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(1928-1982), Le réel dérobé" href="/encyclopedie/philip-kindred-dick/"> 1. Le réel dérobé </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="DICK PHILIP K. (1928-1982), Suis-je mort ? Suis-je vivant ?" href="/encyclopedie/philip-kindred-dick/2-suis-je-mort-suis-je-vivant/"> 2. Suis-je mort ? Suis-je vivant ? </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="DICK PHILIP K. (1928-1982), Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/philip-kindred-dick/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>DICK </strong><span class="pc">PHILIP K. </span><span class="label-sub"> (1928-1982)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071071_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC071071_0"></i><p>Si <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de JULES VERNE (1828-1905). Traduit dans le monde entier et popularisé par le cinéma, la télévision et le livre de poche, Jules Verne reste pourtant un des écrivains les moins connus de la littérature française. Il s'est en effet imposé dans deux secteurs traditionnellement considérés comme mineurs : les livres pour la jeunesse et la science-fiction . De plus, l'homme es..." title="Article : JULES VERNE (1828-1905)" href="/encyclopedie/jules-verne/">Jules Verne</a> et H. G. Wells ont mis en place au début du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècle les conditions d'un nouveau genre littéraire, la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'« effet science-fiction » commence au niveau de la phrase. Ainsi Michel Jeury , dans Les Enfants de Mord (1979), fait dire à l'un de ses personnages : « Vous devez savoir que Louis Catalina n'est pas mort. Enfin, il n'est plus mort. » Un autre ajoute un peu plus loin : « J'espère qu'il restera mort un bon bout de temps ! ». Puis, c'est Catalina qui prend la parole : « Je ..." title="Article : SCIENCE-FICTION" href="/encyclopedie/science-fiction/">science-fiction</a>, si A. E. Van Vogt, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de RAY BRADBURY (1920-2012). Né le 22 août 1920 à Waukegan (Illinois), lecteur depuis l'enfance de textes fantastiques et d'ouvrages de science-fiction , Bradbury publie ses premiers récits à partir de 1938, dans des fanzines (revues ronéotypées éditées par des amateurs de science-fiction) de la région de Los Angeles. Ses véritables débuts professionnels datent de 1941 (..." title="Article : RAY BRADBURY (1920-2012)" href="/encyclopedie/ray-bradbury/">Ray Bradbury</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ISAAC ASIMOV (1920-1992). Isaac Asimov est né le 2 janvier 1920 à Petroviči, en Russie. À l'âge de trois ans, il émigre avec ses parents aux États-Unis et obtient la nationalité américaine cinq ans plus tard. Enfant surdoué, lecteur passionné, il n'a de cesse d'apprendre, de découvrir et d'enseigner, ce qui le conduit à une double carrière d'enseignant en biochimie et d..." title="Article : ISAAC ASIMOV (1920-1992)" href="/encyclopedie/isaac-asimov/">Isaac Asimov</a>, et quelques autres, se sont assuré, deux générations plus tard, une renommée importante, c'est probablement au romancier de science-fiction américain Philip K. Dick qu'il revient d'avoir écrit l'œuvre la plus personnelle, dans un domaine où les difficultés psychologiques de l'auteur ont inspiré avec bonheur la thématique et la construction de récits à la facture faussement classique. Ces derniers sont à l'origine de nombreux films, tels que <em>Blade Runner</em> (R. Scott, 1982), <em>Total Recall</em> (P. Verhoeven, 1990), <em>The Truman Show</em> (P. Weir, 1998), <em>Minority Report</em> (S. Spielberg, 2002), <em>Dead Zone</em> et <em>eXistenZ</em> (D. Cronenberg, 1984 et 1999), ou encore <em>Next</em> (L. Tamahori, 2007).</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC071071_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC071071_1"></i><h2>Le réel dérobé</h2><p>Philip Kindred Dick est né le 16 décembre 1928 à Chicago. Une sœur jumelle, Jane, mourra quelques jours plus tard ; mais sa présence fictive continuera de se faire sentir jusque dans les derniers textes de son frère. Les parents de P. K. Dick divorcent lorsqu'il a quatre ans et il suit sa mère, Dorothy, en Californie, pour ne plus revoir qu'épisodiquement un père qu'il déteste autant qu'il cherche à le retrouver dans ses écrits. Le métier de sa mère ne sera pas non plus étranger à l'inspiration de Philip K. Dick : celle-ci était en effet employée par le Département d'État américain à censurer les textes des porte-parole du gouvernement pour les ramener à la « vérité » officielle. Cette question de la réalité en proie à la puissance de l'écriture, biffée d'un trait de plume, créée, pour des millions de gens, par des signes inscrits sur une feuille de papier, constitue l'interrogation fondatrice à laquelle l’œuvre de Philip K. Dick tentera de répondre.</p><p>Après des études de philosophie à l'université de Berkeley, vite interrompues, P. K. Dick se fait engager dans un magasin de disques, puis comme programmateur d'une station de radio. Il se marie, abandonne son métier rémunérateur pour tenter d'écrire des romans de littérature générale – immanquablement in-vendus – et des récits de science-fiction, bientôt publiés. À partir de 1952, la carrière de l'auteur va s'organiser en trois périodes scandées par les départs de ses femmes successives et de ses enfants : répétition d'un divorce ancien où P. K. Dick tient le rôle du père abandonné.</p><p>Jusqu'au début des années 1960, P. K. Dick inonde les éditeurs de brefs récits. Plus de quatre-vingts textes seront publiés pendant cette période. Pour la plupart extrêmement courts, ils passent en revue les thèmes repris plus tard dans ses écrits les plus personnels. Un premier roman, <em>Loterie solaire</em> (1955), décrit l'aliénation sociale des sans-pouvoir, au service des monopoles qui les tiennent fascinés par une gigantesque loterie aux dimensions de la planète.</p><p>En 1962, après une grave dépression due au départ de sa femme et de son enfant, mais aussi aux difficultés rencontrées sur le marché de la science-fiction américaine, Dick écrit <em>Le Maître du Haut-Château</em>, qui reçoit le prix du meilleur roman de l'année et demeurera son œuvre la plus appréciée outre-Atlantique. Puis il commence une série de textes où il met en question la réalité des objets environnants à travers les thèmes de la drogue, du délire ou du « coma prolongé » ; ce seront là ses plus beaux livres : <em>Le Dieu venu du Centaure</em> (1964), <em>Glissement de temps sur Mars</em> (1964), <em>Docteur Bloodmoney</em> (1965), <em>Ubik</em> (1969), <em>Au bout du labyrinthe</em> (1970).</p><p>À la fin des années 1960, Philip K. Dick est encore considéré aux États-Unis comme un écrivain de second ordre. Il doit affronter de graves problèmes financiers.<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="folio-block"><p class="folio-block-title text-center text-uc"><strong>La suite de cet article est accessible aux abonnés</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Des contenus variés, complets et fiables</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Accessible sur tous les écrans</li><li><i class="fa fa-fw fa-check-circle"></i> Pas de publicité</li></ul><p class="text-center"><a href="/abonnement/" class="btn btn-cta text-uc" id="folio-button" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="Block bottom">Découvrez nos offres </a></p><p class="text-center text-sm"> Déjà abonné ? <a href="/identification/" id="folio-login">Se connecter</a></p></div><div id="ad_mpuslot" class="pub-container text-center"><div class="pub-placeholder"></div></div><section class="mt-3 mb-5"><i class="anchor" id="C071071_AUTHORS"></i><p class="title-minor">Écrit par</p><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item" data-dc-author="THAON, Marcel"><a title="Auteur : Marcel THAON" rel="author" href="/auteurs/marcel-thaon/"><strong>Marcel THAON</strong></a> : assistant en psychologie clinique à l'université de Provence (Aix-Marseille-I) </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : DICK PHILIP K. (1928-1982)" href="/carte-mentale/philip-kindred-dick/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071071_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Littératures" href="/classification/litteratures/"> Littératures </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/"> Écrivains </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains des Amériques" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-des-ameriques/"> Écrivains des Amériques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Écrivains des États-Unis d'Amérique"> <a title="Classification : Écrivains des États-Unis d'Amérique" href="/classification/litteratures/ecrivains/ecrivains-des-ameriques/ecrivains-des-etats-unis-d-amerique/"> Écrivains des États-Unis d'Amérique </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC071071_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/blade-runner-2049/"> <span class="rg">BLADE RUNNER 2049 </span><span class="rm">(D. Villeneuve)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">René MARX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">972 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : BLADE RUNNER 2049 (D. Villeneuve)" href="/encyclopedie/blade-runner-2049/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<em>Blade Runner 2049</em>, D. Villeneuve - crédits : Columbia Pictures/ Entertainment Pictures/ Zumapress.com/ Aurimages" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/e/csm_ph170522_850a5823f3.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Si on a proposé à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de RIDLEY SCOTT (1937- ). Cinéaste britannique, né le 30 novembre 1937 dans le quartier de South Shields, à Durham (auj. Tyne and Wear), en Angleterre, et frère ainé du réalisateur Tony Scott avec qui il a créé la société de production Scott Free Productions.. Ridley Scott grandit à Hartlepool, non loin de Newcastle, puis fréquente le West Hartlepool College of Art et le ..." title="Article : RIDLEY SCOTT (1937- )" href="/encyclopedie/ridley-scott/">Ridley Scott</a> d’adapter le roman de Philip K. Dick <em>Les androïdes rêvent-ils de moutons électriques</em><em> </em><em>?</em> (1966), c’est qu’il avait déjà à son actif deux films importants. Après un long passage par la télévision et la publicité, le cinéaste anglais avait réalisé ...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/postmodernisme/#c89330"> <span class="rg">POSTMODERNISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Carla CANULLO</span> , <span rel="author">Romain JOBEZ</span> et <span rel="author">Erik VERHAGEN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 160 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...du spectateur est en quelque sorte piégé par des installations multimédias. Mais on peut aussi dans un tout autre registre renvoyer à la littérature de Philip K. Dick et à certaines de ses adaptations cinématographiques (<em>Minority Report</em> de Steven Spielberg en 2002 et <em>A Scanner Darkly</em> de Richard Linklater... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/science-fiction/#c89330"> <span class="rg">SCIENCE-FICTION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roger BOZZETTO</span> et <span rel="author">Jacques GOIMARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 938 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : SCIENCE-FICTION" href="/encyclopedie/science-fiction/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<em>Matrix</em>, de Larry et Andy Wachowski, 1999 - crédits : Jasin Boland / Roadshow Film Limited / Album/ akg-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/4/csm_ph151221_748498ee89.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...co-présents : le premier par exemple est beaucoup plus développé chez <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de JULES VERNE (1828-1905). Traduit dans le monde entier et popularisé par le cinéma, la télévision et le livre de poche, Jules Verne reste pourtant un des écrivains les moins connus de la littérature française. Il s'est en effet imposé dans deux secteurs traditionnellement considérés comme mineurs : les livres pour la jeunesse et la science-fiction . De plus, l'homme es..." title="Article : JULES VERNE (1828-1905)" href="/encyclopedie/jules-verne/">Jules Verne</a> que chez les auteurs récents ; le quatrième peut être éludé chez Philip K. 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