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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Art music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_18th-century_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_18th-century_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>The 18th-century school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_18th-century_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Classical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Classical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>The Classical period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Classical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Romantic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Romantic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>The Romantic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Romantic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_avant-garde_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_avant-garde_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>The avant-garde movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_avant-garde_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Brazilian Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Contemporary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_and_folk_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_and_folk_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indigenous and folk music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_and_folk_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous and folk music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_and_folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capoeira_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capoeira_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Capoeira music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capoeira_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maracatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maracatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Maracatu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maracatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afoxé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afoxé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Afoxé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afoxé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Repente</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Choro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Samba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MPB_(Popular_Brazilian_Music)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MPB_(Popular_Brazilian_Music)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>MPB (Popular Brazilian Music)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MPB_(Popular_Brazilian_Music)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bossa_nova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bossa_nova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bossa nova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bossa_nova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brega_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brega_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Brega music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brega_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axé" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axé"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Axé</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axé-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_gospel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_gospel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Brazilian gospel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_gospel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Brazilian rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazilian_heavy_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_heavy_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.1</span> <span>Brazilian heavy metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_heavy_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_folk/folk-rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_folk/folk-rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.2</span> <span>Brazilian folk/folk-rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_folk/folk-rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_psychedelic_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_psychedelic_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8.3</span> <span>Brazilian psychedelic rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_psychedelic_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sertanejo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sertanejo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Sertanejo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sertanejo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Northeastern Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaucho_music_(Southern_music)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaucho_music_(Southern_music)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Gaucho music (Southern music)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaucho_music_(Southern_music)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_of_Salvador:_Late_60s_to_mid-70s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_Salvador:_Late_60s_to_mid-70s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Music of Salvador: Late 60s to mid-70s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_Salvador:_Late_60s_to_mid-70s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frevo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frevo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Frevo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frevo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sambass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sambass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Sambass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sambass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funk_carioca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funk_carioca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Funk carioca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funk_carioca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hip_hop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hip_hop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Hip hop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hip_hop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Brazilian bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_electronic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_electronic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Brazilian electronic music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_electronic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazilian_phonk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazilian_phonk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Brazilian phonk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazilian_phonk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_record_labels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_record_labels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable record labels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_record_labels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Music of Brazil</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موسيقى برازيلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى برازيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_del_Brasil" title="Música del Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música del Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilianische_Musik" title="Brasilianische Musik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brasilianische Musik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia_muusika" title="Brasiilia muusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brasiilia muusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_brasile%C3%B1a" title="Música brasileña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música brasileña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziko_de_Brazilo" title="Muziko de Brazilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muziko de Brazilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_br%C3%A9silienne" title="Musique brésilienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musique brésilienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזיקה ברזילאית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקה ברזילאית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="ブラジル音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジル音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliansk_musikk" title="Brasiliansk musikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasiliansk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliansk_musikk" title="Brasiliansk musikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brasiliansk musikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzyka_brazylijska" title="Muzyka brazylijska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzyka brazylijska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_do_Brasil" title="Música do Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música do Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Музыка Бразилии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музыка Бразилии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Бразилска музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бразилска музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-width:22.0em; border: 4px double #00994C; background:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Brazil" title="Category:Culture of Brazil">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid gold;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Culture of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/195px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/260px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: gold;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Women</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: gold;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Brazil" title="Architecture of Brazil">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Brazil">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Media <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_press" title="Brazilian press">Print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_in_Brazil" title="Category:Radio in Brazil">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Heritage_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Historic Heritage of Brazil">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Brazil">Video gaming</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background: gold;padding:0.1em 0;font-size:95%;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.6em;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="National anthem of Brazil">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Brazil" title="Miss Brazil">Miss Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufous-bellied_thrush" title="Rufous-bellied thrush">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid gold;border-bottom:1px solid gold;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Brazil" title="Template:Culture of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Culture of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of Brazil</b> encompasses various regional musical styles influenced by European, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">American</a>, African and Amerindian forms. Brazilian music developed some unique and original styles such as <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">forró</a>, repente, coco de roda, <a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%A9" title="Axé">axé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sertanejo_music" title="Sertanejo music">sertanejo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">MPB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_gaucho_music" title="Brazilian gaucho music">gaucho music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pagode" title="Pagode">pagode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">tropicália</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">choro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">maracatu</a>, embolada (coco de repente), <a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">frevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brega_(music)" title="Brega (music)">brega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modinha" title="Modinha">modinha</a> and Brazilian versions of foreign musical styles, such as rock, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco music">disco music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambient_music" title="Ambient music">ambient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_music" title="Psychedelic music">psychedelic</a> music, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rap</a>, classical music, <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">fado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>. </p><p>Samba has become the most known form of Brazilian music worldwide, especially because of the country's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian carnival">carnival</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a> as one of its most acclaimed composers and performers, has received much attention abroad since the 1950s, when the song "<a href="/wiki/Desafinado" title="Desafinado">Desafinado</a>", interpreted by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto" title="João Gilberto">João Gilberto</a>, was first released. </p><p>The first four winners of the Shell Brazilian Music prize<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have each left a legacy on Brazilian music and are among the representatives of Brazilian popular music: <a href="/wiki/Pixinguinha" title="Pixinguinha">Pixinguinha</a> (choro), <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Jobim" title="Antônio Carlos Jobim">Antônio Carlos Jobim</a> (bossa nova), <a href="/wiki/Dorival_Caymmi" title="Dorival Caymmi">Dorival Caymmi</a> (samba and samba-canção), and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga" title="Luiz Gonzaga">Luiz Gonzaga</a> (forró). </p><p>Instrumental music is also largely practiced in Brazil, with styles ranging from classical to <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> influenced forms. Among the later, <a href="/wiki/Nan%C3%A1_Vasconcelos" title="Naná Vasconcelos">Naná Vasconcelos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pixinguinha" title="Pixinguinha">Pixinguinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeto_Pascoal" title="Hermeto Pascoal">Hermeto Pascoal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egberto_Gismonti" title="Egberto Gismonti">Egberto Gismonti</a> are significant figures. Notable classical composers include <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Carlos Gomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Santoro" title="Cláudio Santoro">Cláudio Santoro</a>. The country also has a growing community of modern/experimental composition, including <a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_music">Art music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Art music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the music of Brazil before the area's first encounter with Portuguese explorers on 22 April 1500. During the colonial period, documents detail the musical activities of the major Roman Catholic cathedrals and the parlors of the upper classes, but data about musical life outside these domains are sparse. Some information is available in writings left by such travellers as <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_L%C3%A9ry" title="Jean de Léry">Jean de Léry</a>, who lived in Brazil from 1557 to 1558 and produced the first known transcriptions of native American music: two chants of the Tupinambá, near Rio de Janeiro.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venid_a_sospirar_(Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf/page1-220px-Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf/page1-330px-Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf/page1-440px-Venid_a_sospirar_%28Jos%C3%A9_de_Anchieta%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1754" /></a><figcaption>Venid a sospirar (José de Anchieta) - score available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicabrasilis.org.br/partituras/jose-de-anchieta-venid-sospirar">Musica Brasilis</a> website.</figcaption></figure> <p>Further registration of musical activity in Brazil came from the activities of two <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priests in 1549. Ten years later, they had already founded settlements for indigenous people (the <i><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Reduções</a></i>), with a musical-educational structure. </p><p>One century later, the Reduções of the southern Brazil, which were founded by Spaniard Jesuits, had a strong cultural development, where some music schools were founded. Some of the reports of that time show the fascination of the indigenous people for European music.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous people also took part in the music, with both the construction of musical instruments and practice of vocal and instrumental performance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_18th-century_school">The 18th-century school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The 18th-century school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg/170px-OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg/255px-OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg/340px-OuroPreto1-CCBYSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>: one of the most important musical centers in Brazil during the 18th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, there was intense musical activity in all the more developed regions of Brazil, with their moderately stable institutional and educational structures. The previously few private orchestras became more common and the churches presented a great variety of music. </p><p>In the first half of this century, the most outstanding works were composed by Luís Álvares Pinto, Caetano de Mello de Jesus and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Jos%C3%A9_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio José da Silva">Antônio José da Silva</a> ("the Jew"), who became successful in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> writing <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a> for comedies, which were performed also in Brazil with music by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Teixeira_(composer)" title="António Teixeira (composer)">António Teixeira</a>. </p><p>In the second part of the 18th century, there was a great flourishing in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, mostly in the regions of <i>Vila Rica</i> (currently <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mariana,_Minas_Gerais" title="Mariana, Minas Gerais">Mariana</a> and <i>Arraial do Tejuco</i> (currently <a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>), where the mining of gold and diamonds for the Portuguese metropolis attracted a sizable population. At this time, the first outstanding Brazilian composers were revealed, most of them <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a>. The musical pieces were mostly sacred music. Some of the noteworthy composers of this period were <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaquim_Emerico_Lobo_de_Mesquita" class="mw-redirect" title="José Joaquim Emerico Lobo de Mesquita">Lobo de Mesquita</a>, Manoel Dias de Oliveira, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gomes_da_Rocha" title="Francisco Gomes da Rocha">Francisco Gomes da Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Coelho_Neto" title="Marcos Coelho Neto">Marcos Coelho Neto</a> and Marcos Coelho Neto Filho. All of them were very active, but in many cases few pieces have survived until the present day. Some of the most famous pieces of this period are the <i>Magnificat</i> by Manoel Dias de Oliveira and the <i>Our Lady's Antiphon</i> by Lobo de Mesquita. In the city of Arraial do Tejuco, nowadays <a href="/wiki/Diamantina,_Minas_Gerais" title="Diamantina, Minas Gerais">Diamantina</a>, there were ten conductors in activity. In <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a> about 250 musicians were active, and in all of the territory of Minas Gerais almost a thousand musicians were active.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the impoverishment of the mines at the end of the century, the focus of the musical activity changed to other centers, specially <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_da_Silva_Gomes" title="André da Silva Gomes">André da Silva Gomes</a>, a composer of Portuguese origin, released a great number of works and dynamized the musical life of the city. </p><p>Also, the oldest Orchestra of all Americas is situated in São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais, called Lira Sanjoanense, conducted, today, by Modesto Flávio Fonseca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Classical_period">The Classical period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Classical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg/170px-Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg/255px-Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Jos%C3%A9_Mauricio_Nunes_Garcia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Nunes_Garcia" title="José Maurício Nunes Garcia">José Maurício Nunes Garcia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A crucial factor for the changes in the musical life was the arrival of the Portuguese Royal family to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1808. Until then, Rio de Janeiro was musically similar to other cultural centers of Brazil but was even less important than Minas Gerais. The presence of the Portuguese Royal family, in exile, radically changed this situation, as the <a href="/wiki/Capela_Real_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Capela Real of Rio de Janeiro">Capela Real of Rio de Janeiro</a> was established. </p><p>The king <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a> brought with him to Brazil the great musical library from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bragan%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Bragança">House of Bragança</a>, one of the best of Europe at that time, and ordered the arrival of musicians from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Castrati" class="mw-redirect" title="Castrati">castrati</a></i> from Italy, re-ordering the Royal Chapel. Later, John VI ordered the construction of a sumptuous theater, called the Royal Theater of São João. The secular music had the presence of <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Portugal" title="Marcos Portugal">Marcos Portugal</a>, who was designated as the official composer of the household, and of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_von_Neukomm" title="Sigismund von Neukomm">Sigismund von Neukomm</a>, who contributed with his own work and brought the works of the Austrian composers <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>. The works of these composers strongly influenced the Brazilian music of this time. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Nunes_Garcia" title="José Maurício Nunes Garcia">José Maurício Nunes Garcia</a>, the first of the great Brazilian composers, emerged at this time. With a large culture for his origin – he was poor and mulatto – he was one of the founders of the Irmandade de Santa Cecília, in Rio de Janeiro, teacher and <a href="/wiki/Mestre_de_capela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mestre de capela">mestre de capela</a> of the Royal Chapel during the presence of John VI in Brazil. Nunes Garcia was the most prolific Brazilian composer of this time. He also composed the first opera written in Brazil, <i>Le Due Gemelle</i> (<i>The Two Twins</i>), with text in Italian, but the music is now lost. </p><p>Other important composers of this period are Gabriel Fernandes da Trindade, who composed the only Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> from the 19th century which has survived to the present times,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and João de Deus de Castro Lobo, who lived in the cities of Mariana and Ouro Preto, which were decadent at this time. </p><p>This period, however, was brief. In 1821, John VI went back to Lisbon, taking with him the household, and the cultural life in Rio de Janeiro became empty. And, despite the love of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Brazil">Peter I of Brazil</a> for the music – he was also author of some musical pieces like the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Independence_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Independence Anthem">Brazilian Independence Anthem</a> – the difficult financial situation did not allow many luxuries. The conflagration of the Royal Theater in 1824 was another symbol of decadence, which reached the most critical point when Peter I renounced the throne, going back to Portugal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Romantic_period">The Romantic period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Romantic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Gomes_(fototipia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg/170px-Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg/255px-Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg/340px-Carlos_Gomes_%28fototipia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The only composer who had a relevant work in this period was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Manuel_da_Silva" title="Francisco Manuel da Silva">Francisco Manuel da Silva</a>, disciple of Nunes Garcia, who succeeded him as kapellmeister. In spite of his few resources, he founded the Musical Conservatory of Rio de Janeiro. He was the author of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem" title="Brazilian National Anthem">Brazilian National Anthem</a>'s melody. His work reflected the musical transition for the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, when the interest of the national composers was focused in the opera. The most outstanding Brazilian composer of this period was <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a>, who composed Italian-styled operas with national themes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">Il Guarany</a></i> (based on <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Lo_Schiavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo Schiavo">Lo Schiavo</a></i>. These operas were very successful in European theaters, like the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_alla_Scala" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro alla Scala">Teatro alla Scala</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. Other important composer of this time is <a href="/wiki/Elias_%C3%81lvares_Lobo" title="Elias Álvares Lobo">Elias Álvares Lobo</a>, who wrote the opera <i>A Noite de São João</i>, the first Brazilian opera with text in Portuguese. </p><p>The opera in Brazil was very popular until the middle of the 20th century, and many opera houses were built at this time, like <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Amazonas" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Amazonas">Teatro Amazonas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Municipal_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Municipal (Rio de Janeiro)">Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theatro_Municipal_(S%C3%A3o_Paulo)" title="Theatro Municipal (São Paulo)">Municipal Theater of São Paulo</a>, and many others. </p><p>At the end of the 19th century, the greatest composers for the symphonic music were revealed. One of the most outstanding name of this period was <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Miguez" title="Leopoldo Miguez">Leopoldo Miguez</a>, who followed the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagnerian</a> style and <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Oswald" title="Henrique Oswald">Henrique Oswald</a>, who incorporated elements of the French <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heitor_Villa-Lobos_(c._1922).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Heitor_Villa-Lobos_%28c._1922%29.jpg/170px-Heitor_Villa-Lobos_%28c._1922%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Heitor_Villa-Lobos_%28c._1922%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the beginning of the 20th century, there was a movement for creating an authentically Brazilian music, with less influences of the European culture. In this sense, the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> was the major font of inspiration for the composers. Some composers like <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlio_Itiber%C3%AA_da_Cunha" title="Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha">Brasílio Itiberê da Cunha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Gallet" title="Luciano Gallet">Luciano Gallet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Levy" title="Alexandre Levy">Alexandre Levy</a>, despite having a European formation, included some typically Brazilian elements in their works. This trend reached the highest point with <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Nepomuceno" title="Alberto Nepomuceno">Alberto Nepomuceno</a>, who used largely the rhythms and melodies from the Brazilian folklore. There were local cultural movements to consolidate regional identities through music as for example, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Brazil%C3%ADcio_de_Souza" class="extiw" title="pt:José Brazilício de Souza">José Brazilício de Souza</a>, who wrote the state <a href="/wiki/Hino_do_Estado_de_Santa_Catarina" title="Hino do Estado de Santa Catarina">anthem</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Sousa" title="Álvaro Sousa">Álvaro Sousa</a>, who was a noticeable musician, music educator, and composer there.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important event, later, was the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Week" title="Modern Art Week">Modern Art Week</a>, in 1922, which had a large impact on concepts of national art. In this event the composer <a href="/wiki/Heitor_Villa-Lobos" title="Heitor Villa-Lobos">Heitor Villa-Lobos</a>, regarded as the most outstanding name of the Brazilian nationalism, was revealed. </p><p>Villa-Lobos did researches about the musical folklore of Brazil, and mixed elements both from classical and popular music. He explored many musical genres such as concertos, <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modinha" title="Modinha">modinhas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fados</a>, and other symphonic, vocal and chamber music. Some of his masterworks are the ballet <i><a href="/wiki/Uirapuru_(Villa-Lobos)" title="Uirapuru (Villa-Lobos)">Uirapuru</a></i> and the two series of <i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B4ros" title="Chôros">Chôros</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bachianas_Brasileiras" title="Bachianas Brasileiras">Bachianas Brasileiras</a></i>. </p><p>Other composers of Brazilian national music of this era include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Lorenzo_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Oscar Lorenzo Fernández">Oscar Lorenzo Fernández</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radam%C3%A9s_Gnattali" title="Radamés Gnattali">Radamés Gnattali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camargo_Guarnieri" title="Camargo Guarnieri">Camargo Guarnieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Lacerda" title="Osvaldo Lacerda">Osvaldo Lacerda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mignone" title="Francisco Mignone">Francisco Mignone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nazareth" title="Ernesto Nazareth">Ernesto Nazareth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_avant-garde_movement">The avant-garde movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The avant-garde movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tropicalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropicalia">Tropicalia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Ned_(2451237619).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg/220px-Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg/330px-Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg/440px-Nelson_Ned_%282451237619%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Ned" title="Nelson Ned">Nelson Ned</a>, the "Little Giant of Song".</figcaption></figure> <p>As a reaction against the nationalist school, who was identified as "servile" to the centralizing politics of <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, in 1939 the <i>Movimento Música Viva</i> (Living Music Movement) appeared, led by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_Koellreutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Joachim Koellreutter">Hans Joachim Koellreutter</a> and by Egídio de Castro e Silva, defending the adoption of an international style, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Dodecaphonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecaphonism">dodecaphonism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>. This group was integrated by composers like <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Santoro" title="Cláudio Santoro">Cláudio Santoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Guerra-Peixe" title="César Guerra-Peixe">César Guerra-Peixe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Catunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Eunice Catunda">Eunice Catunda</a> and Edino Krieger. Koellreutter adopted revolutionary methodes, in respect to the individuality of each student and giving to the students the freedom of creativity before the knowledge of the traditional rules for composition. The movement edited a magazine and presented a series of radio programs showing their fundaments and works of contemporary music. Later, Guerra-Peixe and Santoro followed an independent way, centered in the regional music. Other composers, who used freely the previous styles were <a href="/wiki/Marlos_Nobre" title="Marlos Nobre">Marlos Nobre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Rezende_de_Almeida_Prado" title="José Antônio Rezende de Almeida Prado">Almeida Prado</a>, and Armando Albuquerque, who created their own styles. </p><p>After 1960, the Brazilian avant-garde movement received a new wave, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Serial_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial music">serial music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">microtonal music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Concrete music">concrete music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, employing a completely new language. This movement was called <i>Música Nova</i> (New Music) and was led by <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Mendes" title="Gilberto Mendes">Gilberto Mendes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willy_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Willy Corrêa de Oliveira">Willy Corrêa de Oliveira</a>. An important fact was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a> in Brazil, with the pioneering works of the carioca <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antunes_(composer)" title="Jorge Antunes (composer)">Jorge Antunes</a> in 1961. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_Opera">Brazilian Opera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brazilian Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Carlos Gomes</a> was the first composer on non-European origin to achieve wide recognition in the classical music environment of the Golden age of Opera in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Bossa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossa Nova">Bossa Nova</a> was created as anti-opera in a time when opera seemed to represent the art-form of the elite. [5] In recent years the style has been revived with works by <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antunes_(composer)" title="Jorge Antunes (composer)">Jorge Antunes</a>, Flo Menezes, and others. </p><p>Since 2014 the <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Opera_(IBOC)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Brazilian Opera (IBOC)">International Brazilian Opera (IBOC)</a> has been producing new works, most notably by its artistic director and resident composer <a href="/wiki/Joao_MacDowell" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao MacDowell">Joao MacDowell</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary">Contemporary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg/220px-Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg/330px-Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg/440px-Claudia_Leitte_no_The_Voice_Brasil_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2641" data-file-height="3969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Leitte" title="Claudia Leitte">Claudia Leitte</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)" title="Pitbull (rapper)">Pitbull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, recorded "We Are One (Ole Ola)", which served as the official song of the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nowadays, Brazilian music follows the guidelines of both experimentalism and traditional music. Some of the contemporary Brazilian composers are <a href="/wiki/Amaral_Vieira" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaral Vieira">Amaral Vieira</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvio_Ferraz" title="Sílvio Ferraz">Sílvio Ferraz</a>, Nestor de Hollanda Cavalcanti, Flo Menezes, <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Balter" title="Marcos Balter">Marcos Balter</a>, Alexandre Lunsqui, Rodolfo Caesar, <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Lara" title="Felipe Lara">Felipe Lara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edson_Zampronha" title="Edson Zampronha">Edson Zampronha</a>, Marcus Siqueira, Rodrigo Lima, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antunes_(composer)" title="Jorge Antunes (composer)">Jorge Antunes</a>, Roberto Victorio and <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_MacDowell" title="João MacDowell">João MacDowell</a>. From the new generation of Brazilian composers, <a href="/wiki/Caio_Fac%C3%B3" title="Caio Facó">Caio Facó</a> has achieved international recognition for his work. </p><p>Brazil has a large number of internationally recognized orchestras and performers, despite the relatively low support of the government. The most famous Brazilian orchestra is probably the <a href="/wiki/Orquestra_Sinf%C3%B4nica_do_Estado_de_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo">São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra</a>, currently under conductor <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Fischer" title="Thierry Fischer">Thierry Fischer</a>. Other Brazilian orchestras worthy of note are the São Paulo University Symphony, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Brazilian Symphony Orchestra">Orquestra Sinfônica Brasileira</a>, Orquestra Filarmônica de Minas Gerais and the Petrobras Sinfônica, supported by the Brazilian state oil company <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a>. </p><p>There are also regular operas scheduled every year in cities such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. The <a href="/wiki/State_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="State of São Paulo">state of São Paulo</a> also hosts the Winter Festival in the city of <a href="/wiki/Campos_do_Jord%C3%A3o" title="Campos do Jordão">Campos do Jordão</a>. </p><p>Some of the most famous Brazilian conductors are <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Minczuk" title="Roberto Minczuk">Roberto Minczuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Neschling" title="John Neschling">John Neschling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Karabtchevsky" title="Isaac Karabtchevsky">Isaac Karabtchevsky</a>. The instrumentalists include, among others: <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Szidon" title="Roberto Szidon">Roberto Szidon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meneses" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Meneses">Antonio Meneses</a>, Cussy de Almeida, Gilberto Tinetti, <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Cohen" title="Arnaldo Cohen">Arnaldo Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Freire" title="Nelson Freire">Nelson Freire</a>, Eudóxia de Barros, <a href="/wiki/Guiomar_Novaes" title="Guiomar Novaes">Guiomar Novaes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magda_Tagliaferro" title="Magda Tagliaferro">Magda Tagliaferro</a>. And some of the most famous Brazilian singers were, historically, <a href="/wiki/Zola_Amaro" title="Zola Amaro">Zola Amaro</a>, Constantina Araújo and <a href="/wiki/Bidu_Say%C3%A3o" title="Bidu Sayão">Bidu Sayão</a>; living singers include <a href="/wiki/Eliane_Coelho" title="Eliane Coelho">Eliane Coelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kismara_Pessatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kismara Pessatti">Kismara Pessatti</a>, Maria Lúcia Godoy, Sebastião Teixeira, and others. </p><p>In the 1980s, a wave of Brazilian heavy metal bands gained public attention. The most commercially successful of these was <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a>, founded in São Paulo in 1983, preceded by <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_Atlantica" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal Atlantica">Dorsal Atlantica</a> and followed by <a href="/wiki/Sarc%C3%B3fago" title="Sarcófago">Sarcófago</a>. </p><p>The intrusion of alien elements into Brazil's cultural system is not a destructive process. The return of a democratic government allowed for freedom of expression. The Brazilian music industry opened up to international styles and this has allowed for both foreign and local genres to co-exist and identify people. Each different style relates to the people socially, politically, and economically. "Brazil is a regionally divided country with a rich cultural and musical diversity among states. As such, musicians in the country choose to define their local heritage differently depending on where they come from." This shows how globalization has not robbed Brazil of its identity but instead given it the ability to represent its people both in Brazil and the rest of the world. </p><p>In recent years Brazilian artists have become more interested in Africa, the Caribbean and their own indigenous and folk music. While there are some artists who continue to perform rock and Western pop, there are now just as many contemporaries playing a fusion of African and European influences with those from across The Americas. Some artists have even become influenced by Asian music, noticing some parallels between music from the Northeast of Brazil and music from India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_and_folk_music">Indigenous and folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Indigenous and folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg/220px-Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg/330px-Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg/440px-Rugendas_lundu_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2147" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian dance-song <i><a href="/wiki/Lundu_(dance)" title="Lundu (dance)">lundu</a></i>, c. 1835.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg/220px-Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg/330px-Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg/440px-Caboclos_de_lan%C3%A7a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Maracatu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_repente,_um_repentista!_(165251858).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg/220px-De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg/330px-De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg/440px-De_repente%2C_um_repentista%21_%28165251858%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Repentista.</figcaption></figure> <p>The native peoples of the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> play instruments including <a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a>, flutes, <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (musical instrument)">drums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattles</a>. Much of the area's folk music imitates the sounds of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>. When the Portuguese arrived in Brazil, the first natives they met played an array of reed flutes and other wind and percussion instruments. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> introduced songs which used the <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi language</a> with Christian lyrics, an attempt to convert the people to Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also introduced <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian chant</a> and the flute, <a href="/wiki/Bow_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (musical instrument)">bow</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capoeira_music">Capoeira music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Capoeira music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">Capoeira music</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> sport of <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">capoeira</a> is never played without its own music, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music. The main instruments of capoeira music include the <i><a href="/wiki/Berimbau" title="Berimbau">berimbau</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Atabaque" title="Atabaque">atabaque</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pandeiro" title="Pandeiro">pandeiro</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Capoeira songs">Capoeira songs</a> may be improvised on the spot, or they may be popular songs written by older, and ancient <i>mestres</i> (teachers), and often include accounts of the history of capoeira, or the doings of great mestres. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maracatu">Maracatu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Maracatu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">Maracatu</a></div> <p>This type of music is played primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> regions during Carnaval. It is an <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">Afro-Brazilian</a> tradition. The music serves as the backdrop for parade groups that evolved out of ceremonies conducted during colonial times in honour of the Kings of Congo, who were African slaves occupying symbolic leadership positions among the slave population. The music is played on large <a href="/wiki/Alfaia" title="Alfaia">alfaia</a> drums, large metal gonguê bells, snare drums and shakers. </p><p>An important variant is found in and around Fortaleza, Ceará (called maracatu cearense), which is different from the Recife/Olinda tradition in many respects: triangles are used instead of gonguês, <a href="/wiki/Surdo" title="Surdo">surdos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zabumba" title="Zabumba">zabumbas</a> instead of alfaias. Also, important female characters are performed by cross-dressed male performers, and all African and Afrobrazilian personages are performed using blackface makeup. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afoxé"><span id="Afox.C3.A9"></span>Afoxé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Afoxé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Afox%C3%A9" title="Afoxé">Afoxé</a></div> <p>Afoxé is the name given to a group dedicated to playing ijexá, which is a kind of <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> tradition. In 1949, a group called Filhos de Gandhi began playing afoxé during <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">carnaval</a> parades in Salvador; their name translates as <i>Sons of Gandhi</i>, associating black Brazilian activism with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s Indian independence movement. </p><p>The Filhos de Gandhi's 1949 appearance was also revolutionary because, until then, the Carnaval parades in Salvador were meant only for light-skinned people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repente">Repente</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Repente"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeastern Brazil</a> is known for a distinctive form of literature called <a href="/wiki/Cordel_literature" title="Cordel literature">literatura de cordel</a>, which are a type of <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> that include elements incorporated into music as "repentismo", an improvised lyrical contest on themes suggested by the audience. </p><p>Similar to Repentismo, appears among the <a href="/wiki/Caipira" class="mw-redirect" title="Caipira">Caipira</a> culture a musical form derived from <a href="/wiki/Viola_caipira" title="Viola caipira">viola caipira</a>, which is called <i>cururu</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choro">Choro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Choro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">Choro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Violao_choro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Violao_choro.jpg/220px-Violao_choro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Violao_choro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Choro guitar.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pixinguinha-_O_Urubu_e_o_Gaviao_1930.ogg" title="File:Pixinguinha- O Urubu e o Gaviao 1930.ogg">Urubu Malandro</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Pixinguinha-_O_Urubu_e_o_Gaviao_1930.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Pixinguinha-_O_Urubu_e_o_Gaviao_1930.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Pixinguinha-_O_Urubu_e_o_Gaviao_1930.ogg/Pixinguinha-_O_Urubu_e_o_Gaviao_1930.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"Urubu Malandro", recorded in 1930 by Pixinguinha in the flute</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg" title="File:003-harmonia selvagem - dante santoro 1938.ogg">Harmonia Selvagem</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="196" data-mwtitle="003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/13/003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg/003-harmonia_selvagem_-_dante_santoro_1938.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Choro "Harmonia Selvagem" composed by Dante Santoro. Recorded by Dante Santoro (flute) in 1938.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Atraente_chiquinha_pixinguinha.ogg" title="File:Atraente chiquinha pixinguinha.ogg">Atraente</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="167" data-mwtitle="Atraente_chiquinha_pixinguinha.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Atraente_chiquinha_pixinguinha.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Atraente_chiquinha_pixinguinha.ogg/Atraente_chiquinha_pixinguinha.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"Atraente", composed by Chiquinha Gonzaga, recorded by Pixinguinha (saxophone) and Benedito Lacerda (flute).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><i>Choro</i> (literally "cry" in Portuguese, but in context a more appropriate translation would be "lament"), traditionally called <i>chorinho</i> ("little cry" or "little lament"). Instrumental, its origins are in 19th century Rio de Janeiro. Originally <i>choro</i> was played by a trio of flute, guitar and cavaquinho (a small chordophone with four strings). The young pianist <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Nazareth" title="Ernesto Nazareth">Ernesto Nazareth</a> published his first choro (<i>Não Caio Noutra</i>) in 1878 at the age of 14.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nazareth's choros are often listed as <i>polkas</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also composed <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schottische" title="Schottische">schottisches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milonga_(music)" title="Milonga (music)">milongas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Tango" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Tango">Brazilian Tangos</a>. (He resisted the popular term <i><a href="/wiki/Maxixe_(dance)" title="Maxixe (dance)">maxixe</a></i> to represent Brazilian tango.)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chiquinha_Gonzaga" title="Chiquinha Gonzaga">Chiquinha Gonzaga</a> was another important composer of choros and started shortly after Nazareth. <a href="/wiki/Chiquinha_Gonzaga" title="Chiquinha Gonzaga">Chiquinha Gonzaga</a> composed her first success, the polka-choro "Atraente", in 1877. In the beginning, the success of choro came from informal groups of friends which played in parties, pubs (<a href="/wiki/Boteco" class="mw-redirect" title="Boteco">botecos</a>), streets, home balls (forrobodós), and also the musical scores published by print houses.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1910s, much of the Brazilian first phonograph records are choros. The mainstream success of this style of music (By the 1930s) came from the early days of radio, when bands performed live on the air. By the 1950s and 1960s it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">samba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bossa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossa Nova">Bossa Nova</a> and other styles of Brazilian popular music, but was still alive in amateur circles called "rodas de choro" (informal choro gatherings in residences and <a href="/wiki/Botecos" class="mw-redirect" title="Botecos">botecos</a>). However, in the late 1970s there was a successful effort to revitalize the genre carried out by some famous artists: <a href="/wiki/Pixinguinha" title="Pixinguinha">Pixinguinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waldir_Azevedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldir Azevedo">Waldir Azevedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_do_Bandolim" title="Jacob do Bandolim">Jacob do Bandolim</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samba">Samba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Samba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/170px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/255px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG/340px-Carmen_Miranda_1941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Singer and actress <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929, prompted by the opening of the first radio station in Rio de Janeiro, the so-called <i>radio era</i> began spreading songs – especially the novelty Samba in its current format – to larger masses. This period was dominated by few male interpreters – notably Almirante, <a href="/wiki/Braguinha_(composer)" title="Braguinha (composer)">Braguinha</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Reis_(singer)" title="Mário Reis (singer)">Mário Reis</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvio_Caldas" title="Sílvio Caldas">Sílvio Caldas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Morais_Alves" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco de Morais Alves">Francisco Alves</a> and singer/composer <a href="/wiki/Noel_Rosa" title="Noel Rosa">Noel Rosa</a> and even fewer chanteuses such as <a href="/wiki/Aracy_de_Almeida" title="Aracy de Almeida">Aracy de Almeida</a> and sisters <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Miranda" title="Aurora Miranda">Aurora Miranda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Miranda" title="Carmen Miranda">Carmen Miranda</a>, who eventually came to Hollywood becoming a movie star.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Na_Pavuna-Almirante-Homero_Dornelas1929.ogg" title="File:Na Pavuna-Almirante-Homero Dornelas1929.ogg">Na Pavuna</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="162" data-mwtitle="Na_Pavuna-Almirante-Homero_Dornelas1929.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Na_Pavuna-Almirante-Homero_Dornelas1929.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Na_Pavuna-Almirante-Homero_Dornelas1929.ogg/Na_Pavuna-Almirante-Homero_Dornelas1929.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Almirante, released in 1929.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Carmen_Miranda_e_M%C3%A1rio_Reis_-_Alo..._Alo....ogg" title="File:Carmen Miranda e Mário Reis - Alo... Alo....ogg">Alô... Alô?</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="216" data-mwtitle="Carmen_Miranda_e_Mário_Reis_-_Alo..._Alo....ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Carmen_Miranda_e_M%C3%A1rio_Reis_-_Alo..._Alo....ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/Carmen_Miranda_e_M%C3%A1rio_Reis_-_Alo..._Alo....ogg/Carmen_Miranda_e_M%C3%A1rio_Reis_-_Alo..._Alo....ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Carmen Miranda and Mário Reis, released in 1934</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Popular music included instruments like <a href="/wiki/Cuica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuica">cuicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tambourine" title="Tambourine">tambourines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">frying pans</a> ('played' with a metal stick), flutes and guitars. Noteworthy Samba composers at this early stage included said <a href="/wiki/Noel_Rosa" title="Noel Rosa">Noel Rosa</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Lamartine_Babo" title="Lamartine Babo">Lamartine Babo</a> and, around <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> time, <a href="/wiki/Ary_Barroso" title="Ary Barroso">Ary Barroso</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MPB_(Popular_Brazilian_Music)"><span id="MPB_.28Popular_Brazilian_Music.29"></span>MPB (Popular Brazilian Music)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: MPB (Popular Brazilian Music)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">Música popular brasileira</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_(42626066250).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg/170px-Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg/255px-Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg/340px-Roberto_Carlos_Credicard_Hall_%2842626066250%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)" title="Roberto Carlos (singer)">Roberto Carlos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>MPB's early stage (from World War II to the mid-1960s) was populated by male singers such as Orlando Silva, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Gon%C3%A7alves" title="Nelson Gonçalves">Nelson Gonçalves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamel%C3%A3o" title="Jamelão">Jamelão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostinho_dos_Santos" title="Agostinho dos Santos">Agostinho dos Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADsio_Silva" title="Anísio Silva">Anísio Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ataulfo_Alves" title="Ataulfo Alves">Ataulfo Alves</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Galhardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Galhardo (page does not exist)">Carlos Galhardo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciro_Monteiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciro Monteiro (page does not exist)">Ciro Monteiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Silva_(musician)" title="Ismael Silva (musician)">Ismael Silva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Dias" title="João Dias">João Dias</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Goulart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Goulart (page does not exist)">Jorge Goulart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miltinho" title="Miltinho">Miltinho</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Veiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Veiga (page does not exist)">Jorge Veiga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Eg%C3%ADdio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco Egídio (page does not exist)">Francisco Egídio</a> and female singers started to mushroom: <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ney" title="Nora Ney">Nora Ney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolores_Duran" title="Dolores Duran">Dolores Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%82ngela_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ângela Maria">Ângela Maria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilinha_Borba" title="Emilinha Borba">Emilinha Borba</a>, Marlene, <a href="/wiki/Dalva_de_Oliveira" title="Dalva de Oliveira">Dalva de Oliveira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maysa_Matarazzo" title="Maysa Matarazzo">Maysa Matarazzo</a>, sisters <a href="/wiki/Linda_Batista" title="Linda Batista">Linda Batista</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dircinha_Batista" title="Dircinha Batista">Dircinha Batista</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MPB's second stage – after the split <a href="/wiki/Bossa_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Bossa Nova">Bossa Nova</a> (1959) / <a href="/wiki/Jovem_Guarda" title="Jovem Guarda">Jovem Guarda</a> (1965) / <a href="/wiki/Tropicalismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropicalismo">Tropicalismo</a> (both 1967) – refers to mainstream Brazilian pop music. Well-known MPB artists include, among many others, singers such as <a href="/wiki/Gretchen_(singer)" title="Gretchen (singer)">Gretchen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gal_Costa" title="Gal Costa">Gal Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nara_Le%C3%A3o" title="Nara Leão">Nara Leão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trem_da_Alegria" title="Trem da Alegria">Trem da Alegria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marina_Lima" title="Marina Lima">Marina Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simone_Bittencourt_de_Oliveira" title="Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira">Simone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xuxa" title="Xuxa">Xuxa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilherme_Arantes" title="Guilherme Arantes">Guilherme Arantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)" title="Roberto Carlos (singer)">Roberto Carlos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Ben_Jor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Ben Jor">Jorge Ben Jor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Nascimento" title="Milton Nascimento">Milton Nascimento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_(television_host)" title="Angélica (television host)">Angélica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Bosco" title="João Bosco">João Bosco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lins" title="Ivan Lins">Ivan Lins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djavan" title="Djavan">Djavan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bossa_nova">Bossa nova</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bossa nova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">Bossa nova</a></div> <p>The first bossa nova records by <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto" title="João Gilberto">João Gilberto</a>, in the last years of the 1950s, quickly became huge hits in Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carlos_Jobim" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Carlos Jobim">Antonio Carlos Jobim</a> and other composers helped further develop this smoother, often slower, samba beat, which developed at the beach neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Ipanema" title="Ipanema">Ipanema</a> and, later, the <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)">Copacabana</a> nightclubs. Bossa nova was introduced to the rest of the world by American jazz musicians in the early 1960s, and the song "<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_from_Ipanema" title="The Girl from Ipanema">The Girl from Ipanema</a>" remains probably the best known Brazilian musical export, eventually becoming a jazz standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brega_music">Brega music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brega music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brega_(music)" title="Brega (music)">Brega (music)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg/220px-Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg/330px-Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg/440px-Reginaldo_Rossi_na_pra%C3%A7a_Castro_Alves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reginaldo_Rossi" title="Reginaldo Rossi">Reginaldo Rossi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brega is widely used to refer to popular romantic music with dramatic exaggeration or ingenuity, usually dealing with topics such as declarations of love, infidelity and love delusions. Historically, the greatest singers of the genre are from northeastern and northern Brazil; three of its biggest icons historically were <a href="/wiki/Waldick_Soriano" title="Waldick Soriano">Waldick Soriano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginaldo_Rossi" title="Reginaldo Rossi">Reginaldo Rossi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falc%C3%A3o_(singer)" title="Falcão (singer)">Falcão</a>, the latter following a part of a tradition of humorous brega. <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_S%C3%A9rgio_(cantor)" class="extiw" title="pt:Paulo Sérgio (cantor)">Paulo Sérgio</a> stood out for his dramatic and romantic music. some precursors of the style in singers of the 1940s and 1950s, who followed, through <a href="/wiki/Bolero" title="Bolero">bolero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samba-can%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Samba-canção">samba-canção</a>, a more "romantic" theme. Among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlando_Dias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlando Dias (page does not exist)">Orlando Dias</a>, Carlos Alberto, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcides_Gerardi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcides Gerardi (page does not exist)">Alcides Gerardi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cauby_Peixoto" title="Cauby Peixoto">Cauby Peixoto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DicionarioMPB/BREGA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DicionarioMPB/BREGA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Axé"><span id="Ax.C3.A9"></span>Axé</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Axé"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%A9_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Axé (music)">Axé (music)</a></div> <p>Axé originated in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a> in the 1980s, fusing different <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" title="Afro-Caribbean music">Afro-Caribbean</a> genres, such as marcha, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>. It also includes influences of Brazilian music such as <a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">frevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">forró</a> and carixada. The word Axé comes from the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Aṣẹ">àṣẹ</a></i>, meaning "soul, light, spirit or good vibrations".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ad_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Axé is also present in the <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> religion, as "the imagined spiritual power and energy bestowed upon practitioners by the pantheon of orixás". It also has ties with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lenten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenten">Lenten</a> season, which represents the roots of <a href="/wiki/Bahian_Carnival" title="Bahian Carnival">Bahian Carnival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_gospel">Brazilian gospel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Brazilian gospel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg/220px-Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg/330px-Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg/440px-Diante_do_Trono_-_Grava%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Creio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diante_do_Trono" title="Diante do Trono">Diante do Trono</a>, the main worship ministry in Latin America.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a> emerged in Brazil before the 1960s with hymnals that were brought and translated into Portuguese by American missionaries. From the late 1960s the first singers of Christian music groups emerged in Brazil, but the songs were not highly valued. Gospel music became popular in Brazil in the late 1990s, with the emergence of congregational singing and bands such as <a href="/wiki/Diante_do_Trono" title="Diante do Trono">Diante do Trono</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Ana_Paula_Valad%C3%A3o" title="Ana Paula Valadão">Ana Paula Valadão</a>. Diante do Trono has become the largest <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">contemporary worship music</a> ministry in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-latinamerica_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latinamerica-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_rock">Brazilian rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Brazilian rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">samba rock</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralamas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paralamas.jpg/220px-Paralamas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paralamas.jpg/330px-Paralamas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Paralamas.jpg/440px-Paralamas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paralamas_do_Sucesso" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralamas do Sucesso">Paralamas do Sucesso</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The musical style known in Brazil as "Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Rock_n%27_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock n' roll">rock n' roll</a>" dates back to Nora Ney's "Ronda Das Horas", a Portuguese version of "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock" title="Rock Around the Clock">Rock Around the Clock</a>" in 1954. In the 1960s, young singers like <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)" title="Roberto Carlos (singer)">Roberto Carlos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jovem_Guarda" title="Jovem Guarda">Jovem Guarda</a> movement were very popular. The 1960s also saw the rise of bands such as the "<a href="/wiki/Tropicalismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropicalismo">tropicalistas</a>" <a href="/wiki/Os_Mutantes" title="Os Mutantes">Os Mutantes</a> and the experimental (mixing <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">Música popular brasileira</a>) Som Imaginário. </p><p>The 1970s saw the emergence of many <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/O_Ter%C3%A7o" title="O Terço">O Terço</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Bolha" title="A Bolha">A Bolha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Barca_do_Sol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Barca do Sol (page does not exist)">A Barca do Sol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Som_Nosso_de_Cada_Dia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Som Nosso de Cada Dia (page does not exist)">Som Nosso de Cada Dia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%ADmana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vímana (page does not exist)">Vímana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacamarte" title="Bacamarte">Bacamarte</a>, some of which attained some recognition internationally; <a href="/wiki/Rita_Lee" title="Rita Lee">Rita Lee</a>, in her solo career after <a href="/wiki/Os_Mutantes" title="Os Mutantes">Os Mutantes</a>, championed the glam-rock aesthetics in Brazil; <a href="/wiki/Casa_das_M%C3%A1quinas" title="Casa das Máquinas">Casa das Máquinas</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrulha_do_Espa%C3%A7o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrulha do Espaço (page does not exist)">Patrulha do Espaço</a> were more bona-fide <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> bands, and the likes of (<a href="/wiki/Raul_Seixas" title="Raul Seixas">Raul Seixas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secos_%26_Molhados" title="Secos & Molhados">Secos e Molhados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novos_Baianos" title="Novos Baianos">Novos Baianos</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Cor_do_Som" title="A Cor do Som">A Cor do Som</a>) mixed the genre with traditional Brazilian music. In the late 1970s, the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> scene kicked off mainly in São Paulo and in Brasília, booming in the 1980s, with <a href="/wiki/Inocentes" title="Inocentes">Inocentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera">Cólera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratos_de_Por%C3%A3o" title="Ratos de Porão">Ratos de Porão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garotos_Podres" title="Garotos Podres">Garotos Podres</a>, etc. </p><p>The real commercial boom of Brazilian rock was in the 1980s, with many bands and artists like <a href="/wiki/Blitz_(Brazilian_band)" title="Blitz (Brazilian band)">Blitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camisa_de_V%C3%AAnus" title="Camisa de Vênus">Camisa de Vênus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A3o_Vermelho" title="Barão Vermelho">Barão Vermelho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legi%C3%A3o_Urbana" title="Legião Urbana">Legião Urbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lob%C3%A3o_(musician)" title="Lobão (musician)">Lobão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engenheiros_do_Hawaii" title="Engenheiros do Hawaii">Engenheiros do Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tit%C3%A3s" title="Titãs">Titãs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kid_Abelha" title="Kid Abelha">Kid Abelha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paralamas_do_Sucesso" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralamas do Sucesso">Paralamas do Sucesso</a>, and many others, and festivals like <a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Rio" title="Rock in Rio">Rock in Rio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Rock" title="Hollywood Rock">Hollywood Rock</a>.. The late 1980s and early 1990s also witnessed the beginnings of an electronica-inspired scene, with a lot more limited commercial potential but achieving some critical acclaim: <a href="/wiki/Suba_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suba (musician)">Suba</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Loop_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loop B (page does not exist)">Loop B</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_(Brazilian_musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry (Brazilian musician) (page does not exist)">Harry</a>, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lobao.jpg/220px-Lobao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lobao.jpg/330px-Lobao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lobao.jpg/440px-Lobao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lob%C3%A3o_(musician)" title="Lobão (musician)">Lobão</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, the meteoric rise of <a href="/wiki/Mamonas_Assassinas" title="Mamonas Assassinas">Mamonas Assassinas</a>, which sold more than 3 million copies of its only CD (a record, by Brazilian standards) came to a tragic end when the band's plane crashed, killing all five members of the band, the pilot and the co-pilot. Other commercially successful bands included <a href="/wiki/Jota_Quest" title="Jota Quest">Jota Quest</a>,<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Brown_Jr._(band)" title="Charlie Brown Jr. (band)">Charlie Brown Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raimundos" title="Raimundos">Raimundos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skank_(band)" title="Skank (band)">Skank</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Chico_Science_%26_Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zumbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chico Science & Nação Zumbi">Chico Science & Nação Zumbi</a> and the whole <a href="/wiki/Mangue_Bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangue Bit">Mangue Bit</a> movement received much critical attention and accolades, but very little commercial success – success that declined after the death of one of its founders, <a href="/wiki/Chico_Science" title="Chico Science">Chico Science</a>. It was also in the 1990s that the first seeds of what would grow into being the Brazilian indie scene were planted, with the creation of indie festivals such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abril_Pro_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abril Pro Rock (page does not exist)">Abril Pro Rock</a> and, later in the decade, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Por%C3%A3o_do_Rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porão do Rock (page does not exist)">Porão do Rock</a>. The band <a href="/wiki/Pato_Fu" title="Pato Fu">Pato Fu</a> was considered by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine one of the ten best bands in the world outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known to re-record hits Brazilian and international versions of toy instruments. </p><p>Female singer <a href="/wiki/Pitty" title="Pitty">Pitty</a> is also very popular. The indie scene has been growing exponentially since the early 2000s, with more and more festivals taking place all around the country. However, due to several factors including but not limited to the worldwide collapse of the music industry, all the agitation in the indie scene has so far failed in translating into international success, but in Brazil they developed a real, substantial cultural movement. That scene is still much of a ghetto, with bands capturing the attention of international critics, but many playing again in Brazil when they become popular in the exterior, due to the lack of financial and material support which would allow for careers to be developed. One notable exception is <a href="/wiki/CSS_(band)" title="CSS (band)">CSS</a>, an alternative <a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">electro rock</a> outfit that has launched a successful international career, performing in festivals and venues in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Other unique example of success through independent music scene that made to the mainstream is the band <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3veis_Coloniais_de_Acaju" title="Móveis Coloniais de Acaju">Móveis Coloniais de Acaju</a>. The band has its own style, somewhere between rock and folk, and is recognized as the most important independent band in Brazil. The record company Trama <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123211659/http://trama.uol.com.br/portalv2/home/index.jsp">[1]</a> tries to support some bands with structure and exposure, and can be credited with early support to <a href="/wiki/CSS_(band)" title="CSS (band)">CSS</a> and later to Móveis Coloniais de Acaju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_heavy_metal">Brazilian heavy metal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brazilian heavy metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sepultura_@_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg/220px-Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg/330px-Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg/440px-Sepultura_%40_Maquin%C3%A1ria_Festival_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4304" data-file-height="2852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a>: Brazilian Heavy Metal Band</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Massacration.jpg/220px-Massacration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Massacration.jpg/330px-Massacration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Massacration.jpg/440px-Massacration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Massacration" title="Massacration">Massacration</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">metal</a> originated in the mid 1980s with three prominent scenes: Belo Horizonte, São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The most famous Brazilian metal bands are <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_(band)" title="Angra (band)">Angra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krisiun" title="Krisiun">Krisiun</a> and the singer <a href="/wiki/Andre_Matos" title="Andre Matos">Andre Matos</a>. Sepultura is considered an influential <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">thrash metal</a> band, influencing the development of <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a>. </p><p>Famous bands of the 1980s include <a href="/wiki/Korzus" title="Korzus">Korzus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarc%C3%B3fago" title="Sarcófago">Sarcófago</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Overdose_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overdose (band) (page does not exist)">Overdose</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_Atl%C3%A2ntica" title="Dorsal Atlântica">Dorsal Atlântica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viper_(band)" title="Viper (band)">Viper</a>, <a href="/wiki/MX_(band)" title="MX (band)">MX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PUS_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PUS (band) (page does not exist)">PUS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutilator" title="Mutilator">Mutilator</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chakal_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chakal (band) (page does not exist)">Chakal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcano_(band)" title="Vulcano (band)">Vulcano</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Attomica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attomica (page does not exist)">Attomica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands from the 1990s include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andralls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andralls (page does not exist)">Andralls</a>, MQN, Macaco Bong, <a href="/wiki/Black_Drawing_Chalks" title="Black Drawing Chalks">Black Drawing Chalks</a>, Superguidis, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mental_Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mental Hor (page does not exist)">Mental Hor</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mist_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mist (band) (page does not exist)">The Mist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scars_(band)" title="Scars (band)">Scars</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distraught&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distraught (page does not exist)">Distraught</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture_Squad" title="Torture Squad">Torture Squad</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eterna_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eterna (band) (page does not exist)">Eterna</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silent_Cry_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silent Cry (band) (page does not exist)">Silent Cry</a>. Bands from the 2000s include <a href="/w/index.php?title=It%27s_All_Red&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="It's All Red (page does not exist)">It's All Red</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eyes_of_Shiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyes of Shiva (page does not exist)">Eyes of Shiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoramas" title="Autoramas">Autoramas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_de_Danann_(band)" title="Tuatha de Danann (band)">Tuatha de Danann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claustrofobia_(band)" title="Claustrofobia (band)">Claustrofobia</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quimere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quimere (page does not exist)">Quimere</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apokalyptic_Raids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apokalyptic Raids (page does not exist)">Apokalyptic Raids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project46" title="Project46">Project46</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wizards_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wizards (band) (page does not exist)">Wizards</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andragonia_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andragonia (band) (page does not exist)">Andragonia</a>. </p><p>There's also <a href="/wiki/Massacration" title="Massacration">Massacration</a>, a Brazilian satirical heavy metal band, self-proclaimed the "greatest band in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They began as a sketch on the MTV show "<a href="/wiki/Hermes_%26_Renato" title="Hermes & Renato">Hermes & Renato</a>", but were so successful amongst fans that the comedians decided to turn it into an actual band. Originally parodying <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a>, they eventually became a spoof of <a href="/wiki/Glam_metal" title="Glam metal">hair metal</a> bands of the 1980s. </p><p>As well as thrash metal, Brazil is also a reference in death metal, the main bands in the scene include <a href="/wiki/Krisiun" title="Krisiun">Krisiun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture_Squad" title="Torture Squad">Torture Squad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claustrofobia_(band)" title="Claustrofobia (band)">Claustrofobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebaelliun" title="Rebaelliun">Rebaelliun</a>, Visceral Leishmaniasis (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/Obskure" title="Obskure">Obskure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcano_(band)" title="Vulcano (band)">Vulcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_Horror" title="Mental Horror">Mental Horror</a> and the precursors <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarc%C3%B3fago" title="Sarcófago">Sarcófago</a>. There is a growth in the appearance of Brazilian death metal bands with women in formation, especially <a href="/wiki/Nervosa_(band)" title="Nervosa (band)">Nervosa</a>, who gained a lot of prestige after their performance at <a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Rio" title="Rock in Rio">Rock in Rio</a> in 2019. The female trio were invited to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air" title="Wacken Open Air">Wacken Open Air</a> festival in 2020, but the event was cancelled due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian Death Metal scene is spread across all regions in the country, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast region</a> where it is represented by bands like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Headhunter_D.C.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Headhunter D.C. (page does not exist)">Headhunter D.C.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Escarnium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escarnium (page does not exist)">Escarnium</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decomposed_God&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decomposed God (page does not exist)">Decomposed God</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infested_Blood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infested Blood (page does not exist)">Infested Blood</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heavenless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heavenless (page does not exist)">Heavenless</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Torment_the_Skies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Torment the Skies (page does not exist)">Torment the Skies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandemmy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandemmy (page does not exist)">Pandemmy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burning_Torment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burning Torment (page does not exist)">Burning Torment</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Infectos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infectos (page does not exist)">Infectos</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krenak_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krenak (band) (page does not exist)">Krenak</a> and especially <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canga%C3%A7o_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cangaço (band) (page does not exist)">Cangaço</a> which is a band that mixes Death metal with elements of <a href="/wiki/Bai%C3%A3o_(music)" title="Baião (music)">Baião</a> (regional rhythm of Northeast Brazil) and on 2010 was the winner of W.O.A Metal Battle Brazil and went to the finals of the <a href="/wiki/Wacken_Open_Air" title="Wacken Open Air">Wacken Open Air</a> festival.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_folk/folk-rock"><span id="Brazilian_folk.2Ffolk-rock"></span>Brazilian folk/folk-rock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Brazilian folk/folk-rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new Brazilian folk scene is not to be mistaken with folkloric Brazilian music. The first to break into the mainstream was internet phenomenon <a href="/wiki/Mallu_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Mallu Magalhães">Mallu Magalhães</a>, who played covers of her favourite artists in English and her own songs in both English and Portuguese (as well as other languages). Magalhães only released her first album in 2008, though by then she was already widely recognised as the voice of this sudden new Brazilian folk scene. Her ex-boyfriend <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9lio_Flanders&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hélio Flanders (page does not exist)">Hélio Flanders</a> is the lead singer of another Brazilian folk group called <a href="/wiki/Vanguart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguart">Vanguart</a>. Though Vanguart had an album released before Mallu Magalhães, it was her emergence that consolidated them both and others as a fully recognised mainstream scene, topping charts and being featured in prime time television and advertising. Other acts emerged after the market was opened up to folk. Writing in English is more and more common among Brazilian rock and folk artists. This has been highly criticised by Portuguese language purists, though it has helped to promote Brazilian artists in other countries (<a href="/wiki/CSS_(band)" title="CSS (band)">CSS</a> is a perfect example). The new Brazilian folk scene has just come to the public's attention and it continues to thrive. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Os_Mutantes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Os_Mutantes.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Os_Mutantes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Os_Mutantes.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Os_Mutantes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Os_Mutantes.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Os_Mutantes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1909" /></a><figcaption>Os Mutantes, 1969. <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Archives" title="Brazilian National Archives">National Archives of Brazil.</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazilian_psychedelic_rock">Brazilian psychedelic rock</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brazilian psychedelic rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mangue_Bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangue Bit">Mangue Bit</a></div> <p>Brazil has a long tradition of psychedelic music since artists like <a href="/wiki/Os_Mutantes" title="Os Mutantes">Os Mutantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Von" title="Ronnie Von">Ronnie Von</a> and other rock bands from the late 60s. Nowadays, there exists a revival of this psychedelic/vintage inspired music represented by artists like <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Apple" title="Jupiter Apple">Jupiter Apple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violeta_de_Outono" title="Violeta de Outono">Violeta de Outono</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Zumbi" title="Nação Zumbi">Nação Zumbi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundo_Livre_S/A" title="Mundo Livre S/A">Mundo Livre S/A</a>, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidad%C3%A3o_Instigado" class="extiw" title="pt:Cidadão Instigado">Cidadão Instigado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_(singer)" title="Otto (singer)">Otto</a>, China, Kassin, <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pata_de_Elefante" class="extiw" title="pt:Pata de Elefante">Pata de Elefante</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orquestra_Abstrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orquestra Abstrata (page does not exist)">Orquestra Abstrata</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sertanejo">Sertanejo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sertanejo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Música sertaneja">Música sertaneja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%26xr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ch%26xr.jpg/220px-Ch%26xr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ch%26xr.jpg/330px-Ch%26xr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ch%26xr.jpg/440px-Ch%26xr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chit%C3%A3ozinho_%26_Xoror%C3%B3" title="Chitãozinho & Xororó">Chitãozinho & Xororó</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Música sertaneja or Sertanejo is a term for Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>. It originally referred to music originating among <a href="/wiki/Sert%C3%A3o" title="Sertão">Sertão</a> and musica <a href="/wiki/Caipira" class="mw-redirect" title="Caipira">caipira</a>. (Caipira music appeared in the state of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, and some the regions of <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>. Musical rhythm is very spread out in the Southeastern and southern regions of Brazil.) </p><p>The genre is extremely famous in the country, having as some of its greatest exponents <a href="/wiki/Chit%C3%A3ozinho_%26_Xoror%C3%B3" title="Chitãozinho & Xororó">Chitãozinho & Xororó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leandro_e_Leonardo" title="Leandro e Leonardo">Leandro e Leonardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zez%C3%A9_Di_Camargo_%26_Luciano" title="Zezé Di Camargo & Luciano">Zeze Di Camargo e Luciano</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrystian_%26_Ralf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrystian & Ralf (page does not exist)">Chrystian & Ralf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrystian_%26_Ralf" class="extiw" title="pt:Chrystian & Ralf">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_%26_Daniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Paulo & Daniel (page does not exist)">João Paulo & Daniel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Paulo_%26_Daniel" class="extiw" title="pt:João Paulo & Daniel">pt</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Reis" title="Sérgio Reis">Sérgio Reis</a>. Additionally, over the past few years, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_%26_Mateus" title="Jorge & Mateus">Jorge & Mateus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADlia_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Marília Mendonça">Marília Mendonça</a> have been on the rise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northeastern_Music">Northeastern Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Northeastern Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg/170px-Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg/255px-Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg/340px-Luiz-Gonzaga-Est%C3%A1tua-de-bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga" title="Luiz Gonzaga">Luiz Gonzaga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Northeastern music is a generic term for any popular music from the large region of Northeastern Brazil, including both coastal and inland areas. Rhythms are slower and are derived from guitars instead of percussion instruments like in the rest of Brazil—in this region, African rhythms and Portuguese melodies combined to form <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">maracatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">forró</a>. Most influentially, the area around the states of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a> and its neighboring states. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaucho_music_(Southern_music)"><span id="Gaucho_music_.28Southern_music.29"></span>Gaucho music (Southern music)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Gaucho music (Southern music)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teixeirinha_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Teixeirinha_close.jpg/170px-Teixeirinha_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Teixeirinha_close.jpg/255px-Teixeirinha_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Teixeirinha_close.jpg/340px-Teixeirinha_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teixeirinha" title="Teixeirinha">Teixeirinha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern music, or <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_gaucho_music" title="Brazilian gaucho music">Brazilian gaucho music</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt"><b>Música gaúcha</b></i>) is a general term used for the music originally from the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> state, in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Brazil">Southern Brazil</a>. Some of the most famous musicians of this genre are <a href="/wiki/Teixeirinha" title="Teixeirinha">Teixeirinha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ga%C3%BAcho_da_Fronteira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaúcho da Fronteira (page does not exist)">Gaúcho da Fronteira</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%BAcho_da_Fronteira" class="extiw" title="pt:Gaúcho da Fronteira">pt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Borghetti" title="Renato Borghetti">Renato Borghetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamandu_Costa" title="Yamandu Costa">Yamandu Costa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jayme_Caetano_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayme Caetano Braun">Jayme Caetano Braun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Marenco" title="Luiz Marenco">Luiz Marenco</a>, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_of_Salvador:_Late_60s_to_mid-70s">Music of Salvador: Late 60s to mid-70s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Music of Salvador: Late 60s to mid-70s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olodum-drummers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olodum-drummers.jpg/220px-Olodum-drummers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olodum-drummers.jpg/330px-Olodum-drummers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Olodum-drummers.jpg/440px-Olodum-drummers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Members of Olodum performing.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the latter part of the 1960s, a group of black Bahians began dressing as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> during the Salvadoran Carnaval, identifying with their shared struggles through history. These groups included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comanches_do_Pel%C3%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comanches do Pelô (page does not exist)">Comanches do Pelô</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Apaches_de_Toror%C3%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apaches de Tororó (page does not exist)">Apaches de Tororó</a> and were known for a forceful and powerful style of percussion, and frequent violent encounters with the police. Starting in 1974, a group of black Bahians called <a href="/wiki/Il%C3%AA_Aiy%C3%AA" title="Ilê Aiyê">Ilê Aiyê</a> became prominent, identifying with the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> of West Africa. Along with a policy of loosening restrictions by the Brazilian government, Ilê Aiyê's sound and message spread to groups like <a href="/wiki/Olodum" title="Olodum">Grupo Cultural do Olodum</a>, who established community centers and other philanthropic efforts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frevo">Frevo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Frevo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a> is a style of music from <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>. Frevo bands always play during the Carnival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sambass">Sambass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sambass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sambass" title="Sambass">Sambass</a></div> <p>Sambass is a fusion of samba and <a href="/wiki/Drum_%26_Bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum & Bass">Drum & Bass</a>. The most famous sambass musicians are <a href="/wiki/DJ_Marky" title="DJ Marky">DJ Marky</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Patife" title="DJ Patife">DJ Patife</a> whose hit <i>Sambassim</i> might be the most known sambass track. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funk_carioca">Funk carioca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Funk carioca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_(18527911709).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg/170px-26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg/255px-26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg/340px-26_Pr%C3%AAmio_da_M%C3%BAsica_Brasileira_%2818527911709%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latino_(singer)" title="Latino (singer)">Latino</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Funk carioca is a type of dance music from Rio de Janeiro, derived from and was until the late 1990s, superficially similar to <a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a>. In Rio it is most often simply known as funk, although it is very different musically from what <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> means in most other places and contexts. Like other types of hip-hop, funk carioca lifts heavily from samples such as international rips or from previous funk music. Many popular funk songs sampled music from the film <i><a href="/wiki/Rocky" title="Rocky">Rocky</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Funk_Carioca_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funk_Carioca-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funk was popularized in Rio's favelas in the 1980s, with songs like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feira_de_Acari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feira de Acari (page does not exist)">Feira de Acari</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mc_Batata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mc Batata (page does not exist)">Mc Batata</a>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Furac%C3%A3o_2000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furacão 2000 (page does not exist)">Furacão 2000</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mc_Marlboro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mc Marlboro (page does not exist)">Mc Marlboro</a> and Brazilian versions of <a href="/wiki/Latin_freestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin freestyle">freestyle</a> songs by the singer <a href="/wiki/Latino_(singer)" title="Latino (singer)">Latino</a>, later turning more aggressive in the 1990s, with precarious lyrics and several MCs with direct links with drug trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-Behague,_Gerard_2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behague,_Gerard_2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subgenres derived from funk carioca include <a href="/wiki/Funk_melody" title="Funk melody">funk melody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk_ostenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Funk ostentação">funk ostentação</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proibid%C3%A3o" title="Proibidão">proibidão</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rasteirinha" title="Rasteirinha">rasteirinha</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg/220px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg/330px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg/440px-2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony_1035385-Cropped_and_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anitta_(singer)" title="Anitta (singer)">Anitta</a>, (<i>center</i>) with singers <a href="/wiki/Caetano_Veloso" title="Caetano Veloso">Caetano Veloso</a> (<i>left</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> (<i>right</i>) performing at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics_opening_ceremony" title="2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony">2016 Summer Olympics opening ceremony</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Singers such as <a href="/wiki/Ludmilla_(singer)" title="Ludmilla (singer)">Ludmilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anitta_(singer)" title="Anitta (singer)">Anitta</a> mixed funk carioca with pop and <a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">reggaeton</a>, and their success propelled other funk carioca singers to adopt pop music in their repertoire. Thus a new generation of singers emerged, among them <a href="/wiki/Valesca_Popozuda" title="Valesca Popozuda">Valesca Popozuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biel_(singer)" title="Biel (singer)">MC Biel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melody_(Brazilian_singer)" title="Melody (Brazilian singer)">Melody</a>. The expansion of the genre in Brazil prompted singers of other styles to join the movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Luan_Santana" title="Luan Santana">Luan Santana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banda_Vingadora" title="Banda Vingadora">Banda Vingadora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pabllo_Vittar" title="Pabllo Vittar">Pabllo Vittar</a>, Jhama, <a href="/wiki/Gaby_Amarantos" title="Gaby Amarantos">Gaby Amarantos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiago_Iorc" title="Tiago Iorc">Tiago Iorc</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hip_hop_music">Hip hop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Hip hop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> and other places in the south of Brazil, in more urban areas, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop music</a> is very popular. They dress similarly to American rappers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian hip hop</a> is heavily associated with racial and economic issues in the country, where a lot of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a> live in economically disadvantaged communities, known in Brazil as <a href="/wiki/Favela" title="Favela">favelas</a>. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> is where <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> began in the country, but it soon spread all over Brazil, and today, almost every big Brazilian city, including <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brasilia">Brasilia</a>, has a hip hop scene. São Paulo has gained a strong, underground Brazilian rap scene since its emergence in the late 1980s with many independent labels forming for young rappers to establish themselves on.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_bass">Brazilian bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Brazilian bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian bass">Brazilian bass</a></div> <p>Brazilian bass is a subgenre of house that originated as a derivation of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">deep house</a> music of early 2010s, fused with <a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">tech house</a> elements and some minimalistic influences from <a href="/wiki/Bass_house_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass house (genre)">bass house</a>. The tempo typically range from 120 to 125 bpm. The genre is characterized by distinguishable deep punchy basslines, often making use of low-pitched and filtering effects. The genre was created in Brasília around the mid-2010s, but its national and international repercussion only happened in 2016 with DJs <a href="/wiki/Alok_(DJ)" title="Alok (DJ)">Alok</a>, Bruno Martini and Sevenn.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_electronic_music">Brazilian electronic music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Brazilian electronic music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Electronic music in Brazil started in the 1980s, when the genre of music was getting popular in the world. The first event involving the genre of music in Brazil was in 1988 in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=DJ_Mau_Mau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DJ Mau Mau (page does not exist)">DJ Mau Mau</a>. In the 1990s, the genre was getting bigger in Brazil and world, some of the most famous <a href="/wiki/Disk_jockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk jockey">disk jockeys</a> were <a href="/wiki/DJ_Marky" title="DJ Marky">DJ Marky</a> and <a href="/wiki/DJ_Patife" title="DJ Patife">DJ Patife</a>. In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Dubstep" title="Dubstep">dubstep</a> started getting famous in Brazil. Brazil has a lot of famous electronic music musicians, like <a href="/wiki/Alok_(DJ)" title="Alok (DJ)">Alok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasino" title="Kasino">Kasino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Culture" title="Vintage Culture">Vintage Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazilian_phonk">Brazilian phonk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Brazilian phonk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phonk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phonk.jpg/220px-Phonk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phonk.jpg/330px-Phonk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Phonk.jpg/440px-Phonk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Brazilian Phonk is a subgenre that combines elements of funk carioca and <a href="/wiki/Drift_phonk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift phonk">drift phonk</a>, creating a distinct and aggressive sound, with lyrics that address topics such as violence, drugs, sex and ostentation. Both VanMilli and MC Binn are two of the heavy-hitters in the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term “Brazilian phonk” was popularized by the Norwegian producer William Rød, better known as Slowboy. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav/Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav/Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Brazilian-funk-metallic-hits_130bpm_B_minor.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>phonk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_6" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="2" data-mwtitle="Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav/Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav/Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Kinda-bored-female-vox-brazilian-chants.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Phonk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_record_labels">Notable record labels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable record labels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_Out_Recordings" title="Far Out Recordings">Far Out Recordings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandro_Records" title="Malandro Records">Malandro Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Bongo_Records" title="Mr Bongo Records">Mr Bongo Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Som_Livre" title="Som Livre">Som Livre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/22px-Conga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/32px-Conga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Conga.svg/43px-Conga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_music" title="Portal:Latin music">Latin music portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_composers" title="List of Brazilian composers">List of Brazilian composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_singers_and_bands_of_Christian_music" title="List of Brazilian singers and bands of Christian music">List of Brazilian singers and bands of Christian music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253345413" title="Special:BookSources/0253345413"><bdi>0253345413</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choro%3A+A+Social+History+of+a+Brazilian+Popular+Music&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0253345413&rft.aulast=Livingston-Isenhour&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Garcia%2C+T.+G.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780253345417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://veja.abril.com.br/110407/p_120.shtml">A nação das cantoras</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420062320/http://veja.abril.com.br/110407/p_120.shtml">Archived</a> 20 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diante+do+Trono+garante+lideran%C3%A7a+para+a+Globo&rft.pub=Gospel10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gospel10.com%2Fnoticias%2Fnoticia%E2%80%94diante-do-trono-garante-lideranca-para-a-globo-assista-a-participacao-do-grupo-no-domingao-do-faustao--975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Butler, Rhett (15 September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071212130012/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1000784,00.html">"Best Bands: And Our Winners Are"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 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Macrovision<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2009</span>. <q>One of the best-known, if not the premier, metal bands in Brazil, Overdose had actually released several discs during the eight years prior to <i>Progress of Decadence</i>—the group's first record to receive international distribution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft.atitle=Progress+of+Decadence+%3E+Review&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr206736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries" class="citation web cs1">Jeffries, Vincent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r413357">"Circus of Death > Review"</a>. <i>Allmusic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2009</span>. <q>On 1999's <i>Circus of Death</i>, Brazil's second most famous metal band try again to emerge from beneath the shadow of Sepultura with their neo-prog thrash.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft.atitle=Circus+of+Death+%3E+Review&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr413357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivadavia" class="citation web cs1">Rivadavia, Eduardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p884193">"Attomica > Biography"</a>. <i>Allmusic</i>. Macrovision<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2009</span>. <q>Arriving in stores in 1991, the LP's [the band's third album, <i>Disturbing the Noise</i>] "ultra-speed" style cemented Attomica's standing as one of Brazil's top thrash acts; the promo clip for single "Deathraiser" was showcased on several TV video shows, including the Brazilian MTV affiliate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft.atitle=Attomica+%3E+Biography&rft.aulast=Rivadavia&rft.aufirst=Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fp884193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musica.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2017/04/10/maior-banda-de-metal-do-mundo-massacration-anuncia-turne-pelo-brasil.htm">"Maior banda de metal do mundo", Massacration anuncia turnê pelo Brasil</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whiplash.net/materias/shows/307895-massacration.html">Massacration: Tosco, politicamente incorreto e absurdamente engraçado</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uniaodasmulheresdounderground.wordpress.com/2017/12/11/death-metal-das-minas-27-bandas-nacionais-com-mulheres-na-formacao/">27 bandas nacionais com mulheres na formação</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entretenimento.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2019/08/05/apos-rock-in-rio-nervosa-e-confirmado-no-wacken-iconico-festival-de-metal.amp.htm">Após Rock in Rio, Nervosa é confirmada no Wacken, icônico festival de metal</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whiplash.net/materias/news_863/108108-cangaco.html">Cangaço: banda pernambucana vence Wacken Metal Battle 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Funk_Carioca-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Funk_Carioca_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sheepish.org/itp/funk/">"Funk Carioca"</a>. 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Archived from the original on 9 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rhymes+by+African-Americans+get+a+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallbrazilianmusic.com%2Fen%2FStyles%2FStyles.asp%3FNu_Materia%3D928%26Status%3DMATERIA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2017" class="citation web cs1">Staff (11 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026011333/http://widefuture.com/2017/01/11/brazilian-bass-learn-more-about-this-genre-of-music/">"Brazilian Bass: Learn More About This Genre of Music"</a>. <i>WIDE FUTURE</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://widefuture.com/2017/01/11/brazilian-bass-learn-more-about-this-genre-of-music/">the original</a> on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WIDE+FUTURE&rft.atitle=Brazilian+Bass%3A+Learn+More+About+This+Genre+of+Music&rft.date=2017-01-11&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwidefuture.com%2F2017%2F01%2F11%2Fbrazilian-bass-learn-more-about-this-genre-of-music%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotecnohouse.com.br/2023/03/a-evolucao-da-musica-eletronica-no.html">"A evolução da Música eletrônica no Brasil"</a>. <i>Radio Tecno Radio</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Tecno+Radio&rft.atitle=A+evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+M%C3%BAsica+eletr%C3%B4nica+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiotecnohouse.com.br%2F2023%2F03%2Fa-evolucao-da-musica-eletronica-no.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundtrap.com/content/blog/guide-to-brazilian-phonk/">"Your Guide to Brazilian Phonk Music"</a>. <i>Soundtrap</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soundtrap&rft.atitle=Your+Guide+to+Brazilian+Phonk+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundtrap.com%2Fcontent%2Fblog%2Fguide-to-brazilian-phonk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrill2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Brill" title="Mark Brill">Brill, Mark</a> (2017). <i>Music of Latin America and the Caribbean</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138053564" title="Special:BookSources/9781138053564"><bdi>9781138053564</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+of+Latin+America+and+the+Caribbean&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781138053564&rft.aulast=Brill&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (1996). <i>Du tango au reggae: musiques noires d'Amérique latine et des Caraïbes</i>. Paris: Flammarion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2082108139" title="Special:BookSources/2082108139"><bdi>2082108139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Du+tango+au+reggae%3A+musiques+noires+d%27Am%C3%A9rique+latine+et+des+Cara%C3%AFbes&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2082108139&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeymarie2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Leymarie" title="Isabelle Leymarie">Leymarie, Isabelle</a> (2015). <i>Del tango al reggae: Músicas negras de América Latina y del Caribe</i>. Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8416272747" title="Special:BookSources/978-8416272747"><bdi>978-8416272747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Del+tango+al+reggae%3A+M%C3%BAsicas+negras+de+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina+y+del+Caribe&rft.place=Zaragoza&rft.pub=Prensas+de+la+Universidad+de+Zaragoza&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8416272747&rft.aulast=Leymarie&rft.aufirst=Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2006" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, John P. (2006). <i>Music in Brazil: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195166833" title="Special:BookSources/0195166833"><bdi>0195166833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+Brazil%3A+Experiencing+Music%2C+Expressing+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0195166833&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Brazil" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Brazil&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Br%E9sil&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Brazil.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'Ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/caipirinha-appreciation-society-brazilian-music-beyond/id115752185?mt=2&app=podcast">Brazil beyond clichés</a> Podcast archive covering Brazilian music of all styles, regions and time periods, from vintage sambas to modern blends.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00g3rxj">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Forro, coco and cowboys.</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hkc14">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Candomble, Samba and Renato Rosa.</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hql07">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Rio, the samba and Mart'nalia.</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hgbwv">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Maracatu, ciranda and Mangue bit.</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gh5yw">BBC Radio 3 Audio (60 minutes): Coco music, the pifano flute and Sebastian Dias.</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091201050558/http://www.brazil.org.uk/culture/music.html">Brazilian Embassy in London – Music Section</a> Brazilian music links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundsandcolours.com/category/articles/brazil/">Sounds and Colours Brazil – resource dedicated to Brazilian music and culture</a> Accessed 17 June 2014.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baixarmp3gratis.com/">Música Popular Brasileira</a> Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li>Scores and biographies by classical Brazilian composers available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicabrasilis.com/">Musica Brasilis</a> website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></small></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_from_Lusophone_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lusophone_countries_music" title="Template:Lusophone countries music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lusophone_countries_music" title="Template talk:Lusophone countries music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lusophone_countries_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lusophone countries music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_from_Lusophone_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music from <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Portuguese_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical distribution of Portuguese speakers">Lusophone countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Angola" title="Music of Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kizomba" title="Kizomba">Kizomba</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batid%C3%A3o_rom%C3%A2ntico" class="extiw" title="pt:Batidão romântico">Batidão romântico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuduro" title="Kuduro">Kuduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semba" title="Semba">Semba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarraxinha" title="Tarraxinha">Tarraxinha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ax%C3%A9" title="Axé">Axé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai%C3%A3o_(music)" title="Baião (music)">Baião</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian hip hop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jazz" title="Brazilian jazz">Brazilian jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forrocore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forrocore (page does not exist)">Forrocore</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrocore" class="extiw" title="pt:Forrocore">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Rural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Rural (page does not exist)">Rock Rural</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Rural" class="extiw" title="pt:Rock Rural">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brega_(music)" title="Brega (music)">Brega</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brega_funk" class="extiw" title="pt:Brega funk">Brega funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brega_pop" title="Brega pop">Brega pop</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrobrega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Electrobrega (page does not exist)">Electrobrega</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrobrega" class="extiw" title="pt:Electrobrega">pt</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tecno_brega" title="Tecno brega">Tecno brega</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarrita" title="Chamarrita">Chamarrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">Choro</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_(Rio_Grande_do_Sul)" class="extiw" title="pt:Chula (Rio Grande do Sul)">Chula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">Forró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_melody" title="Funk melody">Funk melody</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_carioca#Funknejo" class="extiw" title="pt:Funk carioca">Funknejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasteirinha" title="Rasteirinha">Rasteirinha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guitarrada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guitarrada (page does not exist)">Guitarrada</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarrada" class="extiw" title="pt:Guitarrada">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">Música popular brasileira</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brega_pop" title="Brega pop">Brega pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisadinha" title="Pisadinha">Pisadinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seresta_(music)" title="Seresta (music)">Seresta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertanejo_music" title="Sertanejo music">Sertanejo music</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_carioca#Funknejo" class="extiw" title="pt:Funk carioca">Funknejo</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja#Primeira_era_-_Música_Caipira_ou_Música_Sertaneja_Raiz" class="extiw" title="pt:Música sertaneja">Música Caipira</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja#Primeira_era_-_Música_Caipira_ou_Música_Sertaneja_Raiz" class="extiw" title="pt:Música sertaneja">Música Sertaneja Raiz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaner%C3%A3o" class="extiw" title="pt:Vanerão">Vanerão</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Samba" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Samba" title="Samba">Samba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rio_urban_samba" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Rio urban samba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Main subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batucada" title="Batucada">Batucada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">Bossa nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagode" title="Pagode">Pagode</a> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagode_baiano" class="extiw" title="pt:Pagode baiano">Bahian pagode</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagode_rom%C3%A2ntico" class="extiw" title="pt:Pagode romântico">Pagode romântico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_alto" title="Partido alto">Partido alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba-can%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Samba-canção">Samba-canção</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_breque" title="Samba de breque">Samba de breque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba-enredo" title="Samba-enredo">Samba-enredo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Fusion genres of Samba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samba-choro" title="Samba-choro">Samba-choro</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba-funk" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba-funk">Samba-funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba-jazz" title="Samba-jazz">Samba-jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_reggae" title="Samba reggae">Samba reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambass" title="Sambass">Sambass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Ballroom dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samba_de_Gafieira" title="Samba de Gafieira">Samba de Gafieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Bahian samba</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Rural sambo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba-batido" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba-batido">Samba-batido</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba-chulado" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba-chulado">Samba-chulado</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba-corrido" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba-corrido">Samba-corrido</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_de_roda" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba de roda">Samba de roda</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_duro" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba duro">Samba duro</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_junino" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba junino">Samba junino</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba-raiado" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba-raiado">Samba-raiado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Urban sambo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagode_baiano" class="extiw" title="pt:Pagode baiano">Bahian pagode</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_afro" class="extiw" title="pt:Samba afro">Samba afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_reggae" title="Samba reggae">Samba reggae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cape_Verde" title="Music of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batuque_(music_and_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batuque (music and dance)">Batuque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Col%C3%A1" title="Colá">Colá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coladeira" title="Coladeira">Coladeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funan%C3%A1" title="Funaná">Funaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morna_(music)" title="Morna (music)">Morna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabanka" title="Tabanka">Tabanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mozambique" title="Music of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrabenta" title="Marrabenta">Marrabenta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal" title="Music of Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cante_Alentejano" title="Cante Alentejano">Cante Alentejano</a></li> <li><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chula_(Portugal)" class="extiw" title="pt:Chula (Portugal)">Chula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamarrita" title="Chamarrita">Chamarrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desgarrada" title="Desgarrada">Desgarrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fado" title="Fado">Fado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Hip hop tuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimba" title="Pimba">Pimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese rock">Portuguese rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Goa" title="Music of Goa">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Music of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Macau" title="Music of Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Music of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baila_music" title="Baila music">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Latin_America" title="Template:Music of Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Latin_America" title="Template talk:Music of Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Music of Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">United States</a>: <small><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American music">Central America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Latin_America" title="Category:Music of Latin America">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Latin_America" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Latin America">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" 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