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searchaux" style="display:none">Classical and medieval Chinese and Korean Imperial bureau</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the library in Peace Palace, The Hague, see <a href="/wiki/Peace_Palace_Library" title="Peace Palace Library">Peace Palace Library</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Palace Library</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">秘書省</span>; in Vietnam: 秘書所, <i>Bí thư sở</i>) was a central government agency in Imperial and monarchical China, Korea, and Vietnam generally in charge of maintaining and archiving the collection of the monarch's documents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_Library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Department of the Palace Library</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mìshū shěng / Bìshū shěng</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> sheng<sup>3</sup> / Pi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> sheng<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Directorate of the Palace Library</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:監">監</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:監">監</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:监">监</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:监">监</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mìshū jiān / Bìshū jiān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> chien<sup>1</sup> / Pi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> chien<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Court of the Palace Library</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:寺">寺</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:寺">寺</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:寺">寺</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A5%95" class="extiw" title="wikt:祕">祕</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:书">书</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AF%BA" class="extiw" title="wikt:寺">寺</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mìshū sì / Bìshū sì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Mi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> ssu<sup>4</sup> / Pi<sup>4</sup>-shu<sup>1</sup> ssu<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The office was in existence for the most part from the mid-200s CE (<a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a>) to 1380 (<a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>). Over the millennia there were 5 names for this office: </p> <ul><li><b>Directorate of the Palace Library</b> (秘書監): during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty (1115–1234)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><b>Court of the Palace Library</b> (秘書寺): between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 464 (<a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei" title="Northern Wei">Northern Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song_dynasty" title="Liu Song dynasty">Liu Song</a>, etc.)</li> <li><b>Department of the Palace Library</b> (秘書省): during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> and the Ming dynasty</li> <li><b>Orchid Pavilion</b> (蘭臺; "Lantai"): used during the Tang dynasty between 662 and 670</li> <li><b>Unicorn Pavilion</b> (麟臺; "Lintai"): used during the Tang dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_(690%E2%80%93705)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou dynasty (690–705)">Wu Zhou</a> between 684 and 712</li></ul> <p>In addition to preserving the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a>'s official documents, the agency was sometimes also tasked to compile or edit historical records and state calendars. Before the Sui dynasty, it also handled documents flowing into and out of the imperial palace, making it interchangeable with the <a href="/wiki/Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Secretariat</a>. During the late Tang dynasty (after early 700s) and the Song dynasty, the office was largely non-functional and staffed by eminent officials for sinecure purposes. </p><p>The office during the Tang dynasty was headed by one director (秘書監) and two vice directors (秘書少監), and during the Song dynasty by one director and one vice director. The office was also staffed with assistant directors (秘書丞) and assistants (秘書郎 or 秘書郎中). During the Yuan dynasty, the office was headed by four chief ministers (秘書卿), two directors (秘書太監), two vice directors, and two assistant directors (秘書丞 or 秘書監丞), all <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korea">Korea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_Library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>Department of the Palace Library</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">비서성</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:省">省</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Biseo Seong</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Pisŏ Sŏng</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Directorate of the Palace Library</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">비서감</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:秘">秘</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:書">書</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:監">監</a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Biseo Gam</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Pisŏ Kam</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <p>Modeled after the Chinese institution, the office also existed in <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a> under several names: </p> <ul><li>As <b>Department of the Inner Library</b> (內書省; "Naeseo Seong"): from 918 to 995</li> <li>As <b>Department of the Palace Library</b>: from 995 to 1298</li> <li>As <b>Directorate of the Palace Library</b>: from 1298 to 1308 and from 1356 to 1362</li> <li>As <b>Office of Proofreading Documents</b> (典校署; "Jeongyo Seo"): from 1308 to 1356</li> <li>As <b>Court of Proofreading Documents</b> (典校寺; "Jeongyo Sa"): from 1362 to 1392</li></ul> <p>In general, the office was staffed by 1 supervisor (判事; "pansa"), 1 director (監 or 令), 1 vice director (少監 or 副令), 2 assistant directors (丞) and 1 assistant (郎). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_Library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palace Library Office (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1n-N%C3%B4m" class="mw-redirect" title="Hán-Nôm">Hán-Nôm</a>: 秘書所, <i>Bí thư sở</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> was one of the four <i>sở</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty">cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty</a>. It was first established under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> Emperor under the name Palace Library Section (秘書曹, <i>Bí thư tào</i>) and would retain its final form during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Thiệu Trị</a> Emperor. The Palace Library Office of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">Southern Court</a> took care of the copying of poems and documents, preserving important documents such as official correspondence with other countries, national maps, and public bibliographies.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palace_Library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010185753/http://hannom.vass.gov.vn/UserControls/News/pFormPrint.aspx?UrlListProcess=%2Fnoidung%2FTapChi%2FLists%2FBaiviet&ItemID=252">"Cải cách văn phòng của Hoàng đế thời Nguyễn sơ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hannom.vass.gov.vn/UserControls/News/pFormPrint.aspx?UrlListProcess=/noidung/TapChi/Lists/Baiviet&ItemID=252">the original</a> on October 10, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%E1%BA%A3i+c%C3%A1ch+v%C4%83n+ph%C3%B2ng+c%E1%BB%A7a+Ho%C3%A0ng+%C4%91%E1%BA%BF+th%E1%BB%9Di+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+s%C6%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhannom.vass.gov.vn%2FUserControls%2FNews%2FpFormPrint.aspx%3FUrlListProcess%3D%2Fnoidung%2FTapChi%2FLists%2FBaiviet%26ItemID%3D252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHucker1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hucker" title="Charles Hucker">Hucker, Charles O.</a> (1985). <i>A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 376–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Official+Titles+in+Imperial+China&rft.pages=376-78&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Hucker&rft.aufirst=Charles+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APalace+Library" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1012311289">.mw-parser-output .asbox{position:relative;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .asbox table{background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .asbox p{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .asbox p+p{margin-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .asbox-body{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .asbox-note{font-size:smaller}.mw-parser-output .asbox .navbar{position:absolute;top:-0.75em;right:1em;display:none}</style><div role="note" class="metadata plainlinks asbox stub"><table role="presentation"><tbody><tr class="noresize"><td><span style="vertical-align:middle; background:transparent; color:inherit"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><span style="margin-left:-30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hourglass_drawing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hourglass icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hourglass_drawing.svg/23px-Hourglass_drawing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hourglass_drawing.svg/35px-Hourglass_drawing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hourglass_drawing.svg/46px-Hourglass_drawing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></span></span>  </td><td><p class="asbox-body">This article related to the history of China is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub" title="Wikipedia:Stub">stub</a>. 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