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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distrust of traditional politics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg/250px-Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg/330px-Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg/500px-Protesto_pr%C3%B3-Bolsonaro_em_Londres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5047" data-file-height="3568" /></a><figcaption>Pro-<a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> protestors hold signs criticising politics.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anti-politics</b> is a term used to describe opposition to, or distrust in, traditional <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>. It is closely connected with <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> sentiment and public disengagement from formal politics. Anti-politics can indicate practices and actors that seek to remove political contestation from the public arena, leading to <a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">political apathy</a> among citizens;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when used this way the term is similar to <a href="/wiki/Depoliticisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depoliticisation">depoliticisation</a>. Alternatively, if politics is understood as encompassing all <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">social institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">power relations</a>, anti-politics can mean political activity stemming from a rejection of "politics as usual".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018435–442_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018435–442-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-politics tends to focus on negative assessments of politicians and political elites by civic organisations, the media and citizens,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018437_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018437-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas political apathy may involve disaffection with other elements of a political system, such as the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox202119–20_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox202119–20-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2000s, increasing dissatisfaction with democracy has been a theme of scholarship in both the Americas and Europe, with some political scientists describing high levels of political antipathy as a 'crisis' which risks <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic deconsolidation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood202227_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood202227-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2020183,_186_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2020183,_186-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-politics has become a key concept in accounts of political dysfunction in <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal democracies">liberal democracies</a>, typically dissatisfaction with politics and mistrust of politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021438_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021438-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible causes of anti-political sentiment include the processes associated with depoliticisation, especially an increase in <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174–7,_286_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174–7,_286-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as citizens' perceptions of incompetent governance and the poor performance of politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political distrust can originate from, and increase support for, a range of different political ideologies, including both left-wing and right-wing positions and the <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremes</a> of these.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood202228_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood202228-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy levels of mistrust in politics are often seen as legitimate scepticism and considered beneficial for democratic functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019213–218_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019213–218-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High distrust can increase the divide between policy-makers (<a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politicians</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">political establishment</a>) and citizens, which provides opportunities for populist rhetoric.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-politics is often expressed through appeals to "the people" and is consequently linked with <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, particularly, but not exclusively, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conceptual_history">Conceptual history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conceptual history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antipolitics" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:antipolitics">antipolitics</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>The idea gained attention with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anti-Politics_Machine" title="The Anti-Politics Machine">The Anti-Politics Machine</a></i> by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_Ferguson_(anthropologist)" title="James Ferguson (anthropologist)">James Ferguson</a> in 1990. Ferguson developed a thesis that rural development projects funded by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">Canadian International Development Agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a> increased <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> state power in the country and depoliticised both the state and poverty, causing them to become non-political issues. Ferguson consequently described <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">development</a> as an "anti-politics machine".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferguson's model has been applied to other developing countries such as India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberJoshi201513_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberJoshi201513-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and anti-politics has also been used to critique the <a href="/wiki/Comanagement_in_Canada" title="Comanagement in Canada">shared administration of resources</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadasdy2005215–218_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadasdy2005215–218-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first decade of the 2000s, scholars of <a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human geography</a> such as Andrew Barry drew a distinction between conventional "politics" (the practices and institutions of elections, political parties and governments) and the "political" (scenarios where dissent and debate are permitted), arguing that some forms of politics could be anti-political in that they denied the validity of alternatives. The substitution of public debate with <a href="/wiki/Market_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Market economics">market economics</a> under <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, or by technocratic managerialism led by experts and scientists, or by the leadership of charismatic figures, are examples of this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barry argued that whereas conventional politics revolved around the <a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">framing</a> of issues, a greater focus on economic measurement was causing economics and politics to be conflated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2002279–280_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2002279–280-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Swyngedouw" title="Erik Swyngedouw">Erik Swyngedouw</a> argued these processes had caused Western politics to become "<a href="/wiki/Post-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-political">post-political</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negativity towards formal political institutions is a significant phenomenon in Europe, North America, Australasia and elsewhere. The trend originated in many democracies during the second half of the 20th century and it is generally accepted that a range of factors have contributed to increasing distrust in politics over this broad time frame.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Why We Hate Politics</i> (2007), political scientist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Hay_(political_scientist)" title="Colin Hay (political scientist)">Colin Hay</a> wrote that the label "political" had become associated in popular consciousness with negative connotations, such as corruption, greed, self-interest and inefficiency. Hay contrasted this with the positive ideals connected with "democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay2007153–154_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2007153–154-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also analysed a link between anti-political sentiment and political disengagement,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including declines in voter turnout, lower membership of political parties and more informal forms of political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay200712–39_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay200712–39-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other political phenomena, such as <a href="/wiki/Populism#Demand-side_factors" title="Populism">populism</a>, political scientists frequently divide the possible causes of anti-politics into demand-side (citizen-based) and supply-side (politics-based) factors. Supply-side explanations include the narrow/exclusionary nature of political elites, the use of political <a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">spin</a>, and the purposeful depoliticisation of issues by politicians seeking to lower citizens' expectations and agency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018446_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018446-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Brown_(political_theorist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendy Brown (political theorist)">Wendy Brown</a> suggest that neoliberal policies are anti-political as they elevate economics above politics via processes such as deregulation and privatisation, and seek to remove opportunities for valid contestation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20179_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20179-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand-side explanations include a decline in collective institutions, activists questioning the political order and citizens being attracted to populist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018436,_446_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018436,_446-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Alone" title="Bowling Alone">Bowling Alone</a></i> (2000), political scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> put forward a demand-side explanation for political disaffection, arguing that the decline in civic participation and increased <a href="/wiki/Atomism_(social)" title="Atomism (social)">atomisation</a> of society were responsible for political disengagement in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018438_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018438-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists Emma Vines and <a href="/wiki/David_Marsh_(political_scientist)" title="David Marsh (political scientist)">David Marsh</a> have argued that the distinction between demand- and supply-side explanations is misleading as the growth of anti-politics is related to a dysfunctional relationship between citizens and political authorities, particularly revolving around a lack of dialogue on complex political issues, which are presented as having simple solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018450_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018450-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Factors causing long-term declines in political trust in democracies<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td scope="col" style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><b>Demand-side</b> (changes in citizens) </td> <td scope="col" style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><b>Supply-side</b> (changes in politics) </td> <td scope="col" style="width: 34%; text-align: center;"><b>Intermediary</b> (changes in how politics is communicated) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Citizens more affluent and better educated, consequently more critical</td> <td>Greater expectations on governments, which perform less well against a wider set of criteria</td> <td>Politics increasingly mediated by journalists and commentators </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weaker alignment between citizens and mainstream political parties</td> <td>Transfer of power away from national governments to other actors</td> <td>Media increasingly frames politics in negative terms; growth of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Citizens adopting a <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerist</a> approach to politics</td> <td>Less ideological distinction between different politicians and parties</td> <td>Political campaigning professionalised; increasingly occurs on the national level and focuses on controlled situations </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_populism">Relationship to populism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Fascism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkism">Volkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (National)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Ahmadinejad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko_Wen-je" title="Ko Wen-je">Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Poilievre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Zeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)" title="Hromada (secret society)">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opomania" title="Chłopomania">Chłopomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83n%C4%83torul" title="Sămănătorul">Sămănătorul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radiosomaggismo" title="Radiosomaggismo">Radiosomaggismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">Election of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Europe" title="Populism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America" title="Populism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a strong link between anti-politics and anti-establishment sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018439_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018439-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple political theorists have described anti-politics as being a fundamental part of populist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajsiu20212–3_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajsiu20212–3-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientist Blendi Kajsiu argues that anti-politics can be conceptually distinguished from populism because a rejection of formal politics and politicians can be justified through traditional ideologies such as conservativism (for undermining traditional values) or socialism (for sustaining or increasing inequality), in addition to the "thin ideology" of populism (for violation of the popular will).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajsiu202113_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajsiu202113-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010s, the concept of anti-politics was adopted by political scientists hypothesising links between political events such as <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> and a context of declining trust and participation in representative political systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021437_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021437-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these analyses, anti-politics are presented as reactions against the power inequities produced by <a href="/wiki/Globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalisation">globalisation</a> and policies such as <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have linked anti-vaccine and anti-lockdown <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_responses_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Protests against responses to the COVID-19 pandemic">protests during the COVID-19 pandemic</a> to the spread of anti-political sentiment, particularly via online social media, in Western democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell20221,_14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell20221,_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-system_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-system politics">Anti-system politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoliticism" title="Apoliticism">Apoliticism</a> – philosophical rejection of political ideology or affiliations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depoliticisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Depoliticisation">Depoliticisation</a> – when issues are no longer the subject of political contestation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_candidate" class="mw-redirect" title="Joke candidate">Joke candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke_political_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Joke political party">Joke political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">Political apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a> – political stances juxtaposing "the people" with "the elite"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_vote" title="Protest vote">Protest vote</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogersCastreeKitchin20131_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRogersCastreeKitchin2013">Rogers, Castree & Kitchin 2013</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018435–442-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018435–442_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, pp. 435–442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018437-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018437_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox202119–20-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox202119–20_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFox2021">Fox 2021</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood202227-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood202227_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2022">Wood 2022</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett2020183,_186-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett2020183,_186_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbett2020">Corbett 2020</a>, pp. 183, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021438-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021438_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeveridgeFeatherstone2021">Beveridge & Featherstone 2021</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174–7,_286-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174–7,_286_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcettFlindersHayWood2017">Fawcett et al. 2017</a>, pp. 4–7, 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019227_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertsou2019">Bertsou 2019</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood202228-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood202228_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood2022">Wood 2022</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019213–218-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsou2019213–218_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBertsou2019">Bertsou 2019</a>, pp. 213–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021439_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeveridgeFeatherstone2021">Beveridge & Featherstone 2021</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChhotray20111–2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChhotray2011">Chhotray 2011</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuberJoshi201513-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuberJoshi201513_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuberJoshi2015">Huber & Joshi 2015</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadasdy2005215–218-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadasdy2005215–218_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadasdy2005">Nadasdy 2005</a>, pp. 215–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarry2002279–280-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarry2002279–280_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarry2002">Barry 2002</a>, pp. 279–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClarkeJenningsMossStoker201713–14_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClarkeJenningsMossStoker2017">Clarke et al. 2017</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2007153–154-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay2007153–154_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHay2007">Hay 2007</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20174_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcettFlindersHayWood2017">Fawcett et al. 2017</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay200712–39-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay200712–39_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHay2007">Hay 2007</a>, pp. 12–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018446-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018446_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20179-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFawcettFlindersHayWood20179_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFawcettFlindersHayWood2017">Fawcett et al. 2017</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018436,_446-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018436,_446_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, pp. 436, 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018438-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018438_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, p. 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018450-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018450_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018439-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinesMarsh2018439_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinesMarsh2018">Vines & Marsh 2018</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajsiu20212–3-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajsiu20212–3_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKajsiu2021">Kajsiu 2021</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKajsiu202113-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKajsiu202113_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKajsiu2021">Kajsiu 2021</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021437-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeveridgeFeatherstone2021437_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeveridgeFeatherstone2021">Beveridge & Featherstone 2021</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell20221,_14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell20221,_14_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2022">Russell 2022</a>, pp. 1, 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-politics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarry2002" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Andrew (2002). 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"Anti-politics: beyond supply-side versus demand-side explanations". <i>British Politics</i>. <b>13</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">433–</span>453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs41293-017-0053-9">10.1057/s41293-017-0053-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157423901">157423901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Politics&rft.atitle=Anti-politics%3A+beyond+supply-side+versus+demand-side+explanations&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs41293-017-0053-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157423901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vines&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft.au=Marsh%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWood2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Matthew (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344893.2021.1954076">"The Political Ideas Underpinning Political Distrust: Analysing Four Types of Anti-politics"</a>. <i>Representation</i>. <b>58</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344893.2021.1954076">10.1080/00344893.2021.1954076</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239662865">239662865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=The+Political+Ideas+Underpinning+Political+Distrust%3A+Analysing+Four+Types+of+Anti-politics&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344893.2021.1954076&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A239662865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00344893.2021.1954076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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