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(<a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMaps.htm">Maps</a>: <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\H\E\Hetman_state_Map_1650.jpg">Hetman state ca 1650</A>; <A href="picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\H\E\Hetman_state_Map_1750.jpg">Hetman state ca 1750</A>.) The name of the Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> state, which existed from 1648 to 1782. It came into existence as a result of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack6PolishWar.htm">Cossack-Polish War</a> and the alliance of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegisteredCossacks.htm">registered Cossacks</a> with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossacks.htm">Cossacks</a> of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CZ%5CA%5CZaporozhianSich.htm">Zaporozhian Sich</a> and other segments of the Ukrainian populace. The territory of the state at the time of its first hetman, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> (1648–57), consisted of most of central Ukraine, ie, the territory of the former <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivvoivodeship.htm">Kyiv voivodeship</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CR%5CBratslavvoivodeship.htm">Bratslav voivodeship</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChernihivvoivodeship.htm">Chernihiv voivodeship</a>, and part of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVolhyniavoivodeship.htm">Volhynia voivodeship</a>, as well as part of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm">Belarus</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarusianregiment.htm">Belarusian regiment</a>). In 1663 the Hetman state in <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRight6BankUkraine.htm">Right-Bank Ukraine</a> came under Polish domination, while <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLeft6BankUkraine.htm">Left-Bank Ukraine</a> came under Muscovite control. A period of civil war ensued (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRuin.htm">Ruin</a>) as various Left- and Right-Bank hetmans (particularly <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CO%5CDoroshenkoPetro.htm">Petro Doroshenko</a>, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyYurii.htm">Yurii Khmelnytsky</a>, and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSamoilovychIvan.htm">Ivan Samoilovych</a>), backed by their respective supporters, attempted to re-establish a unitary state. Despite these efforts, the partition of the Hetmanate was confirmed by the Muscovite-Polish <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CN%5CAndrusovoTreatyof.htm">Treaty of Andrusovo</a> (1667) and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CT%5CEternalPeaceof1686.htm">Eternal Peace of 1686</a>. When the Cossacks were abolished by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPoland.htm">Poland</a> in 1700 on the Right Bank, the Hetmanate was left with only the lands of the Left Bank—Chernihiv voivodeship (together with the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CT%5CStarodub.htm">Starodub</a> region) and the part of Kyiv <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CO%5CVoivodeship.htm">voivodeship</a> to the east of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CD%5CN%5CDniproRiver.htm">Dnipro River</a>. The capitals of the Hetman state were <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChyhyryn.htm">Chyhyryn</a> (1648–63), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CA%5CHadiach.htm">Hadiach</a> (1663–8), <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaturyn.htm">Baturyn</a> (1669–1708 and 1750–64), and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CL%5CHlukhiv.htm">Hlukhiv</a> (1708–34). From 1654 the Hetman state was nominally a vassal of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CU%5CMuscovy.htm">Muscovy</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPereiaslavTreatyof1654.htm">Pereiaslav Treaty of 1654</a>). The political relationship between the two countries was renegotiated with the election of each new <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">hetman</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmanarticles.htm">Hetman articles</a>), which led to the steady erosion of the Hetmanate's sovereignty.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Hetman state exhibited elements of both republican and monarchic types of government. Because it did not have a <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CConstitution.htm">constitution</a> that defined the powers and prerogatives of its various institutions, these changed over time as a result of internal conflicts and the encroachments of the Russian government. The highest ruling organs were three bodies with somewhat overlapping functions: the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeneralMilitaryCouncil.htm">General Military Council</a>, the hetman, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCouncilofOfficers.htm">Council of Officers</a>. The General Military Council was the institution of direct government in the 17th century and represented in theory the supreme will of the dominant group in society, the Cossacks. The hetman, meanwhile, was the head of state, commander in chief of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> army, and head of the entire administrative, judicial, and military apparatus. Some <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetmans.htm">hetmans</a> recognized the ultimate authority of the military councils, while others, such as <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a> and particularly <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CA%5CSamoilovychIvan.htm">Ivan Samoilovych</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMazepaIvan.htm">Ivan Mazepa</a>, opposed it. During the reign of these hetmans, the state most resembled a monarchy with the election for life of the monarch-hetman. The Council of Officers was a semiformal advisory body that met twice a year; with time it acquired the characteristics of an estate <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CA%5CParliament.htm">parliament</a> for the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossackstarshynaIT.htm">Cossack <I>starshyna</I></a>. Other central institutions included the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeneralMilitaryChancellery.htm">General Military Chancellery</a>, which executed the hetman's orders, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeneralOfficerStaff.htm">General Officer Staff</a>, which functioned as the hetman's cabinet. At first this body was elected by the Council of Officers, but later it was appointed by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">hetman</a> himself, or, as the state lost its <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAutonomy.htm">autonomy</a>, by the Russian government. The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CG%5CE%5CGeneralMilitaryCourt.htm">General Military Court</a>, presided over by the hetman, was the supreme court of appeal.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">At the local level the state was organized, on the basis of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> military organization, into regiments (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegimentalsystem.htm">Regimental system</a>) and companies (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCompanysystem.htm">Company system</a>). In <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CK%5CH%5CKhmelnytskyBohdan.htm">Bohdan Khmelnytsky</a>'s time, there were 10 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CI%5CRight6BankUkraine.htm">Right-Bank Ukraine</a> and 7 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CE%5CLeft6BankUkraine.htm">Left-Bank Ukraine</a> regiments; later there were 10 <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegiments.htm">regiments</a> in total. The regimental and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCompany.htm">company</a> administrations mirrored that of the central government: each <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegiment.htm">regiment</a> had a military council, <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CColonel.htm">colonel</a>, and regimental council of officers, and each company a <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCaptain.htm">captain</a> and <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCouncilofOfficers.htm">council of officers</a>. At first most officers at the local as well as central levels of administration and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CJ%5CU%5CJudiciary.htm">judiciary</a> were elected. Later, however, this practice declined and individuals were appointed by higher authorities or the Russian government.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">The Hetmanate, particularly in the 18th century, had a social hierarchy, where an individual's political power, legal rights, and social status were determined by his membership in a particular social group or estate (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CE%5CS%5CEstates.htm">Estates</a>). At the top of the pyramid were the senior <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> officers (the Cossack <I>starshyna</I> and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CN%5CO%5CNotablemilitaryfellows.htm">notable military fellows</a>), followed by the Cossacks, the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CU%5CBurghers.htm">burghers</a> and other town dwellers, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasants.htm">peasants</a>. At first, after the Khmelnytsky uprising, the state was in principle composed of free citizens, although some of the peasantry (particularly the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CH%5CChurchpeasants.htm">church peasants</a>) remained in a state of servitude. With time, however, as their obligations grew heavier, the rest of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CE%5CPeasantry.htm">peasantry</a> and the rank-and-file Cossacks became impoverished, and the Hetman state became an increasingly regimented <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CL%5CClass.htm">class</a> society in which only the officer class had special privileges. Town dwellers also began to lose their political <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAutonomy.htm">autonomy</a>, although large cities and towns continued to be ruled under <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CM%5CA%5CMagdeburglaw.htm">Magdeburg law</a>. At the same time class barriers were created: eg, it was forbidden for a peasant to become a Cossack. The legal system of the state was derived from a variety of sources, particularly the 1648 Polish edition of the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLithuanianStatute.htm">Lithuanian Statute</a> (see <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCodeofLawsof1743.htm">Code of Laws of 1743</a>).</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">In the 18th century, the increasing political control of the Hetman state by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CU%5CRussia.htm">Russia</a> precluded the independent evolution of its administrative, financial, and judicial institutions. During the reign of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CA%5CCatherineII.htm">Catherine II</a> (1762–96) Ukrainian <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAutonomy.htm">autonomy</a> was progressively destroyed. After several earlier attempts, the office of <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CE%5CHetman.htm">hetman</a> was finally abolished by the Russian government in 1764, and his functions were assumed by the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CL%5CI%5CLittleRussianCollegium.htm">Little Russian Collegium</a>. In 1782 the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CR%5CE%5CRegiments.htm">regiments</a> were replaced by <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CV%5CI%5CVicegerencies.htm">vicegerencies</a>, and Russian political and administrative institutions and practices replaced the unique institutions of the Hetmanate. At the same time the social structure of the state was recast: <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CS%5CE%5CSerfdom.htm">serfdom</a> was introduced, the Cossacks lost what remained of their special status, and the <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossackstarshynaIT.htm">Cossack <I>starshyna</I></a> was at least partially integrated into the Russian nobility.</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand">BIBLIOGRAPHY<BR>Vasylenko, M. ‘Z istoriï ustroiu Het’manshchyny,’ <I>ZNTSh</I>, 108 (1912)<BR>Slabchenko, M. <I>Opyty po istorii prava Malorossii XVII–XVIII st.</I> (Odesa 1911)<BR>—<I>Hospodarstvo Het’manshchyny XVII–XVIII st.</I>, 4 vols (Odesa 1923–5)<BR>Miakotin, V. <I>Ocherki sotsial’noi istorii Ukrainy v XVII–XVIII v.</I>, 3 vols (Prague 1924–6)<BR>Okinshevych, L. <I>Tsentral’ni ustanovy Ukraïny-Het’manshchyny XVII–XVIII st.</I>, pt 2: <I>Rada starshyny</I> (Kyiv 1930)<BR>Diadychenko, V. <I>Narysy suspil’no-politychnoho ustroiu Livoberezhnoï Ukraïny kintsia XVII–pochatku XVIII st.</I> (Kyiv 1959)<BR>Kohut, Z. ‘The Abolition of Ukrainian Autonomy (1763–1786): A Case Study in the Integration of a Non-Russian Area into the Russian Empire,’ PH D diss, University of Pennsylvania, 1975<BR>Gajecky, G. <I>The <a href="https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CC%5CO%5CCossack.htm">Cossack</a> Administration of the Hetmanate</I>, 2 vols (Cambridge, Mass 1978)<BR>Kohut, Z. <I>Russian Centralism and Ukrainian Autonomy: Imperial Absorption of the Hetmanate 1760s–1830s</I> (Cambridge, Mass 1988)<BR><A name=Index_Horobets_,_V.__1></A>Horobets’, V. (comp and ed). <I>Dilova dokumentatsiia Het’manshchyny XVIII st.</I> (Kyiv 1993)<BR>Hurzhii, O. <I>Ukraïns’ka kozats’ka derzhava v druhii polovyni XVII–XVIII st.</I> (Kyiv 1996)<BR>Smolka, A. <I>Sotsial’no-ekonomichna dumka ta polityka v Ukraïni XVII–pochatku XVIII st.</I> (Kyiv 1996)</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">Lev Okinshevych, Arkadii Zhukovsky</P> <P class="padingHistoryLand" style="TEXT-ALIGN: right">[This article originally appeared in the <I>Encyclopedia of Ukraine</I>, vol. 2 (1989).]</P> <BR> <CENTER> <P class="padingHistoryLand"></P> </CENTER> </div> <div class="clear"></div>  <div class="bg9 marginbottom tc">    <div class="dr20 tc marginZero TotalWidth"> <A name="linksaddress"> </A> <BR> <HR class="marginZero"> <H2 class="tc mb b rozmiar50">List of related links from Encyclopedia of Ukraine pointing to <span class="FontDarkBlue b "> Hetman state</span> entry: <BR> </H2> <Div> <label for="groovybtn1" class="visuallyhidden">1 Academy</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn1" name="groovybtn1" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 1 Academy " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CC%5CAcademy.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn2" class="visuallyhidden">2 Acts, Books of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn2" name="groovybtn2" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 2 Acts, Books of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CC%5CActsBooksof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn3" class="visuallyhidden">3 Alexander I</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn3" name="groovybtn3" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 3 Alexander I " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CL%5CAlexanderI.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn4" class="visuallyhidden">4 Apostol, Danylo</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn4" name="groovybtn4" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 4 Apostol, Danylo " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CP%5CApostolDanylo.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn5" class="visuallyhidden">5 Archeography</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn5" name="groovybtn5" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 5 Archeography " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArcheography.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn6" class="visuallyhidden">6 Archives</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn6" name="groovybtn6" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 6 Archives " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArchives.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn7" class="visuallyhidden">7 Arms</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn7" name="groovybtn7" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 7 Arms " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CR%5CArms.htm'"> <label 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TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 11 Autonomy " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CA%5CU%5CAutonomy.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn12" class="visuallyhidden">12 Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmytro</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn12" name="groovybtn12" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 12 Bantysh-Kamensky, Dmytro " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBantysh6KamenskyDmytro.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn13" class="visuallyhidden">13 Batih, Battle of</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn13" name="groovybtn13" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 13 Batih, Battle of " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBatihBattleof.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn14" class="visuallyhidden">14 Baturyn</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn14" name="groovybtn14" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 14 Baturyn " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CA%5CBaturyn.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn15" class="visuallyhidden">15 Belarus</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn15" name="groovybtn15" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 15 Belarus " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarus.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn16" class="visuallyhidden">16 Belarusian regiment</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn16" name="groovybtn16" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 16 Belarusian regiment " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBelarusianregiment.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn17" class="visuallyhidden">17 Bezborodko</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn17" name="groovybtn17" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 17 Bezborodko " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBezborodko.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn18" class="visuallyhidden">18 Bezborodko, Oleksander</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn18" name="groovybtn18" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 18 Bezborodko, Oleksander " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CE%5CBezborodkoOleksander.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn19" class="visuallyhidden">19 Bila Tserkva regiment</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn19" name="groovybtn19" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 19 Bila Tserkva regiment " ONCLICK="document.location.href='https://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CI%5CBilaTserkvaregiment.htm'"> <label for="groovybtn20" class="visuallyhidden">20 Black Sea</label> <INPUT id="groovybtn20" name="groovybtn20" class="groovybutton" TYPE=BUTTON VALUE=" 20 Black Sea " 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