "foreign" occupation in Korean history, Lelang's location in the heart of the Korean peninsula became particularly irksome because the finds seemed to verify Japanese colonial theories concerning the dependency of Korean civilization on China."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung2000" class="citation book cs1">Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA128">Constructing "Korean" Origins</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+%22Korean%22+Origins&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00244-9&rft.aulast=Hyung&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxztLeLoVkQC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"At present, the site of Lelang and surrounding ancient Han Chinese remains are situated in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Although North Korean scholars have continued to excavate Han dynasty tombs in the postwar period, they have interpreted them as manifestations of the Kochoson or the Koguryo kingdom."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2007" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFYVwaS8N58C&pg=PA223">That glorious ancient history of our nation</a>. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44036-9"><bdi>978-0-549-44036-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+glorious+ancient+history+of+our+nation&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-44036-9&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Stella+Yingzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFYVwaS8N58C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Lelang Commandery was crucial to understanding the early history of Korea, which lasted from 108 BCE to 313 CE around the Pyongyang area. However, because of its nature as a Han colony and the exceptional attention paid to it by Japanese colonial scholars for making claims of the innate heteronomy of Koreans, post 1945 Korean scholars intentionally avoided the issue of Lelang."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA227">Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume 2: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07912-9"><bdi>978-0-231-07912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+Korean+Civilization%3A+Volume+2%3A+From+the+Seventeenth+Century+to+the+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07912-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN66XyMJ_sNsC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson, all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China."</dd></dl> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-north/">"Korea, North"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150812052526/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kn.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2015. 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NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160922004655/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/21/494902997/north-korea-accidentally-reveals-it-only-has-28-websites">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Accidentally+Reveals+It+Only+Has+28+Websites&rft.date=2016-09-21&rft.aulast=Hersher&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2016%2F09%2F21%2F494902997%2Fnorth-korea-accidentally-reveals-it-only-has-28-websites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2024" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (16 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/16/unification-with-south-korea-no-longer-possible-says-kim-jong-un">"Unification with South Korea no longer possible, says Kim Jong-un"</a>. The Guardian. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Unification+with+South+Korea+no+longer+possible%2C+says+Kim+Jong-un&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fjan%2F16%2Funification-with-south-korea-no-longer-possible-says-kim-jong-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1">"Chapter I. 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Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. p. 175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+since+1850&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Longman+Cheshire&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lone&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=McCormack%2C+Gavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi">Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/113">113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreastwentieth00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2005" class="citation web cs1">Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318052905/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html">"North Korea's missionary position"</a>. Asia Times Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html">the original</a> on 18 March 2005. Retrieved 24 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+missionary+position&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FGC16Dg03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/85">Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/85">85–87, 155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Twentieth-Century+Odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=85-87%2C+155&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreastwentieth00robi%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060925042059/http://www.pcgn.org.uk/North%20Korea-%20Land%20of%20the%20Morning%20Calm-%202003.pdf">"Administrative Population and Divisions Figures (#26)"</a> (PDF). DPRK: The Land of the Morning Calm. Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use. April 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgn.org.uk/North%20Korea-%20Land%20of%20the%20Morning%20Calm-%202003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 September 2006. Retrieved 10 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DPRK%3A+The+Land+of+the+Morning+Calm&rft.atitle=Administrative+Population+and+Divisions+Figures+%28%2326%29&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgn.org.uk%2FNorth%2520Korea-%2520Land%2520of%2520the%2520Morning%2520Calm-%25202003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LankovArticle-37"><a href="#cite_ref-LankovArticle_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2012" class="citation news cs1">Lankov, Andrei (25 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/01/363_103451.html">"Terenti Shtykov: the other ruler of nascent N. Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150417010008/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2012/01/363_103451.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Terenti+Shtykov%3A+the+other+ruler+of+nascent+N.+Korea&rft.date=2012-01-25&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2012%2F01%2F363_103451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-CLIO-38"><a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2011" class="citation web cs1">Dowling, Timothy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/contentpages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1498210&currentSection=1498040&productid=33">"Terentii Shtykov"</a>. History and the Headlines. ABC-CLIO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924030620/http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/contentpages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1498210&currentSection=1498040&productid=33">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+and+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=Terentii+Shtykov&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com%2Fcontentpages%2FContentPage.aspx%3FentryId%3D1498210%26currentSection%3D1498040%26productid%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lankov1945-1948-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Lankov1945-1948_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov" class="citation book cs1">Lankov, Andrei. "North Korea in 1945–48: The Soviet Occupation and the Birth of the State". From Stalin to Kim Il Sung – The Formation of North Korea, 1945–1960. pp. 2–3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=North+Korea+in+1945%E2%80%9348%3A+The+Soviet+Occupation+and+the+Birth+of+the+State&rft.btitle=From+Stalin+to+Kim+Il+Sung+%E2%80%93+The+Formation+of+North+Korea%2C+1945%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=2-3&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lankov2-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Lankov2_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2013" class="citation book cs1">Lankov, Andrei (10 April 2013). <a href="/wiki/The_Real_North_Korea:_Life_and_Politics_in_the_Failed_Stalinist_Utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia">The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+North+Korea%3A+Life+and+Politics+in+the+Failed+Stalinist+Utopia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Security-Council/History">"United Nations Security Council – History"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512213111/https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Security-Council/History">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Security+Council+%E2%80%93+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUnited-Nations-Security-Council%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090627213353/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C528320%2C00.html">"U.S.: N. Korea Boosting Guerrilla War Capabilities"</a>. Fox News Network, LLC. Associated Press. 23 June 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,528320,00.html">the original</a> on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Network%2C+LLC&rft.atitle=U.S.%3A+N.+Korea+Boosting+Guerrilla+War+Capabilities&rft.date=2009-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C528320%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_p.45-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p.45_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2014). "The Evolving Asian System". International Relations of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442226418" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442226418"><bdi>978-1442226418</bdi></a>. <q>With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam – East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (2 million), and the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">genocide</a> in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Asian+System&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442226418&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumings_p._35-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (2011). The Korean War: A History. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812978964" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812978964"><bdi>978-0812978964</bdi></a>. <q>Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of nonhostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812978964&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2010" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu">Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu/page/n217">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139486224" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139486224"><bdi>978-1139486224</bdi></a>. <q>In Korea, war in the early 1950s cost nearly 3 million lives, including nearly a million civilian dead in South Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth%2C+Health%2C+and+Democracy+in+East+Asia+and+Latin+America&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1139486224&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwealthhealthdemo00mcgu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain">The Cold War: An International History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain/page/n40">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415153164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415153164"><bdi>978-0415153164</bdi></a>. <q>Before it ended, the Korean War cost over 3 million people their lives, including over 50,000 US servicemen and women and a much higher number of Chinese and Korean lives. The war also set in motion a number of changes that led to the militarization and intensification of the Cold War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415153164&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarinternati00pain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/America_in_Vietnam" title="America in Vietnam">America in Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 450–453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199874231" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199874231"><bdi>978-0199874231</bdi></a>. <q>For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=450-453&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0199874231&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2010">Armstrong 2010</a>, p. 1: "The number of Korean dead, injured or missing by war's end approached three million, ten percent of the overall population. The majority of those killed were in the North, which had half of the population of the South; although the DPRK does not have official figures, possibly twelve to fifteen percent of the population was killed in the war, a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II." </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc/page/297">Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History</a>. WW Norton & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc/page/297">297–298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31681-0"><bdi>978-0-393-31681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Place+in+the+Sun%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.pages=297-298&rft.pub=WW+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31681-0&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreasplaceinsun00bruc%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJager2013237–242-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJager2013237–242_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJager2013">Jager 2013</a>, pp. 237–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMH-51"><a href="#cite_ref-AMH_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2005" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Richard W., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528231553/http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/">"The Korean War, 1950–1953"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/">American Military History, Volume 2</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 30-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm">the original</a> on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 20 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Korean+War%2C+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.btitle=American+Military+History%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FAMH-V2%2FAMH%2520V2%2Fchapter8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbt2014125–126-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbt2014125–126_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbt2014">Abt 2014</a>, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brune1996-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Brune1996_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrune1996" class="citation book cs1">Brune, Lester H. 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University of Alabama, 1978, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-NKMajorPowers-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NKMajorPowers_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NKMajorPowers_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagoriaKim1975" class="citation journal cs1">Zagoria, Donald S.; Kim, Young Kun (December 1975). "North Korea and the Major Powers". Asian Survey. 15 (12): 1017–1035. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2643582">10.2307/2643582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643582">2643582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=North+Korea+and+the+Major+Powers&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1017-1035&rft.date=1975-12&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2643582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2643582&rft.aulast=Zagoria&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Young+Kun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009XV-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009XV_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. XV. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Schaefer, Bernd. "North Korean 'Adventurism' and China's Long Shadow, 1966–1972". Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell196" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John Coert (196). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T44nUbmBAD8C&q=%E2%80%9CCaptive+Nations%E2%80%9D&pg=RA1-PA116">American Policy Toward Communist Eastern Europe: The Choices Ahead</a>. Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0345-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0345-6"><bdi>0-8166-0345-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Policy+Toward+Communist+Eastern+Europe%3A+The+Choices+Ahead&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=196&rft.isbn=0-8166-0345-6&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John+Coert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT44nUbmBAD8C%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CCaptive%2BNations%25E2%2580%259D%26pg%3DRA1-PA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong2-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong2_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles. 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Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=North+Korea+election+turnout+99.99+percent%3A+State+media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F3%2F12%2Fnorth-korea-election-turnout-99-99-percent-state-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33584638">"North Korea elections: What is decided and how?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 19 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004192001/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-33584638">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230610224123/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/19/asia/north-korea-nuclear-counterattack-drill-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2023. Retrieved 10 February 2024. <q>North Korea has been ruled as a hereditary dictatorship since its founding in 1948 by Kim Il Sung. His son, Kim Jong Il, took over after his father's death in 1994. And Kim Jong Un took power 17 years later when Kim Jong Il died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Kim+says+North+Korea+must+be+ready+to+launch+nuclear+counterattack+as+daughter+watches+latest+missile+test&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft.aulast=Hallam&rft.aufirst=Jonny&rft.au=Magramo%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Seo%2C+Yoonjung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F03%2F19%2Fasia%2Fnorth-korea-nuclear-counterattack-drill-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim_Ko_2020_pp._216–233-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Lim_Ko_2020_pp._216–233_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimKo2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, Sora; Ko, Sunghwah (31 December 2020). "North Korean Leaders' Personality Reflection on Provocation Patterns: Narcissism and Fear". 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Retrieved 31 October 2007. <q>A power struggle to succeed Kim Jong-il as leader of North Korea's Stalinist dictatorship may be looming after his eldest son was reported to have returned from semi-voluntary exile.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28online+version+of+United+Kingdom%27s+national+newspaper%29&rft.atitle=North+Korea+power+struggle+looms&rft.date=2007-08-28&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Fnews%2F2007%2F08%2F28%2Fwnkorea128.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParry2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lloyd_Parry" title="Richard Lloyd Parry">Parry, Richard Lloyd</a> (5 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726115520/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2388356.ece">"North Korea's nuclear 'deal' leaves Japan feeling nervous"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 October 2007. <q>The US Government contradicted earlier North Korean claims that it had agreed to remove the Stalinist dictatorship's designation as a terrorist state and to lift economic sanctions, as part of talks aimed at disarming Pyongyang of its nuclear weapons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+%28online+version+of+United+Kingdom%27s+national+newspaper+of+record%29&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+nuclear+%27deal%27+leaves+Japan+feeling+nervous&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Richard+Lloyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Farticle2388356.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nysuccess-136"><a href="#cite_ref-nysuccess_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Brooke_(journalist)" title="James Brooke (journalist)">Brooke, James</a> (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/02/international/asia/02CND-KORE.html?ex=1380513600&en=a29d7f1e49aabee0&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND">"North Korea Says It Is Using Plutonium to Make A-Bombs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206032652/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/02/international/asia/02CND-KORE.html?ex=1380513600&en=a29d7f1e49aabee0&ei=5007&partner=USERLAND">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007. <q>North Korea, run by a Stalinist dictatorship for almost six decades, is largely closed to foreign reporters and it is impossible to independently check today's claims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Says+It+Is+Using+Plutonium+to+Make+A-Bombs&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F10%2F02%2Finternational%2Fasia%2F02CND-KORE.html%3Fex%3D1380513600%26en%3Da29d7f1e49aabee0%26ei%3D5007%26partner%3DUSERLAND&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11465278">"A portrait of North Korea's new rich"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 29 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802001701/http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11465278">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2009. <q>EVERY developing country worth its salt has a bustling middle class that is transforming the country and thrilling the markets. So does Stalinist North Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+portrait+of+North+Korea%27s+new+rich&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11465278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley2013_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAltonChidley2013">Alton & Chidley 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009203-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009203_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009203_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009204-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009204_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea_(1972)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Constitution of North Korea (1972)">Wikisource:Constitution of North Korea (1972)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004111-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004111_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 111: "Although it was in that 1955 speech that Kim Il-sung gave full voice to his arguments for juche, he had been talking along similar lines as early as 1948." </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaCumings" class="citation web cs1">Cha, Victor; Cumings, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/North%20Korea%20Study_2.pdf">"North Korea: A Country Study"</a> (PDF). marines.mil. 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Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816144214/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/28/idUSSEO253213">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2011. 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Accessed date: 11 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126131556/http://newfocusintl.com/just-witnessed-coup-north-korea/">"We have just witnessed a coup in North Korea"</a>. New Focus International. 27 December 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newfocusintl.com/just-witnessed-coup-north-korea/">the original</a> on 26 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+have+just+witnessed+a+coup+in+North+Korea&rft.pub=New+Focus+International&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewfocusintl.com%2Fjust-witnessed-coup-north-korea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011100-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2011100_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyers2011">Myers 2011</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011113-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2011113_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyers2011">Myers 2011</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2004353-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2004353_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin2004">Martin 2004</a>, p. 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers20117-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers20117_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyers2011">Myers 2011</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMyers2011114,_116-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMyers2011114,_116_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyers2011">Myers 2011</a>, p. 114, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangRigoulot2001" class="citation book cs1">Kang Chol-hwan Rigoulot, Pierre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp5xAAAAMAAJ">The Aquariums of Pyongyang: Ten Years in a North Korean Gulag</a>. 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Retrieved 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+warns+North+Korea+of+increased+isolation+if+threats+escalate+further&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft.aulast=MacAskill&rft.aufirst=Ewen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fmar%2F29%2Fus-condemns-north-korea-threats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-koreas-likely-next-president-warns-the-us-not-to-meddle-in-its-democracy/2017/05/02/2295255e-29c1-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html">"South Korea's likely next president warns the U.S. not to meddle in its democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502160241/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/south-koreas-likely-next-president-warns-the-us-not-to-meddle-in-its-democracy/2017/05/02/2295255e-29c1-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+likely+next+president+warns+the+U.S.+not+to+meddle+in+its+democracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fsouth-koreas-likely-next-president-warns-the-us-not-to-meddle-in-its-democracy%2F2017%2F05%2F02%2F2295255e-29c1-11e7-9081-f5405f56d3e4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_pledge-209"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_pledge_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-43921385">"Koreas make nuclear pledge after summit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 27 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427092644/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-43921385">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Koreas+make+nuclear+pledge+after+summit&rft.date=2018-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-43921385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-southkorea-summit/north-koreas-kim-says-to-scrap-missile-sites-visit-seoul-idUSKCN1LY30R">"North Korea's Kim says to scrap missile sites, visit Seoul"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Kim+says+to+scrap+missile+sites%2C+visit+Seoul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-northkorea-southkorea-summit%2Fnorth-koreas-kim-says-to-scrap-missile-sites-visit-seoul-idUSKCN1LY30R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelury2024" class="citation news cs1">Delury, John (16 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/16/opinion/north-korea-kim-jong-un-peace.html">"Opinion | A Solution on North Korea Is There, if Biden Will Only Grasp It"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+A+Solution+on+North+Korea+Is+There%2C+if+Biden+Will+Only+Grasp+It&rft.date=2024-03-16&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Delury&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F03%2F16%2Fopinion%2Fnorth-korea-kim-jong-un-peace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67990948">"North Korea's Kim Jong Un abandons unification goal with South"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117175933/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67990948">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. 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Retrieved 17 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+Kim+shuts+agencies+working+for+reunification+with+South+Korea&rft.date=2024-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2024%2F1%2F16%2Fnorth-korea-shuts-agencies-working-for-reunification-with-south-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_214-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/18/state-of-north-korean-military-pub-81232">"The State of the North Korean Military"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210808070637/https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/03/18/state-of-north-korean-military-pub-81232">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2021. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2054rank.html?countryname=Korea,%20North&countrycode=kn&regionCode=eas&rank=138#kn">the original</a> on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Comparison%3A+Birth+Rate&rft.pub=CIA+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2054rank.html%3Fcountryname%3DKorea%2C%2520North%26countrycode%3Dkn%26regionCode%3Deas%26rank%3D138%23kn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRB-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PRB_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRB_390-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PRB_390-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100634/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2010/northkorea-population.aspx">"North Korea Census Reveals Poor Demographic and Health Conditions"</a>. Population Reference Bureau. December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2010/northkorea-population.aspx">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Census+Reveals+Poor+Demographic+and+Health+Conditions&rft.pub=Population+Reference+Bureau&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prb.org%2FPublications%2FArticles%2F2010%2Fnorthkorea-population.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Language-391">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Language_391-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Language_391-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kp0054)">"The Korean Language"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. June 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041117072051/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+kp0054%29">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2004. Retrieved 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Korean+Language&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1993-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bkp0054%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan2014-392"><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan2014_392-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2014" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oZAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia</a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-018-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-018-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+North%2C+East%2C+and+Central+Asia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-018-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoZAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley201389-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltonChidley201389_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAltonChidley2013">Alton & Chidley 2013</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200918-394"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200918_394-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish2007-395"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish2007_395-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YG2AFyFppJQC&pg=PA933">World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761476313" title="Special:BookSources/9780761476313"><bdi>9780761476313</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2019. <q>North Korea is officially an atheist state in which almost the entire population is nonreligious.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Eastern+and+Southern+Asia&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780761476313&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYG2AFyFppJQC%26pg%3DPA933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PalmerOBrien1993-396"><a href="#cite_ref-PalmerOBrien1993_396-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienPalmer1993" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (December 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofreligiona00obri">The State of Religion Atlas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671793760" title="Special:BookSources/9780671793760"><bdi>9780671793760</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 May 2019. <q>Atheism continues to be the official position of the governments of China, North Korea and Cuba.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Religion+Atlas&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993-12&rft.isbn=9780671793760&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofreligiona00obri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoer2019216-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoer2019216_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoer2019216_397-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoer2019">Boer 2019</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009115-398"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009115_398-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061201160439/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/08/nkorea9040.htm">"Human Rights in North Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 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Retrieved 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Physicians+%28per+1%2C000+people%29+%E2%80%93+Low+income%2C+Korea%2C+Dem.+People%27s+Rep.%2C+Korea%2C+Rep.+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.MED.PHYS.ZS%3Flocations%3DXM-KP-KR%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-424"><a href="#cite_ref-424">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-10665964">"Aid agencies row over North Korea health care system"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 16 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227021716/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-10665964">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Aid+agencies+row+over+North+Korea+health+care+system&rft.date=2010-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-10665964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009127-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009127_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009126-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009126_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-HRNKSongbun-427">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HRNKSongbun_427-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRNKSongbun_427-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HRNKSongbun_427-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2012" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert (6 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_Songbun_Web.pdf">Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System</a> (PDF). Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921212402/http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_Songbun_Web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+for+Life%3A+Songbun%2C+North+Korea%27s+Social+Classification+System&rft.pub=Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&rft.date=2012-06-06&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fuploads%2Fpdfs%2FHRNK_Songbun_Web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NKSongbun-428">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NKSongbun_428-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NKSongbun_428-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2012" class="citation news cs1">McGrath, Matthew (7 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nknews.org/2012/06/marked-for-life-songbun-north-koreas-social-classification-system/">"Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318004158/http://www.nknews.org/2012/06/marked-for-life-songbun-north-koreas-social-classification-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NK+News&rft.atitle=Marked+for+Life%3A+Songbun%2C+North+Korea%27s+Social+Classification+System&rft.date=2012-06-07&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2012%2F06%2Fmarked-for-life-songbun-north-koreas-social-classification-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRHLH-429"><a href="#cite_ref-BRHLH_429-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinzig" class="citation web cs1">Winzig, Jerry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winzigconsultingservices.com/files/samples/kq/Helen_Hunter.html">"A Look at North Korean Society"</a> (book review of 'Kim Il-song's North Korea' by Helen-Louise Hunter). winzigconsultingservices.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180512203300/http://www.winzigconsultingservices.com/files/samples/kq/Helen_Hunter.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2011. <q>In North Korea, one's songbun, or socio-economic and class background, is extremely important and is primarily determined at birth. People with the best songbun are descendants of the anti-Japanese guerrillas who fought with Kim Il-sung, followed by people whose parents or grandparents were factory workers, laborers, or poor, small farmers in 1950. "Ranked below them in descending order are forty-seven distinct groups in what must be the most class-differentiated society in the world today." Anyone with a father, uncle, or grandfather who owned land or was a doctor, Christian minister, merchant, or lawyer has low songbun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Look+at+North+Korean+Society&rft.pub=winzigconsultingservices.com&rft.aulast=Winzig&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winzigconsultingservices.com%2Ffiles%2Fsamples%2Fkq%2FHelen_Hunter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="#cite_ref-430">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan2012" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Tim (29 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128184102/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/29/north-korea-songbun-caste-system_n_2380799.html">"North Korea's Songbun Caste System Faces Power Of Wealth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100219118/meet-north-koreas-new-girl-band-five-girls-who-just-wanna-have-state-sanctioned-fun/">the original</a> on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Meet+North+Korea%27s+new+girl+band%3A+five+girls+who+just+wanna+have+state-sanctioned+fun&rft.date=2013-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftimstanley%2F100219118%2Fmeet-north-koreas-new-girl-band-five-girls-who-just-wanna-have-state-sanctioned-fun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003478-453"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth_Korea_Handbook2003478_453-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorth_Korea_Handbook2003">North Korea Handbook 2003</a>, p. 478. </li> <li id="cite_note-454"><a href="#cite_ref-454">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/24/north-korea-kim-jong-un-favourite-moranbong-band-stage-a-comeback">"Moranbong: Kim Jong-un's favourite band stage a comeback"</a>. The Guardian. 24 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826180941/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/24/north-korea-kim-jong-un-favourite-moranbong-band-stage-a-comeback">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725210826/http://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2011/feb/01/pyongyang-north-korea-michael-jackson">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2014. 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The relationship between information exposure on North Koreans' perceptions of the outside world and their own country was also analyzed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Quiet+Opening%3A+North+Koreans+in+a+Changing+Media+Environment&rft.pub=InterMedia&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.aulast=Kretchun&rft.aufirst=Nat&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudiencescapes.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FA_Quiet_Opening_FINAL_InterMedia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> Harvard International Review. Winter 2016, Vol. 37 Issue 2, pp. 46–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-462"><a href="#cite_ref-462">^</a> Crocker, L. (22 December 2014). 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Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Kim+Jong-un+orders+spruce+up+of+world%27s+biggest+stadium+as+%27millions+starve%27&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F10335601%2FKim-Jong-un-orders-spruce-up-of-worlds-biggest-stadium-as-millions-starve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-488"><a href="#cite_ref-488">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetriou2014" class="citation news cs1">Demetriou, Danielle (3 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10742812/North-Korea-allows-tourists-to-run-in-Pyongyang-marathon-for-the-first-time.html">"North Korea allows tourists to run in Pyongyang marathon for the first time"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140801114007/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10742812/North-Korea-allows-tourists-to-run-in-Pyongyang-marathon-for-the-first-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=North+Korea+allows+tourists+to+run+in+Pyongyang+marathon+for+the+first+time&rft.date=2014-04-03&rft.aulast=Demetriou&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fnorthkorea%2F10742812%2FNorth-Korea-allows-tourists-to-run-in-Pyongyang-marathon-for-the-first-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Profile2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/North_Korea-new.pdf">"Country Profile: North Korea"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207001253/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/North_Korea-new.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 4 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Profile%3A+North+Korea&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Federal+Research+Division&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FNorth_Korea-new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbt2014" class="citation book cs1">Abt, Felix (2014). A Capitalist in North Korea: My Seven Years in the Hermit Kingdom. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804844390" title="Special:BookSources/9780804844390"><bdi>9780804844390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Capitalist+in+North+Korea%3A+My+Seven+Years+in+the+Hermit+Kingdom&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780804844390&rft.aulast=Abt&rft.aufirst=Felix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltonChidley2013" class="citation book cs1">Alton, David; Chidley, Rob (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTWqpOOXI_QC&pg=PA89">Building Bridges: Is There Hope for North Korea?</a>. Oxford: Lion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7459-5598-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7459-5598-8"><bdi>978-0-7459-5598-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Bridges%3A+Is+There+Hope+for+North+Korea%3F&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Lion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7459-5598-8&rft.aulast=Alton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Chidley%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTWqpOOXI_QC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2010" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (20 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220116204532/https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">"The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"</a> (PDF). The Asia-Pacific Journal. 8 (51). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Destruction+and+Reconstruction+of+North+Korea%2C+1950%E2%80%931960&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=51&rft.date=2010-12-20&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F-Charles-K--Armstrong%2F3460%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Armstrong, Charles K. "North Korea in 2016." Asian Survey 57.1 (2017): 119–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://as.ucpress.edu/content/57/1/119">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721052258/https://as.ucpress.edu/content/57/1/119">Archived</a> 21 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2019" class="citation book cs1">Boer, Roland (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">Red theology : on the Christian Communist tradition</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38132-2"><bdi>978-90-04-38132-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1078879745">1078879745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+theology+%3A+on+the+Christian+Communist+tradition&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1078879745&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38132-2&rft.aulast=Boer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1078879745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2007" class="citation book cs1">French, Paul (2007). North Korea: The Paranoid Peninsula: A Modern History (Second ed.). London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-905-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-905-7"><bdi>978-1-84277-905-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+The+Paranoid+Peninsula%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-905-7&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hayes, Peter, and Roger Cavazos. "North Korea in 2015." Asian Survey 56.1 (2016): 68–77. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://as.ucpress.edu/content/56/1/68.abstract">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721052302/https://as.ucpress.edu/content/56/1/68.abstract">Archived</a> 21 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hayes, Peter, and Roger Cavazos. "North Korea in 2014." Asian Survey 55.1 (2015): 119–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://as.ucpress.edu/content/55/1/119.abstract">abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721052259/https://as.ucpress.edu/content/55/1/119.abstract">Archived</a> 21 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/north-korea-in-2014-a-fresh-leap-forward-into-thin-air/">full text online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404222144/https://nautilus.org/napsnet/napsnet-special-reports/north-korea-in-2014-a-fresh-leap-forward-into-thin-air/">Archived</a> 4 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2016" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Van (2016). Rival Reputations: Coercion and Credibility in US–North Korea Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13331-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13331-0"><bdi>978-1-107-13331-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rival+Reputations%3A+Coercion+and+Credibility+in+US%E2%80%93North+Korea+Relations&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13331-0&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988">, covers 1960s to 2010.</li> <li>Jackson, Van. "Deterring a Nuclear-Armed Adversary in a Contested Regional Order: The 'Trilemma' of US–North Korea Relations." Asia Policy 23.1 (2017): 97–103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647791/summary">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102001/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647791/summary">Archived</a> 23 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJager2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Miyoshi_Jager" title="Sheila Miyoshi Jager">Jager, Sheila Miyoshi</a> (2013). Brothers at War – The Unending Conflict in Korea. London: Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-067-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84668-067-0"><bdi>978-1-84668-067-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brothers+at+War+%E2%80%93+The+Unending+Conflict+in+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84668-067-0&rft.aulast=Jager&rft.aufirst=Sheila+Miyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lee, Hong Yung. "North Korea in 2013: Economy, Executions, and Nuclear Brinksmanship." Asian Survey 54.1 (2014): 89–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.sogang.ac.kr/sites/jaechun/courses/Lists/b7/Attachments/21/as.2014.54.1.89.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808021517/http://home.sogang.ac.kr/sites/jaechun/courses/Lists/b7/Attachments/21/as.2014.54.1.89.pdf">Archived</a> 8 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyDarusmanBiserko2014" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Michael; Darusman, Marzuki; Biserko, Sonja (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx">"Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"</a>. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217224637/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Human+Rights+in+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Darusman%2C+Marzuki&rft.au=Biserko%2C+Sonja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FHRBodies%2FHRC%2FCoIDPRK%2FPages%2FReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Bradley K. (2004). Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader: North Korea and the Kim Dynasty. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32322-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32322-6"><bdi>978-0-312-32322-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Loving+Care+of+the+Fatherly+Leader%3A+North+Korea+and+the+Kim+Dynasty&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-312-32322-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Bradley+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Myers, Brian Reynolds</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/The_Cleanest_Race" title="The Cleanest Race">The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves and Why It Matters</a>. Melville House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933633916" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933633916"><bdi>978-1933633916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cleanest+Race%3A+How+North+Koreans+See+Themselves+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1933633916&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Study2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf">"North Korea – A Country Study"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112225313/http://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/no/northkoreacountr00word/northkoreacountr00word.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+%E2%80%93+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdn.loc.gov%2Fmaster%2Ffrd%2Ffrdcstdy%2Fno%2Fnorthkoreacountr00word%2Fnorthkoreacountr00word.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyang2013" class="citation book cs1">Ryang, Sonia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXBHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">"The North Korean Homeland of Koreans in Japan"</a>. In Ryang, Sonia (ed.). Koreans in Japan: Critical Voices from the Margin. London: Routledge. pp. 32–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-35305-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-35305-5"><bdi>978-1-136-35305-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+North+Korean+Homeland+of+Koreans+in+Japan&rft.btitle=Koreans+in+Japan%3A+Critical+Voices+from+the+Margin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32-54&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-35305-5&rft.aulast=Ryang&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXBHAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_Korea_Handbook2003" class="citation book cs1">Yonhap News Agency, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC">North Korea Handbook</a>. Yonhap T'ongsin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1004-1"><bdi>978-0-7656-1004-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220192609/https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Handbook&rft.pub=Yonhap+T%27ongsin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1004-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIlh9nNeadMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> North Korea at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%AF%BC%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD" class="extiw" title="c:조선민주주의인민공화국">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:North_Korea" class="extiw" title="n:Category:North Korea">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/North_Korea" class="extiw" title="q:North Korea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Korea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/North Korea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Korea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/North Korea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/North_Korea" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/North Korea">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/North_Korea" class="extiw" title="voy:North Korea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_websites">Government websites</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kcna.kp/kcna.user.home.retrieveHomeInfoList.kcmsf?lang=eng">KCNA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201221/http://kcna.kp/kcna.user.home.retrieveHomeInfoList.kcmsf?lang=eng">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – website of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naenara.com.kp/main/index/en/first">Naenara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818062128/http://www.naenara.com.kp/main/index/en/first">Archived</a> 18 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – the official North Korean governmental portal <a href="/wiki/Naenara" title="Naenara">Naenara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.kp/en/">DPRK Foreign Ministry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004523/http://www.mfa.gov.kp/en/">Archived</a> 24 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – official North Korean foreign ministry website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130171957/http://www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp/">The Pyongyang Times</a> – official foreign language newspaper of the DPRK</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_websites">General websites</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322222">North Korea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea-dpr.com/">Official website of the DPR of Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026030109/http://www.korea-dpr.com/users/switzerland/">Archived</a> 26 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Administered by the Korean Friendship Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://38north.org/">38North</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115221028/http://38north.org/">Archived</a> 15 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929">North Korea profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308085335/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15256929">Archived</a> 8 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612212909/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/nkorea.htm">North Korea</a> – link collection (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado at Boulder</a> Libraries GovPubs)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/">NKnews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020001913/https://www.nknews.org/">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – a news agency covering North Korean topics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friend.com.kp/index.php?module=home&current_language=en">Friend.com.kp</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20151106055230/http://www.friend.com.kp/index.php?module=home&current_language=en">Archived</a> 6 November 2015 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> – website of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Cultural_Relations_with_Foreign_Countries" title="Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries">Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koredufund.org.kp/">Korea Education Fund</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517044214/http://www.koredufund.org.kp/">Archived</a> 17 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702044729/http://www.rodong.rep.kp/en/">Rodong Sinmun</a> – the newspaper of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea <a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/">Uriminzokkiri</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307233123/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dprkportal.kp/">DPRK Portal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005031435/http://www.dprkportal.kp/">Archived</a> 5 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx">United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217224637/http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/CoIDPRK/Pages/ReportoftheCommissionofInquiryDPRK.aspx">Archived</a> 17 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_Human_Rights_in_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_topics" title="Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_topics" title="Template talk:Korea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of Korea-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">North–South States Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Later Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Borders of North Korea">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Korea">List of islands of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Korea" title="List of lakes of Korea">List of lakes of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Korea" title="List of mountains in Korea">List of mountains in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Korea" title="List of rivers of Korea">List of rivers of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Korea" title="Floods in Korea">Floods in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">List of special cities of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier of North Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President of State Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">Human rights in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Presidential elections in South Korea">Presidential elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Legislative elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea" title="List of political parties in South Korea">List of political parties in South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">Judiciary of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">Automotive industry in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">Agriculture in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">Jangmadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_North_Korea" title="Mining in North Korea">Mining in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Economic inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Telecommunications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_South_Korea" title="Squatting in South Korea">Squatting in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demographics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">Gender inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_birth_rate_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth rate in South Korea">Low birth rate in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">International adoption of South Korean children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_South_Korea" title="Globalization in South Korea">Globalization in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> (wrestling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">Smoking in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">Culture of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">Smoking in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">Marriage in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">Sexuality in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405104298">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123217569">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142577143">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1214151/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4075468-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81074720">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868465j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868465j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573707">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128576&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX99000">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1564649">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/99040102">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000443043&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH2000006329">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpnkct4lwgtln">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/815">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566839005171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000010449">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511961406706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/445e806f-2e04-3f9a-89eb-ef5c4e97b365">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05326694?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7250fb7d-eacd-4803-a1f7-06c9d3bfb216">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/RytB2Wg1">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026436833">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035715">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=3527">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFBureau_of_East_Asian_and_Pacific_Affairs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnsGearan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalderone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell196\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaraway2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaCumings\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChinoy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoe_Sang-Hun2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommission_de_la_défense_nationale_et_des_forces_armées2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCountry_Profile2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCountry_Study2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2005\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDelury2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemetriou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemick2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeok-hyun_Kim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairbankReischauerCraig1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrench2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaggard1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallamMagramoSeo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHersher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerskovitzKim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHipwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoban2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHodal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHotham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyonhee_Shin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyung2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJH_Ahn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJager2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJo_Harper2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_SiftonTom_Lantos2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoubert2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKangRigoulot2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay_Seok2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim_Yonho2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirbyDarusmanBiserko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorean_Central_News_Agency\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretchunKim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKwek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLankov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeYoonKimYeom2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLele2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLimKo2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLintner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoneMcCormack1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacAskill2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansourov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurry2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNa2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamgung_Min2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNantoManyin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth_Korea_Handbook2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;BrienPalmer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Carroll2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberdorferCarlin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Coordinator_for_Counterterrorism2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParis2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPervis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrov2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRank2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSang-Hun2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeoBaeJozukaLendon2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiChanZheng2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShihDenyer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSong2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoorenbergSchwekendiek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalmadge2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTycho_A._van_der_Hoog2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environmental_Programme\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Commission_on_International_Religious_Freedom2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWertzJJ_OhKim_Insung2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinzig\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYi1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYouna_Kim2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagoriaKim1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF권2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 8,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 119,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 183,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 11,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"East Asian topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Korea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 28,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities of North Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 6,\n [\"Main\"] = 27,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"North Korea Provincial level Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 103,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialist states\"] = 1,\n [\"Source-attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Stack\"] = 1,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 7,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 3,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 34,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","720","18.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","660","17.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","300","7.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","5.3"],["type","180","4.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","140","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","100","2.6"],["[others]","940","24.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-gkkmc","timestamp":"20241123210654","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"North 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