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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_academy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_academy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Military academy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_academy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early military career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivarian_Revolutionary_Army-200" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivarian_Revolutionary_Army-200"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivarian_Revolutionary_Army-200-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1992_coup_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992_coup_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 1992 coup attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992_coup_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political rise </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political rise subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1998_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1998_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1998 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1998_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1999–2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1999–2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Presidency (1999–2013) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1999–2013)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1999–2013) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1999–2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_presidential_term:_2_February_1999_–_10_January_2001" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_presidential_term:_2_February_1999_–_10_January_2001"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 First presidential term: 2 February 1999 – 10 January 2001 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_presidential_term:_2_February_1999_–_10_January_2001-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Constitutional reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_presidential_term:_10_January_2001_–_10_January_2007" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_presidential_term:_10_January_2001_–_10_January_2007"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Second presidential term: 10 January 2001 – 10 January 2007 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_presidential_term:_10_January_2001_–_10_January_2007-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_the_Coordinadora_Democrática" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_the_Coordinadora_Democrática"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Opposition and the Coordinadora Democrática </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_the_Coordinadora_Democrática-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup,_strikes_and_the_recall_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup,_strikes_and_the_recall_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Coup, strikes and the recall referendum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup,_strikes_and_the_recall_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Socialism_of_the_21st_century"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Socialism_of_the_21st_century""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 "Socialism of the 21st century" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Socialism_of_the_21st_century"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_presidential_term:_10_January_2007_–_10_January_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_presidential_term:_10_January_2007_–_10_January_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Third presidential term: 10 January 2007 – 10 January 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_presidential_term:_10_January_2007_–_10_January_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_and_domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_and_domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 United Socialist Party of Venezuela and domestic policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_and_domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_presidential_term:_10_January_2013_–_5_March_2013" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_presidential_term:_10_January_2013_–_5_March_2013"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Fourth presidential term: 10 January 2013 – 5 March 2013 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_presidential_term:_10_January_2013_–_5_March_2013-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_ideology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_ideology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political ideology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political ideology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_ideology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_capitalism_and_neoliberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_capitalism_and_neoliberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Criticism of capitalism and neoliberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_capitalism_and_neoliberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marxism_and_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marxism_and_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Marxism and socialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marxism_and_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bolivarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Promotion of conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Policy overview </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policy_overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policy overview subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policy_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_social_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_social_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Economic and social policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_social_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_and_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Food and products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Communes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Currency controls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime_and_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime_and_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Crime and punishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime_and_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Prisons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elections_under_Chávez" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections_under_Chávez"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Elections under Chávez </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections_under_Chávez-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Corruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aiding_FARC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aiding_FARC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Aiding FARC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aiding_FARC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1.1 Allegations of antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_the_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_the_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Media and the press </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_the_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Illness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Honors and awards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors and awards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.2 Academic articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_articles,_reports_and_essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_articles,_reports_and_essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.3 News articles, reports and essays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_articles,_reports_and_essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.4 Interviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites_and_e-publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites_and_e-publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2.5 Websites and e-publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites_and_e-publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Multimedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_and_interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_and_interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Articles and interviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_and_interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hugo Chávez</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 138 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-138" aria-hidden="true" > 138 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%81%E1%8C%8E_%E1%89%BB%E1%89%AC%E1%8B%9D" title="ሁጎ ቻቬዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሁጎ ቻቬዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="هوغو تشافيز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هوغو تشافيز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqo_%C3%87aves" title="Uqo Çaves – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uqo Çaves" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="উগো চাভেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উগো চাভেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уга Чавес – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уга Чавес" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Уга Чавэс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Уга Чавэс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ούγκο Τσάβες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ούγκο Τσάβες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EA%B3%A0_%EC%B0%A8%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="우고 차베스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우고 차베스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8_%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Ուգո Չավես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուգո Չավես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95_%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הוגו צ'אווס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הוגו צ'אווס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უგო ჩავესი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უგო ჩავესი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_%C4%8Cavess" title="Ugo Čavess – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ugo Čavess" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="ह्युगो चाभेज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ह्युगो चाभेज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഊഗോ ചാവെസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊഗോ ചാവെസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D" title="ह्युगो चावेझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ह्युगो चावेझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="უგო ჩავესი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უგო ჩავესი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="هوجو تشافيز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هوجو تشافيز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="ह्युगो चाभेज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्युगो चाभेज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%99%E3%82%B9" title="ウゴ・チャベス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウゴ・チャベス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਹੂਗੋ ਚਾਵੇਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੂਗੋ ਚਾਵੇਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہیوگو شاویز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیوگو شاویز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="هوگو چاوز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هوگو چاوز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Hugo Chávez Frías – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hugo Chávez Frías" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_%C3%87avez" title="Hugo Çavez – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hugo Çavez" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9D_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="හියුගෝ චාවේස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හියුගෝ චාවේස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Chavez" title="Hugo Chavez – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hugo Chavez" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%86_%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B2" title="ھوگۆ چاڤێز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھوگۆ چاڤێز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Уго Чавез – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уго Чавез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="ஊகோ சாவெசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஊகோ சாவெசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B" title="อูโก ชาเบซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อูโก ชาเบซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Ҳуго Рафаэл Чавез – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳуго Рафаэл Чавез" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_%C3%87awez" title="Ugo Çawez – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ugo Çawez" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Чавес, Уго – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чавес, Уго" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Уго Чавес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уго Чавес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="ہوگو چاویز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہوگو چاویز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Caves_Ugo" title="Čaves Ugo – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čaves Ugo" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vezi_Hugo" title="Chávezi Hugo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Chávezi Hugo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas" title="Hugo Chávez Frías – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Hugo Chávez Frías" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF" title="乌戈·查韦斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌戈·查韦斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90_%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96" title="יוגא טשאוועז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יוגא טשאוועז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF" title="查韋斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查韋斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hugo Chávez" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%B2" title="烏戈·查維茲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏戈·查維茲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Caves" title="Hugo Caves – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hugo Caves" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8440#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Hugo Chávez, see <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hugo Chávez (disambiguation)">Hugo Chávez (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;">Commander President</div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Hugo Chávez</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/220px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/330px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/440px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chávez in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">52nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 April 2002 – 5 March 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;">Diosdado Cabello (April 2002)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vicente_Rangel" title="José Vicente Rangel">José Vicente Rangel</a> (2002–2007)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Jorge Rodríguez (Venezuelan politician)">Jorge Rodríguez</a> (2007–2008)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Carrizales" title="Ramón Carrizales">Ramón Carrizales</a> (2008–2010)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Jaua" title="Elías Jaua">Elías Jaua</a> (2010–2012)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;">Nicolás Maduro (2012–2013)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> (Acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 2 February 1999 – 11 April 2002</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Isaías Rodríguez">Isaías Rodríguez</a> (Jan–Dec 2000)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Adina_Bastidas" title="Adina Bastidas">Adina Bastidas</a> (2000–2002)</li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;">Diosdado Cabello (Jan–Apr 2002)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carmona" title="Pedro Carmona">Pedro Carmona</a> (Acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">President of the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 24 March 2007 – 5 March 2013<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data">Diosdado Cabello</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolás Maduro</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías</div> (1954-07-28)28 July 1954 <a href="/wiki/Sabaneta,_Barinas" title="Sabaneta, Barinas">Sabaneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venezuela" title="Republic of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 March 2013(2013-03-05) (aged 58) <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Republic_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Cuartel de la Montaña, Caracas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">PSUV</a> (from 2007)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> (1997–2007)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_Pole" title="Great Patriotic Pole">Great Patriotic Pole</a> (from 2011)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Nancy Colmenares</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1977; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1995)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marisabel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez">Marisabel Rodríguez</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1997; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 2004)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Rosa Virginia Chávez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Gabriela_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="María Gabriela Chávez">María Gabriela Chávez</a></li> <li>Hugo Rafael Chávez</li> <li>Rosinés Chávez</li> <li>Génesis María Chávez</li> <li>Sara Manuela Chávez</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_los_Reyes_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo de los Reyes Chávez">Hugo de los Reyes Chávez</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Fr%C3%ADas_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Elena Frías de Chávez">Elena Frías de Chávez</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Academy of Venezuela">Military Academy of Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hugo Chávez's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/72px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/108px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg/144px-Hugo_Chavez_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="176" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Bolivarian_Army_%28Venezuela%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="637" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Army">Venezuelan Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1971–1992</li> <li>1999–2013</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:TCNELEJB-GNB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TCNELEJB-GNB.png/20px-TCNELEJB-GNB.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TCNELEJB-GNB.png/30px-TCNELEJB-GNB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TCNELEJB-GNB.png/40px-TCNELEJB-GNB.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="1280" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="Socialist calculation debate">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing (Authoritarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare chauvinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. 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border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Europe" title="Populism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America" title="Populism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Populism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Populism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Populism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías<a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈtʃɑːvɛz/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Spanish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈuɣo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβes ˈfɾi.as]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ed\/ES_-_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.ogg\/ES_-_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES - Hugo Ch\u00e1vez.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ed/ES_-_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.ogg/ES_-_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:ES_-_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.ogg" title="File:ES - Hugo Chávez.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician and <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">military officer</a> who served as the 52nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">president of Venezuela</a> from 1999 until <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">his death</a> in 2013, except for <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">a brief period of forty-seven hours in 2002</a>. Chávez was also leader of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> political party from its foundation in 1997 until 2007, when it merged with several other parties to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> (PSUV), which he led until 2012. Born into a middle-class family in <a href="/wiki/Sabaneta,_Barinas" title="Sabaneta, Barinas">Sabaneta, Barinas</a>, Chávez became a career military officer. After becoming dissatisfied with the Venezuelan political system based on the <a href="/wiki/Puntofijo_Pact" title="Puntofijo Pact">Puntofijo Pact</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> he founded the clandestine <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200</a> (MBR-200) in the early 1980s. Chávez led the MBR-200 in its unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_coup_attempts_of_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan coup attempts of 1992">coup d'état</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)" title="Democratic Action (Venezuela)">Democratic Action</a> government of President <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> in 1992, for which he was imprisoned. Pardoned from prison two years later, he founded the Fifth Republic Movement political party, and then receiving 56.2% of the vote, was <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">elected president of Venezuela in 1998</a>. He was reelected in the <a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">2000 Venezuelan general election</a> with 59.8% of the vote and again in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, with 62.8% of the vote. After winning his fourth term as president in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 Venezuelan presidential election</a> with 55.1% of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-extend-4">[2]</a> he was to be sworn in on 10 January 2013. However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his <a href="/wiki/Cancer_treatment" title="Cancer treatment">cancer treatment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> and on 5 March at age 58, he died in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-died-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Following the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Venezuelan Constitution">1999 Venezuelan Constitution</a>, Chávez focused on enacting social reforms as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>. Using record-high oil revenues of the 2000s, his government <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> key industries, created participatory democratic <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Communal_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Communal Councils">Communal Councils</a> and implemented social programs known as the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a> to expand access to food, housing, healthcare and education.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECLAC-9">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENedu-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Márquez-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> While these initiatives led to temporary improvements in poverty reduction and social welfare during periods of high oil revenue, their reliance on state control and centralized planning exposed significant structural weaknesses as oil prices declined.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The high oil profits coinciding with the start of Chavez's presidency<a href="#cite_note-FPpoverty-16">[14]</a> resulted in temporary improvements in areas such as poverty, literacy, income equality and quality of life between primarily 2003 and 2007,<a href="#cite_note-UN-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPpoverty-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IACHRRequests-18">[16]</a> though extensive changes in <a href="/wiki/Structural_inequality" title="Structural inequality">structural inequalities</a> did not occur.<a href="#cite_note-NACLAcrimeREV-19">[17]</a> On 2 June 2010, Chávez declared an "economic war" on Venezuela's upper classes due to <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages</a>, arguably beginning the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_in_Venezuela" title="Crisis in Venezuela">crisis in Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECONwarCHAVEZ-20">[18]</a> By the end of Chávez's presidency in the early 2010s, economic actions performed by his government during the preceding decade, such as deficit spending<a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPdontblame-23">[21]</a> and price controls,<a href="#cite_note-ECONfood-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENfood-25">[23]</a> proved to be unsustainable, with Venezuela's economy faltering. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Venezuela">poverty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FPpoverty-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation in Venezuela">inflation</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> and shortages increased. Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced <a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">democratic backsliding</a>, as he suppressed the press, manipulated electoral laws, and arrested and exiled government critics.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> His use of <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling acts</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> and his government's use of <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">propaganda</a> were controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Moloney-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-VenezuelaBans-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-PresidentsEar-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Channeling-35">[33]</a> Chávez's presidency saw significant increases in the country's murder rate<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_murder-rate_quadrupled_under_Chávez:_NGO-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2008-37">[35]</a> and continued <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">corruption</a> within the police force and the government.<a href="#cite_note-Wills-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-scotsman.com-39">[37]</a> Across the political spectrum, Chávez is regarded as one of the most influential and controversial politicians in the modern history of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. His 14-year presidency marked the start of the socialist "<a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">pink tide</a>" sweeping Latin America—he supported <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_integration" title="Latin American integration">Latin American and Caribbean cooperation</a> and was instrumental in setting up the pan-regional <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a> and the regional television network <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">TeleSUR</a>. Internationally, Chávez aligned himself with the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> governments of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro" title="Raúl Castro">Raúl Castro</a> in Cuba, as well as the socialist governments of <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> in Bolivia, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> in Ecuador and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a> in Nicaragua. Chávez's ideas, programs, and style form the basis of "<a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a>", a political ideology closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>. Chávez described his policies as <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-imperialist">anti-imperialist</a>, being a prominent adversary of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">United States's foreign policy</a> as well as a vocal critic of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>. He described himself as a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBCmarx-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-N24marx-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCmarx-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-CLARINmarx-43">[41]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life of Hugo Chávez</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png/130px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png/195px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png/260px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_adolescent.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Chávez as an adolescent</figcaption></figure>Chávez was born on 28 July 1954 in his paternal grandmother Rosa Inéz Chávez's home, a modest three-room house located in the rural village <a href="/wiki/Sabaneta,_Barinas" title="Sabaneta, Barinas">Sabaneta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barinas_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Barinas State">Barinas State</a>. The Chávez family were of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Venezuelan">Afro-Venezuelan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_immigration_to_Venezuela" title="Spanish immigration to Venezuela">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Venezuelans" title="Italian Venezuelans">Italian</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> His parents, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_los_Reyes_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo de los Reyes Chávez">Hugo de los Reyes Chávez</a> – described as a proud <a href="/wiki/COPEI" class="mw-redirect" title="COPEI">COPEI</a> member<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a>– and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Fr%C3%ADas_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Elena Frías de Chávez">Elena Frías de Chávez</a>, were schoolteachers who lived in the small village of Los Rastrojos.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a> Hugo was born the second of seven children.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> Chávez's childhood of supposed poverty has been disputed as he possibly changed the story of his background for political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a> Attending the Julián Pino Elementary School, Chávez was particularly interested in the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Federalism#Latin_America" title="Federalism">federalist</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Zamora" title="Ezequiel Zamora">Ezequiel Zamora</a>, in whose army his own great-great-grandfather had served.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> With no high school in their area, Hugo's parents sent Hugo and his older brother <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A1n_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Adán Chávez">Adán</a> to live with their grandmother Rosa, who lived in a <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a> subsidized home provided by the government, where they attended <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Florence_O%27Leary" title="Daniel Florence O'Leary">Daniel O'Leary</a> High School in the mid-1960s.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> His father, despite having the salary of a teacher, helped pay for college for Chávez and his siblings.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_academy">Military academy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military academy">edit</a>]</div> Aged 17, Chávez studied at the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Academy_of_Military_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences">Venezuelan Academy of Military Sciences</a> in Caracas, following a curriculum known as the <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Andrés Bello</a> Plan, instituted by a group of progressive, nationalistic military officers. This new curriculum encouraged students to learn not only military routines and tactics but also a wide variety of other topics, and to do so civilian professors were brought in from other universities to give lectures to the military cadets.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png/249px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png/374px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png/498px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military_academy.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1277" /></a><figcaption>Chávez as a student in the military academy</figcaption></figure> Living in Caracas, he began to get involved in activities outside of the military school, playing baseball and softball with the Criollitos de Venezuela team, progressing with them to the Venezuelan National Baseball Championships. He also wrote poetry, fiction, and drama, and painted.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> He also became interested in the Marxist revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> (1928–1967) after reading his memoir The Diary of Che Guevara.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In 1974, he was selected to be a representative in the commemorations for the 150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Battle of Ayacucho</a> in Peru, the conflict in which Simon Bolívar's lieutenant, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre" title="Antonio José de Sucre">Antonio José de Sucre</a>, defeated royalist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence" title="Peruvian War of Independence">Peruvian War of Independence</a>. In Peru, Chávez heard the leftist president, General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a> (1910–1977), speak, and inspired by Velasco's ideas that the military should act in the interests of the working classes when the ruling classes were perceived as corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-Marcano_and_Tyszka._p._36-54">[52]</a> Befriending the son of Maximum Leader <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>, the leftist dictator of Panama, Chávez visited Panama, where he met with Torrijos, and was impressed with his land reform program that was designed to benefit the peasants. Influenced by Torrijos and Velasco he saw the potential for military generals to seize control of a government when the civilian authorities were perceived as serving the interests of only the wealthy elites.<a href="#cite_note-Marcano_and_Tyszka._p._36-54">[52]</a> Chávez later said, "With Torrijos, I became a Torrijist. With Velasco I became a Velasquist. And with Pinochet, I became an anti-Pinochetist".<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> In 1975, Chávez graduated from the military academy as one of the top graduates of the year.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_career">Early military career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early military career">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career of Hugo Chávez</a></div> Following his graduation, Chávez was stationed as a communications officer at a <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> unit in Barinas.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> In 1977, Chávez's unit was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Anzo%C3%A1tegui" title="Anzoátegui">Anzoátegui</a>, where they were involved in battling the <a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Party" title="Red Flag Party">Red Flag Party</a>, a Marxist–<a href="/wiki/Hoxhaist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxhaist">Hoxhaist</a> insurgency group.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> After intervening to prevent the beating of an alleged insurgent by other soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-Marcano_and_Tyszka_p.41-60">[58]</a> Chávez began to have his doubts about the army.<a href="#cite_note-Chávez_p._59-61">[59]</a> In 1977, he founded a revolutionary movement within the armed forces, in the hope that he could one day introduce a leftist government to Venezuela: the Venezuelan People's Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, or ELPV), consisted of him and a handful of his fellow soldiers who had no immediate plans for direct action, though they knew they wanted a middle way between the right-wing policies of the government and the far-left position of the Red Flag.<a href="#cite_note-Marcano_and_Tyszka_p.41-60">[58]</a> Nevertheless, hoping to gain an alliance with civilian leftist groups in Venezuela, Chávez set up clandestine meetings with various prominent Marxists, including Alfredo Maneiro (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Cause" title="Radical Cause">Radical Cause</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bravo" title="Douglas Bravo">Douglas Bravo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivarian_Revolutionary_Army-200">Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png/220px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png/330px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png/440px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_military.png 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1599" /></a><figcaption>Chávez while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan Army">Venezuelan Army</a></figcaption></figure> Five years after his creation of the ELPV, Chávez went on to form a new secretive cell within the military, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Bolivarian_Movement-200" title="Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200">Bolivarian Revolutionary Army-200</a> (EBR-200), later redesignated the Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200 (MBR-200).<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> He was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Simón Rodríguez">Simón Rodríguez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Zamora" title="Ezequiel Zamora">Ezequiel Zamora</a>, who became known as the "three roots of the tree" of the MBR-200.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> In 1984 he met <a href="/wiki/Herma_Marksman" title="Herma Marksman">Herma Marksman</a>, a recently divorced history teacher with whom he had an affair that lasted several years.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> During this time <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arias_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Francisco Arias Cárdenas">Francisco Arias Cárdenas</a>, a soldier interested in <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>, also joined MBR-200.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> After some time, some senior military officers became suspicious of Chávez and reassigned him so that he would not be able to gain any more fresh new recruits from the academy. He was sent to take command of the remote barracks at <a href="/wiki/Elorza" title="Elorza">Elorza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apure_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Apure State">Apure State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1992_coup_attempt">1992 coup attempt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1992 coup attempt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a></div> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a> was elected president, and though he had promised to oppose the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>'s policies, once he got into office he enacted economic policies supported by the IMF, angering the public.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In an attempt to stop widespread lootings and protests that followed his spending cuts, known as <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">El Caracazo</a>, Pérez initiated <a href="/wiki/Plan_%C3%81vila" title="Plan Ávila">Plan Ávila</a>, a military contingency plan by the Venezuelan Army to maintain public order, and an outbreak of violent repression unfolded.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Though members of Chávez's MBR-200 movement allegedly participated in the crackdown,<a href="#cite_note-NELSON-70">[68]</a> Chávez did not, since he was then hospitalized with <a href="/wiki/Chicken_pox" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken pox">chicken pox</a>. He later condemned the event as "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>".<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/250px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/375px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg/500px-San_Carlos_military_stockade_-_Venezuela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The San Carlos military stockade, where Chávez was held following the 1992 coup attempt</figcaption></figure> Chávez began preparing for a military coup d'état known as Operation Zamora.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> The plan involved members of the military overwhelming military locations and communication installations and then establishing <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a> in power once Pérez was captured and assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-73">[71]</a> Chávez delayed the MBR-200 coup, initially planned for December, until the early twilight hours of 4 February 1992.<a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-73">[71]</a> On that date five army units under Chávez's command moved into urban Caracas. Despite years of planning, the coup quickly encountered trouble since Chávez commanded the loyalty of less than 10% of Venezuela's military. After numerous betrayals, defections, errors, and other unforeseen circumstances, Chávez and a small group of rebels found themselves hiding in the Military Museum, unable to communicate with other members of their team. Pérez managed to escape <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a>. Officially, thirty-two civilians, police officers and soldiers were killed,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and fifty soldiers and some eighty civilians injured during the ensuing violence.<a href="#cite_note-sylvia66-75">[73]</a> Chávez gave himself up to the government and appeared on television, in uniform, to call on the remaining coup members to lay down their arms. Chávez remarked in his speech that they had failed only "por ahora" (for now).<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> Venezuelans, particularly poor ones, began seeing him as someone who stood up against government corruption and <a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">kleptocracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> The coup "flopped militarily—and dozens died—but made him a media star", noted <a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Rory Carroll</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chavshow-79">[77]</a> Chávez was arrested and imprisoned at the San Carlos military stockade, wracked with guilt and feeling responsible for the failure of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Pro-Chávez demonstrations outside San Carlos led to his transfer to <a href="/wiki/Yare_Prison" title="Yare Prison">Yare Prison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/November_1992_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Another unsuccessful coup</a> against the government occurred in November,<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> with the fighting during the coups resulting in the deaths of at least 143 people and perhaps as many as several hundred.<a href="#cite_note-Uppsala-84">[82]</a> Pérez was impeached a year later, charged with malfeasance and misappropriating funds.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political rise">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg/250px-HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg/375px-HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg/500px-HUGO_CH%C3%81VEZ_FR%C3%8DAS_en_Buenos_Aires_1995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>Chávez speaking at an event in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> in October 1995</figcaption></figure> While Chávez and the other senior members of the MBR-200 were in prison, his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Herma_Marksman" title="Herma Marksman">Herma Marksman</a> broke up in July 1993.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a> (1916–2009) of the centrist <a href="/wiki/National_Convergence" title="National Convergence">National Convergence</a> Party who allegedly had knowledge of the coup<a href="#cite_note-ENHfeb2015-73">[71]</a> was elected president and soon afterward he freed Chávez and the other imprisoned MBR-200 members, though Caldera banned them from returning to the military.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> After his release, on 14 December 1994, Chávez visited Cuba during the <a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>, where he was received by <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> with head of state honors. During his visit, Chávez gave a speech at the Aula Magna of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Havana" title="University of Havana">University of Havana</a> before Fidel and the Cuban high hierarchy where, among other things, he said "We have a long term strategic project, in which the Cubans have and would have much to contribute" and "it is a project of a twenty to forty year horizon, a sovereign economic model".<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMárquezSanabria2018147-89">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MBR-200_meeting.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/220px-MBR-200_meeting.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/330px-MBR-200_meeting.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/MBR-200_meeting.png/440px-MBR-200_meeting.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>A 1997 image of MBR-200 members meeting (<a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> is seen on the far left while Chávez is seen speaking in the center)</figcaption></figure> Travelling around Latin America in search of foreign support for his Bolivarian movement, he visited <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, where he met Castro and became friends with him.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Poleo" title="Patricia Poleo">Patricia Poleo</a>, during his stay in Colombia, he spent six months receiving guerilla training and establishing contacts with the FARC and ELN terrorist groups, and even adopted a <a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a> Comandante Centeno.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> By now Chávez was a supporter of taking military action, believing that the oligarchy would never allow him and his supporters to win an election.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Chávez and his supporters later founded a political party, the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> (MVR – Movimiento Quinta República) in July 1997 in order to support Chávez's candidacy in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sylvia66-75">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Chávez went on a tour around the country. On his tours, he met <a href="/wiki/Marisabel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez">Marisabel Rodríguez</a>, who would give birth to their daughter shortly before becoming his second wife in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_election">1998 election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1998 election">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998 Venezuelan presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_MVR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_MVR.jpg/220px-Logo_MVR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_MVR.jpg/330px-Logo_MVR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Logo_MVR.jpg/440px-Logo_MVR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>A painted mural in support of the Fifth Republic Movement (MVR) found in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona,_Venezuela" title="Barcelona, Venezuela">Barcelona, Anzoátegui, Venezuela</a></figcaption></figure> At the start of the election run-up, front runner <a href="/wiki/Irene_S%C3%A1ez" title="Irene Sáez">Irene Sáez</a> was backed by one of Venezuela's two primary political parties, <a href="/wiki/Copei" title="Copei">Copei</a>. Chávez's revolutionary rhetoric gained him support from <a href="/wiki/Patria_Para_Todos" class="mw-redirect" title="Patria Para Todos">Patria Para Todos</a> (Homeland for All), the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="Communist Party of Venezuela">Partido Comunista Venezolano</a> (Venezeuelan Communist Party) and the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Socialism_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Socialism (Venezuela)">Movimiento al Socialismo</a> (Movement for Socialism). Chávez received support from different sectors: the lower class felt identified with Chávez, that he cared about their needs and would offer a solution to their problems; part of the middle class also supported, feeling frustrated with corruption and wishing for a strong-handed government; Chávez also received support from members of the old left,<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> as well as the members of the militarist right wing, some of them nostalgic for the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[94]</a> By May 1998, Chávez's support had risen to 30% in polls, and by August he was registering 39%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a> Voter turnout was 63%, and Chávez won the election with 56.2% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1999–2013)">Presidency (1999–2013)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Presidency (1999–2013)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Venezuela_(1999%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Venezuela (1999–present)">History of Venezuela (1999–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_presidential_term:_2_February_1999_–_10_January_2001">First presidential term: 2 February 1999 – 10 January 2001</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First presidential term: 2 February 1999 – 10 January 2001">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png/220px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png/330px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png/440px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_sworn_in_1999.png 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="809" /></a><figcaption>Chávez when he was sworn in on 2 February 1999</figcaption></figure> Chávez's presidential inauguration took place 2 February 1999. He deviated from the usual words of the presidential oath when he took it, proclaiming: "I swear before God and my people that upon this moribund constitution I will drive forth the necessary democratic transformations so that the new republic will have a <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> befitting these new times".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-99">[97]</a> Freedom in Venezuela suffered following "the decision of President Hugo Chávez, ratified in a national referendum, to abolish congress and the judiciary, and by his creation of a parallel government of military cronies".<a href="#cite_note-FH1999-100">[98]</a> Soon after being established into office, Chávez spent much of his time attempting to abolish existing <a href="/wiki/Checks_and_balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Checks and balances">checks and balances</a> in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-FH1999-100">[98]</a> He appointed new figures to government posts, adding leftist allies to key positions and "army colleagues were given a far bigger say in the day-to-day running of the country".<a href="#cite_note-FH1999-100">[98]</a> For instance, he put <a href="/wiki/MBR-200" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR-200">Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement-200</a> founder <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jes%C3%BAs_Urdaneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesús Urdaneta (page does not exist)">Jesús Urdaneta</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Urdaneta" class="extiw" title="es:Jesús Urdaneta">es</a>] in charge of the <a href="/wiki/National_Directorate_of_Intelligence_and_Prevention_Services" title="National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services">National Directorate of Intelligence and Prevention Services</a> and made <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hern%C3%A1n_Gr%C3%BCber_%C3%93dreman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hernán Grüber Ódreman (page does not exist)">Hernán Grüber Ódreman</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Gr%C3%BCber_%C3%93dreman" class="extiw" title="es:Hernán Grüber Ódreman">es</a>], one of the 1992 coup leaders, governor of the Federal District of Caracas.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] His critics referred to these government officials as the "<a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a>" or "Bolivarian bourgeoisie",<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> and highlighted that it "included few people with experience in public administration".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-99">[97]</a> The number of his immediate family members in Venezuelan politics also led to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Chávez appointed businessman Roberto Mandini president of the state-run oil company <a href="/wiki/Petroleos_de_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleos de Venezuela">Petroleos de Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Chávez initially believed that capitalism was still a valid economic model for Venezuela, but only <a href="/wiki/Rhenish_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish capitalism">Rhenish capitalism</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hard_Talk-105">[103]</a> Low oil prices made Chavez's government reliant on international free markets during his first months in office, when he showed pragmatism and political moderation, and continued to encourage foreign investment in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[105]</a> During a visit to the United States in 1999, he rang the closing bell at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>. His administration held formal talks with the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> until oil prices rose enough to let the government rule out the need for any financial assistance.<a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[105]</a> Beginning 27 February 1999, the tenth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a>, Chávez set into motion a social welfare program called <a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a>. He said he had allotted $20.8 million for the plan. The plan involved 70,000 soldiers, sailors and members of the air force repairing roads and hospitals, removing stagnant water that offered breeding areas for disease-carrying mosquitoes, offering free medical care and vaccinations, and selling food at low prices.<a href="#cite_note-USb2000-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandals">scandals</a> later affected the program as allegations of corruption were formulated against generals involved in the plan and that significant amounts of money had been diverted.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_reform">Constitutional reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitutional reform">edit</a>]</div> Chávez called a public referendum, which he hoped would support his plans to form a <a href="/wiki/1999_Constituent_Assembly_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela">constituent assembly</a> of representatives from across Venezuela and from indigenous tribal groups to rewrite the Venezuelan constitution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-111">[109]</a> Chávez said he had to run again; "Venezuela's socialist revolution was like an unfinished painting and he was the artist", he said,<a href="#cite_note-chavshow-79">[77]</a> while someone else "could have another vision, start to alter the contours of the painting".<a href="#cite_note-chavshow-79">[77]</a> There was a low turnout of 37.65% and an abstention of 62.35%, 88% of the voters supported his proposal.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-CONS-112">[110]</a> Chávez called an election on 25 July to elect the members of the constituent assembly. Over 900 of the 1,171 candidates standing for election were Chávez opponents. To elect the members of the assembly, Chávez used a formula designed by mathematical experts and politicians, known at the time as the kino (lottery) or the "keys of Chávez". Chávez obtained 51% of the votes, but his supporters took 95% of the seats, 125 in total, including all of the seats assigned to indigenous groups, while the opposition won six seats.<a href="#cite_note-:2-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup05-113">[111]</a> On 12 August 1999, the new constituent assembly voted to give themselves the power to abolish government institutions and to dismiss officials who were perceived as corrupt or as operating only in their own interests. Opponents of the Chávez regime argued that it was dictatorial.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> Most jurists believed that the new constituent assembly had become the country's "supreme authority" and that all other institutions were subordinate to it.<a href="#cite_note-Gott-115">[113]</a> The assembly also declared a "judicial emergency" and granted itself the power to overhaul the judicial system. The Supreme Court ruled that the assembly did indeed have this authority, and was replaced in the 1999 Constitution with the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The constituent assembly put together <a href="/wiki/1999_Venezuelan_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Venezuelan Constitution">a new constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CONS-112">[110]</a> which was voted on at a referendum in December 1999. Seventy-two percent of those who voted approved of the new constitution. There was a low turnout and an abstention vote of over 50%.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup05-113">[111]</a> The new constitution provided protections for the environment and indigenous people, socioeconomic guarantees and state benefits, while giving greater powers to the president.<a href="#cite_note-CONS-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup06-118">[116]</a> The presidential term was extended to six years, and a president was allowed to serve for two consecutive terms. Previously, a sitting president could not run for reelection for 10 years after leaving office. It also replaced the bicameral Congress with a unicameral Legislative Assembly and gave the president the power to legislate on citizen rights, to promote military officers and to oversee economic and financial matters.<a href="#cite_note-CONS-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup06-118">[116]</a> The assembly also gave the military a mandated role in the government by empowering it to ensure public order and aid national development, which the previous constitution had expressly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup06-118">[116]</a> In the new constitution, the country, until then officially known as the Republic of Venezuela, was renamed the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (República Bolivariana de Venezuela) at Chávez's request.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup05-113">[111]</a> Chávez's actions following the ratification the 1999 Venezuelan constitution government weakened many of Venezuela's checks and balances, allowing the government to control every branch of the Venezuelan government for over 15 years after it passed until the <a href="/wiki/2015_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election">Venezuelan parliamentary election in 2015</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FH1999-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In May 2000 he launched his own Sunday morning radio show, <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a> (Hello, President), on the state radio network. This followed an earlier Thursday night television show, De Frente con el Presidente (Face to Face with the President).<a href="#cite_note-petro-120">[118]</a> He founded two newspapers, El Correo del Presidente (The President's Post), founded in July, for which he acted as editor-in-chief, and Vea (See), another newspaper, as well as Question magazine and Vive TV.<a href="#cite_note-petro-120">[118]</a> El Correo was later shut down among accusations of corruption and mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In his television and radio shows, he answered calls from citizens, discussed his latest policies, sang songs and told jokes.<a href="#cite_note-petro-120">[118]</a> In June 2000 he separated from his wife Marisabel, and their divorce was finalised in January 2004.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_presidential_term:_10_January_2001_–_10_January_2007">Second presidential term: 10 January 2001 – 10 January 2007</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second presidential term: 10 January 2001 – 10 January 2007">edit</a>]</div> Under the new constitution, it was legally required that new elections be held in order to re-legitimize the government and president. This <a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential election in July 2000</a> would be a part of a greater "megaelection", the first time in the country's history that the president, governors, national and regional congressmen, mayors and councilmen would be voted for on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Going into the elections, Chávez had control of all three branches of government.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a> For the position of president, Chávez's closest challenger proved to be his former friend and co-conspirator in the 1992 coup, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Arias_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Francisco Arias Cárdenas">Francisco Arias Cárdenas</a>, who since becoming a governor of Zulia state had turned towards the political centre and begun to denounce Chávez as autocratic. Some of his supporters feared that he had alienated those in the middle class and the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy who had formerly supported him. Chávez was re-elected with 60% of the vote, a larger majority than his 1998 electoral victory.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramírez_2005._p._79-125">[123]</a> That year, Chávez improved ideological ties with the Cuban government of Fidel Castro by signing an agreement under which Venezuela would supply Cuba with 53,000 barrels of oil per day at preferential rates, in return receiving 20,000 trained Cuban medics and educators. In the ensuing decade, this would be increased to 90,000 barrels a day (in exchange for 40,000 Cuban medics and teachers), dramatically aiding the Caribbean island's economy and standard of living after its "<a href="/wiki/Special_Period" title="Special Period">Special Period</a>" of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-convenio-126">[124]</a> However, Venezuela's growing alliance with Cuba came at the same time as a deteriorating relationship with the United States. Chávez opposed of the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">2001 American-led invasion of Afghanistan</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> against the U.S. by Islamist militants. In late 2001, Chávez showed pictures on his television show of children said to be killed in a bombing attack. He commented that "They are not to blame for the terrorism of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> or anyone else", called on the American government to end "the massacre of the innocents", and describing the war as "fighting terrorism with terrorism." The U.S. government responded negatively to the comments, which were picked up by the media worldwide<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> and recalled its ambassador for consultations.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png/220px-Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png/330px-Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png/440px-Mision_robinson_wayuu_by_Franklin_Reyes.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Chávez's second term in office saw the implementation of social missions, such as this one to eliminate illiteracy in Venezuela</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, the 2000 elections had led to Chávez's supporters gaining 101 out of 165 seats in the Venezuelan National Assembly, and so in November 2001 they voted to allow him to pass 49 social and economic decrees. This move antagonized the opposition movement particularly strongly.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup07-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> At the start of the 21st century, Venezuela was the world's fifth largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, with oil accounting for 85% of the country's exports, therefore dominating the country's economy. Before the election of Chávez, the state-run oil company, <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.">Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.</a> (PDVSA) ran autonomously, making oil decisions based on internal guidance to increase profits.<a href="#cite_note-:5-131">[129]</a> Once he came to power, Chávez started directing PDVSA and effectively turned it into a direct government arm whose profits would be injected into social spending.<a href="#cite_note-:5-131">[129]</a> The result of this was the creation of "<a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian Missions</a>", oil funded social programs targeting poverty, literacy, hunger, and more.<a href="#cite_note-:5-131">[129]</a> In 2001, the government introduced a new Hydrocarbons Law through which it sought to gain greater state control over the oil industry. The law increased the transnational companies taxation in oil extraction activities to 30% and set the minimum state participation in "mixed companies" at 51%, whereby the state-run oil company, <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.">Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.</a> (PDVSA), could have joint control with private companies over industry.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] By 2006, all of the 32 operating agreements signed with private companies during the 1990s had been converted from being primarily or privately-run to being at least 51% controlled by PDVSA.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chávez had also removed many of the managers and executives of PdVSA and replaced them with political allies, stripping the state-owned company expertise.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_and_the_Coordinadora_Democrática">Opposition and the Coordinadora Democrática</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opposition and the Coordinadora Democrática">edit</a>]</div> Much of Chávez's opposition originated from the response to the "cubanization" of Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a> Chávez's popularity dropped due to his relationship with Fidel Castro and Cuba, with Chávez attempting to make Venezuela in Cuba's image.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a> Chávez, following Castro's example, consolidated the country's <a href="/wiki/Bicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral legislature">bicameral legislature</a> into a single <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> that gave him more power<a href="#cite_note-CONS-112">[110]</a> and created community groups of loyal supporters allegedly trained as paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a> Such actions created great fear among Venezuelans who felt like they were tricked and that Chávez had dictatorial goals.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a> The first organized protest against the Bolivarian government occurred in January 2001, when the Chávez administration tried to implement educational reforms through the proposed Resolution 259 and Decree 1.011, which would have seen the publication of textbooks with a heavy Bolivarian bias. Parents noticed that such textbooks were really Cuban books filled with <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">revolutionary propaganda</a> outfitted with different covers. The protest movement, which was primarily by middle-class parents whose children went to privately run schools, marched to central Caracas shouting out the slogan Con mis hijos no te metas ("Don't mess with my children"). Although the protesters were denounced by Chávez, who called them "selfish and individualistic", the protest was successful enough for the government to retract the proposed education reforms and instead enter into a consensus-based educational program with the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson1-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Later into 2001, an organization known as the <a href="/wiki/Coordinadora_Democr%C3%A1tica_(Venezuela)" title="Coordinadora Democrática (Venezuela)">Coordinadora Democrática de Acción Cívica</a> (Democratic Coordinator, CD) was founded, under which the Venezuelan opposition political parties, corporate powers, most of the country's media, the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Federation_of_Chambers_of_Commerce" title="Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce">Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce</a>, the Institutional Military Front and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Workers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Workers Union">Central Workers Union</a> all united to oppose Chávez's regime.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup07-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> The prominent businessman <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carmona" title="Pedro Carmona">Pedro Carmona</a> (1941–) was chosen as the CD's leader.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup07-129">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg/220px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg/330px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg/440px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_on_USS_Yorktown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Chávez visiting the <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CG-48)" title="USS Yorktown (CG-48)">USS Yorktown</a>, a U.S. Navy ship docked at <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles" title="Netherlands Antilles">Netherlands Antilles</a>, in 2002</figcaption></figure> The Coordinadora Democrática and other opponents of Chávez's Bolivarian government accused it of trying to turn Venezuela from a democracy into a dictatorship by centralising power amongst its supporters in the Constituent Assembly and granting Chávez increasingly autocratic powers. Many of them pointed to Chávez's personal friendship with Cuba's Fidel Castro and the <a href="/wiki/Politics_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics in Cuba">one-party socialist government in Cuba</a> as a sign of where the Bolivarian government was taking Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-InternationalCrisisGroup07-129">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coup,_strikes_and_the_recall_referendum">Coup, strikes and the recall referendum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Coup, strikes and the recall referendum">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_recall_referendum,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004">Venezuelan recall referendum, 2004</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-chavez_march.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/220px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/330px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Anti-chavez_march.jpg/440px-Anti-chavez_march.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A 2004 rally against Chávez in <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, demanding <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">his removal from the presidency</a></figcaption></figure> Chávez sought to make PDVSA his main source of funds for political projects and replaced oil experts with political allies in order to support him with this initiative.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> In early-2002, he placed a leftist professor as the president of PDVSA.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> In April 2002, Chávez appointed his allies to head the PDVSA and replaced the company's board of directors with loyalists who had "little or no experience in the oil industry", mocking the PDVSA executives on television as he fired them.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNoil-136">[134]</a> Anger with Chávez's decisions led to civil unrest in Venezuela, which culminated in an attempted coup.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> On 11 April 2002, <a href="/wiki/Llaguno_Overpass_events" title="Llaguno Overpass events">during a march headed to the presidential palace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> nineteen people were killed, and over 110 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Chávez believed that the best way to stay in power was to implement <a href="/wiki/Plan_%C3%81vila" title="Plan Ávila">Plan Ávila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p121134NELSON2-139">[137]</a> Military officers, including General <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Baduel" title="Raúl Baduel">Raúl Baduel</a>, a founder of Chávez's <a href="/wiki/MBR-200" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR-200">MBR-200</a>, then decided that they had to pull support from Chávez to deter a massacre<a href="#cite_note-p121134NELSON2-139">[137]</a> and shortly after at 8:00 pm, Vásquez Velasco, together with other ranking army officers, declared that Chávez had lost his support.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chávez agreed to be detained and was transferred by army escort to <a href="/wiki/La_Orchila" class="mw-redirect" title="La Orchila">La Orchila</a>; business leader <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Carmona" title="Pedro Carmona">Pedro Carmona</a> declared himself president of an interim government.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Carmona abolished the 1999 constitution and appointed a governing committee. Protests in support of Chávez along with insufficient support for Carmona's government quickly led to Carmona's resignation, and Chávez was returned to power on 14 April.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> Chávez's response was to moderate his approach,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Talk:Hugo Chávez">discuss</a>] implementing a new economic team that appeared to be more centrist and reinstated the old board of directors and managers of the state oil company <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_de_Venezuela_S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.">Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.</a> (PDVSA), whose replacement had been one of the reasons for the coup.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> At the same time, the Bolivarian government began to increase the country's military capacity, purchasing 100,000 <a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a> assault rifles and several helicopters from Russia, as well as a number of <a href="/wiki/Super_Tucano" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Tucano">Super Tucano</a> light attack and training planes from Brazil. Troop numbers were also increased.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Chávez faced a <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002-2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002-2003">two-month management strike</a> at the PDVSA.<a href="#cite_note-BBCoil-143">[141]</a> The Chávez government's response was to fire about 19,000 striking employees for abandoning their posts and then employing retired workers, foreign contractors, and the military to do their jobs instead.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The total firing of tens of thousands of employees by Chávez would forever damage Venezuela's oil industry due to the tremendous loss of expertise.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> By 2005, the members of Venezuela's energy ministries stated it would take more than 15 years for PDVSA to recover from Chávez's actions.<a href="#cite_note-:6-133">[131]</a> The 1999 constitution had introduced the concept of a recall referendum into Venezuelan politics, so the opposition called for such a referendum to take place. The resulting <a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">2004 referendum to recall Chávez</a> was unsuccessful. 70% of the eligible Venezuelan population turned out to vote, with 59% of voters deciding to keep the president in power.<a href="#cite_note-Ramírez_2005._p._79-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Socialism_of_the_21st_century"">"Socialism of the 21st century"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: "Socialism of the 21st century"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavez_e_Lula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Chavez_e_Lula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Chávez and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Brazilian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> In January 2005, Chávez began openly proclaiming the ideology of "<a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>", something that was distinct from his earlier forms of <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> in nature, merging elements of capitalism and socialism. He used this new term to contrast the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, which he wanted to promote in Latin America, from the Marxist–Leninist socialism that had been spread by socialist states like the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China during the 20th century, arguing that the latter had not been truly democratic, suffering from a lack of participatory democracy and an excessively authoritarian governmental structure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In May 2006, Chávez visited Europe in a private capacity, where he announced plans to supply cheap Venezuelan oil to poor working class communities in the continent. The Mayor of London <a href="/wiki/Ken_Livingstone" title="Ken Livingstone">Ken Livingstone</a> welcomed him, describing him as "the best news out of Latin America in many years."<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_presidential_term:_10_January_2007_–_10_January_2013">Third presidential term: 10 January 2007 – 10 January 2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Third presidential term: 10 January 2007 – 10 January 2013">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg/180px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg/270px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg/360px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1057" data-file-height="1531" /></a><figcaption>Chavez in Brazil, 2008</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential election of December 2006</a>, which saw a 77% voter turnout, Chávez was once more elected, this time with 63% of the vote, beating his closest challenger <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rosales" title="Manuel Rosales">Manuel Rosales</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> (OAS) and the <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a> concluded that the election results were free and legitimate.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> After this victory, Chávez promised an "expansion of the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_and_domestic_policy">United Socialist Party of Venezuela and domestic policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United Socialist Party of Venezuela and domestic policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg/170px-Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg/255px-Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg/340px-Demostration_by_the_opposition_against_the_reform_-_caracas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans during the <a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Venezuelan protests">2007 Venezuelan protests</a> demonstrating against <a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Chávez's proposed constitutional referendum</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCMarch-149">[147]</a></figcaption></figure> On 15 December 2006, Chávez publicly announced that those leftist political parties who had continually supported him in the Patriotic Pole would unite into one single, much larger party, the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela, PSUV). In the speech which he gave announcing the PSUV's creation, Chávez declared that the old parties must "forget their own structures, party colours and slogans, because they are not the most important thing for the fatherland".<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif/220px-United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif/330px-United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="102" /></a><figcaption>The logo for the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">PSUV</a>, Chávez's socialist political party founded in 2007 succeeding the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a></figcaption></figure> Chávez had initially proclaimed that those leftist parties which chose to not dissolve into the PSUV would have to leave the government. Party membership rose to 5.7 million people by 2007,<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg.com-151">[149]</a> The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> expressed concern over some voters' being pressured to join the party.<a href="#cite_note-eluniversal.com-152">[150]</a> On 28 December 2006, President Chávez announced that the government would not renew <a href="/wiki/RCTV" title="RCTV">RCTV</a>'s broadcast license which expired on 27 May 2007, thereby forcing the channel to cease operations on that day.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> On 17 May 2007, the government rejected a plea made by RCTV to stop the TV station's forced shutdown.<a href="#cite_note-universities26-154">[152]</a> Thousands of protesters marching both against and in support of the government's decision remained on the streets in Caracas. Other marches took place in <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Carabobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Carabobo">Valencia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-universities26-154">[152]</a> On 21 May 2007, hundreds of journalists and students marched in Caracas carrying a banner reading "S.O.S. Freedom of Expression".<a href="#cite_note-universities26-154">[152]</a> A few days later, on 25 May 2007, university students from the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Cat%C3%B3lica_Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Católica Andrés Bello">Universidad Católica Andrés Bello</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela)" title="Simón Bolívar University (Venezuela)">Universidad Simón Bolívar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Central_de_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Central de Venezuela">Universidad Central de Venezuela</a> protested against the government's intentions.<a href="#cite_note-universities15-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-universities35-156">[154]</a> On 26 May, tens of thousands of protesters marched in support of RCTV to their headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-REUT20076-157">[155]</a> Since the week prior to the shutdown of RCTV, many individuals, international organizations and <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>—including the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Secretary General of the Organization of American States">Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Insulza" title="José Miguel Insulza">José Miguel Insulza</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/OAS_Special_Rapporteur_for_Freedom_of_Expression" title="OAS Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression">Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression</a>,<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Inter_American_Press_Association" title="Inter American Press Association">Inter American Press Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a>—have expressed concerns for freedom of the press following the shutdown.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> However, Secretary Insulza also stated that it was up to the Venezuelan courts to solve this dispute<a href="#cite_note-ElUniversal20071805-164">[162]</a> and that he believed that this was an administrative decision.<a href="#cite_note-ElUniversal20070611-165">[163]</a> In 2007, the Bolivarian government set up a constitutional commission in order to review the 1999 constitution and suggest potential amendments to be made to it. Led by the prominent pro-Chávez intellectual <a href="/wiki/Luis_Britto_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Luis Britto García">Luis Britto García</a>, it suggested measures that would have increased many of the president's powers, for instance increasing the presidential term limit to seven years, allowing the president to run for election indefinitely and centralizing powers in the executive. The government put the suggested changes to a <a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">public referendum in December 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters20070816-166">[164]</a> Abstention rate was high however, with 44% of registered voters not turning out, and in the end the proposed changes were rejected by 51% of votes.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> This would prove to the first electoral loss that Chávez had faced in the thirteen electoral contests held since he took power, due to the top-down nature of the changes, as well as general public dissatisfaction with "the absence of internal debate on its content, as well as dissatisfaction with the running of the social programmes, increasing street crime, and with corruption within the government".<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In mid 2010, tons of rotten food supplies imported during Chávez's government through subsidies of state-owned enterprise <a href="/wiki/PDVAL" title="PDVAL">PDVAL</a> were found. Due to the scandal, PDVAL started being administrated by the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Venezuela" title="Vice President of Venezuela">vice president of Venezuela</a> and afterwards by the Alimentation Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-great-169">[167]</a> Three former managers were detained,<a href="#cite_note-elnacional20100729-170">[168]</a> but were released afterwards<a href="#cite_note-elmundo20111106-171">[169]</a> and two of them had their positions restored.<a href="#cite_note-ultimasnoticias20120514-172">[170]</a> In July 2010, official estimates stated that 130,000 tons of food supplies were affected, while the political opposition informed of 170,000 tons.<a href="#cite_note-great-169">[167]</a> As of 2012, any advances in the investigations by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> were unknown.<a href="#cite_note-globovision20120515-173">[171]</a> The most accepted explanation of the loss of food supplies is the organization of PDVAL, because the food network allegedly imported supplies faster than what it could distribute them. The opposition considers the affair as a corrupt case and spokespeople have assured that the public officials deliberately imported more food that could be distributed to embezzle funds through the import of subsidized supplies.<a href="#cite_note-bbcresumen-174">[172]</a> In order to ensure that his <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a> became socially ingrained in Venezuela, Chávez discussed his wish to stand for re-election when his term ran out in 2013, and spoke of ruling beyond 2030.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Under the 1999 constitution, he could not legally stand for re-election again, and so brought about a <a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">referendum on 15 February 2009</a> to abolish the two-term limit for all public offices, including the presidency. Approximately 70% of the Venezuelan electorate voted, and they approved this alteration to the constitution with over 54% in favor, allowing any elected official the chance to try to run indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2009-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/250px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/375px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg/500px-F%C3%B3rum_Social_Mundial_2008_-_AL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2598" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Chávez (far right) with fellow Latin American leftist presidents in 2009 (from left to right: Paraguay's <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Lugo" title="Fernando Lugo">Fernando Lugo</a>, Bolivia's <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Lula_da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> and Ecuador's <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_presidential_term:_10_January_2013_–_5_March_2013">Fourth presidential term: 10 January 2013 – 5 March 2013</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fourth presidential term: 10 January 2013 – 5 March 2013">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Immediate_Mobilization_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Immediate Mobilization Networks">Immediate Mobilization Networks</a></div> On 7 October 2012, Chávez won election as president for a fourth time, his third six-year term. He defeated <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> with 54% of the votes versus 45% for Capriles, which was a lower victory margin than in his previous presidential wins, in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 Venezuelan presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-extend-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-APFox2012-178">[176]</a> Turnout in the election was 80%, with a hotly contested election between the two candidates.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> There was significant support for Chávez amongst the Venezuelan lower class. Chávez's opposition blamed him for unfairly using state funds to spread largesse before the election to bolster Chavez's support among his primary electoral base, the lower class.<a href="#cite_note-APFox2012-178">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/150px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/225px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg/300px-Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1292" /></a><figcaption>Chávez in June 2012</figcaption></figure> The inauguration of Chávez's new term was scheduled for 10 January 2013, but as he was undergoing medical treatment at the time in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, he was not able to return to Venezuela for that date. The National Assembly president <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Diosdado Cabello</a> proposed to postpone the inauguration and the Supreme Court decided that, being just another term of the sitting president and not the inauguration of a new one, the formality could be bypassed. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Venezuela">Venezuelan Bishops Conference</a> opposed the verdict, stating that the constitution must be respected, and the Venezuelan government had not been transparent regarding details about Chávez's health.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Acting executive officials produced orders of government signed by Chávez, which were suspected of forgery by some opposition politicians, who claimed that Chávez was too sick to be in control of his faculties. <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cochez" title="Guillermo Cochez">Guillermo Cochez</a>, recently dismissed from the office of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panamanian</a> ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, even claimed that Chávez had been <a href="/wiki/Brain_death" title="Brain death">brain-dead</a> since 31 December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-univision-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-PanARMENIAN-182">[180]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez">death of Chávez</a>, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> took over the presidential powers and duties for the remainder of Chávez's abbreviated term until presidential elections were held. Venezuela's constitution specifies that the speaker of the National Assembly, Diosdado Cabello, should assume the interim presidency if a president cannot be sworn in.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> Maduro remains in power as president as of 2024. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_ideology">Political ideology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political ideology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></div>Chávez was described as a leftist, with one journal stating that he was "billed as the hemisphere’s second leftist leader after Cuba’s Fidel Castro."<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> In a 1996 interview, Chávez stated “I am not Marxist, but I am not anti-Marxist. I am not communist, but I am not anti-communist.” In 1999, Chávez told the New York Times that “If you are attempting to determine whether Chavez is of the left, right, or center, if he is socialist, Communist, or capitalist, well, I am none of those, but I have a bit of all of those.”<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> In a 1998 interview, Chávez stated that "I am not a socialist. I believe that today's world, Latin America and the world to come require a leap forward. We are going beyond socialism and even savage capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_capitalism_and_neoliberalism">Criticism of capitalism and neoliberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Criticism of capitalism and neoliberalism">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:246px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Democracy is impossible in a capitalist system. Capitalism is the realm of injustice and a tyranny of the richest against the poorest. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a> said, 'Between the powerful and the weak all freedom is oppressed. Only the rule of law sets you free.' That's why the only way to save the world is through socialism, a democratic socialism ... [Democracy is not just turning up to vote every four or five years], it's much more than that, it's a way of life, it's giving power to the people ... it is not the government of the rich over the people, which is what's happening in almost all the so-called democratic Western capitalist countries. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Hugo Chávez, June 2010<a href="#cite_note-Hard_Talk-105">[103]</a></cite> </div> Both before and during his presidency, Chávez spoke out against "savage capitalism," neoliberal capitalism and simply capitalism in various speeches. During his first electoral campaign, as noted by one observer, Chávez made clear his rejection of what he called "savage capitalism," using the words of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. Chávez wanted greater state intervention in the economy, but “built bridges to the private sector to promote the development of national industry.” According to Eduardo Semtei, a political scientist considered close to the ideas of Chavez, "From the beginning he had the idea that the classic capitalist model is a model contrary to the development of society."<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In 1999, Chávez argued that a new constitution drafted by an assembly packed with his allies would distance Venezuela from "savage capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> He reiterated this position on 28 September 2001, when Chavez spoke negatively of neoliberal capitalism and the economic measures of the <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">Carlos Andrés Pérez</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Gran_Viraje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Gran Viraje (page does not exist)">El Gran Viraje</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Viraje" class="extiw" title="es:El Gran Viraje">es</a>], one of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Caracazo" title="Caracazo">Caracazo</a> riots.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In various interviews conducted in 2002, Chávez shared his views on capitalism, saying that the Bolivarian Revolution was an alternative to neoliberalism, saying that capitalism was "sown ... in the marrow" of Venezuela and the rest of the world, stating that his revolution and its missions were more humane.<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-190">[188]</a> Ultimately, Chávez said that the Bolivarian Revolution was "an alternative economy to dehumanized capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-marxists.org-190">[188]</a> In 2003, Chávez argued that the Soviet Union disappeared when it failed in its efforts to dismantle "the devastating logic of capital," stating that it is the "alternative model" that he promoted was the one now confronting "neoliberalism and savage capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> While at the World Social Forum on 26 January 2003, Chávez criticized the idea that capitalism and neoliberalism "won" following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, saying that some individuals raised "the thesis of single thinking, there are no more alternatives, ... socialism is over, and communism is over and long live neoliberal capitalism and all this fairy tale."<a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-192">[190]</a> Chávez noted in a 2005 interview that "At one time I came to think about the Third Way. I was having trouble interpreting the world. I was confused ... I spoke and wrote a lot about 'human capitalism'. Today I am convinced that it is impossible ... I became convinced that socialism is the way."<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-186">[184]</a> Chávez arguably did not fully talk openly about the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a> until 3 December 2006, during a speech after his reelection in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">2006 presidential elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxism_and_socialism">Marxism and socialism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Marxism and socialism">edit</a>]</div> Chávez's connection to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> was a complex one, though he had described himself as a Marxist on some occasions.<a href="#cite_note-en.ria.ru-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCmarx-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-N24marx-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABCmarx-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-CLARINmarx-43">[41]</a> In May 1996, he gave an interview with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agust%C3%ADn_Blanco_Mu%C3%B1oz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agustín Blanco Muñoz (page does not exist)">Agustín Blanco Muñoz</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Blanco_Mu%C3%B1oz" class="extiw" title="es:Agustín Blanco Muñoz">es</a>] in which he remarked, "I am not a Marxist, but I am not anti-Marxist. I am not communist, but I am not anti-communist."<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In a 2009 speech to the national assembly, he said: "I am a Marxist to the same degree as the followers of the ideas of Jesus Christ and the liberator of America, <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a>".<a href="#cite_note-en.ria.ru-194">[192]</a> He was well versed in many Marxist texts, having read the works of many Marxist theoreticians, and often publicly quoted them. Various international Marxists supported his government, believing it to be a sign of proletariat revolution as predicted in <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> In 2010, Hugo Chávez proclaimed support for the <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">ideas</a> of Marxist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, saying "When I called him (former Minister of Labour, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ram%C3%B3n_Rivero" title="José Ramón Rivero">José Ramón Rivero</a>)" Chávez explained, "he said to me: 'President I want to tell you something before someone else tells you ... I am a Trotskyist', and I said, 'well, what is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist! I follow Trotsky's line, that of permanent revolution", and then cited <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> Chávez also noted his identification with socialism, noting that "The Constitution speaks that the socioeconomic regime of Venezuela must have a strong cooperative and associative content and that gives it a charge that breaks with individualism and neoliberalism, which gives a strong socialist content to the project. In that direction we have to go all out. To cooperate is to socialize the economy, to give it a social content. I am sure that in Puerto Cruz, agricultural cooperatives will emerge."<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Later in his presidency Chávez promoted the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">socialism of the 21st century</a>. His approach was more heavily influenced by the theories of <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="István Mészáros (professor)">István Mészáros</a>, Michael Lebowitz and <a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Marta Harnecker</a>, who was Chávez's adviser between 2004 and 2011, rather than by those of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Dieterich" title="Heinz Dieterich">Heinz Dieterich</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bolivarianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_by_Arturo_Michelena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="6408" /></a><figcaption>19th century general and politician <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> provided a basis for Chávez's political ideas</figcaption></figure> Hugo Chávez defined his political position as <a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a>, an ideology he developed from that of <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Simón Bolívar</a> (1783–1830) and others. Bolívar was a 19th-century general who led the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialist</a> Spanish authorities and who is widely revered across Latin America today. Along with Bolívar, the other two primary influences upon Bolivarianism are <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Simón Rodríguez">Simón Rodríguez</a> (1769–1854), a philosopher who was Bolívar's tutor and mentor, and <a href="/wiki/Ezequiel_Zamora" title="Ezequiel Zamora">Ezequiel Zamora</a>, (1817–1860), the Venezuelan Federalist general.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] The fact that Chávez's ideology originated from Bolívar has also received some criticism because Chávez had occasionally described himself as being influenced by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, a critic of Bolívar.<a href="#cite_note-marx-201">[199]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-MARXbolivar-202">[200]</a> Beddow and Thibodeaux noted the complications between Bolívar and Marx, stating that "[d]escribing Bolivar as a socialist warrior in the class struggle, when he was actually member of the aristocratic 'criollos', is peculiar when considering Karl Marx's own writings on Bolivar, whom he dismissed as a false liberator who merely sought to preserve the power of the old Creole nobility which he belonged".<a href="#cite_note-MARXbolivar-202">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_influences">Other influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other influences">edit</a>]</div> Chávez's early heroes were nationalist military dictators that included former Peruvian president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a> and former Panamanian "Maximum Leader" <a href="/wiki/Omar_Torrijos" title="Omar Torrijos">Omar Torrijos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECONmarch2013-203">[201]</a> One dictator Chávez admired was <a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Marcos Pérez Jiménez</a>, a former president of Venezuela that he praised for the public works he performed.<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a> Chávez praised Pérez Jiménez in order to vilify preceding democratic governments, stating that "General Pérez Jiménez was the best president Venezuela had in a long time ... He was much better than <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Rómulo Betancourt</a>, much better than all of those others. They hated him because he was a soldier."<a href="#cite_note-Carroll193-45">[43]</a> Chávez was also well acquainted with the various traditions of Latin American socialism, espoused by such figures as Colombian politician <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n" title="Jorge Eliécer Gaitán">Jorge Eliécer Gaitán</a><a href="#cite_note-coanews.org-204">[202]</a> and former Chilean president <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coanews.org-204">[202]</a> Early in his presidency, Chávez was advised and influenced by the Argentine Peronist <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Ceresole" title="Norberto Ceresole">Norberto Ceresole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECONmarch2013-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuban_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban revolution">Cuban Communist revolutionaries</a> <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> also influenced Chávez, especially with Castro's government assistance with the Bolivarian Missions.<a href="#cite_note-ECONmarch2013-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-coanews.org-204">[202]</a> Chávez also spoke admiringly of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, stating in a 2005 speech, stating "we must remember that thought of Gandhi that reflects a deep respect for himself, for his own country, for a healthy nationalism" and expressed support for what he said was Gandhi's espousal of being anti-capitalist, anti-colonialist and anti-imperialist.<a href="#cite_note-:8-205">[203]</a> During the same speech, Chávez also expressed influence from <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, noting he was a main figure of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, with Chávez citing his leadership as an inspiration "of the need, of brotherhood and solidarity among the peoples of the Third World. The need to unite to defend the interests of our people, of poor people against the abuse of rich people."<a href="#cite_note-:8-205">[203]</a> Other indirect influences on Chávez's political philosophy are the Gospel teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Other inspirations of Chávez's political view are <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Promotion_of_conspiracy_theories">Promotion of conspiracy theories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Promotion of conspiracy theories">edit</a>]</div> In September 2006, Chávez said <a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a> were "not absurd" and that "a building never collapses like that, unless it's with an implosion".<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Chávez also told <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> that he did not believe that the footage of the <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo 11 Moon landings was genuine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_overview">Policy overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Policy overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_social_policy">Economic and social policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economic and social policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy of Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png/220px-Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png/330px-Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png/440px-Evolution_of_crude_oil_price.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Historical crude oil prices, including the period of the Chávez administration (1998–2013)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_Economic_Indicators,_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png/350px-Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png/525px-Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png/700px-Venezuela_Economic_Indicators%2C_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration.png 2x" data-file-width="1054" data-file-height="1546" /></a><figcaption>The blue line represents annual ratesThe red line represents trends of annual rates given throughout the period shown<a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> is in billions of <a href="/wiki/Community_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Community currency">Local Currency Unit</a> that has been adjusted for inflation Sources: <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> </figcaption></figure> From his election in 1998 until his death in March 2013, Chávez's administration proposed and enacted <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policies</a>. The social programs were designed to be short-term, though after seeing political success as their result, Chávez made the efforts central to his administration and often overspent outside of Venezuela's budget.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[213]</a> Due to increasing oil prices in the early 2000s which raised funds not seen in Venezuela since the 1980s, Chávez created the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Missions">Bolivarian Missions</a>, aimed at providing public services to improve economic, cultural, and social conditions,<a href="#cite_note-p._54-216">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-http-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barreiro_C-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-219">[217]</a> using these populist policies in order to maintain political power.<a href="#cite_note-CHOSUN2-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-STRATexpensive-221">[219]</a> According to Corrales and Penfold, "aid was disbursed to some of the poor, and more gravely, in a way that ended up helping the president and his allies and cronies more than anyone else".<a href="#cite_note-DRAGONp5-222">[220]</a> The Missions, which were directly overseen by Chávez and often linked to his political campaigns,<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[213]</a> entailed the construction of thousands of free medical clinics for the poor<a href="#cite_note-p._54-216">[214]</a> and the enactment of food<a href="#cite_note-Barreiro_C-218">[216]</a> and housing subsidies.<a href="#cite_note-http-217">[215]</a> The quality of life of Venezuelans had also improved temporarily according to a UN Index.<a href="#cite_note-UN-17">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teresa_A._Meade" class="mw-redirect" title="Teresa A. Meade">Teresa A. Meade</a> wrote that Chávez's popularity strongly depended "on the lower classes who have benefited from these health initiatives and similar policies".<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> Following elections, social programs saw less attention from the government and their overall effectiveness decreased.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, a measure of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>, dropped from .495 in 1998 to .39 in 2011, putting Venezuela behind only Canada in the Western Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-unstable-224">[222]</a> 95% of Venezuelans aged 15 and older could also read and write,<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] though some scholars have disputed the claim that literacy improvements during Chavez's presidency resulted from his administration's policies.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> The poverty rate fell from 48.6% in 1999 to 32.1% in 2013, according to the Venezuelan government's National Statistics Institute (INE).<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The drop of Venezuela's poverty rate compared to <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_America" title="Poverty in South America">poverty in other South American countries</a> was slightly behind that of Peru, Brazil and Panama<a href="#cite_note-5waysFUSION-228">[226]</a> with the poverty rate becoming higher than the Latin American average in 2013 according to the UN.<a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-229">[227]</a> In the two years following Chávez's death, the poverty rate returned to where it had been before his presidency,<a href="#cite_note-CSM25march-229">[227]</a> with a 2017 <a href="/wiki/NACLA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACLA">NACLA</a> analysis stating that "reductions in poverty and inequality during the Chávez years were real, but somewhat superficial ... structural poverty and inequality, such as the quality of housing, neighborhoods, education, and employment, remained largely unchanged".<a href="#cite_note-NACLAcrimeREV-19">[17]</a> Chávez's populist policies eventually led to a severe socioeconomic crisis in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-CHOSUN2-220">[218]</a> The social works initiated by Chávez's government relied on <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil products</a>, the keystone of the Venezuelan economy, with Chávez's administration suffering from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_disease" title="Dutch disease">Dutch disease</a> as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-USVEN-230">[228]</a> In 2012, the World Bank also explained that Venezuela's economy was "extremely vulnerable" to changes in oil prices since in 2012 "96% of the country's exports and nearly half of its fiscal revenue" relied on oil production, while by 2008, according to <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>, exports of everything but oil "collapsed".<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> The Chávez administration then spent governmental proceeds from the high oil prices on his populist policies to gain the approval of voters.<a href="#cite_note-FPmarch2013-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-219">[217]</a> Economists say that the Venezuelan government's overspending on social programs and strict business policies caused to imbalances in the country's economy, contributing to rising inflation, poverty, low healthcare spending and <a href="/wiki/Shortages_in_Venezuela" title="Shortages in Venezuela">shortages in Venezuela</a> going into the final years of his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-UN-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-ELPAISfeb2015-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FTWD-219">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Such occurrences, especially the risk of <a href="/wiki/Default_(finance)" title="Default (finance)">default</a> and the unfriendliness toward private businesses, led to a lack of foreign investment and stronger foreign currencies,<a href="#cite_note-STRATexpensive-221">[219]</a> though the Venezuelan government argued that the private sector had remained relatively unchanged during Chavez's presidency despite several nationalizations.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> In January 2013 near the end of Chávez's presidency, <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> gave Venezuela's economic freedom a score of 36.1, down from 56.1 in 1999, ranking its freedom very low at 174th of 177 countries, with freedom on a downward trend.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> According to some analysts, the economic problems Venezuela has suffered under President <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> would likely have emerged even if Chávez had remained president.<a href="#cite_note-WHARTON-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_and_products">Food and products</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Food and products">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s and 1990s, health and nutrition indexes in Venezuela were generally low, and social inequality in access to nutrition was high.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> Chávez made it his stated goal to lower inequality in access to basic nutrition, and to achieve <a href="/wiki/Food_sovereignty" title="Food sovereignty">food sovereignty</a> for Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> The main strategy for making food available to all economic classes was the controversial policy of creating fixed price ceilings for basic staple foods, which was implemented in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg1-238">[236]</a> Between 1998 and 2006, malnutrition related deaths fell by 50%.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Chávez also <a href="/wiki/Expropriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriate">expropriated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_reform" title="Agrarian reform">redistributed</a> 5 million acres of farmland from large landowners.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escasez_en_Venezuela,_Mercal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG/250px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG/375px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG/500px-Escasez_en_Venezuela%2C_Mercal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Shoppers waiting in line at a government-run <a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">MERCAL</a> store</figcaption></figure> Price controls initiated by Chávez created product shortages since merchants could no longer afford to import necessary goods.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Chávez blamed "speculators and hoarders" for these scarcities<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Food-243">[241]</a> and strictly enforced his price control policy, denouncing anyone who sold food products for higher prices.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg1-238">[236]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Food_prices" title="Food prices">food prices</a> in Caracas were nine times higher than when the price controls were put in place and resulted in shortages of cooking oil, chicken, powdered milk, cheese, sugar and meat.<a href="#cite_note-ECONfood-24">[22]</a> The price controls increased the demand for basic foods while making it difficult for Venezuela to import goods causing increased reliance on domestic production. Economists believe this policy increased shortages.<a href="#cite_note-CNN_Food-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Food-244">[242]</a> Shortages of food then occurred throughout the rest of Chávez's presidency with food shortage rates between 10% and 20% from 2010 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-ELUgraph-245">[243]</a> One possible reason for shortages is the relationship between inflation and subsidies, where a lack profitability due to price regulations affects operations. In turn, the lack of dollars made it difficult to purchase more food imports.<a href="#cite_note-ByNfood-246">[244]</a> Chávez's strategy in response to food shortages consisted of attempting to increase domestic production through nationalizing large parts of the food industry,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] though such nationalizations allegedly did the opposite and caused decreased production instead.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> As part of his strategy of food security Chávez started a national chain of supermarkets, the <a href="/wiki/Mission_Mercal" title="Mission Mercal">Mercal network</a>, which had 16,600 outlets and 85,000 employees that distributed food at highly discounted prices, and ran 6,000 soup kitchens throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FoodFight-249">[247]</a> Simultaneously Chávez expropriated many private supermarkets.<a href="#cite_note-FoodFight-249">[247]</a> The Mercal network was criticized by some commentators as being a part of Chávez's strategy to brand himself as a provider of cheap food, and the shops feature his picture prominently.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] The Mercal network was also subject to frequent shortages of basic staples such as meat, milk and sugar—and when scarce products arrived, shoppers had to wait in lines.<a href="#cite_note-FoodFight-249">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communes">Communes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Communes">edit</a>]</div> After his election in 1998, more than 100,000 state-owned cooperatives—which claimed to represent some 1.5 million people—were formed with the assistance of government start-up credit and technical training.<a href="#cite_note-vene-coop-rev-250">[248]</a> The Venezuelan government often failed to construct the number of homes they had proposed.<a href="#cite_note-EUhome-251">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> According to Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/El_Universal_(Caracas)" title="El Universal (Caracas)">El Universal</a>, one of the Chávez administration's outstanding failures was the inability to meet its goals of constructing housing.<a href="#cite_note-EUhome-251">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Currency_controls">Currency controls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Currency controls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela#Currency_Black_Market" title="Economy of Venezuela">Economy of Venezuela § Currency Black Market</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png/370px-Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png/555px-Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png/740px-Venezuela_Black_Market_2010-2014.png 2x" data-file-width="2143" data-file-height="1534" /></a><figcaption>Blue line represents implied value of the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar#Hard_bolívar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">hard bolívar</a> (VEF) compared to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a> (USD)The red line represents what the Venezuelan government officially rates the hard bolívar Sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151215042237/http://www.bcv.org.ve/">Banco Central de Venezuela</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405072032/http://www.dolarparalelo.org/">Dolar Paralelo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/fred2/series/EXVZUS">Federal Reserve Bank</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=1980&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=299&s=PCPI%2CPCPIPCH&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=55&pr1.y=">International Monetary Fund</a></figcaption></figure> In the first few years of Chavez's office, his newly created social programs required large payments in order to make the desired changes. On 5 February 2003, the government created <a href="/wiki/CADIVI" class="mw-redirect" title="CADIVI">CADIVI</a>, a currency control board charged with handling foreign exchange procedures. Its creation was to control <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a> by placing limits on individuals and only offering them so much of a foreign currency.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> This limit to foreign currency led to a creation of a currency <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> economy since Venezuelan merchants rely on foreign goods that require payments with reliable foreign currencies. As Venezuela printed more money for their social programs, the bolívar continued to devalue for Venezuelan citizens and merchants since the government held the majority of the more reliable currencies.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> The implied value or "black market value" is what Venezuelans believe the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar#Hard_bolívar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">hard bolívar</a> is worth compared to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The high rates in the black market make it difficult for businesses to purchase necessary goods since the government often forces these businesses to make price cuts. This leads to businesses selling their goods and making a low profit.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> Since businesses make low profits, this leads to shortages since they are unable to import the goods that Venezuela is reliant on.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> Chavez used exchange rate subsidies to underwrite imports; this policy was not welfare-maximizing, but rather benefited special interests.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime_and_punishment">Crime and punishment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Crime and punishment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Venezuela" title="Crime in Venezuela">Crime in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/400px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/600px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png/800px-1998_to_2018_Venezuela_Murder_Rate.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Murder rate (1 murder per 100,000 citizens) from 1998 to 2018 Sources: OVV,<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-FUSIONmr-260">[258]</a> PROVEA,<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-262">[260]</a> UN<a href="#cite_note-UNODC2011-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNODC2014-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFP2012-263">[261]</a> * UN line between 2007 and 2012 is simulated missing data</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png/400px-Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png/600px-Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png/800px-Venezuela_kidnappings_past_1989.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>Number of kidnappings in Venezuela 1989–2011 Source: <a href="/wiki/Cuerpo_de_Investigaciones_Cient%C3%ADficas,_Penales_y_Criminal%C3%ADsticas" title="Cuerpo de Investigaciones Científicas, Penales y Criminalísticas">CICPC</a><a href="#cite_note-oas.org-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-CICPC2009-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-eluniversal1-266">[264]</a> * <a href="/wiki/Express_kidnapping" title="Express kidnapping">Express kidnappings</a> may not be included in data</figcaption></figure> During the 1980s and 1990s there was a steady increase in crime in Latin America. The countries of Colombia, El Salvador, Venezuela, and Brazil all had homicide rates above the regional average.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a> During Chávez's terms as president, hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans were murdered due to violent crimes occurring in the country.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> Gareth A. Jones and Dennis Rodgers stated in their book Youth violence in Latin America: Gangs and Juvenile Justice in Perspective that, "With the change of political regime in 1999 and the initiation of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>, a period of transformation and political conflict began, marked by a further increase in the number and rate of violent deaths" showing that in four years, the murder rate had increased to 44 per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-YOUTHviolence-269">[267]</a> Kidnappings also rose tremendously during Chávez's tenure, with the number of kidnappings over 20 times higher in 2011 than when Chavez was elected.<a href="#cite_note-oas.org-264">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-CICPC2009-265">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-eluniversal1-266">[264]</a> Documentary filmmaker <a href="/wiki/James_Brabazon" title="James Brabazon">James Brabazon</a>, stated "kidnapping crimes had skyrocketed ... after late Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez freed thousands of violent prisoners as part of controversial criminal justice system reforms" while kidnappings and murders also increased due to Colombian organized crime activity as well.<a href="#cite_note-NAnov2013-270">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-INDoct2013-271">[269]</a> He further explained that common criminals felt that the Venezuelan government did not care for the problems of the higher and middle classes, which in turn gave them a sense of impunity that created a large business of kidnapping-for-ransom.<a href="#cite_note-NAnov2013-270">[268]</a> Under Chávez's administration, crimes were so prevalent that by 2007 the government no longer produced crime data.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Homicide rates in Venezuela more than tripled, with one NGO finding the rate to have nearly quadrupled. The majority of the deaths occur in crowded slums in Caracas.<a href="#cite_note-Chávez_defends_his_record_on_crime_in_Venezuela-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_murder-rate_quadrupled_under_Chávez:_NGO-36">[34]</a> The NGO found that the number of homicides in the country increased from 6,000 in 1999 to 24,763 in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2008-37">[35]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Globe_Crime-274">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> In 2010 Caracas had the highest murder rate in the world,<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> having more deaths than <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, in 2012 there were 13,080 murders in Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> In leaked government INE data for kidnappings in the year 2009, the number of kidnappings were at an estimated 16,917, contrasting the CICPCs number of only 673,<a href="#cite_note-CICPC2009-265">[263]</a> before the Venezuelan government blocked the data.<a href="#cite_note-INDoct2013-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRENSA2009-280">[278]</a> According to the leaked INE report, only 1,332 investigations for kidnappings were opened or about 7% of the total kidnapping cases, with 90% of the kidnappings happening away from rural areas, 80% of all being express kidnappings and the most common victim being lower-middle or middle class Venezuelans and middle-aged men.<a href="#cite_note-PRENSA2009-280">[278]</a> Also in 2009, it was reported that Venezuelan authorities would assign judicial police to Caracas area morgues to speak with families.<a href="#cite_note-EMaug2010-281">[279]</a> At that time, they would advise families not to report the murder of their family member to the media in exchange for expediting the process of releasing the victim's body.<a href="#cite_note-EMaug2010-281">[279]</a> In September 2010, responding to escalating crime rates in the country, Chávez stated that Venezuela was no more violent than it was when he first took office.<a href="#cite_note-Chávez_Defends_Record_on_Crime-282">[280]</a> An <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> report that same year stated that when Chávez took office, there were some factors beyond his control that led to the crime epidemic throughout Venezuela, but that Chávez ignored it as well as corruption in the country; especially among fellow state officials. The report also stated that international organised crime filters between Colombia and Venezuela with assistance from "the highest spheres of government" in Venezuela, leading to higher rates of kidnapping, drug trafficking, and homicides. Chávez supporters stated that the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Police">Bolivarian National Police</a> had reduced crime and also said that the states with the highest murder rates were controlled by the opposition.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prisons">Prisons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prisons">edit</a>]</div> During Chávez's presidency, there were reports of prisoners having easy access to firearms, drugs, and alcohol. Carlos Nieto, head of Window to Freedom, alleged that heads of gangs acquire military weapons from the state, saying: "They have the types of weapons that can only be obtained by the country's armed forces. ... No one else has these." Use of internet and mobile phones were also commonplace, allowing criminals to take part in street crime while in prison. One prisoner explained how, "if the guards mess with us, we shoot them" and that he had "seen a man have his head cut off and people play <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">football</a> with it".<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> Edgardo Lander, a sociologist and professor at the Central University of Venezuela with a PhD in sociology from Harvard University, explained that Venezuelan prisons were "practically a school for criminals" since young inmates come out "trained and hardened" compared to before their incarceration. He also explained that prisons are controlled by gangs and that "very little has been done" to restrain their activities.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections_under_Chávez">Elections under Chávez</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Elections under Chávez">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/220px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/330px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg/440px-Hugo-Chav%C3%A9z_Vota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Chávez voting in December 2007</figcaption></figure> The electoral processes surrounding Venezuela's democracy under Chávez were often observed controversially. According to <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a>, he changed Venezuela from a democracy to "a largely <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> system".<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> However, there were limits to his authoritarianism, and he thought of the electoral system as a key way to make himself more effective as a leader.<a href="#cite_note-:4-288">[286]</a> As New York University historian <a href="/wiki/Greg_Grandin" title="Greg Grandin">Greg Grandin</a> has pointed out, Chávez “submitted himself and his agenda to 14 national votes, winning 13 of them by large margins, in polling deemed by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> to be ‘best in the world.’”<a href="#cite_note-:4-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-289">[287]</a> Francisco Toro, editor of <a href="/wiki/Caracas_Chronicles" title="Caracas Chronicles">Caracas Chronicles</a>, an opposition-friendly news and analysis site, said “Chávez was always careful to maintain electoral legitimacy” .<a href="#cite_note-:4-288">[286]</a> Toro says that Chávez had big advantages with friendly media and his tendency to use state money on his campaigns, but that he didn’t “steal or cancel elections blatantly.”<a href="#cite_note-:4-288">[286]</a> Chávez even allowed his opposition to run a recall referendum against him in 2004 just two years after surviving a coup attempt. He won the referendum by a huge margin.<a href="#cite_note-:4-288">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> Since 1998, <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Venezuela" title="Elections in Venezuela">elections in Venezuela</a> have been automated using <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touch-screen</a> <a href="/wiki/DRE_voting_machine" title="DRE voting machine">DRE voting machines</a>, which provide a <a href="/wiki/Voter_Verified_Paper_Audit_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail">Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail</a> and administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_(Venezuela)" title="National Electoral Council (Venezuela)">National Electoral Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-289">[287]</a> In Venezuela, voters touch a computer screen to cast their vote and then receive a paper receipt, which they verify and deposit in a ballot box.<a href="#cite_note-:7-289">[287]</a> Most of the paper ballots are compared with the electronic tally. This system makes vote-rigging nearly impossible: to steal the vote would require hacking the computers and then stuffing the ballot boxes to match the rigged vote.<a href="#cite_note-:7-289">[287]</a> Beginning in 2012, Venezuela’s elections used biometric authentication to activate the voting machine.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corruption">Corruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Corruption">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Venezuela" title="Corruption in Venezuela">Corruption in Venezuela</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png/400px-Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png/600px-Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png/800px-Venezuela%27s_Corruption_Score_2004_to_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="2054" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>Venezuela's perception of corruption scores between 2004 and 2013 ( * ) Score was averaged according to Transparency International's method. Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transparency.org/research/gcb">Transparency International</a></figcaption></figure> In December 1998, Hugo Chávez declared three goals for the new government; "convening a constituent assembly to write a new constitution, eliminating government corruption, and fighting against social exclusion and poverty". However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, during Hugo Chávez's time in power, corruption has become widespread throughout the government due to impunity towards members of the government, bribes and the lack of transparency.<a href="#cite_note-CATOhc-292">[290]</a> In 2004, Hugo Chávez and his allies took over the Supreme Court, filling it with supporters of Chávez and made new measures so the government could dismiss justices from the court.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2012-293">[291]</a> According to the Cato Institute, the <a href="/wiki/National_Electoral_Council_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="National Electoral Council of Venezuela">National Electoral Council of Venezuela</a> was under control of Chávez where he tried to "push a constitutional reform that would have allowed him unlimited opportunities for reelection".<a href="#cite_note-CATOcorruption-294">[292]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a>, produced annually by the Berlin-based NGO <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> (TNI), reported that in the later years of Chávez's tenure, corruption worsened; it was 158th out of 180 countries in 2008, and 165th out of 176 (tied with <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2012Index-295">[293]</a> Most Venezuelans believed the government's effort against corruption was ineffective; that corruption had increased; and that government institutions such as the judicial system, parliament, legislature, and police were the most corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Poll">Gallup Poll</a>'s 2006 Corruption Index, Venezuela ranked 31st out of 101 countries according to how widespread the population perceive corruption as being in the government and in business. The index listed Venezuela as the second least corrupt nation in Latin America, behind Chile.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> Some criticism came from Chávez's supporters, as well. Chávez's own political party, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> (MVR), had been criticized as being riddled with the same cronyism, political patronage, and corruption that Chávez alleged were characteristic of the old "Fourth Republic" political parties. Venezuela's trade unionists and indigenous communities participated in peaceful demonstrations intended to impel the government to facilitate labor and land reforms. These communities, while largely expressing their sympathy and support for Chávez, criticized what they saw as Chávez's slow progress in protecting their interests against managers and mining concerns, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aiding_FARC">Aiding FARC</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Aiding FARC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raulreyesfarc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Raulreyesfarc.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Raúl Reyes</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (IISS), "Chavez's government funded <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a>'s office in Caracas and gave it access to Venezuela's intelligence services" and said that during the 2002 coup attempt that "FARC also responded to requests from [Venezuela's intelligence service] to provide training in urban terrorism involving targeted killings and the use of explosives". The IISS continued saying that "the archive offers tantalizing but ultimately unproven suggestions that FARC may have undertaken assassinations of Chavez's political opponents on behalf of the Venezuelan state". Venezuelan diplomats denounced the IISS' findings saying that they had "basic inaccuracies".<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> In 2007, authorities in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> declared that through laptops they had seized on a raid against <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Reyes" title="Raúl Reyes">Raúl Reyes</a>, they found in documents that Hugo Chávez offered payments of as much as $300 million to the FARC "among other financial and political ties that date back years" along with other documents showing "high-level meetings have been held between rebels and Ecuadorean officials" and some documents arguing that FARC had "bought and sold <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Padgett-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-USATODAYfarc-302">[300]</a> In 2015, Chávez's former bodyguard <a href="/wiki/Leamsy_Salazar" title="Leamsy Salazar">Leamsy Salazar</a> stated in the book Bumerán Chávez that Chávez met with the high command of FARC in 2007 somewhere in rural Venezuela. Chávez created a system in which the FARC would provide the Venezuelan government with drugs that would be transported in live cattle and the FARC would receive money and weaponry from the Venezuelan government. According to Salazar, this was done in order to weaken Colombian President <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Uribe" title="Álvaro Uribe">Álvaro Uribe</a>, an enemy of Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-ROTTENstate-303">[301]</a> In 2019, federal prosecutors from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_of_New_York" title="Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> further provided documents outlining that in 2005 Chávez ordered top lieutenants to discuss plans to ship cocaine to the United States with the help of the FARC and "flood" the country with the drug, as part of his policy objectives to combat the United States.<a href="#cite_note-304">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Human rights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Venezuela" title="Human rights in Venezuela">Human rights in Venezuela</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png/350px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png/525px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png/700px-Freedom_ratings_in_Venezuela_-_Hugo_Chavez.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1385" /></a><figcaption>Freedom ratings in Venezuela from 1998 to 2013. (1 = Free, 7 = not free) Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/Country%20Ratings%20and%20Status%2C%201973-2014%20%28FINAL%29.xls">Freedom House</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after Hugo Chávez's election, ratings for freedom in Venezuela dropped according to political and human rights group <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> and Venezuela was rated "partly free".<a href="#cite_note-FH2013-305">[303]</a> In 2004, Amnesty International criticized Chavez's administration of not handling the 2002 coup in a proper manner, saying that violent incidents "have not been investigated effectively and have gone unpunished" and that "impunity enjoyed by the perpetrators encourages further human rights violations in a particularly volatile political climate".<a href="#cite_note-AImarch2004-306">[304]</a> Amnesty International also criticized the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan National Guard">Venezuelan National Guard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SEBIN" class="mw-redirect" title="SEBIN">Direccion de Inteligencia Seguridad y Prevención (DISIP)</a> stating that they "allegedly used excessive force to control the situation on a number of occasions" during protests involving the <a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuela_recall" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Venezuela recall">2004 Venezuela recall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AImarch2004-306">[304]</a> It was also noted that many of the protesters detained seemed to not be "brought before a judge within the legal time limit".<a href="#cite_note-AImarch2004-306">[304]</a> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> released a report reviewing Chávez's human rights record over his first decade in power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland20081-307">[305]</a> The report praises Chávez's 1999 amendments to the constitution which significantly expanded human rights guarantees, as well as mentioning improvements in <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a>, but noted a "wide range of government policies that have undercut the human rights protections established" by the revised constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland20081-307">[305]</a> In particular, the report accused Chávez and his administration of engaging in discrimination on political grounds, eroding the independence of the judiciary, and of engaging in "policies that have undercut journalists' freedom of expression, workers' freedom of association, and civil society's ability to promote human rights in Venezuela".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland20082-308">[306]</a> The Venezuelan government retaliated for the report by expelling members of Human Rights Watch from the country.<a href="#cite_note-Venezuela_expels_rights_activists-309">[307]</a> Subsequently, over a hundred Latin American scholars signed a joint letter with the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a>, a leftist NGO<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> that would defend Chávez and his movement, with the individuals criticizing the Human Rights Watch report for its alleged factual inaccuracy, exaggeration, lack of context, illogical arguments, and heavy reliance on opposition newspapers as sources, amongst other things.<a href="#cite_note-coha-hrw-letter-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-coha-letter-replies-312">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> of the United Nations had also expressed concern over voters being pressured to join the party.<a href="#cite_note-eluniversal.com-152">[150]</a> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Detention_of_Maria_Lourdes_Afiuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention of Maria Lourdes Afiuni">Judge María Lourdes Afiuni</a> was arrested on charges of corruption after ordering the conditional release on bail of businessman <a href="/wiki/Eligio_Cede%C3%B1o" title="Eligio Cedeño">Eligio Cedeño</a>, who then fled the country.<a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> She was moved to house arrest in Caracas in February 2011,<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT61413-316">[314]</a> but she is still barred from practicing law, leaving the country, or using her bank account or social networks.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> Human rights groups accused Chávez of creating a <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_fear" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of fear">climate of fear</a> that threatened the independence of the judiciary. Reuters said Afiuni is "considered by opponents and jurists as one of the most emblematic political prisoners" in Venezuela, because Chávez called for her to be imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-CondenaCinco-318">[316]</a> In 2009, the Attorney General announced the creation of an investigative team to examine 6,000 reports of extrajudicial killings between 2000 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png/220px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png/330px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png/440px-Hillary_Clinton_and_Hugo_Chavez.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Chávez meets with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a> on 19 April 2009</figcaption></figure> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> criticized the Chávez administration for targeting critics following several politically motivated arrests.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> listed Venezuela as being "partly free" in its 2011 Freedom in the World annual report, noting a recent decline in civil liberties.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> A 2010 <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> report found concerns with freedom of expression, human rights abuses, authoritarianism, press freedom, threats to democracy,<a href="#cite_note-IACHRRequests-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-ChavezCriticized-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNOAS-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-OAS2010-324">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jurist-325">[323]</a> as well as erosion of separation of powers, the economic infrastructure and ability of the president to appoint judges to federal courts.<a href="#cite_note-ChavezCriticized-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNNOAS-323">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-WSJOAS-326">[324]</a> OAS observers were denied access to Venezuela;<a href="#cite_note-WSJOAS-326">[324]</a> Chávez rejected the OAS report, pointing out that its authors did not go to Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-327">[325]</a> Venezuelan ombudswoman <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Gabriela Ramírez">Gabriela Ramírez</a> said the report distorted and took statistics out of context, and said that "human rights violations in Venezuela have decreased".<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> In November 2014, Venezuela appeared before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Committee Against Torture">United Nations Committee Against Torture</a> over cases between 2002 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> Human rights expert of the UN committee, <a href="/wiki/Felice_D._Gaer" title="Felice D. Gaer">Felice D. Gaer</a>, noted that in "only 12 public officials have been convicted of human rights violations in the last decade when in the same period have been more than 5,000 complaints".<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> The United Nations stated that there were 31,096 complaints of human rights violations received between the years 2011 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-EN28nov2014-331">[329]</a> Of the 31,096 complaints, 3% of the cases resulted in only in an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a> by the Venezuelan Public Ministry.<a href="#cite_note-EN28nov2014-331">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-LPnov2014-332">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Allegations_of_antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Allegations of antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela#Accusations_of_Chávez_anti-Semitism" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Accusations of Chávez antisemitism</a></div> Chavez's <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">opposition to Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">close relations with Iran</a> led to accusations of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> Such claims were made by the Venezuelan Jewish community at a <a href="/wiki/World_Jewish_Congress" title="World Jewish Congress">World Jewish Congress</a> Plenary Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, after Venezuela's oldest synagogue was vandalized by armed men.<a href="#cite_note-WJCchavez-335">[333]</a> Claims of antisemitism were prompted by various remarks Chávez made, including in a 2006 Christmas speech where he complained that "a minority, the descendants of the same ones that crucified Christ", now had "taken possession of all of the wealth of the world".<a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> In 2009, attacks on a synagogue in Caracas were alleged to be influenced by "vocal denunciations of Israel" by the Venezuelan state media and Hugo Chávez, even though Chavez promptly condemned the attacks, blaming an "oligarchy".<a href="#cite_note-WJCchavez-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a> A weeklong investigation by the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/CICPC" class="mw-redirect" title="CICPC">CICPC</a> stated the synagogue attack to be an 'inside job', the motive apparently being robbery rather than antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_the_press">Media and the press</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media and the press">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProtestosRCTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ProtestosRCTV.jpg/200px-ProtestosRCTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ProtestosRCTV.jpg/300px-ProtestosRCTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ProtestosRCTV.jpg/400px-ProtestosRCTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1311" data-file-height="1967" /></a><figcaption>Venezuelans protesting against the closing of RCTV</figcaption></figure> Under Chávez, press freedom declined while <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Venezuela" title="Censorship in Venezuela">censorship in Venezuela</a> increased. He used state-run bodies to silence the media and to disseminate <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a>. Other actions included pressuring media organizations to sell to those related to his government or to face closure.<a href="#cite_note-:02-341">[339]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> criticized Chávez for engaging in "often discriminatory policies that have undercut journalists' freedom of expression".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland20082-308">[306]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> criticized the Chávez administration for "steadily silencing its critics".<a href="#cite_note-Freedom-342">[340]</a> In 2004, Chávez used the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_of_Telecommunications" title="National Commission of Telecommunications">National Commission of Telecommunications</a> and the Social Responsibility in Radio, Television and Electronic Media law to officially censor media organizations.<a href="#cite_note-:02-341">[339]</a> Chávez inaugurated <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">TeleSUR</a> in July 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Pan-American</a> <a href="/wiki/News_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="News channel">news channel</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>, which sought to challenge Latin American television news by <a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> and the United States–based <a href="/wiki/CNN_en_Espa%C3%B1ol" title="CNN en Español">CNN en Español</a>.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> In 2006, Chávez inaugurated a state-funded movie studio called <a href="/wiki/Villa_del_Cine" title="Villa del Cine">Villa del Cine</a> (English: Cinema City).<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> In the group's 2009 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders noted that "Venezuela is now among the region's worst press freedom offenders."<a href="#cite_note-Freedom-342">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> listed Venezuela's press as being "Not Free" in its 2011 Map of Press Freedom, noting that "[t]he gradual erosion of press freedom in Venezuela continued in 2010."<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> Chávez also had a <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account with more than 3,200,000 followers as of August 2012.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[346]</a> A team of 200 people sorted through suggestions and comments sent via Twitter. Chávez said Twitter was "another mechanism for contact with the public, to evaluate many things and to help many people",<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> and that he saw Twitter as "a weapon that also needs to be used by the revolution".<a href="#cite_note-350">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Foreign policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_(5808388580).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg/220px-Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg/330px-Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg/440px-Bras%C3%ADlia_-_DF_%285808388580%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Chávez with Brazilian President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> in Brasília, 6 June 2011</figcaption></figure> Though Chávez inspired other movements in Latin America to follow his model of chavismo in an attempt to reshape South America, it was later seen as being erratic and his influence internationally became exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-curse-351">[349]</a> Domestic mishandling of the country under Chávez prevented Venezuela from strengthening its position in the world.<a href="#cite_note-curse-351">[349]</a> According to communications studies academic Stuart Davis, Chávez's foreign policy aimed to promote <a href="/wiki/South%E2%80%93South_cooperation" title="South–South cooperation">South–South cooperation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> He refocused Venezuelan foreign policy on Latin American economic and social integration by enacting bilateral trade and reciprocal aid agreements, including his so-called "oil diplomacy"<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[352]</a> making Venezuela more dependent on using oil, its main commodity, and increasing its longterm vulnerability.<a href="#cite_note-curse-351">[349]</a> Chávez also focused on a variety of multinational institutions to promote his vision of Latin American integration, including <a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a>, Petrosur, and <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">TeleSUR</a>. Bilateral trade relationships with other Latin American countries also played a major role in his policy, with Chávez increasing arms purchases from Brazil, forming oil-for-expertise trade arrangements with Cuba, and creating unique <a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">barter</a> arrangements that exchange Venezuelan petroleum for cash-strapped Argentina's meat and dairy products.<a href="#cite_note-smoke-355">[353]</a> Chávez also aligned himself with authoritarian nations and radical movements that were seen as being anti-Western,<a href="#cite_note-curse-351">[349]</a> with relations with <a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Cuba–Venezuela relations">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Iran</a> becoming a particular importance. He also befriended <a href="/wiki/Pariah_state" title="Pariah state">pariah states</a> such as Belarus and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-smoke-355">[353]</a> In particular, relations between Venezuela and the United States deteriorated markedly as Chávez became highly critical of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy of the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> opposing the U.S. led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and condemning the NATO-led <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">2011 military intervention in Libya</a>. Relations thawed somewhat under President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in June 2009, only to steadily deteriorate once again shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> Chávez married twice. He first wed Nancy Colmenares (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2022), a woman from a poor family in Chávez's hometown of Sabaneta. Chávez and Colmenares remained married for 18 years, during which time they had three children: Rosa Virginia, María Gabriela, and Hugo Rafael, the last of whom suffers from behavioural problems.<a href="#cite_note-MarcanoTyszka_254-255-358">[356]</a> The couple separated soon after Chávez's 1992 coup attempt. During his first marriage, Chávez had an affair with historian <a href="/wiki/Herma_Marksman" title="Herma Marksman">Herma Marksman</a>; their relationship lasted nine years.<a href="#cite_note-359">[357]</a> Chávez's second wife was journalist <a href="/wiki/Marisabel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez">Marisabel Rodríguez de Chávez</a>, from whom he separated in 2002 and divorced in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> Through that marriage, Chávez had another daughter, Rosinés.<a href="#cite_note-MarcanoTyszka_254-361">[359]</a> Both María and Rosa had children.<a href="#cite_note-MarcanoTyszka_254-255-358">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> When Chávez was released from prison, he initiated affairs with women that had been his followers.<a href="#cite_note-LOVE-363">[361]</a> Allegations were also made that Chávez was a womanizer throughout both his marriages, having encounters with actresses, journalists, ministers, and ministers' daughters.<a href="#cite_note-LOVE-363">[361]</a> The allegations remained unproven and are contradicted by statements provided by other figures close to him,<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> though one retired aide shared that while Chávez was married to Marisabel and afterward, he participated in liaisons with women and gave them gifts, with some rumors among his aides stating that some of the women bore children from Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-LOVE-363">[361]</a> Those who were very close to Chávez felt that he had <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BIPOLAR-365">[363]</a> Salvador Navarrete, a physician that treated Chávez during his first years in the presidency believed that Chávez was bipolar.<a href="#cite_note-BIPOLAR-365">[363]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_M%C3%BCller_Rojas" title="Alberto Müller Rojas">Alberto Müller Rojas</a>, then vice president of Chávez's party, PSUV, stated that Chávez had "a tendency toward <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">cyclothymia</a>—<a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a> that range from moments of extreme euphoria to moments of despondence".<a href="#cite_note-BIPOLAR-365">[363]</a> A different explanation was that such behavior was a tactic used by Chávez in order to attack opponents and polarize.<a href="#cite_note-BIPOLAR-365">[363]</a> Chávez was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a>. He intended at one time to become a priest. He saw his socialist policies as having roots in the teachings of Jesus Christ (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">liberation theology</a>),<a href="#cite_note-366">[364]</a> and he publicly used the slogan of "Christ is with the Revolution!"<a href="#cite_note-367">[365]</a> Although he traditionally kept his own faith a private matter, Chávez over the course of his presidency became increasingly open to discussing his religious views, stating that he interpreted Jesus as a Communist.<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> He was, in general, a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">liberal Catholic</a>, some of whose declarations were disturbing to the religious community of his country. In 2008, he said that an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-369">[367]</a> He also believed in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of evolution">theory of evolution</a>, stating that "it is a lie that God created man from the ground".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> He cursed the state of Israel,<a href="#cite_note-371">[369]</a> and he had some disputes with both the Venezuelan Catholic clergy and Protestant groups like the <a href="/wiki/New_Tribes_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="New Tribes Mission">New Tribes Mission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NewTribes-372">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[371]</a> whose evangelical leader he "condemned to hell".<a href="#cite_note-374">[372]</a> In addition, he showed <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretistic</a> practices such as the worship of the Venezuelan goddess <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a> In his last years, after he discovered he had cancer, Chávez became more attached to the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness">Illness</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Illness">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_(5809138669).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg/250px-Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg/375px-Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg/500px-Noveno_encuentro_presidencial_Ecuador_-_Venezuela_%285809138669%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Chávez walking with a cane accompanied by Ecuadorian president <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Rafael Correa</a> in Caracas in July 2011, shortly after his first cancer surgery</figcaption></figure> On June 30, 2011, Chávez revealed in a televised address from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba, that he was recovering from 2 operations in Cuba, including an operation to remove an abscessed tumor with <a href="/wiki/Cancerous_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancerous cell">cancerous cells</a> in the pelvic region.<a href="#cite_note-379">[377]</a> During the speech, he was noticeably thinner and paler and had a serious and at times sad expression, and stated that he regretted his lack of medical checkups. Analysts theorized that he was suffering from <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">colorectal cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a> He returned to Venezuela from Cuba on 4 July, but on 17 July 2011, he returned to Cuba for further <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> treatments. At that time, some powers were delegated to cabinet ministers but he resisted requests by the opposition to give up all powers during his absence.<a href="#cite_note-381">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a> Chávez gave a public appearance on 28 July 2011, his 57th birthday, in which he stated that his health troubles had led him to radically reorient his life towards a "more diverse, more reflective and multi-faceted" outlook, and he went on to call on the middle classes and the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> to get more involved in his Bolivarian Revolution, something he saw as "vital" to its success.<a href="#cite_note-383">[381]</a> In August, Chávez announced that his government would nationalize Venezuela's gold industry, taking it over from Russian-controlled company Rusoro, while at the same time also moving the country's gold stocks, which were largely stored in western banks, to banks in allied countries such as Russia, China and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-384">[382]</a> On 9 July 2012, Chávez declared himself fully recovered from cancer just three months before the <a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">2012 Venezuelan presidential election</a>, which he won, securing a fourth term as president.<a href="#cite_note-385">[383]</a> In November 2012, Chávez announced plans to travel to Cuba for more medical treatment for cancer.<a href="#cite_note-386">[384]</a> On 8 December 2012, Chávez announced he would undergo another operation after doctors in Cuba detected <a href="/wiki/Malignant_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant cell">malignant cells</a>; the operation took place on 11 December 2012.<a href="#cite_note-387">[385]</a> Chávez suffered complications from the surgery including a <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory tract infection</a> as well as unexpected bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-388">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[387]</a> It was announced on 3 January 2013, that Chávez had a severe <a href="/wiki/Lung_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung infection">lung infection</a> that had caused <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failures</a> following a strict treatment regimen for respiratory insufficiency; he was then breathing through a <a href="/wiki/Tracheal_tube" title="Tracheal tube">tracheal tube</a> but was giving orders to ministers by writing them down.<a href="#cite_note-390">[388]</a> However, he was reported to have overcome the infection by 26 January and was then undergoing further treatment.<a href="#cite_note-391">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[390]</a> On 18 February 2013, Chávez returned to Venezuela after two months of cancer treatment in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-393">[391]</a> On 1 March 2013, after opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Henrique_Capriles" title="Henrique Capriles">Henrique Capriles</a> accused the government of lying about Chávez's condition, Vice President Nicolás Maduro said that Chávez had been receiving <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a> in Venezuela following his surgery in Cuba and "continues his battle for life". A <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>, broadcast on live television, was held in the hospital in which Chávez was staying.<a href="#cite_note-394">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-395">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[394]</a> On 4 March, it was announced that Chávez's breathing problems had worsened and he was suffering a new, severe <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_infection" title="Respiratory tract infection">respiratory tract infection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-397">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death of Hugo Chávez</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Homenaje póstumo en honor a Hugo Chávez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/220px-Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/330px-Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/440px-Homenaje_p%C3%B3stumo_en_honor_a_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3911" data-file-height="1830" /></a><figcaption>The public paying their respects at Chavez's funeral 8 March 2013</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:270px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Venezuela's hybrid regime, after Chávez's death, became more selectively accommodating on the inside and more explicitly repressive on the outside. This allowed the regime to survive, but not to thrive. Regime survival was purchased at the cost of policy immobilism. And policy immobilism has left Venezuela with the deepest economic crisis in Venezuela's history. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Corales and Penfold, Dragon in the Tropics: The Legacy of Hugo Chávez<a href="#cite_note-399">[397]</a></cite> </div>On 5 March 2013, Vice President Nicolás Maduro announced on state television that Chávez had died in a military hospital in Caracas at 16:25 <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Venezuela" title="Time in Venezuela">VET</a> (20:55 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>).<a href="#cite_note-hero-400">[398]</a> Maduro said Chávez died "after battling a tough illness for nearly two years".<a href="#cite_note-hero-400">[398]</a> According to the head of Venezuela's presidential guard, Chávez died from a massive <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a>, and his cancer of the pelvic region was very advanced when he died.<a href="#cite_note-suffering-401">[399]</a> José Ornella said that near the end of his life Chávez "couldn't speak but he said it with his lips ... 'No quiero morir, por favor no me dejen morir' ('I don't want to die. Please don't let me die'), because he loved his country, he sacrificed himself for his country".<a href="#cite_note-suffering-401">[399]</a> Chávez is survived by four children and four grandchildren.<a href="#cite_note-hero-400">[398]</a> Chávez was entombed in a marble sarcophagus at the Mountain Barracks in Caracas.<a href="#cite_note-402">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-403">[401]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG/220px-Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG/330px-Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG/440px-Tumba_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_Cuartel_de_la_Monta%C3%B1a_Caracas_Venezuela.JPG 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Mausoleum of Hugo Chávez in Caracas</figcaption></figure> After defecting from Venezuela, former bodyguard for Chávez, <a href="/wiki/Leamsy_Salazar" title="Leamsy Salazar">Leamsy Salazar</a>, stated that he died in December 2012, months before his death was officially announced.<a href="#cite_note-INFOBAEjan2015-404">[402]</a> In July 2018, former Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Ortega_D%C3%ADaz" title="Luisa Ortega Díaz">Luisa Ortega Díaz</a> also said that Chávez had actually died in December 2012 and the announcement of his death was delayed for political reasons. In an interview cited by Venezuelan daily <a href="/wiki/El_Nacional_(Caracas)" class="mw-redirect" title="El Nacional (Caracas)">El Nacional</a>, the former Chávez supporter said that the Venezuelan president died on 28 December, but his closest allies decided to delay the announcement and never submitted the death certificate to the Office of the Attorney General.<a href="#cite_note-405">[403]</a> The supposed delay in announcing Chávez's death raised concerns that laws signed in his name during that period were forged for political purposes.<a href="#cite_note-INFOBAEjan2015-404">[402]</a> His death triggered a constitutional requirement that a <a href="/wiki/2013_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2013 Venezuelan presidential election">presidential election</a> be called within 30 days. Maduro, Chavez's vice president, was elected president on 14 April 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Honors and awards">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Award or decoration </th> <th style="width:110px;">Country </th> <th style="width:110px;">Date </th> <th style="width:110px;">Place </th> <th style="width:300px;">Note </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbon_jose_marti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png/80px-Ribbon_jose_marti.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Ribbon_jose_marti.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="Order of José Martí">Order of José Martí</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[404]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>17 November 1999 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> </td> <td>Cuban highest order of merit. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/80px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/160px-PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Prince_Henry" title="Order of Prince Henry">Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[405]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td> <td>8 November 2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>For exceptional and outstanding merit to Portugal and its <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes_Communist.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes_Communist.png/80px-Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes_Communist.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Carlos_Manuel_de_Cespedes_Communist.png 1.5x" data-file-width="101" data-file-height="31" /></a> </td> <td>Order of Carlos Manuel de Céspedes<a href="#cite_note-408">[406]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> </td> <td>14 December 2004 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png/80px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png/120px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png/160px-Orden_al_M%C3%A9rito_IRI.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="264" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Islamic Republic of Iran">First Class of the Order of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[408]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>29 July 2006 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> </td> <td>Highest national medal of Iran. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:By-order_friendship_of_nations_rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/By-order_friendship_of_nations_rib.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Friendship_of_Peoples_(Belarus)" title="Order of the Friendship of Peoples (Belarus)">Order of the Friendship of Peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[409]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td>23 July 2008 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> </td> <td>Highest Belarusian award for foreigners. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_Of_Ummayad_(Syria)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/160px-Order_Of_Ummayad_%28Syria%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Umayyads" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Umayyads">Order of the Umayyads</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[410]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>27 June 2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>Syrian highest order of merit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="33" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="72" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uatsamonga_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsamonga Order">Uatsamonga Order</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[411]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> </td> <td>23 July 2010 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>South Ossetian highest order of merit. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png/80px-Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png/120px-Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png/160px-Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia_-_2nd_Class_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Order of the Republic of Serbia">Order of the Republic of Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-414">[412]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </td> <td>6 March 2013 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td>Serbian highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_(Honduras)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/80px-Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/120px-Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/160px-Order_of_Francisco_Morazan_%28Honduras%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Order of Francisco Morazán<a href="#cite_note-415">[413]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281949%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </td> <td>27 January 2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a> </td> <td>Honduran highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:The_Star_of_Palestine_(Palestine)_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/80px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/120px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg/160px-The_Star_of_Palestine_%28Palestine%29_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the State of Palestine">Star of Palestine</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[414]</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> </td> <td>16 May 2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> </td> <td>Palestinian highest order of merit. Awarded posthumously. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition">Recognition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recognition">edit</a>]</div> The United States–based <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine included Chávez among their list of the world's <a href="/wiki/Time_100" title="Time 100">100 most influential people</a> in 2005 and 2006, noting the spreading of his anti-globalization efforts and anti-US sentiment throughout Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-417">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-influence-418">[416]</a> In a 2006 list compiled by the left-wing British magazine <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>, he was voted 11th in the list of "Heroes of our time".<a href="#cite_note-419">[417]</a> In 2010 the magazine included Chávez in its annual The World's 50 Most Influential Figures.<a href="#cite_note-htanna-420">[418]</a> His biographers Marcano and Tyszka believed that within only a few years of his presidency, he "had already earned his place in history as the president most loved and most despised by the Venezuelan people, the president who inspired the greatest zeal and the deepest revulsion at the same time".<a href="#cite_note-421">[419]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> a park was named after Chávez on 18 October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-422">[420]</a> In addition in <a href="/wiki/Al-Bireh" title="Al-Bireh">Al-Bireh</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[421]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-424">[422]</a> streets were also named after Chávez. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> Chávez was awarded the following honorary degrees:<a href="#cite_note-GOV_2005-425">[423]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyung_Hee_University" title="Kyung Hee University">Kyung Hee University</a>, South Korea; Honorary Doctorate in Political Science – Granted by Rector Chungwon Choue on 16 October 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Santo_Domingo" title="Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo">Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo</a>, Dominican Republic; Honorary Doctorate in Jurisprudence, 9 March 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>, Brazil; Honorary Doctorate – Granted by Rector Alberto Pérez on 3 April 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universidad_Nacional_de_Ingenier%C3%ADa_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (Nicaragua)">Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería</a>, Nicaragua; Honorary Doctorate in Engineering – Granted by Rector Aldo Urbina in May 2001.<a href="#cite_note-426">[424]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Academy_of_the_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, Russia; Honorary Doctorate, 15 May 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing University">Beijing University</a>, China; Honorary Doctorate in Economics, 24 May 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_University_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s" title="Higher University of San Andrés">Higher University of San Andrés</a>, Bolivia; Honorary Doctorate, 24 January 2006.<a href="#cite_note-427">[425]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Art_%26_Social_Sciences_(Chile)" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Art & Social Sciences (Chile)">UARCIS</a>, Chile; Honorary Doctorate – Granted by Rector Carlos Margotta Trincado on 7 March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-428">[426]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Damascus">University of Damascus</a>, Syria; Honorary Doctorate – Granted by Rector Wael Moualla on 30 August 2006.<a href="#cite_note-429">[427]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tripoli" title="University of Tripoli">University of Tripoli</a>, Libya; Honorary Doctorate in Economy and Human Sciences, 23 October 2010.<a href="#cite_note-430">[428]</a><a href="#cite_note-431">[429]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chavez-MeridaII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chavez-MeridaII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chavez-MeridaII.jpg/220px-Chavez-MeridaII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chavez-MeridaII.jpg/330px-Chavez-MeridaII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chavez-MeridaII.jpg/440px-Chavez-MeridaII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A mural of Hugo Chávez in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida" title="Mérida, Mérida">Mérida</a> city</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Syndicated cartoonists from around the world created cartoons, illustrations, and videos of Hugo Chávez's controversial political career and the reactions to his death.<a href="#cite_note-432">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[433]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a> directed the 2009 documentary <a href="/wiki/South_of_the_Border_(2009_film)" title="South of the Border (2009 film)">South of the Border</a>, where he "sets out on a road trip across five countries to explore the social and political movements as well as the mainstream media's misperception of South America, while interviewing seven of its elected presidents". Chávez appears in one segment being interviewed by Stone.<a href="#cite_note-436">[434]</a></li> <li>In 2011, he appeared in a game <a href="/wiki/Postal_III" title="Postal III">Postal III</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/170px-Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/255px-Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg/340px-Art%C3%ADculos_comerciales_sobre_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bolivarian memorabilia for sale in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure>On 5 March 2014, Oliver Stone and <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a> released the documentary film <a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a> (My Friend Hugo), a documentary about his political life, one year after his death.</li> <li>Hugo Chávez and most of the other Latin American presidents are parodied in the animated web page <a href="/wiki/Isla_Presidencial" title="Isla Presidencial">Isla Presidencial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-437">[435]</a></li> <li>The 2016 documentary <a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a> explores the effects of Chávez's <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> and his victory in the <a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">1998 presidential elections</a>, as well as his mistakes.<a href="#cite_note-438">[436]</a><a href="#cite_note-439">[437]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Television" title="Sony Pictures Television">Sony Pictures Television</a> produces a TV series called <a href="/wiki/El_Comandante_(TV_series)" title="El Comandante (TV series)">El Comandante</a> about the life of Hugo Chávez with 102 episodes.</li> <li>The 2018 documentary <a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a>: la peste del siglo XXI), analysis of the causes, social, political and economic that caused the rise of Chávez as president of Venezuela; "his abuse of power and the response of civil society, including the student movement; his political fall and as the secrecy that surrounded his illness and the succession of Nicolás Maduro".<a href="#cite_note-440">[438]</a></li> <li>The documentary film released in 2018 <a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a> (English: I am the people), directed by Venezuelan filmmaker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Oteyza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Oteyza (page does not exist)">Carlos Oteyza</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Oteyza" class="extiw" title="es:Carlos Oteyza">es</a>] and produced by Mexican historian <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Enrique Krauze</a>, explores the populism of Chávez.<a href="#cite_note-441">[439]</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/32px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/48px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/64px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Venezuela" title="Portal:Venezuela">Venezuela portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Eternal President since 26 July 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_(surname)" title="Chávez (surname)">Chávez</a> and the second or maternal family name is <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%ADas_(name)" title="Frías (name)">Frías</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCoyMyers2006" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Jennifer L; Myers, David J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtJVhJZF6WgC">The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801884283" title="Special:BookSources/9780801884283"><bdi>9780801884283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unraveling+of+Representative+Democracy+in+Venezuela&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780801884283&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L&rft.au=Myers%2C+David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtJVhJZF6WgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extend-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extend_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-extend_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawthorne2012" class="citation news cs1">Cawthorne, Andrew (8 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/venezuela-election-idUSL1E8L70WK20121008/">"Venezuela's Chávez re-elected to extend socialist rule"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008112247/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/08/venezuela-election-idUSL1E8L70WK20121008">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Ch%C3%A1vez+re-elected+to+extend+socialist+rule&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft.aulast=Cawthorne&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fvenezuela-election-idUSL1E8L70WK20121008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllsworthOre2013" class="citation news cs1">Ellsworth, Brian; 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Hugo Chávez and the Bolivarian revolution (New ed.). 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New York: Nation Books. pp. 1–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568584188" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568584188"><bdi>978-1568584188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+silence+and+the+scorpion+%3A+the+coup+against+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+making+of+modern+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-8&rft.pub=Nation+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1568584188&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter1999" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (31 August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/world/venezuelan-congress-stripped-of-its-last-remaining-powers.html">"Venezuelan Congress Stripped of Its Last Remaining Powers"</a>. The New York Times. 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Second, the television show is oriented to, and popular among, the lower classes of Venezuela who have traditionally remained outside of the political process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petro-Aggression%3A+When+Oil+Causes+War&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.isbn=978-1107029675&rft.au=Jeff+Colgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenReCU97-zQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. pp. 193–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-124"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_124-0">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramírez_2005._p._79-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramírez_2005._p._79_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramírez_2005._p._79_125-1">b</a> <a href="#Ram05">Ramírez 2005</a>. p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-convenio-126"><a href="#cite_ref-convenio_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finanzasdigital.com/2014/08/conozca-los-acuerdos-petroleros-que-dejo-hugo-chavez/">"Conozca los acuerdos petroleros que dejó Hugo Chávez"</a>. 22 August 2014. p. Finanzas Digital. 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The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+Wins+Removal+of+Term+Limits&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.aulast=Forero&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F02%2F15%2FAR2009021500136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APFox2012-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APFox2012_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-APFox2012_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008034702/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/10/07/venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-wins-another-6-year-term-electoral-council/">"Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez wins another 6-year term, electoral council says"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_News_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox News Channel">Fox News Channel</a>. 8 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/10/07/venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-wins-another-6-year-term-electoral-council/">the original</a> on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News+Channel&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+President+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+wins+another+6-year+term%2C+electoral+council+says&rft.date=2012-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2F2012%2F10%2F07%2Fvenezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-wins-another-6-year-term-electoral-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2012" class="citation news cs1">Neuman, William (7 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/08/world/americas/venezuela-presidential-election.html?hp">"Chávez Wins a Third Term in Venezuela Amid Historically High Turnout"</a>. NYT. Retrieved 8 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+Wins+a+Third+Term+in+Venezuela+Amid+Historically+High+Turnout&rft.date=2012-10-07&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-presidential-election.html%3Fhp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111082713/http://www.france24.com/en/20130107-church-warns-venezuela-govt-constitution">"Church warns Venezuela govt on constitution"</a>. France 24. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a>. 7 January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.france24.com/en/20130107-church-warns-venezuela-govt-constitution">the original</a> on 11 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Church+warns+Venezuela+govt+on+constitution&rft.date=2013-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20130107-church-warns-venezuela-govt-constitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-univision-181"><a href="#cite_ref-univision_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130228000713/http://noticias.univision.com/america-latina/venezuela/hugo-chavez/noticias/article/2013-02-27/nuevos-rumores-sobre-muerte-de-hugo-chavez">"Nuevos rumores de muerte para Hugo Chávez"</a> (in Spanish). Univision Communications Inc. 27 February 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noticias.univision.com/america-latina/venezuela/hugo-chavez/noticias/article/2013-02-27/nuevos-rumores-sobre-muerte-de-hugo-chavez">the original</a> on 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuevos+rumores+de+muerte+para+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.pub=Univision+Communications+Inc.&rft.date=2013-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.univision.com%2Famerica-latina%2Fvenezuela%2Fhugo-chavez%2Fnoticias%2Farticle%2F2013-02-27%2Fnuevos-rumores-sobre-muerte-de-hugo-chavez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanARMENIAN-182"><a href="#cite_ref-PanARMENIAN_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/147881/">"Former envoy claims Venezuela's Chávez is dead"</a>. PanArmenian.Net. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+envoy+claims+Venezuela%27s+Ch%C3%A1vez+is+dead&rft.pub=PanArmenian.Net&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panarmenian.net%2Feng%2Fnews%2F147881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2013/03/06/even-after-death-hugo-chavez-gets-his-choice-of-successor/">"Even after death, Hugo Chavez gets his choice of successor"</a>. National Post. Retrieved 6 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Even+after+death%2C+Hugo+Chavez+gets+his+choice+of+successor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F06%2Feven-after-death-hugo-chavez-gets-his-choice-of-successor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2000/aug/1/20000801-011801-6666r/">Chavez to make economy priority Tuesday, August 1, 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Hugo! The Hugo Chávez Story from Mud Hut to Perpetual Revolution By Bart Jones, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_186-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/mundo/lg/america_latina/2010/01/100123_chavez_marx_amab">El marxismo según Chávez Yolanda Valery BBC Mundo, Venezuela</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129202433/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/specials/2009/chavez_10/newsid_7844000/7844514.stm">La revolución del discurso de Chávez Carlos Chirinos Martes, 27 de enero de 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-nov-20-mn-35583-story.html">New Charter Shuns ‘Savage Capitalism’ L.A. TIMES ARCHIVES NOV. 20, 1999</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004211023/http://todochavez.gob.ve/todochavez/2027-alocucion-del-ciudadano-presidente-de-la-republica-bolivariana-de-venezuela-hugo-chavez-frias-en-sesion-especial-de-la-asamblea-nacional-con-motivo-de-la-presentacion-del-plan-de-desarrollo-economico-y-social-de-la-nacion">Alocución del Ciudadano Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías en Sesión Especial de la Asamblea Nacional con Motivo de la Presentación del Plan de Desarrollo Económico y Social de la Nación</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-marxists.org-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marxists.org_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marxists.org_190-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/harnecker/97068.pdf">ENTREVISTA DE MARTA HARNECKER HUGO CHÁVEZ FRÍAS UN HOMBRE, UN PUEBLO Publicado en España por Editorial: Tercera Prensa, San Sebastián, noviembre 2002, P.69-70</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227135826/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_2990000/2990549.stm">Nueva medición de fuerzas en Venezuela Jueves, 01 de mayo de 2003 Escribe desde Venezuela, Aldo Rodríguez Villouta, para BBC Mundo.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-192"><a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_192-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421083237/http://www.todochavez.gob.ve/todochavez/1481-intervencion-del-comandante-presidente-hugo-chavez-en-el-encuentro-solidaridad-con-la-revolucion-bolivariana-con-venezuela-en-el-marco-l-foro-social-mundial">Intervención del Comandante Presidente Hugo Chávez, en el encuentro Solidaridad con la Revolución Bolivariana con Venezuela en el marco l Foro Social Mundial 26/01/2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ana_Teresa_Torres" title="Ana Teresa Torres">Torres, Ana Teresa</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anateresatorres.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/LA-HERENCIA-DE-LA-TRIBU.pdf">La Herencia de la Tribu</a> (PDF) (in Spanish). Alfa. pp. 146–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9803542849" title="Special:BookSources/978-9803542849"><bdi>978-9803542849</bdi></a>. <q>Con diferentes matices estas ambigüedades del discurso se mantuvieron hasta el triunfo en la reelección presidencial de 2006, siendo su contrincante Manuel Rosales, gobernador del estado Zulia. En el discurso del 3 de diciembre, desde el llamado «Balcón del Pueblo» del Palacio de Miraflores, el socialismo apareció expuesto con toda claridad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Herencia+de+la+Tribu&rft.pages=146-147&rft.pub=Alfa&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9803542849&rft.aulast=Torres&rft.aufirst=Ana+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anateresatorres.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F11%2FLA-HERENCIA-DE-LA-TRIBU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-en.ria.ru-194">^ <a href="#cite_ref-en.ria.ru_194-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-en.ria.ru_194-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.ria.ru/world/20100116/157569985.html">"Hugo Chavez admits to being Marxist, just like Christ | World | RIA Novosti"</a>. En.ria.ru. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hugo+Chavez+admits+to+being+Marxist%2C+just+like+Christ+%26%23124%3B+World+%26%23124%3B+RIA+Novosti&rft.pub=En.ria.ru&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.ria.ru%2Fworld%2F20100116%2F157569985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcanoTyszka2007" class="citation book cs1">Marcano, Cristina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (14 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pbAe2wmXSrgC&q=I+am+not+a+Marxist">Hugo Chavez</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58836-650-4"><bdi>978-1-58836-650-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Chavez&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-08-14&rft.isbn=978-1-58836-650-4&rft.aulast=Marcano&rft.aufirst=Cristina&rft.au=Tyszka%2C+Alberto+Barrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpbAe2wmXSrgC%26q%3DI%2Bam%2Bnot%2Ba%2BMarxist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> See for instance <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Woo06">Woods 2006</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ali06">Ali 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalinarich2007" class="citation news cs1">Malinarich, Nathalie (10 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6246219.stm">"Chávez accelerates on path to socialism"</a>. BBC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+accelerates+on+path+to+socialism&rft.date=2007-01-10&rft.aulast=Malinarich&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F6246219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jorge (12 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/chavez-trotskyist-president120107.htm">""What is the problem? I am also a Trotskyist!" – Chavez is sworn in as president of Venezuela"</a>. In Defense of Marxism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defense+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=%22What+is+the+problem%3F+I+am+also+a+Trotskyist%21%22+%E2%80%93+Chavez+is+sworn+in+as+president+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2007-01-12&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Fchavez-trotskyist-president120107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/espanol/harnecker/97068.pdf">ENTREVISTA DE MARTA HARNECKER HUGO CHÁVEZ FRÍAS UN HOMBRE, UN PUEBLO Publicado en España por Editorial: Tercera Prensa, San Sebastián, noviembre 2002, P.105</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100019270">"Venezuela's Hugo Chávez: Savior or Threat to Democracy?"</a>. Latin American Research Review. 36 (3): 263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100019270">10.1017/S0023879100019270</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8791">0023-8791</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252749214">252749214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+Savior+or+Threat+to+Democracy%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252749214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0023-8791&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100019270&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100019270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988">. 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Retrieved 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%27s+foreign+policy%3A+a+mirage+based+on+a+curse&rft.aulast=Marthoz&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F186054%2F5ac5220191adf69475fb57f9e303479c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2023" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stuart (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1345216431">Sanctions as War: Anti-Imperialist Perspectives on American Geo-Economic Strategy</a>. 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IANS. news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 18 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANS&rft.atitle=Venezuela+expels+3+American+Diplomats+over+Violence+Conspiracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.biharprabha.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fvenezuela-expels-3-american-diplomats-over-violence-conspiracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarcanoTyszka_254-255-358">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MarcanoTyszka_254-255_358-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MarcanoTyszka_254-255_358-1">b</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. pp. 254–255. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Byrne, Jennifer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s882059.htm">"Venezuela – Bolivarian Revolution"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526160431/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s882059.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.Foreign Correspondent. 3 June 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2008" class="citation news cs1">Frankel, Rebecca (17 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2008/11/17/ex-wifes-mayoral-campaign-embarrasses-chavez/">"Ex-wife's mayoral campaign embarrasses Chavez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=Ex-wife%27s+mayoral+campaign+embarrasses+Chavez&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2008%2F11%2F17%2Fex-wifes-mayoral-campaign-embarrasses-chavez%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarcanoTyszka_254-361"><a href="#cite_ref-MarcanoTyszka_254_361-0">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> Guevara, Aleida, and Hugo Chávez. Chávez, Venezuela and the new Latin America. New York: Ocean Press. 2005. p 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-LOVE-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOVE_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOVE_363-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOVE_363-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory2014" class="citation book cs1">Rory, Carroll (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VayMEAAAQBAJ">Comandante: Hugo Chavez's Venezuela</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 49–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143124887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143124887"><bdi>978-0143124887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comandante%3A+Hugo+Chavez%27s+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49-52&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0143124887&rft.aulast=Rory&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVayMEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. pp. 230–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-BIPOLAR-365">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BIPOLAR_365-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPOLAR_365-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPOLAR_365-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BIPOLAR_365-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRory2014" class="citation book cs1">Rory, Carroll (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VayMEAAAQBAJ">Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143124887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143124887"><bdi>978-0143124887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comandante+%3A+Hugo+Chavez%27s+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0143124887&rft.aulast=Rory&rft.aufirst=Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVayMEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSN1819661120070519/">"Chávez demands Pope apologize for Indian comments"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 19 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+demands+Pope+apologize+for+Indian+comments&rft.date=2007-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUSN1819661120070519%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Chávez quoted in <a href="#Mar07">Marcano and Tyszka 2007</a>. p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2007/01/11/with-marx-lenin-and-jesus-christ">"With Marx, Lenin and Jesus Christ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 11 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=With+Marx%2C+Lenin+and+Jesus+Christ&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2Fwith-marx-lenin-and-jesus-christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> Jairo Vargas (2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latino-news.com/ni-el-poder-ni-el-dinero/">Ni el poder ni el dinero...</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517114516/http://www.latino-news.com/ni-el-poder-ni-el-dinero/">Archived</a> 17 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Latino News </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.notiactual.com/bocaranda-la-nueva-religiosidad-de-chavez-revela-la-gravedad-de-su-cancer/">"Bocaranda: La nueva religiosidad de Chávez revela la gravedad de su cáncer"</a> [Bocaranda: Chávez's new religiosity reveals the seriousness of his cancer]. NotiActual (in Spanish). 9 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NotiActual&rft.atitle=Bocaranda%3A+La+nueva+religiosidad+de+Ch%C3%A1vez+revela+la+gravedad+de+su+c%C3%A1ncer&rft.date=2012-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.notiactual.com%2Fbocaranda-la-nueva-religiosidad-de-chavez-revela-la-gravedad-de-su-cancer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/chavez-condena-ataque-genocida-del-maldito-estado-de-israel/H7D2KT4UUFFQPLT2N45POS4K54/story/">"Chávez condena ataque "genocida" del "maldito" Estado de Israel"</a> [Chávez condemns "genocidal" attack by the "damned" State of Israel]. <a href="/wiki/La_Naci%C3%B3n_(Costa_Rica)" title="La Nación (Costa Rica)">La Nación</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. 2 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+condena+ataque+%22genocida%22+del+%22maldito%22+Estado+de+Israel&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacion.com%2Fel-mundo%2Fchavez-condena-ataque-genocida-del-maldito-estado-de-israel%2FH7D2KT4UUFFQPLT2N45POS4K54%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewTribes-372"><a href="#cite_ref-NewTribes_372-0">^</a> <a href="#Alf05">Alford 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtaola2006" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otaola, Javier (12 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2006/02/12/mas-otaola.html">"Chávez y sus demonios"</a> [Chávez and his demons]. <a href="/wiki/La_Jornada" title="La Jornada">La Jornada</a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Jornada&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+y+sus+demonios&rft.date=2006-02-12&rft.aulast=Otaola&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jornada.com.mx%2F2006%2F02%2F12%2Fmas-otaola.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517130420/http://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2007/11/23/282912/chavez-condeno-al-infierno-a-un-lider-evangelico.html">"Chávez condenó al "infierno" a un líder evangélico"</a> [Chávez condemned an evangelical leader to "hell"]. <a href="/wiki/El_Mercurio" title="El Mercurio">El Mercurio</a> (in Spanish). 23 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emol.com/noticias/internacional/2007/11/23/282912/chavez-condeno-al-infierno-a-un-lider-evangelico.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mercurio&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+conden%C3%B3+al+%22infierno%22+a+un+l%C3%ADder+evang%C3%A9lico&rft.date=2007-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emol.com%2Fnoticias%2Finternacional%2F2007%2F11%2F23%2F282912%2Fchavez-condeno-al-infierno-a-un-lider-evangelico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeaser2004" class="citation news cs1">Ceaser, Mike (21 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3815145.stm">"The goddess and the president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+goddess+and+the+president&rft.date=2004-06-21&rft.aulast=Ceaser&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F3815145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/chavez-summons-ancient-spirits-in-cancer-bout/">"Chavez summons ancient spirits in cancer bout"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 5 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Chavez+summons+ancient+spirits+in+cancer+bout&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fchavez-summons-ancient-spirits-in-cancer-bout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laprensa.mx/notas.asp?id=123582">"Chávez, después del cancer, recurre a la religión"</a> [Chávez, after cancer, turns to religion] (in Spanish). 7 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151531/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/845854.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+despu%C3%A9s+del+cancer%2C+recurre+a+la+religi%C3%B3n&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaprensa.mx%2Fnotas.asp%3Fid%3D123582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aciprensa.com/noticias/44635/hugo-chavez-murio-en-el-seno-de-la-iglesia">"Hugo Chávez murió "en el seno de la Iglesia""</a> [Hugo Chávez died "in the bosom of the Church"]. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+Says+a+Cancerous+Tumor+Was+Removed&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F07%2F01%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F01venez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJAMES2011" class="citation news cs1">JAMES, IAN (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/news/chavez-reveals-he-fighting-cancer-after-surgery-wbna43602163">"Chavez reveals he is fighting cancer after surgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Today_(American_TV_program)" title="Today (American TV program)">Today</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=Chavez+reveals+he+is+fighting+cancer+after+surgery&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.aulast=JAMES&rft.aufirst=IAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.com%2Fnews%2Fchavez-reveals-he-fighting-cancer-after-surgery-wbna43602163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-14175027">"Venezuela's Chavez back in Cuba for cancer treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+back+in+Cuba+for+cancer+treatment&rft.date=2011-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-14175027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereaux2011" class="citation news cs1">Devereaux, Charlie (17 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-07-17/chavez-delegates-powers-to-rule-from-cuba">"Chavez Delegates Some Powers, Says He Will Rule From Cuba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Chavez+Delegates+Some+Powers%2C+Says+He+Will+Rule+From+Cuba&rft.date=2011-07-17&rft.aulast=Devereaux&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2011-07-17%2Fchavez-delegates-powers-to-rule-from-cuba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="#BBC11b">BBC News 2011b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <a href="#Gua11">The Guardian 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaranjoCawthorne2012" class="citation news cs1">Naranjo, Mario; Cawthorne, Andrew (9 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/venezuela-s-chavez-says-totally-free-of-cancer-again-idUSBRE8681CQ/">"Venezuela's Chavez says "totally free" of cancer, again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavez+says+%22totally+free%22+of+cancer%2C+again&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft.aulast=Naranjo&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Cawthorne%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fvenezuela-s-chavez-says-totally-free-of-cancer-again-idUSBRE8681CQ%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-386"><a href="#cite_ref-386">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hugo-chavez-heading-to-cuba-for-more-treatment/">"Hugo Chávez heading to Cuba for more treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 27 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121128200022/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-202_162-57554992/hugo-chavez-heading-to-cuba-for-more-treatment/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+heading+to+Cuba+for+more+treatment&rft.date=2012-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhugo-chavez-heading-to-cuba-for-more-treatment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link 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href="https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2012/12/18/chavez-suffers-respiratory-infection-after-surgery/">"Chávez Suffers Respiratory Infection After Surgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Union_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego Union Tribune">San Diego Union Tribune</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 18 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Union+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+Suffers+Respiratory+Infection+After+Surgery&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegouniontribune.com%2F2012%2F12%2F18%2Fchavez-suffers-respiratory-infection-after-surgery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJAMES2012" class="citation news 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Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez+Cartoons+and+Comics&rft.date=2013-03-08&rft.aulast=Brodner&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fopinion-la%2Fla-ol-cartoons-the-quotable-hugo-chavez-20130308%2C0%2C4564213.photogallery%3Findex%3Dla-ol-hugo-chavez-on-capitalism-20130308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="#cite_ref-433">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315130134/http://thecontributor.com/humor/cartoonists-say-goodbye-hugo-chavez">"Cartoonists Say Goodbye to Hugo Chavez"</a>. The Contributor. 6 March 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thecontributor.com/humor/cartoonists-say-goodbye-hugo-chavez">the original</a> on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cartoonists+Say+Goodbye+to+Hugo+Chavez&rft.pub=The+Contributor&rft.date=2013-03-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthecontributor.com%2Fhumor%2Fcartoonists-say-goodbye-hugo-chavez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/directory/H/Hugo_Chavez.asp">"Hugo Chavez Cartoons and Comics"</a>. News Cartoons, Cartoonstock. 21 April 2013. 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Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=Hugo+Chavez+Cartoons+and+Comics&rft.date=2013-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotos.mercurynews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F07%2Fcartoons-hugo-chavezs-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100801081141/http://www.movies.ie/movies/South_of_the_Border">"South of the Border"</a>. Movies.is. 30 December 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.movies.ie/movies/South_of_the_Border">the original</a> on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 21 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+of+the+Border&rft.pub=Movies.is&rft.date=2010-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movies.ie%2Fmovies%2FSouth_of_the_Border&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/04/la-isla-presidencial-keep_n_2806971.html">"'La Isla Presidencial' Keeps Venezuelans Laughing, Despite Contentious Politics"</a>. HuffPost. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=%27La+Isla+Presidencial%27+Keeps+Venezuelans+Laughing%2C+Despite+Contentious+Politics&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F03%2F04%2Fla-isla-presidencial-keep_n_2806971.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326042320/https://www.abc.es/play/television/programas/el-ocaso-del-socialismo-magico-42237/">"El ocaso del socialismo mágico – PLAY TV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)" title="ABC (newspaper)">ABC</a> (in Spanish). 2 December 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.es/play/television/programas/el-ocaso-del-socialismo-magico-42237/">the original</a> on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC&rft.atitle=El+ocaso+del+socialismo+m%C3%A1gico+%E2%80%93+PLAY+TV&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.es%2Fplay%2Ftelevision%2Fprogramas%2Fel-ocaso-del-socialismo-magico-42237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elucabista.com/2016/11/14/proyeccion-ocaso-del-socialismo-magico/">"Proyección: El ocaso del socialismo mágico"</a>. El Ucabista (in Spanish). 14 November 2016. Retrieved 11 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Ucabista&rft.atitle=Proyecci%C3%B3n%3A+El+ocaso+del+socialismo+m%C3%A1gico&rft.date=2016-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felucabista.com%2F2016%2F11%2F14%2Fproyeccion-ocaso-del-socialismo-magico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102191132/https://elnuevopais.net/2018/11/01/chavismo-la-peste-del-siglo-xxi-es-premiado-como-mejor-documental-en-nueva-york/">"'Chavismo: la peste del siglo XXI' es premiado como mejor documental en Nueva York"</a> (in Spanish). El Nuevo País. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elnuevopais.net/2018/11/01/chavismo-la-peste-del-siglo-xxi-es-premiado-como-mejor-documental-en-nueva-york/">the original</a> on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Chavismo%3A+la+peste+del+siglo+XXI%27+es+premiado+como+mejor+documental+en+Nueva+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felnuevopais.net%2F2018%2F11%2F01%2Fchavismo-la-peste-del-siglo-xxi-es-premiado-como-mejor-documental-en-nueva-york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSánchez_Amaya" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez Amaya, Humberto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/entretenimiento/pueblo-soy-documental-para-evitar-indiferencia_263316">"El pueblo soy yo, un documental para evitar la indiferencia"</a> (in Spanish). El Nacional. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+pueblo+soy+yo%2C+un+documental+para+evitar+la+indiferencia&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez+Amaya&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.el-nacional.com%2Fnoticias%2Fentretenimiento%2Fpueblo-soy-documental-para-evitar-indiferencia_263316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArráiz_Lucca2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Arr%C3%A1iz_Lucca" title="Rafael Arráiz Lucca">Arráiz Lucca, Rafael</a> (2007). Venezuela: 1830 a nuestros días (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Titivillus. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789803542351" title="Special:BookSources/9789803542351"><bdi>9789803542351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+1830+a+nuestros+d%C3%ADas&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Titivillus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789803542351&rft.aulast=Arr%C3%A1iz+Lucca&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bre10" class="citation book cs1">Brewer-Carías, Allan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2m9-gYOs9K4C">Dismantling Democracy in Venezuela: The Chávez Authoritarian Experiment</a>. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19587-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19587-4"><bdi>978-0-521-19587-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismantling+Democracy+in+Venezuela%3A+The+Ch%C3%A1vez+Authoritarian+Experiment&rft.place=Cambridge+and+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19587-4&rft.aulast=Brewer-Car%C3%ADas&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2m9-gYOs9K4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Car13" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Carroll" title="Rory Carroll">Carroll, Rory</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comandantemythre0000carr">Commandante: myth and reality in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela</a>. New York: The Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-457-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-457-9"><bdi>978-1-59420-457-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commandante%3A+myth+and+reality+in+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-457-9&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomandantemythre0000carr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cor11" class="citation book cs1">Corrales, Javier and Penfold, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pxgkx1rRkJQC&pg=PA163">Dragon in the Tropics: Hugo Chávez and the Political Economy of Revolution in Venezuela</a>. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0497-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-0497-3"><bdi>978-0-8157-0497-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragon+in+the+Tropics%3A+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+and+the+Political+Economy+of+Revolution+in+Venezuela&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-0497-3&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier+and+Penfold%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpxgkx1rRkJQC%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Haw10" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Kirk A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ujAydQj-x_4C">Venezuela's Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76503-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76503-9"><bdi>978-0-521-76503-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venezuela%27s+Chavismo+and+Populism+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76503-9&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Kirk+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujAydQj-x_4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mar07" class="citation book cs1">Marcano, Christina; Tyszka, Alberto Barrera (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hugochvezthedefi0000marc">Hugo Chávez: The Definitive Biography of Venezuela's Controversial President</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45666-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-45666-7"><bdi>978-0-679-45666-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+The+Definitive+Biography+of+Venezuela%27s+Controversial+President&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-679-45666-7&rft.aulast=Marcano&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft.au=Tyszka%2C+Alberto+Barrera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhugochvezthedefi0000marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laureano_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Laureano Márquez">Márquez, Laureano</a>; Sanabria, Eduardo (2018). Historieta de Venezuela: De Macuro a Maduro (1st ed.). Gráficas Pedrazas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7328777-1-9"><bdi>978-1-7328777-1-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historieta+de+Venezuela%3A+De+Macuro+a+Maduro&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Gr%C3%A1ficas+Pedrazas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7328777-1-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%A1rquez&rft.aufirst=Laureano&rft.au=Sanabria%2C+Eduardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuman2022" class="citation book cs1">Neuman, William (2022). <a href="/wiki/Things_Are_Never_So_Bad_That_They_Can%27t_Get_Worse:_Inside_the_Collapse_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela">Things Are Never So Bad That They Can't Get Worse: Inside the Collapse of Venezuela</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250266163" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250266163"><bdi>978-1250266163</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Things+Are+Never+So+Bad+That+They+Can%27t+Get+Worse%3A+Inside+the+Collapse+of+Venezuela&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1250266163&rft.aulast=Neuman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tar05" class="citation book cs1">Tarver, H. Michael and Frederick, Julia C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofvenezue0000tarv">The History of Venezuela</a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33525-9"><bdi>978-0-313-33525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Venezuela&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33525-9&rft.aulast=Tarver&rft.aufirst=H.+Michael+and+Frederick%2C+Julia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofvenezue0000tarv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tri05" class="citation book cs1">Trinkunas, Harold A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIRJSwlxxuEC">Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective</a>. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5650-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5650-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-5650-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crafting+Civilian+Control+of+the+Military+in+Venezuela%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5650-5&rft.aulast=Trinkunas&rft.aufirst=Harold+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIRJSwlxxuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Woo06" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Woods_(political_theorist)" title="Alan Woods (political theorist)">Woods, Alan</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3VdvqMtpLzAC">The Venezuelan Revolution: A Marxist Perspective (Third Edition)</a>. London: Well Red Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900007-21-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900007-21-4"><bdi>978-1-900007-21-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venezuelan+Revolution%3A+A+Marxist+Perspective+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Well+Red+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-900007-21-4&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3VdvqMtpLzAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Academic_articles">Academic articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Academic articles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gib06" class="citation journal cs1">Gibbs, Terry, T. (2006). "Business as Usual: what the Chávez era tells us about democracy under globalisation". <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 27 (2): 265–79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436590500492931">10.1080/01436590500492931</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017674">4017674</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154147337">154147337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Business+as+Usual%3A+what+the+Ch%C3%A1vez+era+tells+us+about+democracy+under+globalisation&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-79&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154147337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4017674%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436590500492931&rft.aulast=Gibbs%2C+Terry&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2008" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Alisha (2008). A decade under Chávez: political intolerance and lost opportunities for advancing human rights in Venezuela. New York: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-371-2"><bdi>978-1-56432-371-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+decade+under+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+political+intolerance+and+lost+opportunities+for+advancing+human+rights+in+Venezuela&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-371-2&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Alisha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lop03" class="citation book cs1">López Maya, Margarita (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYd4Q1vQluAC&pg=PA73">"Hugo Chávez Frías: His Movement and His Presidency"</a>. In Ellner, Steve; Hellinger, Daniel (eds.). Venezuelan Politics in the Chávez Era: Class, Polarization and Conflict. Boulder: Lynne Riener. pp. 73–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-297-4"><bdi>978-1-58826-297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+Fr%C3%ADas%3A+His+Movement+and+His+Presidency&rft.btitle=Venezuelan+Politics+in+the+Ch%C3%A1vez+Era%3A+Class%2C+Polarization+and+Conflict&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=73-92&rft.pub=Lynne+Riener&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-297-4&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez+Maya%2C+Margarita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYd4Q1vQluAC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ram05" class="citation journal cs1">Ramírez, Cristóbal Valencia, C. b. V. (2005). "Venezuela's Bolivarian Revolution: Who Are the Chavistas?". Latin American Perspectives. 32 (3): 79–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094582X05275532">10.1177/0094582X05275532</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30040243">30040243</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145020614">145020614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Bolivarian+Revolution%3A+Who+Are+the+Chavistas%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145020614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30040243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0094582X05275532&rft.aulast=Ram%C3%ADrez%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal+Valencia&rft.aufirst=C.+b.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Syl03" class="citation journal cs1">Sylvia, Ronald D. and Danopoulos, Constantine P., R. D.; Danopoulos, C. P. (2003). "The Chávez Phenomenon: Political Change in Venezuela". <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 24 (1): 63–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F713701367">10.1080/713701367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3993630">3993630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154551869">154551869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Ch%C3%A1vez+Phenomenon%3A+Political+Change+in+Venezuela&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-76&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154551869%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3993630%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F713701367&rft.aulast=Sylvia%2C+Ronald+D.+and+Danopoulos%2C+Constantine+P.&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft.au=Danopoulos%2C+C.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Zuq08" class="citation journal cs1">Zúquete, José Pedro, José Pedro (Spring 2008). "The Missionary Politics of Hugo Chávez". Latin American Politics and Society. 50 (1): 91–121. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.463.8436">10.1.1.463.8436</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2008.00005.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2008.00005.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30130840">30130840</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144481618">144481618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Missionary+Politics+of+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=91-121&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.463.8436%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144481618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30130840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2008.00005.x&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BAquete%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Pedro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Pedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="News_articles,_reports_and_essays">News articles, reports and essays</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: News articles, reports and essays">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Anderson, Jon Lee (28 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/01/28/slumlord">"Slumlord : what has Hugo Chávez wrought in Venezuela?"</a>. Letter from Caracas. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Vol. 88, no. 45. pp. 40–51. Retrieved 8 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Slumlord+%3A+what+has+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+wrought+in+Venezuela%3F&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=40-51&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jon+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F01%2F28%2Fslumlord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bea06" class="citation news cs1">Beaumont, Peter (7 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2006/may/07/featuresreview.review">"The new kid in the barrio"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+new+kid+in+the+barrio&rft.date=2006-05-07&rft.au=Beaumont%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2006%2Fmay%2F07%2Ffeaturesreview.review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bel99" class="citation news cs1">Bellos, Alex (17 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/dec/17/alexbellos?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487">"New Venezuela hands Chávez wide powers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+Venezuela+hands+Ch%C3%A1vez+wide+powers&rft.date=1999-12-17&rft.au=Bellos%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F1999%2Fdec%2F17%2Falexbellos%3FINTCMP%3DILCNETTXT3487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Car07" class="citation news cs1">Carl, Traci (11 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011101856.html">"Nicaragua's Ortega Signs Trade Pact"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington D.C. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%27s+Ortega+Signs+Trade+Pact&rft.date=2007-01-11&rft.au=Carl%2C+Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F01%2F11%2FAR2007011101856.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2009" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (16 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/feb/16/hugo-chavez-indefinite-rule">"Hugo Chávez wins referendum allowing indefinite re-election"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez+wins+referendum+allowing+indefinite+re-election&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F16%2Fhugo-chavez-indefinite-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pad05" class="citation news cs1">Padgett, Tim (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100618210252/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973045,00.html">"Hugo Chávez: The Radical with Deep Pockets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. New York City: Time Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1972656_1972691_1973045,00.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+The+Radical+with+Deep+Pockets&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.au=Padgett%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C1972656_1972691_1973045%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pad06" class="citation news cs1">Padgett, Tim (30 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614222700/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1187165,00.html">"Hugo Chávez: Leading the Left Wing Charge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. New York City: Time Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1187165,00.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%3A+Leading+the+Left+Wing+Charge&rft.date=2006-04-30&rft.au=Padgett%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1187165%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pad08" class="citation news cs1">Padgett, Tim (3 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305194851/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1719158,00.html">"War Drums in Latin America"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. New York City: Time Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1719158,00.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=War+Drums+in+Latin+America&rft.date=2008-03-03&rft.au=Padgett%2C+Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1719158%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pre09" class="citation news cs1">Pretel, Enrique Andres (21 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN21321293">"Venezuela exhumes unnamed dead in riot investigation"</a>. Reuters. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213171636/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/22/idUSN21321293">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Venezuela+exhumes+unnamed+dead+in+riot+investigation&rft.date=2009-09-21&rft.au=Pretel%2C+Enrique+Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSN21321293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rom10" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/17/world/americas/17venez.html?scp=2&sq=hugo+chavez&st=nyt">"Purging Loyalists, Chávez Tightens His Inner Circle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York City. Retrieved 10 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Purging+Loyalists%2C+Ch%C3%A1vez+Tightens+His+Inner+Circle&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.au=Romero%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F02%2F17%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F17venez.html%3Fscp%3D2%26sq%3Dhugo%2Bchavez%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shi06" class="citation journal cs1">Shifter, Michael, M. (May–June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/61703/michael-shifter/in-search-of-hugo-ch%C3%83%C2%A1vez">"In Search of Hugo Chávez"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>. 85 (3): 45–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031966">10.2307/20031966</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031966">20031966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=45-59&rft.date=2006-05%2F2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031966%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shifter%2C+Michael&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F61703%2Fmichael-shifter%2Fin-search-of-hugo-ch%25C3%2583%25C2%25A1vez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Obs06" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/14/oil.venezuela?INTCMP=SRCH">"Chávez offers oil to Europe's poor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>. London: Guardian Media Group. 14 May 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+offers+oil+to+Europe%27s+poor&rft.date=2006-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fmay%2F14%2Foil.venezuela%3FINTCMP%3DSRCH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="BBC06" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6205128.stm">"Chávez wins Venezuela re-election"</a>. BBC News. London. 4 December 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ch%C3%A1vez+wins+Venezuela+re-election&rft.date=2006-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Famericas%2F6205128.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interviews">Interviews</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Interviews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="SacCha10" class="citation web cs1">Sackur, Stephen; Chávez, Hugo (15 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00stbv6/HARDtalk_Hugo_Chavez_President_of_Venezuela/?t=2m50s">"Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela"</a>. HARDtalk. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HARDtalk&rft.atitle=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+President+of+Venezuela&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft.aulast=Sackur&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Ch%C3%A1vez%2C+Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fiplayer%2Fepisode%2Fb00stbv6%2FHARDtalk_Hugo_Chavez_President_of_Venezuela%2F%3Ft%3D2m50s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites_and_e-publications">Websites and e-publications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Websites and e-publications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tri99" class="citation web cs1">Trinkunas, Harold; McCoy, Jennifer (February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1151.pdf">"Observation of the 1998 Venezuelan Elections: A Report of the Council of Freely Elected Heads of Government"</a> (PDF). Atlanta, Georgia: The Carter Centre. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Observation+of+the+1998+Venezuelan+Elections%3A+A+Report+of+the+Council+of+Freely+Elected+Heads+of+Government&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=The+Carter+Centre&rft.date=1999-02&rft.au=Trinkunas%2C+Harold&rft.au=McCoy%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fdocuments%2F1151.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Int99" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/IACHR/1999/12.html">"Del Caracazo Case"</a>. Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Del+Caracazo+Case&rft.pub=Inter-American+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldlii.org%2Fint%2Fcases%2FIACHR%2F1999%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Int07" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110208091338/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/venezuela/19_venezuela___hugo_chavezs_revolution.ashx">"Venezuela: Hugo Chávez's Revolution"</a>. International Crisis Group. 22 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/venezuela/19_venezuela___hugo_chavezs_revolution.ashx">the original</a> on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venezuela%3A+Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez%27s+Revolution&rft.pub=International+Crisis+Group&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2Flatin-america%2Fvenezuela%2F19_venezuela___hugo_chavezs_revolution.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hugo Chávez at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hugo Chávez">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Hugo Chávez">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="q:Hugo Chávez">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Hugo Chávez">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8440" class="extiw" title="d:Q8440">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Hugo Chávez <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hugo+Ch%C3%A1vez&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712083013/http://www.chavez.org.ve/">Official personal blog</a> (in Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Multimedia">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>PBS Frontline documentary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hugochavez/view/">The Hugo Chávez Show</a></li> <li>The Guardian: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2009/feb/02/hugo-chavez-venezuela">"The Rise and Rule of 'Hurricane Hugo'"</a> audio slide show</li> <li>Democracy Now! 16 September 2005 Interview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/19/1336214">Part I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113194108/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/19/1336214">Archived</a> 13 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/09/20/1330218">Part II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104184826/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F09%2F20%2F1330218">Archived</a> 4 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with Hugo Chávez, in New York City</li> <li>ABC News video, 27 April 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=2956467">Barbara Walters interviews Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li>Interview with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZddqUX4aAc4">Hugo Chávez about the American threat</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> October 2009</li> <li>NPR audio report, 18 February 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=19147881">"The Politics of Venezuela's Hugo Chávez"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?81051">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_interviews">Articles and interviews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Articles and interviews">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>BBC News: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-10086210">"Profile: Hugo Chávez"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Shifter" title="Michael Shifter">Shifter, Michael</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109175112/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060501faessay85303/michael-shifter/in-search-of-hugo-ch-vez.html?mode=print">"In Search of Hugo Chávez"</a>. Foreign Affairs, May/June 2006 issue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Palast" title="Greg Palast">Palast, Greg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703070617/http://progressive.org/mag_intv0706">"Hugo Chávez Interview"</a>. The Progressive, July 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/topics/person/hugo-chavez.html">Hugo Chávez</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/hugo-chavez">Hugo Chávez</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8440#P3106" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/hugo_chavez/index.html">Hugo Chávez</a> collected news and commentary at <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327154118/http://www.nobledrugstore.com/blog/news/hugo-chavez-death-teaches-cancer-lesson">"Controversial Venezuelan Leader Hugo Chavez's Death Teaches Vital Lesson About Cancer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobledrugstore.com/blog/news/hugo-chavez-death-teaches-cancer-lesson">the original</a> on 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversial+Venezuelan+Leader+Hugo+Chavez%27s+Death+Teaches+Vital+Lesson+About+Cancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobledrugstore.com%2Fblog%2Fnews%2Fhugo-chavez-death-teaches-cancer-lesson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHugo+Ch%C3%A1vez" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/hugo_chavez_frias">Extended biography by CIDOB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200607145959/https://www.cidob.org/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/venezuela/hugo_chavez_frias">Archived</a> 7 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1382342/">Hugo Chávez</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_Movement" title="Fifth Republic Movement">Fifth Republic Movement</a> 1997–2007 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Leader of the <a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a> 2007–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Nicolás Maduro</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Rafael Caldera</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> 1999–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Chávez" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Template talk:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Chávez"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Chávez" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hugo Chávez</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (1999–2013)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early life and career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Early life of Hugo Chávez">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Military career of Hugo Chávez">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1992_Venezuelan_coup_attempt" title="February 1992 Venezuelan coup attempt">Coup attempt of 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="1998 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/100px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/150px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg/200px-Hugo_Rafael_Ch%C3%A1vez_Fr%C3%ADas.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="1291" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/100px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/150px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/200px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Hugo Chávez">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Hugo Chávez">Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela" title="Constitution of Venezuela">1999 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Venezuelan_general_election" title="2000 Venezuelan general election">General election of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2006 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Socialist_Party_of_Venezuela" title="United Socialist Party of Venezuela">United Socialist Party of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2007 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Venezuelan_constitutional_referendum" title="2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum of 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Venezuelan_presidential_election" title="2012 Venezuelan presidential election">Presidential election of 2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt">Coup attempt of 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_general_strike_of_2002%E2%80%932003" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003">Venezuelan general strike of 2002–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Venezuelan_recall_referendum" title="2004 Venezuelan recall referendum">Recall referendum of 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2005 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li> <li>2007 protests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_referendum_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan referendum protests">Referendum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Venezuelan_parliamentary_election" title="2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election">2010 Venezuelan parliamentary election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boliburgues%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Boliburguesía">Boliburguesía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarianism" title="Bolivarianism">Bolivarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Circles" title="Bolivarian Circles">Bolivarian Circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_missions" title="Bolivarian missions">Bolivarian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colectivo_(Venezuela)" title="Colectivo (Venezuela)">Colectivos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_administration" title="Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez administration">Economic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Bol%C3%ADvar_2000" title="Plan Bolívar 2000">Plan Bolívar 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_communal_councils" title="Venezuelan communal councils">Venezuelan communal councils</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Hugo Chávez government">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocaribe" title="Petrocaribe">Petrocaribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%B3_Presidente" title="Aló Presidente">Aló Presidente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_propaganda" title="Bolivarian propaganda">Bolivarian propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo:_The_Plague_of_the_21st_Century" title="Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century">Chavismo: The Plague of the 21st Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_ocaso_del_socialismo_m%C3%A1gico" title="El ocaso del socialismo mágico">El ocaso del socialismo mágico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_pueblo_soy_yo" title="El pueblo soy yo">El pueblo soy yo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Hugo Chávez's cult of personality">Hugo Chávez's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi_amigo_Hugo" title="Mi amigo Hugo">Mi amigo Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F" title="¿Por qué no te callas?">¿Por qué no te callas?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Public image of Hugo Chávez">Public image of Hugo Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C2%BF%C2%A1Revoluci%C3%B3n!%3F" title="¿¡Revolución!?">¿¡Revolución!?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silence_and_the_Scorpion" title="The Silence and the Scorpion">The Silence and the Scorpion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelanalysis" title="Venezuelanalysis">Venezuelanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Information_Office" title="Venezuela Information Office">Venezuela Information Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">← Rafael Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Category:Hugo Chávez">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="President_of_Venezuela_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President_of_Venezuela_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 1830</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Monagas" title="José Gregorio Monagas">J. G. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Castro_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)">J. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Felipe_de_Tovar" title="Manuel Felipe de Tovar">Tovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Crisóstomo Falcón">Falcón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ezequiel_Bruzual" title="Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual">Bruzual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruperto_Monagas" title="José Ruperto Monagas">J. R. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Linares_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Francisco Linares Alcántara">Linares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Valera" title="José Gregorio Valera">Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3genes_L%C3%B3pez" title="Hermógenes López">H. López</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Rojas_Pa%C3%BAl" title="Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl">Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Andueza_Palacio" title="Raimundo Andueza Palacio">Andueza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas_Pulido" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido">Villegas Pulido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Andrade" title="Ignacio Andrade">Andrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro">C. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Fortoul" title="José Gil Fortoul">Gil Fortoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorino_M%C3%A1rquez_Bustillos" title="Victorino Márquez Bustillos">Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Bautista Pérez">J. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras" title="Eleazar López Contreras">López Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita" title="Isaías Medina Angarita">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Gallegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud" title="Carlos Delgado Chalbaud">Delgado Chalbaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez_Flamerich" title="Germán Suárez Flamerich">Suárez Flamerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Larrazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Sanabria" title="Edgar Sanabria">Sanabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Herrera_Campins" title="Luis Herrera Campins">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi" title="Jaime Lusinchi">Lusinchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Lepage" title="Octavio Lepage">Lepage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Ramón José Velásquez">Velásquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Cabello</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a>1</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/90px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/135px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/180px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> as "interim president" during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a> until 2023</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFBeddowThibodeaux2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowmanStone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrabazon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamberoEllsworth2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameron2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampos\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCastillo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawthorne2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCeaser2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeaser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoronel\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorralesPenfold2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCorralesRomero2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrabtreeNaurath\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristóbal_Nagel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCristóbal_Nagel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCutler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereaux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereux2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuboff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllsworth2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEllsworthOre2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForero2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForero2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForero2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForerode_Córdoba2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallegos2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía_Mora2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayBrochetto2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulottyKronick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeritage2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrera2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitchens2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJAMES2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJAMES2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_Colgan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRodgers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeppel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraulMogollon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLakshmanan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLendman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitskyWay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLópez_Maya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinarich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMander2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcanoTyszka2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Delgado2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarthoz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoyMyers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillardHoffmanGertzLin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinayaSchaefer_Muñoz2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoloney2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontilla_K.2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorsbach2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoynihan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquez2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMárquezSanabria2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaranjoCawthorne2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2012\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNeuman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOppmann2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtaola2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadgett2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdue2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrado2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPretel2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamírez_Miranda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRapier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedazione_Il_Fatto_Quotidiano2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes-PurdyMadrid2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocco2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRomo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRory2014\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFRory_Carroll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRueda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfenberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimizzi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeliktar2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvolik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSánchez_Amaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorres2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValery,_Yolanda2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValery1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVinogradoff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoigt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeb2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbrot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisbrotRosnick2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_NeumanMaría_Eugenia_Díaz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWills2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF남민우2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Car07\"] = 1,\n [\"Car13\"] = 1,\n [\"Cor11\"] = 1,\n [\"GOTT\"] = 1,\n [\"Gib06\"] = 1,\n [\"Haw10\"] = 1,\n [\"Int07\"] = 1,\n [\"Int99\"] = 1,\n [\"Lop03\"] = 1,\n [\"Mar07\"] = 1,\n [\"Obs06\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad05\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad06\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad08\"] = 1,\n [\"Pre09\"] = 1,\n [\"Ram05\"] = 1,\n [\"Rom10\"] = 1,\n [\"SacCha10\"] = 1,\n [\"Shi06\"] = 1,\n [\"Syl03\"] = 1,\n [\"Tar05\"] = 1,\n [\"Tri05\"] = 1,\n [\"Tri99\"] = 1,\n [\"Woo06\"] = 1,\n [\"Zuq08\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Aljazeeratopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"C-SPAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 42,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 189,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 97,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Chavez, Hugo\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Died-in\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Family name footnote\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 11,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Guardian topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvsp\"] = 3,\n [\"Hugo Chávez\"] = 1,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"In lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 1,\n [\"NYTtopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 9,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Populism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 5,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 6,\n [\"Refend\"] = 6,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Socialism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"VEpresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 15,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","580","18.0"],["dataWrapper 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