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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_and_radio_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_and_radio_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Stage and radio adaptations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stage_and_radio_adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stage and radio adaptations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stage_and_radio_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Campbell_Playhouse_(1939)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Campbell_Playhouse_(1939)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>The Campbell Playhouse</i> (1939)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Campbell_Playhouse_(1939)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carousel_(musical,_1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carousel_(musical,_1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span><i>Carousel</i> (musical, 1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carousel_(musical,_1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamburg_Ballet_(2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamburg_Ballet_(2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hamburg Ballet (2011)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamburg_Ballet_(2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andrei_Șerban's_Carousel_(2015)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrei_Șerban's_Carousel_(2015)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Andrei Șerban's <i>Carousel</i> (2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrei_Șerban's_Carousel_(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Film adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_characters_in_Liliom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_characters_in_Liliom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Major characters in <i>Liliom</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_characters_in_Liliom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87)" title="لیلیوم (نمایشنامه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیلیوم (نمایشنامه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom_(pi%C3%A8ce_de_th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre)" title="Liliom (pièce de théâtre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liliom (pièce de théâtre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom" title="Liliom – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liliom" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom_(sz%C3%ADnm%C5%B1)" title="Liliom (színmű) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Liliom (színmű)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliom_(toneelstuk)" title="Liliom (toneelstuk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Liliom (toneelstuk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A0" title="リリオム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リリオム" data-language-autonym="日本語" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1909 play by the Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnár</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Liliom_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Liliom (disambiguation)">Liliom (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg/220px-Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg/330px-Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Liliom-Joseph-Schildkraut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schildkraut" title="Joseph Schildkraut">Joseph Schildkraut</a> in the title role in the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">Theatre Guild</a> production of <i>Liliom</i> (1921)</figcaption></figure> <p> <i><b>Liliom</b></i> is a 1909 play by the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ferenc Molnár">Ferenc Molnár</a>. It was well known in its own right during the early to mid-20th century, but is best known today as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein" title="Rodgers and Hammerstein">Rodgers and Hammerstein</a> 1945 musical <a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)"><i>Carousel</i></a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg/220px-Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg/330px-Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg/440px-Liliom-Schildkraut-Chard-LeGallienne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Schildkraut (Liliom), Evelyn Chard (Louise) and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (Julie) in the 1921 Theatre Guild production</figcaption></figure> <p>The play takes place partly in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary, and partly in a waiting area just outside <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>. The story concerns Liliom, a tough, cocky <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">carousel</a> <a href="/wiki/Barker_(occupation)" title="Barker (occupation)">barker</a> who falls in love with Julie, a young woman who works as a maid. When both lose their jobs, Liliom begins mistreating Julie out of bitterness—even slapping her once—although he loves her. When she discovers she is pregnant, he is deliriously happy, but, unbeknownst to Julie, he agrees to participate with his friend Ficsur, a criminal, in a hold-up to obtain money to provide for the child. Liliom is unwilling to leave Julie and return to his jealous former employer, the carousel owner Mrs. Muskat, and feels that the robbery is his only way left to obtain financial security. The hold-up is a disaster, but Ficsur escapes, and Liliom kills himself to avoid capture. He is sent to a fiery place, presumably <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>. Sixteen years later, he is allowed to return to Earth for one day to do a good deed for his now teenage daughter, Louise, whom he has never met. If he succeeds, he will be allowed to enter Heaven. He fails in the attempt, and is presumably sent to Hell. The ending, though, focuses on Julie, who obviously remembers Liliom fondly. </p><p>A contrasting subplot involves Julie's best friend, Marie, and Wolf Beifeld, a rather pompous hotel porter who marries Marie and finally becomes the wealthy owner of the hotel at which he once worked. The two eventually have seven children, who never appear onstage in Molnár's play. There is also a carpenter in <i>Liliom</i> who is in unrequited love with Julie, and who, in contrast to Liliom, has a stable job. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Liliom</i> was a failure in Hungary when it was staged there in 1909, but not when it was staged on Broadway in an English translation by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Glazer" title="Benjamin Glazer">Benjamin Glazer</a> in 1921. The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">Theatre Guild</a> production starred <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schildkraut" title="Joseph Schildkraut">Joseph Schildkraut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a>, with supporting roles played by such actors as <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Digges_(actor)" title="Dudley Digges (actor)">Dudley Digges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Stehli" title="Edgar Stehli">Edgar Stehli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Travers" title="Henry Travers">Henry Travers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Westley" title="Helen Westley">Helen Westley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revivals">Revivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg/220px-Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg/330px-Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg/440px-Bergman_Meredith_Liliom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> in the 1940 Broadway production of <i>Liliom</i></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Pito%C3%ABff" title="Georges Pitoëff">Georges Pitoëff</a> mounted a production at the <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_des_Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es" title="Théâtre des Champs-Élysées">Comédie des Champs-Élysées</a>, in a translation by Isabelle de Comminges. <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> acted in the minor role of the Heavenly Policeman.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Novello" title="Ivor Novello">Ivor Novello</a> starred as Liliom in 1926 in London, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a>, in one of his first stage roles, as Ficsur.</li></ul> <ul><li>Schildkraut and Le Gallienne repeated their roles, and <a href="/wiki/Sayre_Crawley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayre Crawley">Sayre Crawley</a> played the Magistrate, in the first Broadway revival of the play in 1932. Le Gallienne directed the Civic Repertory Theatre production.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The play was directed by Federico García Lorca and Pura Maorta de Ucelay for the Club Teatral Anfistora, on 7 June 1934 at the Teatro Español in Madrid. The text was translated by María de la O Lejárraga, with sets by Manuel Fontanals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Directing the Curtain Club in a student production at the University of Texas, James Park cast <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> in the title role.</li></ul> <ul><li>In 1940, another Broadway stage revival starring <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Meredith" title="Burgess Meredith">Burgess Meredith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> was presented at the <a href="/wiki/44th_Street_Theatre" title="44th Street Theatre">44th Street Theatre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> played Ficsur, and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Tetzel" title="Joan Tetzel">Joan Tetzel</a> played Louise.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>In 2014 Galin Stoev directed the play in <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Théâtre de Liège">Théâtre de Liège</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stage_and_radio_adaptations">Stage and radio adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stage and radio adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Campbell_Playhouse_(1939)"><span id="The_Campbell_Playhouse_.281939.29"></span><i>The Campbell Playhouse</i> (1939)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Campbell Playhouse (1939)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> directed and played the title role in a one-hour radio adaptation for his CBS <i><a href="/wiki/The_Campbell_Playhouse_(radio_series)" title="The Campbell Playhouse (radio series)">The Campbell Playhouse</a></i> program. The production costarred <a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a> as Julie and <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead" title="Agnes Moorehead">Agnes Moorehead</a> as Mrs. Muskat, the carousel owner who is infatuated with Liliom. It was broadcast live on 22 October 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carousel_(musical,_1945)"><span id="Carousel_.28musical.2C_1945.29"></span><i>Carousel</i> (musical, 1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carousel (musical, 1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel (musical)</a></div> <p>In 1945, at the suggestion of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Guild" title="Theatre Guild">Theatre Guild</a> (which had produced the 1921 and 1932 productions of <i>Liliom</i> as well as the original <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma!_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma! (musical)">Oklahoma!</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a></i>, an American musical adaptation of the play. This was also produced by the Theatre Guild and became one of the great classics of musical theatre. Even though the musical adaptation took liberties with Molnár's play, changing the ending so that the ex-barker is successful in trying to help Louise upon his return to Earth, Molnár applauded <i>Carousel</i>. The character of Louise is made more poignant in the musical, in which she is snobbishly taunted and rejected because her father was a thief. It is the Liliom character who finally gives her the confidence she needs to face life. In <i>Carousel</i>, the characters of Marie and Wolf Beifeld in <i>Liliom</i> become Carrie Pipperidge and Mr. Snow who, a fisherman in the musical, is made even more pompous than in the original play. His children are the ones who so viciously taunt Louise, although, in order to keep Carrie a sympathetic character, Hammerstein keeps her totally unaware of this; in contrast to Mr. Snow, she is even supportive of a potential budding romantic relationship between their eldest son and Louise. (The relationship is quickly cut short, however, when Mr. Snow's son insults Louise by stating outright that marrying her would be "beneath his station.") </p><p><i>Carousel</i> also Americanizes the story, setting it in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> during the last part of the nineteenth century, and including a <a href="/wiki/New_England_clam_bake" class="mw-redirect" title="New England clam bake">New England clam bake</a> as the setting for some of the more cheerful songs in the show. The names of most of the other characters were changed as well. Liliom became Billy Bigelow, the criminal Ficsur became Jigger Craigin, and Mother Hollunder, the boarding house keeper, became Julie's cousin Nettie. There is no carpenter character in <i>Carousel</i>. </p><p>There is an added layer of social commentary in <i>Liliom</i> which is deliberately omitted from <i>Carousel</i>. The intended holdup victim in Molnar's play, a payroll clerk named Linzman, is <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, as is Wolf Beifeld. In <i>Carousel</i>, Linzman becomes Mr. Bascombe, the wealthy owner of the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mill</a> at which Julie once worked. </p><p>In <i>Liliom</i>, Liliom encounters Linzman only once, during the robbery. In <i>Carousel</i>, Billy Bigelow has met Bascombe much earlier during the play. Bascombe finds him and Julie together and kindly offers not to fire Julie, who has stayed out past the mill workers' curfew, if she allows him (Bascombe) to take her back to the mill. She gently refuses. </p><p>However, many elements of <i>Liliom</i> are retained faithfully in <i>Carousel</i>, an unusual step in the 1940s for a musical play based on such a serious drama. Molnár's basic plotline for Liliom and Julie is largely adhered to, as is much of his dialogue (although Hammerstein makes it more colloquial and gives it a <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> flavor). Billy Bigelow is a womanizer and an abusive husband, as is Liliom in the non-musical play; though the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical implies that Billy has hit his wife only once, and that other characters erroneously believe that he is a habitual wife-beater. In the Glazer translation of the Molnar play, Liliom claims he only hit her once, and Julie publicly downplays what happened, but she later says he beat her, "on the breast and on the head and face," and her closing line, which ends the play, is, "It is possible, dear—that someone may beat you and beat you and beat you,—and not hurt you at all," indicating that it happened more than once.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Julie's final line in <i>Carousel</i>, which does not close the play, is "It is possible, dear--fer [sic] someone to hit you--hit you hard--and not hurt at all," removing the reference to multiple beatings. </p><p><i>Carousel</i> also retains the attempted robbery scene, and Billy deliberately stabs himself, as Liliom does in the original play.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the film adaptation, Billy falls on his knife while trying to get away and does not commit suicide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamburg_Ballet_(2011)"><span id="Hamburg_Ballet_.282011.29"></span>Hamburg Ballet (2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hamburg Ballet (2011)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2011, a ballet adaptation of <i>Liliom</i>, with music by Oscar-winning composer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Legrand" title="Michel Legrand">Michel Legrand</a>, was premiered by the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ballet" title="Hamburg Ballet">Hamburg Ballet</a>, and starred <a href="/wiki/Alina_Cojocaru" title="Alina Cojocaru">Alina Cojocaru</a> as Julie.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this version, Liliom's child is changed from being a girl to a boy (Louis instead of Louise).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrei_Șerban's_Carousel_(2015)"><span id="Andrei_.C8.98erban.27s_Carousel_.282015.29"></span>Andrei Șerban's <i>Carousel</i> (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Andrei Șerban's Carousel (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A stage adaptation by <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Serban" title="Andrei Serban">Andrei Șerban</a> and Daniela Dima, <i>Carousel</i>, also based on <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>'s 1934 <i><a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)" title="Liliom (1934 film)">Liliom</a></i>, has played at <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bulandra_Theatre" title="Bulandra Theatre">Bulandra Theatre</a> since 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_adaptations">Film adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Film adaptations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Liliom</i> has been filmed several times, beginning in the silent era: </p> <ul><li>The first film version, directed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Curtiz" title="Michael Curtiz">Michael Curtiz</a> in 1919, was aborted in mid-production because of Curtiz's flight as a refugee from the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a>, and never finished.</li> <li>The second, a somewhat disguised and heavily altered version reset in <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney Island</a>, was made in 1921 and was titled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Trip_to_Paradise_(film)" title="A Trip to Paradise (film)">A Trip to Paradise</a></i>. It starred <a href="/wiki/Bert_Lytell" title="Bert Lytell">Bert Lytell</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1930_film)" title="Liliom (1930 film)">1930</a> came the first <a href="/wiki/Talkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkie">talkie</a> version, a mostly faithful adaptation made in English by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Film" title="Fox Film">Fox Film</a> written by <a href="/wiki/S._N._Behrman" title="S. N. Behrman">S. N. Behrman</a> and Sonya Levien, although Ficsur (played by <a href="/wiki/Lee_Tracy" title="Lee Tracy">Lee Tracy</a>) was called "The Buzzard" in this version. The character Hollinger, who is alluded to in the stage version but never actually appears, was one of the supporting characters in this film, and Mother Hollunder, the boarding house keeper, was re-christened Aunt Hulda. Directed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borzage" title="Frank Borzage">Frank Borzage</a>, the film starred <a href="/wiki/Charles_Farrell" title="Charles Farrell">Charles Farrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Hobart" title="Rose Hobart">Rose Hobart</a>, and was not a success. It is rarely shown today, but has recently been issued on DVD in an enormous multi-disc set entitled <i>Murnau, Borzage, and Fox</i>. The package contains many of the best known silent and early talkie films that <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a> and Frank Borzage made for Fox Film. The 1930 <i>Liliom</i> is, as yet, not available as a single disc.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)" title="Liliom (1934 film)">1934</a> came what is considered to be the most notable film version of Molnar's original play—the French film version directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Ozeray" title="Madeleine Ozeray">Madeleine Ozeray</a>. This version, released by <a href="/wiki/Fox_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox Europa">Fox Europa</a>, was also seen extremely rarely until it was made available on DVD in 2004. On the whole, it was a very faithful adaptation. Lang, however, omitted the characters of Wolf Beifeld and the Carpenter. Mother Hollunder was renamed Mrs. Menoux. In Lang's version, Hollinger again appears onscreen. He is a jealous barker who tries to undermine Liliom at the amusement park. It is Mrs. Menoux's assistant, a meek young man, who serves as substitute for the Carpenter and is infatuated with Julie. The criminal Ficsur, who leads Liliom into committing a holdup, was renamed Alfred. In this version, Liliom slaps Julie onscreen; in the original stage versions of both <i>Liliom</i> and <i>Carousel</i> he is never shown doing this.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)" title="Liliom (1934 film)">Liliom (1934 film)</a></div> <p>These first two talking film versions of Molnar's original play also alter the ending to make it more hopeful, though not as drastically as <i>Carousel</i> does. (<i>A Trip to Paradise</i> also featured a happy ending.) In the 1934 French film, Liliom finally does gain entry into Heaven, not because he has successfully done something good for his daughter, but because of Julie's forgiveness and love for him. Likewise, in the 1930 American film version, Liliom feels that he has failed, but the Heavenly Magistrate (<a href="/wiki/H._B._Warner" title="H. B. Warner">H. B. Warner</a>) reassures him that he has not, because Julie clearly still loves him. But it is never revealed in this version whether or not Liliom actually enters Heaven. </p><p>By contrast, in the original stage play, Liliom is ominously and sternly led offstage after he fails in his heavenly mission and is never seen or heard from again, although Julie still remembers him fondly. </p> <ul><li>The play has also been adapted for Austrian and German television, and twice for Spanish television.</li> <li>Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical adaptation, <i>Carousel</i>, was made into a <a href="/wiki/CinemaScope_55" class="mw-redirect" title="CinemaScope 55">CinemaScope 55</a> <a href="/wiki/Carousel_(film)" title="Carousel (film)">color film</a> by <a href="/wiki/20th-Century_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-Century Fox">20th-Century Fox</a> in 1956, starring <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacRae" title="Gordon MacRae">Gordon MacRae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Jones" title="Shirley Jones">Shirley Jones</a>. The movie version of the hit musical failed to attract wide public attention at the time, although its soundtrack album was a best-seller and remains so to this day. In 2006, this film and the 1934 film of <i>Liliom</i> were packaged together on a 2-Disc DVD. (See the article on the film, <i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(film)" title="Carousel (film)">Carousel</a></i>.)</li> <li>A television adaptation of <i>Carousel</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goulet" title="Robert Goulet">Robert Goulet</a> and a previously unknown singer-actress named Mary Grover, aired in 1967 on the <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> network.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_characters_in_Liliom">Major characters in <i>Liliom</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Major characters in Liliom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Liliom, a carousel barker</li> <li>Julie, a housemaid who falls in love with Liliom</li> <li>Mrs. Muskat, owner of the carousel at which Liliom works; she is infatuated with Liliom</li> <li>Ficsur, a criminal and friend of Liliom</li> <li>Mother Hollunder, owner of the boarding house at which Liliom and Julie are staying</li> <li>Young Hollunder, her son</li> <li>Marie, Julie's best friend</li> <li>Wolf Beifeld, a hotel porter and Marie's fiancé</li> <li>A Carpenter, in unrequited love with Julie</li> <li>Louise, Liliom and Julie's daughter</li> <li>Linzman, a payroll clerk</li> <li>The Heavenly Magistrate</li> <li>Two Policemen from the Beyond</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liliom is the Hungarian word for <a href="/wiki/Lily" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily">lily</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>lilium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liliom is just a stage name, to the police he gives his "real" name: Andreas Zavoczki. </p><p>In the 1950 film <i><a href="/wiki/All_About_Eve" title="All About Eve">All About Eve</a></i>, Eve Harrington claims that she and her boyfriend Eddie played in a small Milwaukee production of <i>Liliom</i>, and that she was "awful."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Broadway_League" class="citation web cs1">The Broadway League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=9062">"Liliom"</a>. <i>ibdb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibdb.com&rft.atitle=Liliom&rft.au=The+Broadway+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.php%3Fid%3D9062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellin2017" class="citation book cs1">Sellin, Eric (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2W-DQAAQBAJ&q=Liliom"><i>The Dramatic Concepts of Antonin Artaud</i></a>. Quid Pro Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61027-370-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61027-370-1"><bdi>978-1-61027-370-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dramatic+Concepts+of+Antonin+Artaud&rft.pub=Quid+Pro+Books&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61027-370-1&rft.aulast=Sellin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2W-DQAAQBAJ%26q%3DLiliom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Broadway_League" class="citation web cs1">The Broadway League. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=11658">"Liliom"</a>. <i>ibdb.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibdb.com&rft.atitle=Liliom&rft.au=The+Broadway+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fproduction.php%3Fid%3D11658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ucelay, Margarita (1992) ‘El Club Teatral Anfistora’, in Dougherty, Dru y Vilches de Frutos, María Francisca (ed.) El teatro en España: entre la tradición y la vanguardia (1918-1939), Madrid: Tabapress, pp. 459-60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/liliom-13244">"Liliom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Movie+Database&rft.atitle=Liliom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibdb.com%2Fbroadway-production%2Fliliom-13244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsonwelles.indiana.edu/items/show/1998">"The Campbell Playhouse: Liliom"</a>. <i>Orson Welles on the Air, 1938–1946</i>. Indiana University Bloomington. 22 October 1939<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orson+Welles+on+the+Air%2C+1938%E2%80%931946&rft.atitle=The+Campbell+Playhouse%3A+Liliom&rft.date=1939-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forsonwelles.indiana.edu%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar1921" class="citation book cs1">Molnar, Franz (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48749/48749-h/48749-h.htm"><i>Liliom: A Legend in Seven Scenes and a Prologue</i></a>. Translated by Benjamin F. Glazer. New York, NY: Horace Livewright.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liliom%3A+A+Legend+in+Seven+Scenes+and+a+Prologue&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Horace+Livewright&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F48749%2F48749-h%2F48749-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerstein,_II1945" class="citation book cs1">Hammerstein, II, Oscar (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/477482021/Carousel-Libretto"><i>Rodgers & Hammerstein's Carousel</i></a>. New York, NY: Rodgers and Hammerstein Theatre Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rodgers+%26+Hammerstein%27s+Carousel&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Rodgers+and+Hammerstein+Theatre+Library&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Hammerstein%2C+II&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F477482021%2FCarousel-Libretto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alinacojocaru.com/page3.htm">"Alina Cojocaru – What / When / Where."</a> <i>alinacojocaru.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alinacojocaru.com&rft.atitle=Alina+Cojocaru+%E2%80%93+What+%2F+When+%2F+Where..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alinacojocaru.com%2Fpage3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danceviewtimes.com/2011/12/john-neumeiers-new-liliom.html">"John Neumeier's new "Liliom"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>danceviewtimes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=danceviewtimes.com&rft.atitle=John+Neumeier%27s+new+%22Liliom%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danceviewtimes.com%2F2011%2F12%2Fjohn-neumeiers-new-liliom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simona Chițan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.adevarul.ro/cultura/teatru/carousel-ul-andrei-Serban-deschide-fast-festivalul-national-teatru-1_5809a5145ab6550cb8c2dd50/index.html">„Carousel“-ul lui Andrei Șerban deschide cu fast Festivalul Național de Teatru</a>, 21 Oct 2016, accessed 6/4/2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Andronescu: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorick.ro/dragostea-bate-feminismul-in-carousel/">Dragostea bate feminismul în „Carousel”</a>, 27 October 2015, accessed 6/4/2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.behindthename.com/name/liliom/submitted">"User-submitted name Liliom"</a>. <i>Behind the Name</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Behind+the+Name&rft.atitle=User-submitted+name+Liliom&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.behindthename.com%2Fname%2Fliliom%2Fsubmitted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teleflora.com/meaning-of-flowers/lily">"Lily Flower Meaning & Symbolism"</a>. <i>www.teleflora.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.teleflora.com&rft.atitle=Lily+Flower+Meaning+%26+Symbolism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teleflora.com%2Fmeaning-of-flowers%2Flily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/all_about_eve.html">"All About Eve script by Joseph Mankiewicz"</a>. <i>www.dailyscript.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailyscript.com&rft.atitle=All+About+Eve+script+by+Joseph+Mankiewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyscript.com%2Fscripts%2Fall_about_eve.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALiliom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liliom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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Gutenberg</a></span>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liliom" title="Template:Liliom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liliom" title="Template talk:Liliom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liliom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liliom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ferenc_Molnár&#039;s_Liliom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Moln%C3%A1r" title="Ferenc Molnár">Ferenc Molnár</a>'s <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Liliom</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1930_film)" title="Liliom (1930 film)">Liliom</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliom_(1934_film)" title="Liliom (1934 film)">Liliom</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(film)" title="Carousel (film)">Carousel</a></i> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(musical)" title="Carousel (musical)">Carousel</a></i> (1945 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(ballet)" title="Carousel (ballet)">Carousel</a></i> (2002 ballet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Carousel</i> Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/If_I_Loved_You" title="If I Loved You">If I Loved You</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soliloquy_(song)" title="Soliloquy (song)">Soliloquy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27ll_Never_Walk_Alone" title="You'll Never Walk Alone">You'll Never Walk Alone</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliom&oldid=1193683213">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liliom&oldid=1193683213</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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