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id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Objectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Invasion forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasion_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Defenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 United States Army Forces in the Far East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Mobilization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_defense_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_defense_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Other defense forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_defense_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Clark_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Clark_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Attack on Clark Field </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attack_on_Clark_Field-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attack on Clark Field subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Clark_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Invasion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Invasion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_landings,_8_December_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_landings,_8_December_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Initial landings, 8 December 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_landings,_8_December_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_attack,_22_December_1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_attack,_22_December_1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Main attack, 22 December 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_attack,_22_December_1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal_into_Bataan,_24_December_1941_to_6_January_1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal_into_Bataan,_24_December_1941_to_6_January_1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Withdrawal into Bataan, 24 December 1941 to 6 January 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal_into_Bataan,_24_December_1941_to_6_January_1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Bataan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Bataan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Battle of Bataan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Bataan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Corregidor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Corregidor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Battle of Corregidor </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle_of_Corregidor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle of Corregidor subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Corregidor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_U.S._generals_who_became_prisoners-of-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_U.S._generals_who_became_prisoners-of-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 List of U.S. generals who became prisoners-of-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_U.S._generals_who_became_prisoners-of-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Importance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USAFFE_order_of_battle,_December_3,_1941;_casualty_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USAFFE_order_of_battle,_December_3,_1941;_casualty_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 USAFFE order of battle, December 3, 1941; casualty reports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-USAFFE_order_of_battle,_December_3,_1941;_casualty_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle USAFFE order of battle, December 3, 1941; casualty reports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-USAFFE_order_of_battle,_December_3,_1941;_casualty_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Army_Forces_Far_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Army_Forces_Far_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 United States Army Forces Far East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Army_Forces_Far_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Ground forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Air forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Philippine Army </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 United States Navy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Marine_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 United States Marine Corps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Marine_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_(1941-1942)" title="حملة الفلبين (1941-1942) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة الفلبين (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B1%E2%80%93%DB%B4%DB%B2)" title="فیلیپین ساواشی (۱۹۴۱–۴۲) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فیلیپین ساواشی (۱۹۴۱–۴۲)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(1941_%E2%80%93_1942)" title="Филипинска операция (1941 – 1942) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Филипинска операция (1941 – 1942)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_de_les_Filipines_(1941-1942)" title="Campanya de les Filipines (1941-1942) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya de les Filipines (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boj_o_Filip%C3%ADny_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Boj o Filipíny (1941–1942) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boj o Filipíny (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_die_Philippinen" title="Schlacht um die Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um die Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Filipinas_(1941-1942)" title="Campaña de Filipinas (1941-1942) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de Filipinas (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B4%DB%B2%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B1)" title="لشکرکشی فیلیپین (۴۲–۱۹۴۱) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لشکرکشی فیلیپین (۴۲–۱۹۴۱)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_Philippines_(1941-1942)" title="Bataille des Philippines (1941-1942) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille des Philippines (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD_(1941%EB%85%84~1942%EB%85%84)" title="필리핀 전역 (1941년~1942년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀 전역 (1941년~1942년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Filipine_(1941._%E2%80%93_1942.)" title="Bitka za Filipine (1941. – 1942.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Filipine (1941. – 1942.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Filipina_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Pertempuran Filipina (1941–42) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Filipina (1941–42)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_delle_Filippine_(1941-1942)" title="Campagna delle Filippine (1941-1942) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna delle Filippine (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="המערכה בפיליפינים (1941–1942) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המערכה בפיליפינים (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip%C4%ABnu_oper%C4%81cija_(1941%E2%80%941942)" title="Filipīnu operācija (1941—1942) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filipīnu operācija (1941—1942)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p-szigeteki_hadj%C3%A1rat_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Fülöp-szigeteki hadjárat (1941–1942) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fülöp-szigeteki hadjárat (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempen_Filipina_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Kempen Filipina (1941–42) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kempen Filipina (1941–42)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_om_de_Filipijnen_(1941-1942)" title="Slag om de Filipijnen (1941-1942) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag om de Filipijnen (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84_(1941%E5%B9%B4-1942%E5%B9%B4)" title="フィリピンの戦い (1941年-1942年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピンの戦い (1941年-1942年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Filippinene_(1941%E2%80%9342)" title="Slaget om Filippinene (1941–42) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Filippinene (1941–42)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_dei_Filipinas_(1941-1942)" title="Batalha dei Filipinas (1941-1942) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha dei Filipinas (1941-1942)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B2)" title="د فلیپین کمپاین (۱۹۴۱-۱۹۴۲) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلیپین کمپاین (۱۹۴۱-۱۹۴۲)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampania_filipi%C5%84ska_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Kampania filipińska (1941–1942) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kampania filipińska (1941–1942)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Invasion of the Philippines by Japan during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Allied campaign against the Japanese in the Philippines of 1944–1945, see <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Philippines</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Theater of World War II">Pacific Theater of World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades,_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/300px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/450px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg/600px-Photograph_of_American_Prisoners_Using_Improvised_Litters_to_Carry_Comrades%2C_05-1942_-_NARA_-_535564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2199" /></a> A burial detail of American and Filipino prisoners of war uses improvised litters to carry fallen comrades at <a href="/wiki/Camp_O%27Donnell" title="Camp O'Donnell">Camp O'Donnell</a>, Capas, Tarlac, 1942, following the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">December 8, 1941</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">May 8, 1942</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi_Obata" title="Hideyoshi Obata">Hideyoshi Obata</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ib%C5%8D_Takahashi" title="Ibō Takahashi">Ibō Takahashi</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nishiz%C5%8D_Tsukahara" title="Nishizō Tsukahara">Nishizō Tsukahara</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan Wainwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/George_M._Parker_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="George M. Parker (general)">George Parker</a> <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281936%E2%80%931985%2C_1986%E2%80%931998%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Basilio_J._Valdes" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilio J. Valdes">Basilio J. Valdes</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 129,435 troops<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> 90 tanks 541 aircraft</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 151,000 troops<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> 108 <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">tanks</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Fall_of_the_Philippines-3">[3]</a> 277 aircraft<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Japanese source:<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 11,225 <ul><li>4,130 killed</li> <li>287 missing</li> <li>6,808 wounded</li></ul> <hr /> US estimate:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 17,000–19,000 <ul><li>7,000 killed or wounded</li> <li>10,000–12,000 dead of disease</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 146,000<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>25,000 killed</li> <li>21,000 wounded</li> <li>100,000 captured</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_campaign_(1941–42)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippines_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Philippines 1941–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Philippines_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Philippines 1941–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Philippines_1941%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Philippines 1941–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_campaign_(1941–42)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> Philippines campaign (1941–42) </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>Northern Luzon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Clark Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">Batan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Vigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Aparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Death march</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Corregidor</a></li> <li>Southern Luzon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Legazpi" title="Japanese invasion of Legazpi">Legazpi</a></li> <li>Visayas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Invasion_of_Panay" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Invasion of Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Invasion_of_Cebu" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Invasion of Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li>Mindanao</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Invasion_of_Malabang" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Invasion of Malabang">Malabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Davao" title="Japanese invasion of Davao">Davao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Cotabato" title="Japanese invasion of Cotabato">Cotabato</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_invasion_of_Parang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese invasion of Parang (page does not exist)">Parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Zamboanga" title="Japanese invasion of Zamboanga">Zamboanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Cagayan_de_Oro" title="Japanese invasion of Cagayan de Oro">Cagayan de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Mangima_Canyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Mangima Canyon (page does not exist)">1st Battle of Mangima Canyon</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_offensives,_1940–1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941–42" title="Pacific War">Japanese offensives, 1940–1942</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Suiyuan" title="Battle of West Suiyuan">West Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Wuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">North China</a></li></ul> 1941 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_Massacre" title="Panjiayu Massacre">Panjiayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hubei_Operation" title="Western Hubei Operation">Western Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">Sand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">3rd Changsha</a></li></ul> 1942 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Qantas_Short_Empire_shootdown" title="1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown">Qantas Short Empire shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_KNILM_Douglas_DC-3_shootdown" title="1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown">KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">Nauru and Ocean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Dureenbee" title="Attack on the Dureenbee">Dureenbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Mount Emily</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Doolittle Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilberts and Marshalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Marianas and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inmate" title="Operation Inmate">Truk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Island_massacre" title="Ocean Island massacre">Ocean Island</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean (1941–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese merchant raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Ceylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stab" title="Operation Stab">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Southeast Asia</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Malacca Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Jurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiderace" title="Operation Tiderace">Tiderace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">Zipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_South-East_Asia_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of South-East Asia (1944–45)">Strategic bombing (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma and India</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma and India (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–45)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">Southwest Pacific</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines (1941–42)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">RY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo (1945)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">North America</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)#Bombardment_of_Estevan_Point_Lighthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Estevan Point Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Lookout Air Raids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu-Go_balloon_bomb" title="Fu-Go balloon bomb">Fire balloon bombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_PX" title="Operation PX">PX</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">Air raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">Tokyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Yokosuka" title="Attack on Yokosuka">Yokosuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Kure_and_the_Inland_Sea_(July_1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Kure and the Inland Sea (July 1945)">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_air_attacks_on_the_Mariana_Islands" title="Japanese air attacks on the Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Starvation" title="Operation Starvation">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagami_Bay" title="Battle of Sagami Bay">Sagami Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japanese surrender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Manchuria and Northern Korea</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria (1945)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutanchiang" title="Battle of Mutanchiang">Mutanchiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishin_Operation" title="Seishin Operation">Chongjin</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">1st Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">1st Corregidor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">1st Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">1st Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">2nd Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">2nd Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">Treasury Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nassau_Bay" title="Landing at Nassau Bay">Nassau Bay Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua-Lae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">Huon Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">Aitape-Wewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia">Recklesss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Aitape" title="Landing at Aitape">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biak" title="Battle of Biak">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor" title="Battle of Noemfoor">Noemfoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai" title="Battle of Morotai">Morotai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe" title="Battle of Arawe">Arawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Cape Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_of_Rabaul" title="Neutralisation of Rabaul">Neutralisation of Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talasea" title="Battle of Talasea">Talasea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Jacquinot_Bay" title="Landing at Jacquinot Bay">Jacquinot Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Open_Bay" title="Battle of Wide Bay–Open Bay">Wide Bay–Open Bay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)" title="Battle of Corregidor (1945)">2nd Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agas" title="Operation Agas">Agas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Semut" title="Operation Semut">Semut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaufort_(1945)" title="Battle of Beaufort (1945)">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Philippines campaign (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Kampanya sa Pilipinas, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Campaña en las Filipinas del Ejercito Japonés, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: フィリピンの戦い, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanized</a>: Firipin no Tatakai), also known as the Battle of the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: Labanan sa Pilipinas) or the Fall of the Philippines, was the invasion of the American territory of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> and the defense of the islands by <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the Philippine Armies during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The Japanese launched the invasion by sea from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a>, over 200 miles (320 km) north of the Philippines, and from <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palau#Japanese_mandate" title="History of Palau">Palau</a> to the east. The defending forces outnumbered the Japanese by a ratio of 3:2 but were a mixed force of non-combat-experienced regular, national guard, constabulary and newly created Commonwealth units. The Japanese used first-line troops at the outset of the campaign, and by concentrating their forces, they swiftly overran most of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> during the first month. The Japanese high command, believing that they had won the campaign, made a strategic decision to advance by a month their timetable of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">operations in Borneo and Indonesia</a> and to withdraw their best division and the bulk of their airpower in early January 1942.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> That, coupled with the defenders' decision to withdraw into a defensive holding position in the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan Peninsula">Bataan Peninsula</a> and also the defeat of three Japanese battalions at the Battle of the Points and Battle of the Pockets, enabled the Americans and Filipinos to hold out for four more months. After the Japanese failure to penetrate the Bataan defensive perimeter in February, the Japanese conducted a 40-day siege. The crucial large natural harbor and port facilities of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a> were denied to the Japanese until May 1942. While the Dutch East Indies operations were unaffected, this heavily hindered the Japanese offensive operations in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a>, buying time for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> to make plans to engage the Japanese at <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal</a> instead of much further east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1960-9">[9]</a> Japan's conquest of the Philippines is often considered the worst military defeat in U.S. history.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> About 23,000 American military personnel and about 100,000 Filipino soldiers were killed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Military history of the Philippines during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_activity">Japanese activity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Japanese activity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Objectives">Objectives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives">edit</a>]</div> The Japanese planned to occupy the Philippines as part of their plan for a "Greater East Asia War" in which their <a href="/wiki/Southern_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Southern Expeditionary Army Group">Southern Expeditionary Army Group</a> seized sources of raw materials in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> neutralized the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a>. Five years earlier, in 1936, Captain Ishikawa Shingo, a hard-liner in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, had toured the Philippines and other parts of the Southeast Asia, noting that these countries had raw materials Japan needed for its armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENish2002112-12">[12]</a> This helped further increase their aspiration for colonizing the Philippines. The Southern Expeditionary Army was created on 6 November 1941, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Hisaichi_Terauchi" title="Hisaichi Terauchi">Hisaichi Terauchi</a>, who had previously been minister of war. It was ordered to prepare for war in the event that negotiations with the United States did not succeed in peacefully meeting Japanese objectives. They also included the condition of America's acceptance of their position in the Pacific as a superior force, with the testament of their occupation of China, but they did not get what they wanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENish2002162-13">[13]</a> Under Terauchi's command were four corps-equivalent armies, comprising ten divisions and three combined arms brigades, including the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fourteenth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fourteenth Area Army">Japanese Fourteenth Area Army</a>. Operations against the Philippines and Malaya were to be conducted simultaneously when Imperial General Headquarters ordered. The invasion of the Philippines had four objectives:<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENish2002162-13">[13]</a> <ul><li>To prevent the use of the Philippines as an advance base of operations by American forces</li> <li>To acquire staging areas and supply bases to enhance operations against the Dutch East Indies and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li>To secure the lines of communication between occupied areas in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese Home Islands</a></li> <li>To limit the Allied intervention when they attempt to launch an offensive campaign in Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> via dispatching all the forces stationed in the country and other neighboring nations</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invasion_forces">Invasion forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Invasion forces">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg/300px-Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg/450px-Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg/600px-Advance_Japanese_Landings_Dec_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>Advance Japanese landings in the Philippines 8–20 December 1941.</figcaption></figure> Terauchi assigned the Philippines invasion to the 14th Army, under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Masaharu_Homma" title="Masaharu Homma">Masaharu Homma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 14, 20  Air support of ground operations was provided by the 5th Air Group, under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hideyoshi_Obata" title="Hideyoshi Obata">Hideyoshi Obata</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 21  which was transferred to Formosa from <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. The amphibious invasion was conducted by the Philippines Force under Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Ib%C5%8D_Takahashi" title="Ibō Takahashi">Ibō Takahashi</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Third_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="Third Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Third Fleet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 21  supported by the land-based aircraft of 11th Air Fleet of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Nishizo_Tsukahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishizo Tsukahara">Nishizo Tsukahara</a>. The 14th Army had two first-line infantry divisions, the <a href="/wiki/16th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="16th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">16th</a> (Susumu Morioka) and <a href="/wiki/48th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="48th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">48th Divisions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yuitsu_Tsuchihashi" title="Yuitsu Tsuchihashi">Yuitsu Tsuchihashi</a>), to invade and conquer Luzon, and the <a href="/wiki/65th_Independent_Mixed_Brigade_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="65th Independent Mixed Brigade (Imperial Japanese Army)">65th Brigade</a> as a garrison force.<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 21  The Formosa-based 48th Division, although without combat experience, was considered one of the Japanese Army's best units, was specially trained in amphibious operations, and was given the assignment of the main landing in <a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>. The 16th Division, assigned to land at <a href="/wiki/Lamon_Bay" title="Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a>, was picked as one of the best divisions still available in Japan and staged from the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>. The 14th Army also had the 4th and 7th Tank Regiments,<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 24  five <a href="/wiki/Field_artillery" title="Field artillery">field artillery</a> battalions, five <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft artillery">anti-aircraft artillery</a> battalions, four antitank companies, and a mortar battalion. An unusually strong group of <a href="/wiki/Combat_engineer" title="Combat engineer">combat engineer</a> and bridging units was included in the 14th Army's support forces. For the invasion, the Third Fleet was augmented by two destroyer squadrons and a cruiser division of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">Second Fleet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a> from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet" title="1st Air Fleet">1st Air Fleet</a>. The Philippines Force consisted of an aircraft carrier, five <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>, 29 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tenders</a>, minesweepers and torpedo boats.<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 22  Combined army and navy air strength allocated to support the landings was 541 aircraft. The 11th Kōkūkantai (Air Fleet) consisted of the 21st and 23rd Kōkūsentai (Air Flotillas), a combined strength of 156 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">G4M "Betty"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">G3M "Nell"</a> bombers, 107 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_A6M_Zero" title="Mitsubishi A6M Zero">A6M Zero</a> fighters, plus seaplanes and reconnaissance planes.<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 24  Most of these were based at <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Takao</a>, and approximately a third were sent to Indochina in the last week of November to support operations in Malaya. The Ryujo provided an additional 16 fighters and 18 torpedo planes, and the surface ships had 68 seaplanes for search and observation, totaling 412 naval aircraft. The army's 5th Kikōshidan (Air Group) consisted of two fighter regiments, two light bomber regiments, and a heavy bomber regiment, totaling 192 aircraft: 76 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Ki-21 "Sally"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kawasaki_Ki-48" title="Kawasaki Ki-48">Ki-48 "Lily"</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-30" title="Mitsubishi Ki-30">Ki-30 "Ann"</a> bombers; 36 <a href="/wiki/Nakajima_Ki-27" title="Nakajima Ki-27">Ki-27 "Nate"</a> fighters, and 19 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-15" title="Mitsubishi Ki-15">Ki-15 "Babs"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachikawa_Ki-36" title="Tachikawa Ki-36">Ki-36 "Ida"</a> observation planes.<a href="#cite_note-Chun-15">[15]</a>: 24  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defenses">Defenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Defenses">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg/300px-US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg/450px-US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg/600px-US_Army_Far_East_December_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1670" data-file-height="2110" /></a><figcaption>Disposition of United States Army forces in the Philippines in December 1941.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East">United States Army Forces in the Far East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States Army Forces in the Far East">edit</a>]</div> From mid-1941, following increased tension between Japan and several other powers, including the United States, Britain and the Netherlands, many countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and the Pacific began to prepare for the possibility of war. By December 1941, the combined defense forces in the Philippines were organized into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Forces_in_the_Far_East" title="United States Army Forces in the Far East">United States Army Forces in the Far East</a> (USAFFE), which included the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Philippine Army</a>'s 1st Regular Division, 2nd (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Constabulary</a>) Division, and 10 mobilized reserve <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department" title="Philippine Department">Philippine Department</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> was recalled from retirement by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> and named commander of USAFFE on 26 July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> MacArthur had retired in 1937 after two years as military advisor to the Philippine Commonwealth<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and accepted control of the Philippine Army, tasked by the Filipino government with reforming an army made up primarily of reservists lacking equipment, training and organization. On 31 July 1941, the Philippine Department had 22,532 troops assigned, approximately half of them Filipino.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> MacArthur recommended the reassignment of department commander Major General <a href="/wiki/George_Grunert" title="George Grunert">George Grunert</a> in October 1941 and took command himself.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The main component of the department was the U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a>, a 10,500-man formation that consisted mostly of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a> (PS) combat units.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Philippine Department had been reinforced between August and November 1941 by 8,500 troops of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a>, and by three <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">Army National Guard</a> units, including its only armor, two <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stuart_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart tank">M3 light tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Fall_of_the_Philippines-3">[3]</a> These units, the <a href="/wiki/200th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="200th Coast Artillery (United States)">200th Coast Artillery Regiment</a> (an antiaircraft unit), <a href="/wiki/192nd_Tank_Battalion" title="192nd Tank Battalion">192nd Tank Battalion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/194th_Tank_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="194th Tank Battalion">194th Tank Battalion</a>, drew troops from <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> After reinforcement, the department's strength was 31,095, including 11,988 Philippine Scouts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> MacArthur organized USAFFE into four tactical commands.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Luzon_Force" title="North Luzon Force">North Luzon Force</a>, under Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan M. Wainwright</a>, defended the most likely sites for amphibious attacks and the central plains of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. Wainwright's forces included the PA <a href="/wiki/11th_Division_(Philippines)" title="11th Division (Philippines)">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_Division_(Philippines)" title="21st Division (Philippines)">21st</a> and <a href="/wiki/31st_Division_(Philippines)" title="31st Division (Philippines)">31st Infantry Divisions</a>, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(Philippine_Scouts)" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts)">26th Cavalry Regiment</a> (PS), a battalion of the <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Regiment (United States)">45th Infantry</a> (PS), and the 1st Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of 155 mm guns and one 2.95 inch (75 mm) <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gun" title="Mountain gun">mountain gun</a>. The Philippine <a href="/wiki/71st_Division_(Philippines)" title="71st Division (Philippines)">71st Infantry Division</a> served as a reserve and could be committed only on the authority of MacArthur.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Luzon_Force" title="South Luzon Force">South Luzon Force</a>, under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/George_M._Parker_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="George M. Parker (United States Army officer)">George M. Parker Jr.</a>, controlled a zone east and south of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>. Parker had the PA <a href="/wiki/41st_Division_(Philippines)" title="41st Division (Philippines)">41st</a> and <a href="/wiki/51st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="51st Infantry Division (United States)">51st Infantry Divisions</a> and the 2nd Provisional Artillery Group of two batteries of the <a href="/wiki/86th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="86th Field Artillery Regiment">86th Field Artillery Regiment</a> (PS). The <a href="/wiki/Visayas-Mindanao_Force" title="Visayas-Mindanao Force">Visayan–Mindanao Force</a> under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharp" title="William F. Sharp">William F. Sharp</a> comprised the PA <a href="/wiki/61st_Division_(Philippines)" title="61st Division (Philippines)">61st</a>, <a href="/wiki/81st_Division_(Philippines)" title="81st Division (Philippines)">81st</a>, and <a href="/wiki/101st_Division_(Philippines)" title="101st Division (Philippines)">101st Infantry Divisions</a>, reinforced after the start of the war by the newly inducted 73rd and 93rd Infantry Regiments. The 61st Division was located on <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>, the 81st on <a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros</a>, and the 101st on <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. In January a fourth division, the <a href="/wiki/102nd_Division_(Philippines)" title="102nd Division (Philippines)">102nd</a>, was created on Mindanao from the field artillery regiments of the 61st and 81st Divisions acting as infantry (they had no artillery pieces), and the 103rd Infantry of the 101st Division. The 2nd Infantry of the Philippine Army's 1st Regular Division and the 2nd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/43d_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="43d Infantry Regiment (United States)">U.S. 43rd Infantry (Philippine Scouts)</a> were also made a part of the Mindanao Force. USAFFE's Reserve Force, under MacArthur's direct control, was composed of the Philippine Division, the <a href="/wiki/91st_Division_(Philippines)" title="91st Division (Philippines)">91st Division</a> (PA), and headquarters units from the PA and Philippine Department, positioned just north of Manila. The 192nd and 194th Tank Battalions formed the separate Provisional Tank Group, also under MacArthur's direct command, at <a href="/wiki/Clark_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Field">Clark Field</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fort_Stotsenburg" title="Fort Stotsenburg">Fort Stotsenburg</a>, where they were positioned as a mobile defense against any attempt by airborne units to seize the field. Four U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Coast_Artillery_Corps" title="United States Army Coast Artillery Corps">Coast Artillery Corps</a> regiments guarded the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Corregidor_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Corregidor Island">Corregidor Island</a>. Across a narrow 3 kilometre (2 mi) strait of water from Bataan on Corregidor was <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mills" title="Fort Mills">Fort Mills</a>, defended by batteries of the 59th and 60th Coast Artillery Regiments (the latter an anti-aircraft unit), and the 91st and 92nd Coast Artillery Regiments (Philippine Scouts) of the <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays</a>. The 59th CA acted as a supervisory unit for the batteries of all units positioned on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hughes" title="Fort Hughes">Forts Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Drum_(El_Fraile_Island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Drum (El Fraile Island)">Drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frank" title="Fort Frank">Frank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wint" title="Fort Wint">Wint</a>. The majority of the forts had been built circa 1910–1915 and, except for Fort Drum and Battery Monja on Corregidor, were unprotected against air and high-angle artillery attack except by camouflage.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The USAFFE's aviation arm was the <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(United_States)" title="Far East Air Force (United States)">Far East Air Force</a> (FEAF) of the U.S. Army Air Forces, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brereton" title="Lewis H. Brereton">Lewis H. Brereton</a>. Previously the Philippine Department Air Force and Air Force USAFFE, the air force was the largest USAAF combat air organization outside the United States. Its primary combat power consisted of 91 serviceable <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss P-40">P-40 Warhawk</a> fighters and 34 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a> bombers. Tactically the FEAF was part of the Reserve Force, so that it fell under MacArthur's direct command. As of 30 November 1941 the strength of U.S. Army troops in the Philippines, including Philippine units, was 31,095, consisting of 2,504 officers and 28,591 enlisted (16,643 Americans and 11,957 Philippine Scouts).<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobilization">Mobilization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mobilization">edit</a>]</div> MacArthur's mobilization plans called for induction of the ten reserve divisions between 1 September and 15 December 1941. The timetable was met on 1 September with the induction of one regiment per division but slowed as a lack of facilities and equipment hampered training. The second regiments of the divisions were not called up until 1 November, and the third regiments were not organized until after hostilities began. Training was also seriously inhibited by language difficulties between the American cadres and the Filipino troops, and by the many differing dialects (estimated at 70) of the numerous ethnic groups comprising the army. By the outbreak of war, only two-thirds of the army had been mobilized, but additions to the force continued with the induction of the Constabulary and a portion of the regular army, until a force of approximately 130,000 men was reached. The most crucial equipment shortfalls were in rifles and divisional light artillery. MacArthur requested 84,500 <a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a> rifles to replace the World War I <a href="/wiki/M1917_Enfield" title="M1917 Enfield">M1917 Enfields</a> equipping the PA, of which there were adequate numbers, but the War Department denied the request because of production difficulties. The divisions had only 20% of their artillery requirements, and while plans had been approved to significantly reduce this gap, the arrangements came too late to be implemented before war isolated the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By contrast, the Philippine Division was adequately manned, equipped, and trained. MacArthur received immediate approval to modernize it by reorganizing it as a mobile "triangular" division. Increasing the authorized size of the Philippine Scouts was not politically viable (because of resentments within the less-well-paid Philippine Army), so MacArthur's plan also provided for freeing up Philippine Scouts to round out other units. The transfer of the American <a href="/wiki/34th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="34th Infantry Regiment (United States)">34th Infantry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Division (United States)">8th Infantry Division</a> in the United States to the Philippine Division, accompanied by two field artillery battalions to create a pair of complete <a href="/wiki/Regimental_combat_team" title="Regimental combat team">regimental combat teams</a>, was actually underway when war broke out. The deployment ended with the troops still in the United States, where they were sent to defend Hawaii instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_defense_forces">Other defense forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other defense forces">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Asiatic_Fleet" title="United States Asiatic Fleet">United States Asiatic Fleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_naval_districts" title="United States naval districts">16th Naval District</a>, based at Manila, provided the naval defenses for the Philippines. Commanded by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a>, the surface combatants of the Asiatic Fleet were the heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS Houston</a>, the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Marblehead_(CL-12)" title="USS Marblehead (CL-12)">USS Marblehead</a>, and thirteen <a href="/wiki/Clemson-class_destroyer" title="Clemson-class destroyer">World War I-era destroyers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Its primary striking power lay in the 23 modern submarines assigned to the Asiatic Fleet. Submarine Squadron (SUBRON) Two consisted of 6 <a href="/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine" title="Salmon-class submarine">Salmon-class submarines</a>, and SUBRON Five of 11 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine" title="United States Porpoise-class submarine">Porpoise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sargo-class_submarine" title="Sargo-class submarine">Sargo-class submarines</a>. In September 1941, naval patrol forces in the Philippines were augmented by the arrival of the six <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boats</a> of <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_Squadron_Three" title="Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three">Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three</a>. Likewise, the China <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol" title="Yangtze Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a> gunboats also became part of the Philippine naval defenses: <a href="/wiki/USS_Asheville_(PG-21)" title="USS Asheville (PG-21)">USS Asheville</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Mindanao_(PR-8)" title="USS Mindanao (PR-8)">USS Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Luzon_(PG-47)" title="USS Luzon (PG-47)">USS Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Oahu_(PR-6)" title="USS Oahu (PR-6)">USS Oahu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Quail_(AM-15)" title="USS Quail (AM-15)">USS Quail</a>. In December 1941, the naval forces were augmented by the schooner <a href="/wiki/USS_Lanikai" title="USS Lanikai">USS Lanikai</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment" title="4th Marine Regiment">4th Marine Regiment</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> since the late 1920s, had anticipated a withdrawal from China during the summer of 1941. As personnel were routinely transferred back to the United States or separated from the service, the regimental commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Howard" title="Samuel L. Howard">Samuel L. Howard</a>, arranged unofficially for all replacements to be placed in the 1st Special Defense Battalion, based at <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. When the 4th Marines arrived in the Philippines on 30 November 1941, it incorporated the Marines at Cavite and <a href="/wiki/Olongapo_Naval_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Olongapo Naval Station">Olongapo Naval Stations</a> into its understrength ranks.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> An initial plan to divide the 4th into two regiments, mixing each with a battalion of Philippine Constabulary, was discarded after Howard showed reluctance, and the 4th was stationed on Corregidor to augment the defenses there, with details detached to Bataan to protect USAFFE headquarters. Additionally the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey" title="United States Coast and Geodetic Survey">United States Coast and Geodetic Survey</a>, a paramilitary survey force, operated in Manila with the ship <a href="/wiki/USC%26GSS_Pathfinder_(1899%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="USC&GSS Pathfinder (1899–1941)">USC&GSS Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pt5-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attack_on_Clark_Field">Attack on Clark Field</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attack on Clark Field">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Attack on Clark Field</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg/220px-Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg/330px-Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg/440px-Ibafield-oct_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>B-17 at Iba Field in October 1941</figcaption></figure> News reached the Philippines that an <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> was in progress at 02:20 local time on 8 December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Couttie2009p101-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> FEAF interceptors had already conducted an air search for incoming aircraft reported shortly after midnight, but these had been Japanese scout planes reporting weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a> At 03:30, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Richard_K._Sutherland" title="Richard K. Sutherland">Richard Sutherland</a>, chief of staff to MacArthur, heard about the attack from a commercial radio broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-Couttie2009p101-36">[36]</a> At 05:00 Brereton reported to USAFFE headquarters where he attempted to see MacArthur without success. He recommended to Sutherland that FEAF launch bombing missions against Formosa in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow 5">Rainbow 5</a> war plan directives from which an attack was likely to come. Brereton was further made aware of an attack against the <a href="/wiki/USS_William_B._Preston" title="USS William B. Preston">USS William B. Preston</a> at Davao Bay.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Authorization was withheld, but shortly afterward, in response to a telegram from General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> instructing MacArthur to implement Rainbow 5, Brereton was ordered to have a strike in readiness for later approval.<a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground-41">[41]</a> Through a series of disputed discussions and decisions, authorization for the first raid was not approved until 10:15 for an attack just before sunset, with a follow-up raid at dawn the next day. In the meantime, Japanese plans to attack Clark and Iba Fields using land-based naval bombers and Zero fighters were delayed six hours by fog at its Formosa bases, so that only a small scale Japanese Army mission attacked targets in the northern tip of Luzon. At 08:00, Brereton received a telephone call from General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a> warning him not to allow his aircraft to be attacked while still on the ground. FEAF launched three squadron-sized fighter patrols and all of its serviceable bombers on Luzon between 08:00 and 08:30 as a precautionary move.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> After MacArthur gave Brereton authorization for an air strike, the bombers were ordered to land and prepare for the afternoon raid on Formosa. All three pursuit squadrons began to run short on fuel and broke off their patrols at the same time. The 20th Pursuit Squadron's <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk" title="Curtiss P-40 Warhawk">Curtiss P-40B</a> interceptors patrolled the area while the bombers landed at Clark Field between 10:30 and 10:45, then dispersed to their revetments for servicing.<a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a> The 17th Pursuit Squadron, based at <a href="/wiki/Nichols_Field" title="Nichols Field">Nichols Field</a>, also landed at Clark and had its aircraft refueled while its pilots ate lunch, then put its pilots on alert shortly after 11:00.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> All but two of the Clark Field B-17s were on the ground.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> At 11:27 and 11:29, the radar post at Iba Field detected two incoming raids while the closest was still 130 miles out. It alerted FEAF headquarters and the command post at Clark Field, a warning that reached only the pursuit group commander, Major Orrin L. Grover, who apparently became confused by multiple and conflicting reports.<a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground-41">[41]</a> The 3rd Pursuit Squadron took off from Iba at 11:45 with instructions to intercept the western force, which was thought to have Manila as its target, but dust problems during its takeoff resulted in the fragmentation of its flights. Two flights of the 21st Pursuit Squadron (PS) at Nichols Field, six P-40Es, took off at 11:45, led by 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/William_E._Dyess" title="William E. Dyess">William Dyess</a>. They started for Clark but were diverted to Manila Bay as a second line of defense if the 3rd PS failed to intercept its force. The 21st's third flight, taking off five minutes later, headed toward Clark, although engine problems with its new P-40Es reduced its numbers by two. The 17th Pursuit Squadron took off at 12:15 from Clark, ordered to patrol Bataan and Manila Bay, while the 34th PS at Del Carmen never received its orders to protect Clark Field and did not launch.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The 20th PS, dispersed at Clark, was ready to take off but did not receive orders from group headquarters. Instead a line chief saw the incoming formation of Japanese bombers and the section commander, 1st Lt. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Harold_Moore" title="Joseph Harold Moore">Joseph H. Moore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> ordered the scramble himself. Even though tracked by radar and with three U.S. pursuit squadrons in the air, when Japanese bombers of the 11th Kōkūkantai attacked Clark Field at 12:40,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> they achieved tactical surprise. Two squadrons of B-17s were dispersed on the ground. Most of the P-40s of the 20th PS were preparing to taxi and were struck by the first wave of 27 Japanese "Nell" bombers; only four of the 20th PS P-40Bs managed to take off as the bombs were falling. A second bomber attack (26 "Betty" bombers) followed closely, then escorting Zero fighters strafed the field for 30 minutes, destroying 12 of the 17 American heavy bombers present and seriously damaging three others. Two damaged B-17s were made flyable and taken to Mindanao, where one of them was destroyed in a ground collision.<a href="#cite_note-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground-41">[41]</a> A near-simultaneous attack on the auxiliary field at Iba to the northwest by 54 "Betty" bombers was also successful: all but four of the 3rd Pursuit Squadron's P-40s, short on fuel and caught in their landing pattern, were destroyed in combat or by lack of fuel.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Twelve P-40s from the 20th (four), 21st (two), and 3rd (six) Squadrons attacked the strafers but with little success, losing at least four of their own. The FEAF lost half its planes in the 45-minute attack and was all but destroyed over the next few days, including a number of the surviving B-17s lost to takeoff crashes of other planes.<a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a> The 24th Pursuit Group flew its last interception on 10 December, losing 11 of the 40 or so P-40s it sent up, and the surviving P-35s of the 34th PS were destroyed on the ground at Del Carmen.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> That night FEAF combat strength had been reduced to 12 operable B-17s, 22 P-40s, and 8 P-35s.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Fighter strength fluctuated daily until 24 December, when USAFFE ordered all its forces into Bataan. Until then P-40s and P-35s were cobbled together from spare parts taken from wrecked airplanes, and still crated P-40Es were assembled at the Philippine Air Depot. Clark Field was abandoned as a bomber field on 11 December after being used as a staging base for a handful of B-17 missions.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Between 17 and 20 December, the 14 surviving B-17s were withdrawn to Australia. Every other aircraft of the FEAF was destroyed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> No formal investigation took place regarding this failure as it occurred in the aftermath of Pearl Harbor. After the war, Brereton and Sutherland in effect blamed each other for FEAF being surprised on the ground, and MacArthur released a statement that he had no knowledge of any recommendation to attack Formosa with B-17s.<a href="#cite_note-lmcf-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_D._Edmonds" title="Walter D. Edmonds">Walter D. Edmunds</a> summarizes the disaster: "in the Philippines the personnel of our armed forces almost without exception failed to assess accurately the weight, speed, and efficiency of the Japanese Air Force." He quotes Major General <a href="/wiki/Emmett_O%27Donnell_Jr." title="Emmett O'Donnell Jr.">Emmett O'Donnell Jr.</a>, then a major in charge of the B-17s sent to Mindanao, as concluding that the first day was a "disorganized business" and that no one was "really at fault" because no one was "geared for war."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The attitude is not inline with his superiors, the United States Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a>'s recommendation was that, “all practical steps should be taken to increase the defensive strength of the Philippines.” as noted in the book With Courage: The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II. McArthur was supposed to get the Philippines ready to resist a Japanese invasion if it came, however he was only recalled to duty in July 1941 and while many new pilots were being trained the aircraft were fast becoming obsolete compared to the latest generation of Japanese aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Invasion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_landings,_8_December_1941">Initial landings, 8 December 1941</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Initial landings, 8 December 1941">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invasion_of_the_Philippines,_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/300px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="490" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/450px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg/600px-Invasion_of_the_Philippines%2C_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="1069" /></a><figcaption>A map of Luzon Island showing Japanese landings and advances from 8 December 1941 to 8 January 1942.</figcaption></figure> The Japanese 14th Army began its invasion with a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">landing on Batan Island</a> (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan Peninsula</a>), 120 miles (190 km) off the north coast of Luzon, on 8 December 1941 by selected naval infantry units. Landings on <a href="/wiki/Camiguin_de_Babuyanes" title="Camiguin de Babuyanes">Camiguin Island</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Vigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Aparri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga,_Cagayan" title="Gonzaga, Cagayan">Gonzaga</a> in northern Luzon followed two days later. Two B-17s attacked the Japanese ships offloading at Gonzaga. Other B-17s with fighter escort attacked the landings at Vigan. In this last coordinated action of the Far East Air Force, U.S. planes damaged two Japanese transports (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_transport_Oigawa_Maru" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese transport Oigawa Maru">Oigawa Maru</a> and <a href="/wiki/SS_Takao_Maru_(1927)" title="SS Takao Maru (1927)">Takao Maru</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Naka" title="Japanese cruiser Naka">Naka</a>, and the destroyer <a href="/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Murasame_(1935)" title="Japanese destroyer Murasame (1935)">Murasame</a>, and sank <a href="/wiki/Minesweeper_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minesweeper (ship)">minesweeper</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_minesweeper_No._10_(1938)" title="Japanese minesweeper No. 10 (1938)">W-10</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Early on the morning of 12 December the Japanese landed 2,500 men of the 16th Division at <a href="/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay" title="Legazpi, Albay">Legazpi</a> on southern Luzon, 150 miles (240 km) from the nearest American and Philippine forces. The attack on Mindanao followed on 19 December using elements of the 16th Army temporarily attached to the invasion force to permit the 14th Army to use all its troops on Luzon. Meanwhile, Hart withdrew most of his U.S. Asiatic Fleet from Philippine waters following Japanese air strikes that inflicted heavy damage on U.S. naval facilities at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Cavite" title="Naval Base Cavite">Cavite</a> on 10 December. Only submarines were left to contest Japanese naval superiority, and the commanders of these, conditioned by prewar doctrine that held the fleet submarine to be a scouting vessel more vulnerable to air and anti-submarine attack than it actually was, proved unequal to the task. Because of this poor doctrine for submarine warfare and the infamous failures of the <a href="/wiki/Mark_14_torpedo" title="Mark 14 torpedo">Mark 14 torpedo</a> that plagued the U.S. submarine fleet for the first two years of the Pacific War, not a single Japanese warship was sunk by the Asiatic Fleet during the Philippines campaign.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> James Leutze writes: "He had 27 subs submerged in Manila Bay,...<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> it was Washington, not the Asiatic Fleet Commander that directed the fleet to withdraw from Manila.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>... Hart was directed by Washington to send US Navy surface forces and submarines southeast toward Australia.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>... Douglas MacArthur and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a>) feuding with Admiral Hart over lack of US Navy submarine action. MacArthur asked Admiral Hart: "What in the world is the matter with your submarines?".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>.. MacArthur complained that Hart's inactivity allowed Japan's navy freedom of action.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>... According to Stimson, MacArthur felt that Hart's ships and submarines were ineffectual, but because Admiral Hart had lost his courage. Admiral Hart's reaction to MacArthur's brickbats: "He (MacArthur) is inclined to cut my throat and perhaps the Navy in general."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>" <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_attack,_22_December_1941">Main attack, 22 December 1941</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Main attack, 22 December 1941">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Special:EditPage/Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg/300px-Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg/450px-Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg/600px-Withdrawal_South_Dec_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2079" /></a><figcaption>Withdrawal in the south, 25–31 December 1941.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay</a></div> The main attack began early on the morning of 22 December as 43,110 men of the 48th Division and one regiment of the 16th Division, supported by artillery and approximately 90 tanks, landed at the three towns of <a href="/wiki/Agoo" title="Agoo">Agoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caba,_La_Union" title="Caba, La Union">Caba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bauang" title="Bauang">Bauang</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Union" title="La Union">La Union</a>, along the east coast of Lingayen Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-Hyper-63">[63]</a> A few B-17s flying from Australia attacked the invasion fleet and U.S. submarines harassed it from the adjacent waters, but to little effect. General Wainwright's poorly trained and equipped 11th and 71st Divisions could neither repel the landings nor pin the enemy on the beaches. The remaining Japanese units of the divisions landed farther south along the gulf. The 26th Cavalry (PS) of the well-trained and better-equipped Philippine Scouts, advancing to meet them, put up a strong fight at <a href="/wiki/Rosario,_La_Union" title="Rosario, La Union">Rosario</a> but was forced to withdraw after taking heavy casualties with no hope of sufficient reinforcements. By nightfall on 23 December the Japanese had moved ten miles (16 km) into the interior. The next day, 7,000 men of the 16th Division hit the beaches at three locations along the shore of Lamon Bay in southern Luzon, where they found General Parker's forces dispersed and without artillery protecting the eastern coast, unable to offer serious resistance. They consolidated their positions and began the drive north toward Manila where they would link up with the forces advancing south toward the capital. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal_into_Bataan,_24_December_1941_to_6_January_1942">Withdrawal into Bataan, 24 December 1941 to 6 January 1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Withdrawal into Bataan, 24 December 1941 to 6 January 1942">edit</a>]</div> The U.S. Philippine Division moved into the field in reaction to reports of airborne drops near Clark Field, and when this proved false they were deployed to cover the withdrawal of troops into Bataan and to resist Japanese advances in the <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay" title="Subic Bay">Subic Bay</a> area. On 24 December MacArthur invoked the prewar plan Orange 3, which called for use of five delaying positions in central Luzon while forces withdrew into Bataan. This was carried out in part by the 26th Cavalry Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> He relieved Parker of his command of South Luzon Force and had him begin preparing defensive positions on Bataan, using units as they arrived; both the military headquarters and the Philippine's government were moved there. Nine days of feverish movement of supplies into Bataan, primarily by barge from Manila, began in an attempt to feed an anticipated force of 43,000 troops for six months. (Ultimately 80,000 troops and 26,000 refugees flooded Bataan.) Nevertheless, substantial forces remained in other areas for several months. On 26 December Manila was declared an <a href="/wiki/Open_city" title="Open city">open city</a> by MacArthur.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> However, the U.S. military was still using the city for logistical purposes while the city was declared open,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and the Japanese army ignored the declaration and bombed the city.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Units of both defense forces were maneuvered to hold open the escape routes into Bataan, in particular <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_Pampanga" title="San Fernando, Pampanga">San Fernando</a>, the steel bridges at <a href="/wiki/Calumpit" title="Calumpit">Calumpit</a> over the deep <a href="/wiki/Pampanga_River" title="Pampanga River">Pampanga River</a> at the north end of Manila Bay, and <a href="/wiki/Plaridel,_Bulacan" title="Plaridel, Bulacan">Plaridel</a> north of Manila. The South Luzon Force, despite its inexperience and equivocating orders to withdraw and hold, successfully executed "<a href="/wiki/Bounding_overwatch" title="Bounding overwatch">leapfrogging</a>" <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_(military)" title="Withdrawal (military)">retrograde</a> techniques and crossed the bridges by 1 January. Japanese air commanders rejected appeals by the 48th Division to bomb the bridges to trap the retreating forces,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> which were subsequently demolished by Philippine Scout engineers on 1 January. The Japanese realized MacArthur's plan on 30 December and ordered the 48th Division to press forward and seal off Bataan. In a series of actions between 2 and 4 January, the 11th and 21st Divisions of the Philippine Army, the 26th Cavalry (PS) and the American <a href="/wiki/M3_Stuart" title="M3 Stuart">M3 Stuart</a> tanks of the Provisional Tank Group held open the road from San Fernando to <a href="/wiki/Dinalupihan" title="Dinalupihan">Dinalupihan</a> at the neck of the peninsula for the retreating forces of the South Luzon Force, then made good their own escape. Despite 50% losses in the 194th Tank Battalion during the retreat, the Stuarts and a supporting battery of <a href="/wiki/M3_GMC" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 GMC">75mm SPM halftracks</a> repeatedly stopped Japanese thrusts and were the final units to enter Bataan. On 30 December the American 31st Infantry moved to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Pass" title="Dalton Pass">Dalton Pass</a> to cover the flanks of troops withdrawing from central and southern Luzon, while other units of the Philippine Division organized positions at Bataan. The 31st Infantry then moved to a defensive position on the west side of the <a href="/wiki/Olongapo" title="Olongapo">Olongapo</a>-Manila road, near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Layac_Junction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layac Junction (page does not exist)">Layac Junction</a>—at the neck of Bataan Peninsula—on 5 January. The junction was given up on 6 January, but the withdrawal to Bataan was successful. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Bataan">Battle of Bataan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Battle of Bataan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Bataan</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg/300px-Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg/450px-Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg/600px-Situation_on_Bataan_8_Jan_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1666" data-file-height="2102" /></a><figcaption>Situation on Bataan, 8 January 1942.</figcaption></figure> From 7 to 14 January the Japanese concentrated on reconnaissance and preparations for an attack on the main battle line from <a href="/wiki/Abucay" title="Abucay">Abucay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Natib" title="Mount Natib">Mount Natib</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mauban" title="Mauban">Mauban</a>. At the same time, in a critical mistake, they relieved the 48th Division, responsible for much of the success of Japanese operations, with the much less-capable 65th Brigade, intended as a garrison force. The Japanese 5th Air group was withdrawn from operations on 5 January in preparation for movement with the 48th Division to the Netherlands East Indies.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> U.S. and Filipino forces repelled night attacks near Abucay, and elements of the U.S. Philippine Division counterattacked on 16 January. This failed, and the division withdrew to the reserve battle line from <a href="/wiki/Pilar,_Bataan" title="Pilar, Bataan">Casa Pilar</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bagac" title="Bagac">Bagac</a> in the center of the peninsula on 26 January. The 14th Army renewed its attacks on 23 January with an attempted amphibious landing behind the lines by a battalion of the 16th Division, then with general attacks beginning 27 January along the battle line. The amphibious landing was disrupted by a PT boat and contained in brutally dense jungle by ad hoc units made up of U.S. Army Air Corps troops, naval personnel, and Philippine Constabulary. The pocket was then slowly forced back to the cliffs, with high casualties on both sides. Landings to reinforce the surviving pocket on 26 January and 2 February were severely disrupted by air attacks from the few remaining FEAF P-40s, then trapped and eventually annihilated on 13 February. A penetration in the I Corps line was stopped and broken up into several pockets. On 8 February Homma ordered the suspension of offensive operations in order to reorganize his forces. This could not be carried out immediately, because the 16th Division remained engaged trying to extricate a pocketed battalion of its 20th Infantry. With further losses, the remnants of the battalion, 378 officers and men, were extricated on 15 February. On 22 February the 14th Army line withdrew a few miles to the north, and USAFFE forces re-occupied the abandoned positions. The result of the Battle of the Points and Battle of the Pockets was total destruction of all three battalions of the Japanese 20th Infantry and a clear USAFFE victory. For several weeks, the Japanese, deterred by heavy losses and reduced to a single brigade, conducted siege operations while waiting refitting and reinforcement. Both armies engaged in patrols and limited local attacks. Because of the worsening Allied position in the Asia-Pacific region, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">President Roosevelt</a> ordered MacArthur to <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur%27s_escape_from_the_Philippines" title="Douglas MacArthur's escape from the Philippines">proceed to Australia</a> to become Supreme Allied Commander <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">Southwest Pacific Area</a>. On the way, at <a href="/wiki/Terowie_railway_station" title="Terowie railway station">a rural railway station</a> on 20 March, MacArthur first made the declaration that was to become his much-publicized theme for the following years: "I came through and I shall return".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Wainwright officially assumed control of what became United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) on 23 March. During this period, elements of the U.S. Philippine Division were shifted to assist in the defense of other sectors. Beginning 28 March a new wave of Japanese air and artillery attacks hit Allied forces who were severely weakened by malnutrition, sickness and prolonged fighting. On 3 April 3 the Japanese began to break through along <a href="/wiki/Mount_Samat" title="Mount Samat">Mount Samat</a>, estimating that the offensive would require a month to end the campaign. The U.S. Philippine Division, no longer operating as a coordinated unit and exhausted by five days of nearly continuous combat, was unable to counterattack effectively against heavy Japanese assaults. On 8 April the U.S. 57th Infantry Regiment (PS) and the 31st Division (PA) were overrun near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alangan_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alangan River (page does not exist)">Alangan River</a>. The U.S. 45th Infantry Regiment (PS), under orders to reach Mariveles and evacuate to Corregidor, finally surrendered on 10 April. Only 300 men of the U.S. 31st Infantry successfully reached Corregidor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of Corregidor">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">Battle of Corregidor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg/220px-Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg/330px-Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg/440px-Japanese_bombers_over_Corregidor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Ki-21" title="Mitsubishi Ki-21">Japanese bombers</a> over Corregidor.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg/300px-Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg/450px-Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg/600px-Map_of_Corregidor_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="1241" /></a><figcaption>Map of Corregidor island in 1941.</figcaption></figure> Corregidor (which included Fort Mills) was a U.S. Army Coast Artillery Corps position defending the entrance to Manila Bay, part of the harbor defenses of Manila and Subic Bays. It was armed by older seacoast <a href="/wiki/Disappearing_gun" title="Disappearing gun">disappearing gun</a> batteries of the <a href="/wiki/59th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Coast Artillery (United States)">59th</a> and <a href="/wiki/91st_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="91st Coast Artillery (United States)">91st Coast Artillery</a> Regiments (the latter a Philippine Scouts unit), an offshore mine field of approximately 35 groups of <a href="/wiki/Controlled_mines" title="Controlled mines">controlled mines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CAJHarris1-71">[71]</a> and an anti-aircraft unit, the <a href="/wiki/60th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Coast Artillery (United States)">60th CA (AA)</a>. The latter was posted on the higher elevations of Corregidor. The older stationary batteries with fixed mortars and immense cannon, for defense from attack by sea, were easily put out of commission by Japanese bombers. The American soldiers and Filipino Scouts defended the small fortress until they had little left to wage a defense. Early in 1942, the Japanese air command installed oxygen in its bombers to fly higher than the range of the Corregidor anti-aircraft batteries, and after that time, heavier bombardment began. In December 1941, Philippines President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, General MacArthur, other high-ranking military officers and diplomats and families escaped the bombardment of Manila and were housed in Corregidor's <a href="/wiki/Malinta_Tunnel" title="Malinta Tunnel">Malinta Tunnel</a>. Prior to their arrival, Malinta's laterals had served as high command headquarters, hospital and storage of food and arms. In March 1942, several U.S. Navy submarines arrived on the north side of Corregidor. The Navy brought in mail, orders, and weaponry. They took away with them the high American and Filipino government officers, gold and silver, and other important records. Those who were unable to escape by submarine became prisoners of war or were placed in civilian <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> in Manila and other locations. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor,_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Captured_Japanese_photograph._U.S._soldiers_and_sailors_surrendering_to_Japanese_forces_at_Corregidor%2C_Philippine..._-_NARA_-_531354.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2187" /></a><figcaption>U.S. and Filipino soldiers and sailors surrendering to Japanese forces at Corregidor.</figcaption></figure> Corregidor was defended by 11,000 personnel, comprising the units mentioned above that were stationed on Corregidor, the U.S. 4th Marine Regiment, and U.S. Navy personnel deployed as infantry. Some were able to get to Corregidor from the Bataan Peninsula when the Japanese overwhelmed the units there. The Japanese began their final assault on Corregidor with an artillery barrage on 1 May. On the night of 5/6 May two battalions of the Japanese 61st Infantry Regiment landed at the northeast end of the island. Despite strong resistance, the Japanese established a <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachhead</a> that was reinforced by tanks and artillery. The defenders were quickly pushed back toward the stronghold of Malinta Hill. Late on 6 May Wainwright asked Homma for terms of surrender. Homma insisted that surrender include all Allied forces in the Philippines. Believing that the lives of all those on Corregidor would be endangered, Wainwright accepted. On 8 May he sent a message to Sharp ordering him to surrender the Visayan-Mindanao Force. Sharp complied, but many individuals carried on the fight as <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerrillas</a>. Few unit commanders were so hard pressed as to be forced to surrender, and none had any desire to surrender. Sharp's decision to surrender involved many factors. Major Larry S. Schmidt, in a 1982 master's degree thesis, said Sharp's decision was based on two reasons: that the Japanese were capable of executing the 10,000 survivors of Corregidor, and that Sharp now knew his forces would not be reinforced by the United States, as had been previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_U.S._generals_who_became_prisoners-of-war">List of U.S. generals who became prisoners-of-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of U.S. generals who became prisoners-of-war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_generals_in_captivity,_July_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg/220px-American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg/330px-American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg/440px-American_generals_in_captivity%2C_July_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>U.S. generals in a group photo with Japanese captors</figcaption></figure> Eighteen United States Army generals surrendered to Japanese forces by May 1942:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <ul><li>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_M._Wainwright_(general)" title="Jonathan M. Wainwright (general)">Jonathan M. Wainwright</a>, commanding general, United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP)</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Jones" title="Albert M. Jones">Albert M. Jones</a>, commanding general, Philippine I Corps</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._King" title="Edward P. King">Edward P. King</a>, commanding general, Northern Luzon</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/George_F._Moore_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="George F. Moore (United States Army officer)">George F. Moore</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays</a>/Philippine Coast Artillery</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/George_M._Parker_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="George M. Parker (United States Army officer)">George M. Parker</a>, commanding general, Southern Luzon/Philippine II Corps</li> <li>Major General <a href="/wiki/William_F._Sharp" title="William F. Sharp">William F. Sharp</a>, commanding general, Visayan-Mindanao Force Philippines</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Beebe" title="Lewis C. Beebe">Lewis C. Beebe</a>, chief of staff to Lieutenant General Jonathan M. Wainwright</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Bluemel" title="Clifford Bluemel">Clifford Bluemel</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/31st_Division_(Philippines)" title="31st Division (Philippines)">31st Division (Philippines)</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/William_E._Brougher" title="William E. Brougher">William E. Brougher</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/11th_Division_(Philippines)" title="11th Division (Philippines)">11th Division (Philippines)</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Bradford_G._Chynoweth" title="Bradford G. Chynoweth">Bradford G. Chynoweth</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/61st_Division_(Philippines)" title="61st Division (Philippines)">61st Division (Philippines)</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Drake" title="Charles C. Drake">Charles C. Drake</a>, commanding general, Quartermaster Corps in the Philippines</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Funk" title="Arnold J. Funk">Arnold J. Funk</a>, chief of staff to Major General Edward P. King</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Maxon_S._Lough" title="Maxon S. Lough">Maxon S. Lough</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Allan_C._McBride" title="Allan C. McBride">Allan C. McBride</a>, deputy chief of staff to General Douglas MacArthur and commanding general of the Service Command Area  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (died 9 May 1944 in a prisoner-of-war camp)</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Clinton_A._Pierce" title="Clinton A. Pierce">Clinton A. Pierce</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(Philippine_Scouts)" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts)">26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts)</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Carl_H._Seals" title="Carl H. Seals">Carl H. Seals</a>, adjutant general, United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Vachon" title="Joseph P. Vachon">Joseph P. Vachon</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/101st_Division_(Philippines)" title="101st Division (Philippines)">101st Division (Philippines)</a></li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_R.N._Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="James R.N. Weaver">James R.N. Weaver</a>, commanding general, 1st Provisional Tank Group</li></ul> Two Americans serving as Philippine Army generals also surrendered to Japanese forces: <ul><li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fort" title="Guy Fort">Guy O. Fort</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/81st_Division_(Philippines)" title="81st Division (Philippines)">81st Division (Philippines)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a> (executed 11 November 1942 in a prisoner-of-war camp)</li> <li>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Luther_R._Stevens" title="Luther R. Stevens">Luther R. Stevens</a>, commanding general, <a href="/wiki/91st_Division_(Philippines)" title="91st Division (Philippines)">91st Division (Philippines)</a></li></ul> The other Philippine Army generals captured by Japanese forces were native Filipinos Major General <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_B._Francisco" title="Guillermo B. Francisco">Guillermo B. Francisco</a> and Brigadier Generals <a href="/wiki/Mateo_M._Capinpin" title="Mateo M. Capinpin">Mateo M. Capinpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente P. Lim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Segundo" title="Fidel Segundo">Fidel V. Segundo</a>. Ten U.S. Army generals and General Stevens surrendered at Bataan in April 1942.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Generals Wainwright, Moore, Beebe and Drake surrendered at Corregidor in May 1942. Generals Sharp, Chynoweth, Seals, Vachon and Fort were captured in the southern Philippines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_2">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg/220px-JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg/330px-JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg/440px-JapaneseTroopsBataan1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>Japanese troops conquered Bataan, Philippines in 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg/220px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg/330px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg/440px-March_of_Death_-_Resting_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Group of American prisoners, May 1942</figcaption></figure> General Homma's victory in the Philippines was not received at the Imperial General Headquarters, and specifically by Premier Hideki Tojo, as warmly as he hoped for. They scoffed at Homma's supposed inefficiency and lack of drive to defeat the Americans according to their planned timetable. Homma then was recalled to Tokyo to serve as a reserve officer.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The defeat was the beginning of three and a half years of harsh treatment for the Allied survivors, including atrocities like the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_Death_March" title="Bataan Death March">Bataan Death March</a> and the misery of Japanese prison camps, and the "<a href="/wiki/Hell_ship#Japanese_hell_ships" title="Hell ship">hell ships</a>" on which American and Allied men were sent to Japan to be used as slave labor in mines and factories. Thousands were crowded into the holds of Japanese ships without water, food, or sufficient ventilation.<a href="#cite_note-HS1-77">[77]</a> The Japanese did not mark "POW" on the decks of these vessels,<a href="#cite_note-HS1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-WPHS-78">[78]</a> and some were attacked and sunk by Allied aircraft and submarines.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> For example, on 7 September 1944 <a href="/wiki/SS_Shiny%C5%8D_Maru" title="SS Shinyō Maru">SS Shinyō Maru</a> was sunk by <a href="/wiki/USS_Paddle" title="USS Paddle">USS Paddle</a> with losses of 668 POWs; only 82 POWs survived.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Although the campaign was a victory to the Japanese, it took longer than anticipated to defeat the Filipinos and Americans. This required forces that would have been used to attack <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a> to be diverted to the battle in the Philippines<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and also slowed the advance on <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">occupation of the Philippines</a>, American and Filipino guerrillas <a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">fought against the occupying forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The Allied and Philippine Commonwealth forces began the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">campaign to recapture the Philippines</a> in 1944, with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">landings on the island of Leyte</a>. On 29 January 1945 US and Philippine forces liberated POWs in the <a href="/wiki/Raid_at_Cabanatuan" title="Raid at Cabanatuan">Raid at Cabanatuan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance">Importance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Importance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg/170px-Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg/255px-Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg/340px-Tribune_Apr_24_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Manila newspaper announcing the fall of Bataan</figcaption></figure> The defense of the Philippines was the longest resistance to the Japanese Imperial Army in the initial stages of World War II. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">Battle of Abucay</a>, the Japanese started to withdraw from Bataan and resumed their attack in April, allowing MacArthur 40 days to prepare Australia as an operational base; the initial resistance in the Philippines allowed Australia crucial time to organize for its defense.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Philippine-American resistance against the Japanese up to the fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942 lasted 105 days (3 months and 2 days).<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USAFFE_order_of_battle,_December_3,_1941;_casualty_reports">USAFFE order of battle, December 3, 1941; casualty reports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: USAFFE order of battle, December 3, 1941; casualty reports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Army_Forces_Far_East">United States Army Forces Far East</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States Army Forces Far East">edit</a>]</div> General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground_forces">Ground forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ground forces">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_B._Francisco" title="Guillermo B. Francisco">Guillermo Francisco</a>) <dl><dd>1st PC Regiment</dd> <dd>2nd PC Regiment</dd> <dd>3rd PC Regiment</dd> <dd>4th PC Regiment</dd></dl></dd> <dd>HQ Philippine Dept. (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_Grunert" title="George Grunert">George Grunert</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Division_(United_States)" title="Philippine Division (United States)">Philippine Division</a> (PS=<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Scouts" title="Philippine Scouts">Philippine Scouts</a>) (As of 31 Jul 1941, Division numbered 10,743) <dl><dd>Post Service Command (PS) (ABMC lists 175 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Infantry <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/31st_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="31st Infantry Regiment (United States)">31st US Infantry Regiment</a> (ABMC lists 936 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/43rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="43rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">43rd US Infantry Regiment</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 31 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Regiment (United States)">45th US Infantry Regiment</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 1,039 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/57th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="57th Infantry Regiment (United States)">57th US Infantry Regiment</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 983 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/26th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="26th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">26th US Cavalry Regiment</a> (ABMC lists 301 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Provisional Tank Group (<a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brig. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/James_R.N._Weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="James R.N. Weaver">James Weaver</a>)<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <dl><dd>17th Ordnance Battalion (one Company) (ABMC lists 45 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/192nd_Tank_Battalion" title="192nd Tank Battalion">192nd Tank Battalion</a> (ABMC lists 189 dead)<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>+ HQ Co 192nd Tank Battalion (ABMC lists 2 dead)<a href="#cite_note-90">[a]</a></dd> <dd>194th Tank Battalion less Company B (ABMC lists 183 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Artillery <dl><dd>1st Philippine Coast Artillery (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/23rd_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="23rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">23rd Field Artillery</a> (PS) (Btry A) (ABMC lists 159 dead+ 1 dead) (1st Battalion)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/24th_Field_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" title="24th Field Artillery Regiment (United States)">24th Field Artillery</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 309 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/59th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)">59th Coast Artillery</a> (US Army) (Corregidor) (ABMC lists 329 dead+1 (Col. Paul Bunker))</dd> <dd>86th Field Artillery (PS) (ABMC lists 169 total (8 Dead for Regiment + 161 dead for Battalion)</dd> <dd>88th Field Artillery (PS) (ABMC lists 186 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/91st_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="91st Coast Artillery (United States)">91st Coast Artillery</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 202 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/92nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="92nd Coast Artillery (United States)">92nd Coast Artillery</a> (PS) (Corregidor) (ABMC lists 200 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/200th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="200th Coast Artillery (United States)">200th Coast Artillery</a> (US Army) (ABMC lists 373 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/60th_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Coast Artillery (United States)">60th Coast Artillery (United States)</a> (Corregidor) (ABMC lists 390 dead)</dd> <dd>515th Coast Artillery Regiment (US Army) (ABMC lists 207 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Support <dl><dd>14th Engineer Regiment (PS) (ABMC lists 324 dead)</dd> <dd>14th Engineer Battalion (PS) (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>202nd Philippine Engineer Battalion (US Army) (ABMC lists 9 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Medical Battalion (PS) (ABMC lists 121 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Medical Regiment (PS) (ABMC lists 13 dead)</dd> <dd>71st Medical Battalion (PS) (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Military Police Company (PS) (ABMC lists 40 dead)</dd> <dd>808th Military Police Company (US Army) (ABMC lists 90 dead)</dd> <dd>47th Motor Transport Company (PS) (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Ordnance Company (PS) (ABMC lists 45 dead)</dd> <dd>17th Ordnance Company (US Army) (ABMC lists 45 dead)</dd> <dd>75th Ordnance Depot Company (US Army) (ABMC lists 3 dead</dd> <dd>75th Ordnance Company (US Army) (ABMC lists 35 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Quartermaster Battalion HQ (PS) (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Quartermaster Battalion (PS) (ABMC lists 70 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/12th_Quartermaster_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Quartermaster Regiment (United States)">12th Quartermaster Regiment (United States)</a> (PS) (ABMC lists 90 dead)</dd> <dd>74th Quartermaster Bakery Co (PS) (ABMC lists 17 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Signal Company (PS) (ABMC lists 77 dead)</dd> <dd>252nd Signal Construction Company (PS) (ABMC lists 44 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_forces">Air forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Air forces">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(United_States)" title="Far East Air Force (United States)">Far East Air Force</a></dd> <dd>Major General <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brereton" title="Lewis H. Brereton">Lewis H. Brereton</a></dd> <dd>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Harold_H._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold H. George">Harold Huston George</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[b]</a> <dl><dd>5th Air Base Group</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/V_Bomber_Command" title="V Bomber Command">V Bomber Command</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/19th_Operations_Group" title="19th Operations Group">19th Bomb Group (Heavy)</a> (Headquarters, Clark Field) (ABMC lists 3 dead); HQ Squadron 19th BG (ABMC lists 103 dead) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/14th_Bombardment_Squadron" title="14th Bombardment Squadron">14th Bomb Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Del_Monte_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Monte Field">Del Monte Field</a>, December 5, 8 <a href="/wiki/B-17_Flying_Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17 Flying Fortress</a>) (ABMC lists 13 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/28th_Bomb_Squadron" title="28th Bomb Squadron">28th Bomb Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clark_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark Field">Clark Field</a>, 8 B-17) (ABMC lists 93 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/30th_Bombardment_Squadron" title="30th Bombardment Squadron">30th Bomb Squadron</a> (Clark Field, 9 B-17) (ABMC lists 110 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/93d_Bomb_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="93d Bomb Squadron">93rd Bomb Squadron</a> (Del Monte Field, December 5, 8 B-17) (ABMC lists 116 dead)</dd> <dd>440th Ordnance Squadron (ABMC Lists 68 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/27th_Special_Operations_Group" title="27th Special Operations Group">27th Bomb Group (Light)</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[c]</a> Headquarters (ABMC lists 3 dead) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2d_Air_Refueling_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="2d Air Refueling Squadron">2nd Observation Squadron</a> (Nichols Field, 21 various aircraft) (ABMC lists 71 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/522d_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="522d Fighter Squadron">16th Bomb Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_William_McKinley" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William McKinley">Fort William McKinley</a>) (ABMC lists 72 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/523d_Fighter_Squadron" title="523d Fighter Squadron">17th Bomb Squadron</a> (San Fernando Field) (ABMC Lists 62 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/524th_Fighter_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="524th Fighter Squadron">91st Bomb Squadron</a> (San Marcelino Field, <a href="/wiki/B-18_Bolo" class="mw-redirect" title="B-18 Bolo">B-18 Bolo</a>) (ABMC lists 76 dead)</dd> <dd>48th Material Squadron (ABMC lists 53 dead+ 19 also listed dead when the 48th Squadron was part of V Air Base Group)</dd> <dd>454th Ordnance Squadron (ABMC lists 71 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>V Interceptor Command <dl><dd>19th Air Base Group (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/20th_Air_Base_Group" title="20th Air Base Group">20th Air Base Group</a> (ABMC lists 1 dead) <dl><dd>Tow Target Detachment</dd> <dd>5th Communications Detachment (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd>5th Weather Detachment (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd>Chemical Warfare Detachment <dl><dd>4th Chemical Company (Aviation) (ABMC lists 33 dead)</dd> <dd>5th Chemical Detachment (Company-Aviation) (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>19th Air Base Squadron (ABMC lists 79 dead)</dd> <dd>27th Material Squadron (ABMC lists 75 dead)</dd> <dd>28th Material Squadron (ABMC lists 92 dead)</dd> <dd>47th Material Squadron</dd> <dd>803d Engineering Detachment (Battalion-Aviation) (ABMC lists 232 dead)</dd> <dd>809th Engineering Detachment</dd> <dd>409th Signal/Communications Detachment (Company-Aviation) (ABMC lists 29 dead)</dd> <dd>429th Maintenance Detachment</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/24th_Pursuit_Group" title="24th Pursuit Group">24th Pursuit Group</a> (Headquarters, Clark Field). Colonel Orrin l. Grover. HQ Squadron (ABMC lists 112 dead) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/3d_Fighter_Training_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="3d Fighter Training Squadron">3rd Pursuit Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iba,_Zambales" title="Iba, Zambales">Iba Field</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/P-40_Warhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-40 Warhawk">P-40E Warhawk</a>) (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/17th_Weapons_Squadron" title="17th Weapons Squadron">17th Pursuit Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nichols_Field" title="Nichols Field">Nichols Field</a>, 18 P-40E) (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/20th_Pursuit_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Pursuit Squadron">20th Pursuit Squadron</a> (Clark Field, 18 P-40B) (ABMC lists 96 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/35th_Operations_Group" title="35th Operations Group">35th Pursuit Group</a> (headquarters en route to Philippines) (ABMC lists 5 dead) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/21st_Pursuit_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="21st Pursuit Squadron">21st Pursuit Squadron</a> (attached 24th PG, Nichols Field, 18 P-40E received December 7) (ABMC lists 89 dead)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/34th_Pursuit_Squadron" title="34th Pursuit Squadron">34th Pursuit Squadron</a> (attached 24th PG, Del Carmen Field, 18 <a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35A" class="mw-redirect" title="Seversky P-35A">Seversky P-35A</a> received December 7) (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Philippine Aircraft Warning Detachment</dd> <dd>6th Pursuit Squadron, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army_Air_Corps" title="Philippine Army Air Corps">Philippine Army Air Corps</a> (Batangas Field, 12 <a href="/wiki/P-26_Peashooter" class="mw-redirect" title="P-26 Peashooter">P-26 Peashooter</a>) (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Army">Philippine Army</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Philippine Army">edit</a>]</div> Major General <a href="/wiki/Basilio_Valdes" title="Basilio Valdes">Basilio Valdes</a> <dl><dd>1st (Regular) Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Segundo" title="Fidel Segundo">Fidel V. Segundo</a> / Col. Kearie Berry) <dl><dd>1st Infantry Regiment</dd> <dd>3rd Infantry Regiment</dd> <dd>4th Infantry Regiment</dd> <dd>1st Field Artillery Group</dd></dl></dd> <dd>2nd PC Division (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_B._Francisco" title="Guillermo B. Francisco">Guillermo Francisco</a>) <dl><dd>1st PC Regiment (Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Casta%C3%B1eda" title="Mariano Castañeda">Mariano Castañeda</a>)</dd> <dd>2nd PC Regiment (Lt. Col. Manuel V. Anastacio)</dd> <dd>4th PC Regiment (Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Jalandoni" title="Rafael Jalandoni">Rafael Jalandoni</a>)</dd> <dd>2nd Field Artillery Regiment (PC) (Lt. Col. Emmanuel Cepeda)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>11th Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_E._Brougher" title="William E. Brougher">William Brougher</a>) <dl><dd>HQ 11th Division (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>HQ Com 11th Division (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>11th Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>12th Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>13th Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>11th Field Artillery Regt (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>21st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Mateo_M._Capinpin" title="Mateo M. Capinpin">Mateo Capinpin</a>) <dl><dd>21st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>22nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>21st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>21st Engineer Battalion (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>31st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Bluemel" title="Clifford Bluemel">Clifford Bluemel</a>) <dl><dd>31st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 6 dead)</dd> <dd>32nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>31st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>31st Engineer Battalion (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>41st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lim" title="Vicente Lim">Vicente Lim</a>) (ABMC listed dead) <dl><dd>41st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 6 dead)</dd> <dd>42nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>41st Engineer Battalion (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>51st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Jones" title="Albert M. Jones">Albert Jones</a> / Col. Adlai Young) <dl><dd>51st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>52nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>53rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>51st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>61st Division (Brig Gen. <a href="/wiki/Bradford_G._Chynoweth" title="Bradford G. Chynoweth">Bradford Chynoweth</a> / Col. Albert Christie) <dl><dd>HQ 61st Division (ABMC Lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>61st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>62nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd> <dd>63rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC Lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>64th Infantry Regiment</dd> <dd>65th Infantry Regiment</dd> <dd>61st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 4 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>71st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Clyde_A._Selleck" title="Clyde A. Selleck">Clyde Selleck</a> / Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_A._Pierce" title="Clinton A. Pierce">Clinton Pierce</a>) <dl><dd>71st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>72nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 6 dead)</dd> <dd>73rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>74th Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>75th Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>71st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC Lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>71st Quartermaster Co (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>81st Division (Brig Gen <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fort" title="Guy Fort">Guy O. Fort</a>) (KIA) <dl><dd>81st Division (ABMC lists 5 dead)</dd> <dd>82nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>83rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>81st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>81st Engineer Battalion (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>91st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Luther_R._Stevens" title="Luther R. Stevens">Luther Stevens</a>) <dl><dd>HQ 91st Division (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>91st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 2 dead)</dd> <dd>92nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 5 dead)</dd> <dd>93rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>91st Field Artillery Regiment (ABMC lists 5 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>101st Division (Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Vachon" title="Joseph P. Vachon">Joseph Vachon</a>)</dd> <dd>(ABMC lists 1 with Division) <dl><dd>101st Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 7 dead)</dd> <dd>102nd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 0 dead)</dd> <dd>103rd Infantry Regiment (ABMC lists 3 dead)</dd> <dd>101st Field Artillery Regiment ABMC lists 1 dead)</dd> <dd>101st Engineer Battalion (ABMC Lists 1 dead)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>102nd Division (Col. <a href="/wiki/William_P._Morse" title="William P. Morse">William P. Morse</a>)</dd> <dd>Provisional Field Artillery Brigade (Col. Albert Ives)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harbor_Defenses_of_Manila_and_Subic_Bays" title="Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays">Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[d]</a> <dl><dd>Harbor defenses included units listed above</dd> <dd>HQ and HQ Battery <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/59th_Air_Defense_Artillery_Regiment" title="59th Air Defense Artillery Regiment">59th Coast Artillery</a> (see above for casualty listings)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/60th_Coast_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Coast Artillery">60th Coast Artillery</a> (see above for casualty listings)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/91st_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="91st Coast Artillery (United States)">91st Coast Artillery</a> (PS) (see above for casualty listings)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/92nd_Coast_Artillery_(United_States)" title="92nd Coast Artillery (United States)">92nd Coast Artillery</a> (PS) (see above for casualty listings)</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Mine_Planter_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Mine Planter Service">USAMP</a> Harrison<a href="#cite_note-CAJHarris1-71">[71]</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Station Hospital</dd> <dd>Chemical Warfare Detachment</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Navy">United States Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United States Navy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Asiatic_Fleet" title="United States Asiatic Fleet">United States Asiatic Fleet</a> and <a href="/wiki/16th_Naval_District" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Naval District">16th Naval District</a> Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a> <dl><dd>1 heavy cruiser <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS Houston (CA-30)</a> – lost 1 Mar 1942, 368 survived of 1,061 crew</dd></dl></dd> <dd>2 light cruisers <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Boise_(CL-47)" title="USS Boise (CL-47)">USS Boise (CL-47)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Marblehead_(CL-12)" title="USS Marblehead (CL-12)">USS Marblehead (CL-12)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>13 destroyers <dl><dd>Destroyer Squadron 29 (Capt. Herbert V. Wiley) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk_(AD-9)" title="USS Black Hawk (AD-9)">USS Black Hawk (AD-9)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Paul_Jones_(DD-230)" title="USS Paul Jones (DD-230)">USS Paul Jones (DD-230)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Destroyer Division 50 (Cmdr. <a href="/wiki/P.H._Talbot" class="mw-redirect" title="P.H. Talbot">P.H. Talbot</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_John_D._Ford" title="USS John D. Ford">USS John D. Ford (DD-228)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Peary" title="USS Peary">USS Peary (DD-226)</a> – escaped to Australia; sunk 19 Feb 1942</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Pillsbury_(DD-227)" title="USS Pillsbury (DD-227)">USS Pillsbury (DD-227)</a> – escaped to Dutch East Indies; sunk 2 Mar 1942</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Pope_(DD-225)" title="USS Pope (DD-225)">USS Pope (DD-225)</a> – escaped to Dutch East Indies; sunk 1 Mar 1942</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Destroyer Division 57 (Cmdr. E.M. Crouch) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Alden" title="USS Alden">USS Alden (DD-211)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Edsall_(DD-219)" title="USS Edsall (DD-219)">USS Edsall (DD-219)</a> – escaped to Australia; sunk 1 Mar 1942</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_John_D._Edwards" title="USS John D. Edwards">USS John D. Edwards (DD-216)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Whipple_(DD-217)" title="USS Whipple (DD-217)">USS Whipple (DD-217)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Destroyer Division 58 (Cmdr. Thomas H. Binford) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Barker" title="USS Barker">USS Barker (DD-213)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Bulmer" title="USS Bulmer">USS Bulmer (DD-222)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Parrott" title="USS Parrott">USS Parrott (DD-218)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Stewart_(DD-224)" title="USS Stewart (DD-224)">USS Stewart (DD-224)</a> – escaped to Java and scuttled 2 Mar 1942; salvaged as IJN Patrol Boat 102, sunk in 1946</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>1 minesweeper <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Whippoorwill_(AM-35)" title="USS Whippoorwill (AM-35)">USS Whippoorwill (AM-35)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>6 <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat">PT boats</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_Squadron_Three" title="Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three">Motor Torpedo Boat Squadron Three</a> <dl><dd>PT-31, PT-32, PT-33, PT-34, PT-35, PT-41 — all lost 6 Dec 1941–March 1942.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>US Submarines at Manila (<a href="/wiki/Mariveles_Naval_Section_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariveles Naval Section Base">Mariveles Naval Section Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavite, Philippines">Cavite, Philippines</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Squadron_2" title="Submarine Squadron 2">Submarine Squadron 2</a> (12 S- and Salmon-class)</dd> <dd>Submarine Squadron 5 (11 Porpoise- and Sargo-class)</dd> <dd>Submarine Squadron 21 (4 Porpoise- and Sargo-class)</dd> <dd>submarine tender <a href="/wiki/USS_Holland_(AS-3)" title="USS Holland (AS-3)">USS Holland (AS-3)</a></dd> <dd>6 <a href="/wiki/United_States_S-class_submarine" title="United States S-class submarine">S-class</a> (4 torpedo tubes, 14 knots surfaced) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-36" title="USS S-36">USS S-36 (SS-141)</a> – scuttled following grounding 21 Jan 1942</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-37" title="USS S-37">USS S-37 (SS-142)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-38" title="USS S-38">USS S-38 (SS-143)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-39" title="USS S-39">USS S-39 (SS-144)</a> – run aground and abandoned 13 Aug 1942</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-40" title="USS S-40">USS S-40 (SS-145)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_S-41" title="USS S-41">USS S-41 (SS-146)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>7 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Porpoise-class_submarine" title="United States Porpoise-class submarine">Porpoise-class</a> (6 torpedo tubes, 18 knots surfaced) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Porpoise_(SS-172)" title="USS Porpoise (SS-172)">USS Porpoise (SS-172)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Pike_(SS-173)" title="USS Pike (SS-173)">USS Pike (SS-173)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Shark_(SS-174)" title="USS Shark (SS-174)">USS Shark (SS-174)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Tarpon_(SS-175)" title="USS Tarpon (SS-175)">USS Tarpon (SS-175)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Perch_(SS-176)" title="USS Perch (SS-176)">USS Perch (SS-176)</a> – escaped to Australia; scuttled 3 Mar 1942 (6 out of 54 crew did not survive the war)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Pickerel_(SS-177)" title="USS Pickerel (SS-177)">USS Pickerel (SS-177)</a> – escaped to Australia; lost with all hands 3 Apr 1943</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Permit_(SS-178)" title="USS Permit (SS-178)">USS Permit (SS-178)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>5 <a href="/wiki/Salmon-class_submarine" title="Salmon-class submarine">Salmon-class</a> (8 torpedo tubes, 21 knots surfaced) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Salmon_(SS-182)" title="USS Salmon (SS-182)">USS Salmon (SS-182)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Seal_(SS-183)" title="USS Seal (SS-183)">USS Seal (SS-183)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Snapper_(SS-185)" title="USS Snapper (SS-185)">USS Snapper (SS-185)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Stingray_(SS-186)" title="USS Stingray (SS-186)">USS Stingray (SS-186)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Sturgeon_(SS-187)" title="USS Sturgeon (SS-187)">USS Sturgeon (SS-187)</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>9 <a href="/wiki/Sargo-class_submarine" title="Sargo-class submarine">Sargo-class</a> (8 torpedo tubes, 21 knots surfaced) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Sargo_(SS-188)" title="USS Sargo (SS-188)">USS Sargo (SS-188)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Saury" title="USS Saury">USS Saury (SS-189)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Spearfish" title="USS Spearfish">USS Spearfish (SS-190)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Sculpin_(SS-191)" title="USS Sculpin (SS-191)">USS Sculpin (SS-191)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Swordfish_(SS-193)" title="USS Swordfish (SS-193)">USS Swordfish (SS-193)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Seadragon_(SS-194)" title="USS Seadragon (SS-194)">USS Seadragon (SS-194)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Sealion_(SS-195)" title="USS Sealion (SS-195)">USS Sealion (SS-195)</a> – scuttled 25 Dec 1941 after damage 10 Dec 1941; 5 crewmen lost in war<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Searaven" title="USS Searaven">USS Searaven (SS-196)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/USS_Seawolf_(SS-197)" title="USS Seawolf (SS-197)">USS Seawolf (SS-197)</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Patrol Wing 10 (Cavite Naval Base, Luzon, Philippines) <dl><dd>Capt. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Dechant_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dechant Wagner">Frank D. Wagner</a> <dl><dd>VP-101</dd> <dd>VP-102</dd> <dd>destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Childs" title="USS Childs">USS Childs (DD-241)</a></dd> <dd>destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_William_B._Preston" title="USS William B. Preston">USS William B. Preston (DD-344)</a></dd> <dd>minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Heron_(AM-10)" title="USS Heron (AM-10)">USS Heron (AM-10)</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>In December 1941, naval forces were augmented by the following: <dl><dd>schooner <a href="/wiki/USS_Lanikai" title="USS Lanikai">USS Lanikai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Station_Cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Cast">Station Cast</a> US Navy Code breaking on the Japanese military; evacuated to Australia 1942</dd></dl></dd> <dd>In addition 2 district patrol craft YP-16 and YP-17 and about 70 miscellaneous district craft were lost in the Philippines in 1942.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>China <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Patrol" title="Yangtze Patrol">Yangtze Patrol</a> <dl><dd>Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_A._Glassford" title="William A. Glassford">William A. Glassford</a> <dl><dd>gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Asheville_(PG-21)" title="USS Asheville (PG-21)">USS Asheville (PG-21)</a> – lost 3 Mar 1942; 161 crew lost</dd> <dd>gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Tulsa_(PG-22)" title="USS Tulsa (PG-22)">USS Tulsa (PG-22)</a></dd> <dd>gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Luzon_(PG-47)" title="USS Luzon (PG-47)">USS Luzon (PG-47)</a> – scuttled 6 May 1942 but salvaged by the Japanese; sunk in the Philippines by <a href="/wiki/USS_Narwhal_(SS-167)" title="USS Narwhal (SS-167)">USS Narwhal (SS-167)</a> on 3 Mar 1944</dd> <dd>river gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Wake" title="USS Wake">USS Wake (PR-3)</a> – captured 8 Dec 1941</dd> <dd>river gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Oahu_(PR-6)" title="USS Oahu (PR-6)">USS Oahu (PR-6)</a> – sunk 5 May 1942</dd> <dd>river gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Mindanao_(PR-8)" title="USS Mindanao (PR-8)">USS Mindanao (PR-8)</a> – lost 2 May 1942</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Other US Navy losses <dl><dd>armored cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_New_York_(ACR-2)" title="USS New York (ACR-2)">USS New York (ACR-2)</a> scuttled December 1941</dd> <dd>minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Finch_(AM-9)" title="USS Finch (AM-9)">USS Finch (AM-9)</a> ran out of fuel and abandoned March, sunk by Japanese on 9 Apr 1942; salvaged as IJN Patrol Boat 103, sunk in 1945</dd> <dd>minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Bittern_(AM-36)" title="USS Bittern (AM-36)">USS Bittern (AM-36)</a> scuttled 10 Dec 1941</dd> <dd>minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Pigeon_(ASR-6)" title="USS Pigeon (ASR-6)">USS Pigeon (ASR-6)</a> sunk 4 May 1942</dd> <dd>minesweeper <a href="/wiki/USS_Quail_(AM-15)" title="USS Quail (AM-15)">USS Quail (AM-15)</a> scuttled following damage by air and surface attack 5 May 1942</dd> <dd>submarine tender <a href="/wiki/USS_Canopus_(AS-9)" title="USS Canopus (AS-9)">USS Canopus (AS-9)</a> scuttled 10 Apr 1942 (548 crew served with <a href="/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment" title="4th Marine Regiment">4th Marine Regiment</a> 212 KIA/MIA)</dd> <dd>fleet tug <a href="/wiki/USS_Genesee_(AT-55)" title="USS Genesee (AT-55)">USS Genesee (AT-55)</a> scuttled 5 May 1942 but salvaged by the Japanese; sunk on 5 Nov 1944</dd> <dd>seaplane tender <a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS Langley (AV-3)</a> escaped to Dutch East Indies and Australia; lost 8 May 1942</dd> <dd>survey ship <a href="/wiki/USC%26GSS_Pathfinder_(1899%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="USC&GSS Pathfinder (1899–1941)">USC&GSS Research</a> beached 30 Jan 1942</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Marine_Corps">United States Marine Corps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States Marine Corps">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Marine_Regiment" title="4th Marine Regiment">4th Marine Regiment</a> (Commander Colonel <a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Howard" title="Samuel L. Howard">Samuel L. Howard</a>) stationed at Corregidor; consisted of 142 different organizations: <ul><li>USMC: 72 officers; 1,368 enlisted</li> <li>USN: 37 officers; 848 enlisted</li> <li>USAAC/PA: 111 officers; 1,455 enlisted</li></ul></li></ul> 4th Marines Casualties were 315 killed/15 MIA/357 WIA in the Philippine Campaign.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-IV-3.html">[3]</a> 105 Marines were captured on Bataan and 1,283 captured on Corregidor of whom 490 did not survive.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-A.html#Philippines">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department" title="Philippine Department">Philippine Department</a></div> Harbor Defenses, April 15, 1942 (Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_F._Moore_(US_Army_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Moore (US Army officer)">George F. Moore</a>): <ul><li>US Army: 5,012</li> <li>US Navy: 2,158</li> <li>USMC: 1,617</li> <li>Philippine Scouts: 1,298</li> <li>Philippine Army: 1,818</li> <li>Philippine Navy: 400</li> <li>US Civilians: 343</li> <li>Civilians (other): 2,082</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Nurse_Corps_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Nurse Corps (United States)">Army Nurse Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps" title="United States Navy Nurse Corps">Navy Nurse Corps</a>: 78 ("<a href="/wiki/Angels_of_Bataan" title="Angels of Bataan">Angels of Bataan</a>")</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Valor" title="Day of Valor">Day of Valor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> 192nd Tank Battalion article reports 328 did not survive the war </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Killed in flying accident Australia 30 Apr 1942 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Ground echelon fought at Bataan as 2nd Battalion (27th Bombardment Group) Provisional Infantry Regiment (Air Corp). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> For strength in November 1941 see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/USA-P-PI-3.html">[1]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/Images/p_002.jpg">Reports of General MacArthur</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930001154/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/Images/p_002.jpg">Archived</a> September 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Order of Battle plate. The total includes all elements of divisions assigned to the 14th Army at some point in the campaign, and replacements. The maximum strength of Japanese ground forces was approx. 100,000. The total does not include 12000+ Army air force personnel, whose totals were drastically reduced after January 1, 1942. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p25">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p25">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> p. 18. The Philippine Army totalled 120,000 and the Army of the United States 31,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Fall_of_the_Philippines-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Fall_of_the_Philippines_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Fall_of_the_Philippines_3-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002431/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002431/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 42. Total includes 175 fighters and 74 bombers. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Senshi_S%C5%8Dsho" title="Senshi Sōsho">Senshi Sōsho</a> <bdi lang="ja">戦史叢書</bdi> (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Asagumo Shimbunsha. 1966.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senshi+S%C5%8Dsho+%E6%88%A6%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8&rft.pub=Asagumo+Shimbunsha&rft.date=1966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005633/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">Philippine Islands</a>. Center of Military History, U.S. Army. October 3, 2003. p. 19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">the original</a> on May 23, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2009. <q>Since 6 January the Japanese had suffered 7,000 battle casualties, with another 10,000 to 12,000 men dying of disease.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Islands&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+U.S.+Army&rft.date=2003-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fpi%2FPI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Life Magazine gives a total of 36,583 US/Filipino troops captured 9 April 1942 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=400EAAAAMBAJ">""Missing in Action": With 66 Boys Lost on Bataan, the People of Harrodsburg, Ky. Pay Their Price for Freedom"</a>. Life. July 6, 1942. p. 15 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=%22Missing+in+Action%22%3A+With+66+Boys+Lost+on+Bataan%2C+the+People+of+Harrodsburg%2C+Ky.+Pay+Their+Price+for+Freedom&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1942-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D400EAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/ch6.htm#p103">Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area – Reports of General MacArthur Volume II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005338/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/ch6.htm#p103">Archived</a> May 23, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorton1960-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorton1960_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorton1960">Morton 1960</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "War in the Pacific: The First Year", <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extContent/wapa/guides/first/sec2.htm">https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/npswapa/extContent/wapa/guides/first/sec2.htm</a>. Retrieved May 4, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> "American Prisoners of War in the Philippines," Office of the Provost Marshal, November 19, 1945, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/philippines/pows_in_pi-OPMG_report.html">http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/philippines/pows_in_pi-OPMG_report.html</a>. Retrieved May 4, 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENish2002112-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish2002112_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNish2002">Nish 2002</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENish2002162-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish2002162_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENish2002162_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNish2002">Nish 2002</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaine2017" class="citation book cs1">Paine, Sarah (2017). The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy from the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War. Cambridge University Press. p. 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Empire%3A+Grand+Strategy+from+the+Meiji+Restoration+to+the+Pacific+War&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chun-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chun_15-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChun2012" class="citation book cs1">Chun, Clayton K. S. (2012). The Fall of the Philippines, 1941–42. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-609-7"><bdi>978-1-84908-609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines%2C+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-609-7&rft.aulast=Chun&rft.aufirst=Clayton+K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">The Fall of the Philippines – U.S. Army in World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p19">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p19">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p15">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p21">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217093142/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_2.htm#p21">Archived</a> February 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005633/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">"Philippine Islands"</a>. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">the original</a> on May 23, 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippine+Islands&rft.pages=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fpi%2FPI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpolony2007" class="citation web cs1">Opolony, Jim (September 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://192nd.wikidot.com/origin-of-the-192nd-tank-battalion">"Origin of the 192nd Tank Battalion"</a>. 192nd Tank Battalion Wiki.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=192nd+Tank+Battalion+Wiki&rft.atitle=Origin+of+the+192nd+Tank+Battalion&rft.date=2007-09-23&rft.aulast=Opolony&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F192nd.wikidot.com%2Forigin-of-the-192nd-tank-battalion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Bataan.html">"Company C, 194th Tank Battalion in the Philippines, 1941–42"</a>. militarymuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militarymuseum.org&rft.atitle=Company+C%2C+194th+Tank+Battalion+in+the+Philippines%2C+1941%E2%80%9342&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militarymuseum.org%2FBataan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002431/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 49, incl. notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_4.htm#p61">The Fall of the Philippines</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_28.htm#p498">The Fall of the Philippines</a>, p. 499. The two divisions used as reserves, the 71st and 91st, were not from Luzon but from the Visayas, and each had only two regiments. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanton1984" class="citation book cs1">Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). Order of Battle, U.S. Army, World War II. Presidio Press. p. 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Order+of+Battle%2C+U.S.+Army%2C+World+War+II&rft.pages=461&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Stanton&rft.aufirst=Shelby+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdsg.org/the-harbor-defenses-of-manila-and-subic-bays-the-philippines/">"The Harbor Defenses of Manila and Subic Bays, the Philippines"</a>. Coast Defense Study Group. May 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coast+Defense+Study+Group&rft.atitle=The+Harbor+Defenses+of+Manila+and+Subic+Bays%2C+the+Philippines&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdsg.org%2Fthe-harbor-defenses-of-manila-and-subic-bays-the-philippines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Berhow and McGovern, pp. 10–24 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002431/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p49">"Strength and Composition of U.S. Army Troops in Philippine Islands, 30 November 1941"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p49">the original</a> on December 16, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strength+and+Composition+of+U.S.+Army+Troops+in+Philippine+Islands%2C+30+November+1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_3.htm%23p49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216002431/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_3.htm#p32">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiaticfleet.com/orbat.htm">United States Asiatic Fleet</a>, complete Order of Battle including patrol craft of 16th Naval District. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm#p527">The Fall of the Philippines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525032120/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm#p527">Archived</a> May 25, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 528–529. The <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qinhuangdao" title="Qinhuangdao">Qinhuangdao</a> detachments of the 4th were stranded in China by the onset of war. The 4th Marines had only two battalions, each organized into a machine gun company and two rifle companies of only two platoons each. The amalgamation of the 1st Special Defense Battalion, Cavite, enabled the 4th to organize a third battalion, and Marines of the Marine Barracks Olangapo enabled the 1st and 2nd Battalions to field three rifle companies of three platoons each. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pt5-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Pt5_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoast_And_Geodetic_Survey1951" class="citation web cs1">Coast And Geodetic Survey (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/web/about_ngs/history/WWII-HISTORY-DOC-5-CGS.pdf">"World War II History of the Department Of Commerce-Part 5 U.S. Coast And Geodetic Survey"</a> (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved January 27, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+War+II+History+of+the+Department+Of+Commerce-Part+5+U.S.+Coast+And+Geodetic+Survey&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1951&rft.au=Coast+And+Geodetic+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fweb%2Fabout_ngs%2Fhistory%2FWWII-HISTORY-DOC-5-CGS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Couttie2009p101-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Couttie2009p101_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Couttie2009p101_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouttie2009" class="citation book cs1">Couttie, Bob (2009). "17. The Last Charge". Chew the Bones: Maddog Essays on Philippine History. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442142596" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442142596"><bdi>978-1442142596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=17.+The+Last+Charge&rft.btitle=Chew+the+Bones%3A+Maddog+Essays+on+Philippine+History&rft.pages=101&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1442142596&rft.aulast=Couttie&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The attack on Pearl Harbor had occurred on December 7 by local, Hawaiian time. This was December 8 in the Philippines, which is on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>. Clock time in the Philippines was 18 hours 30 minutes ahead of Hawaiian time (see <a href="/wiki/Zoneinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoneinfo">zoneinfo</a> database). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrell2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Correll, John T. (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airforcemag.com/article/1207ground/">"Caught on the Ground"</a>. Air Force. Vol. 90, no. 12. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Force&rft.atitle=Caught+on+the+Ground&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=68&rft.date=2007-12&rft.aulast=Correll&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airforcemag.com%2Farticle%2F1207ground%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lmcf-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lmcf_39-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation web cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_5.htm#p79">"Chapter V. The First Days of War"</a>. The Fall of the Philippines CMH Pub 5-2. US Army Center for Military History. Retrieved November 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines+CMH+Pub+5-2&rft.atitle=Chapter+V.+The+First+Days+of+War&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_5.htm%23p79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwar.org.au/Philippines/Japanattacks.html">"The Japanese Attack Finds General Macarthur Unprepared"</a>. The Pacific War Historical Society. Retrieved May 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pacific+War+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Japanese+Attack+Finds+General+Macarthur+Unprepared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwar.org.au%2FPhilippines%2FJapanattacks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll,_Caught_on_the_Ground_41-2">c</a> Correll, "Caught on the Ground". </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds1992" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, Walter D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SX0OOdZEZTIC&q=Arnold+%22Brereton%22&pg=PA57">They Fought With What They Had</a>. DIANE. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781428915411" title="Special:BookSources/9781428915411"><bdi>9781428915411</bdi></a>. Retrieved January 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Fought+With+What+They+Had&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=DIANE&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781428915411&rft.aulast=Edmunds&rft.aufirst=Walter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSX0OOdZEZTIC%26q%3DArnold%2B%2522Brereton%2522%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Edmunds, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Edmunds, p. 84. One was on a reconnaissance mission to Formosa, the other over eastern Luzon after taking off as the others were landing. A third B-17 was in the air en route from Mindanao for repair of a wing fuel tank. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Edmunds, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/106184/lieutenant-general-joseph-h-moore/">"Lieutenant General Joseph H. Moore"</a>. Air Force. 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Four of the 18 airborne P-40s made Rosario airfield, while a fifth took off from Iba and found refuge there also. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Edmunds, pp. 133–136. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Edmunds, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Edmunds, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Edmunds, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Edmunds, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim130060005">"The Army Air Forces in World War II. 7 vols"</a>. 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Retrieved March 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Main+Landings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-PI%2FUSA-P-PI-8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam1999" class="citation cs2">Merriam, Ray (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utbD8wwF91kC&pg=PA70">War in the Philippines</a>, Merriam Press, pp. 70–82, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57638-164-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57638-164-1"><bdi>1-57638-164-1</bdi></a>, retrieved January 31, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=70-82&rft.pub=Merriam+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-57638-164-1&rft.aulast=Merriam&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutbD8wwF91kC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Manila Declared 'Open City'". <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a>. 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Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. p. 68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212174805/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/b068659.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on December 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=American+Involvement+in+the+Filipino+Resistance+Movement+on+Mindanao+During+the+Japanese+Occupation%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.inst=U.S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Larry+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fb068659.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/10/12/88571678.pdf">"30 Generals Killed, Captured or Missing: 7 Admirals, 2 Marine Generals Also on Casualty Rolls"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. October 12, 1943. p. 12. Retrieved January 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=30+Generals+Killed%2C+Captured+or+Missing%3A+7+Admirals%2C+2+Marine+Generals+Also+on+Casualty+Rolls&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1943-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1943%2F10%2F12%2F88571678.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/148640018">"Gen. Carl Seals"</a>. The Washington Post. October 31, 1955. p. 20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/148640018">148640018</a>. Retrieved January 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gen.+Carl+Seals&rft.pages=20&rft.date=1955-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F148640018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/151521303">"Ten U.S. and Six Philippine Generals Captured on Bataan"</a>. The Washington Post. April 18, 1942. p. 3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/151521303">151521303</a>. Retrieved February 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ten+U.S.+and+Six+Philippine+Generals+Captured+on+Bataan&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1942-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F151521303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgoncillo2001" class="citation book cs1">Agoncillo, Teodoro (2001). 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Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hellships+Memorial&rft.pub=Hellships+Memorial+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellshipsmemorial.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPHS-78"><a href="#cite_ref-WPHS_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.west-point.org/family/japanese-pow/photos.htm">"Hellship Information and Photographs"</a>. West-Point.Org. January 17, 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hellship+Information+and+Photographs&rft.pub=West-Point.Org&rft.date=2005-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.west-point.org%2Ffamily%2Fjapanese-pow%2Fphotos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-pows-idUSPEK37053320070525">"American POWs remember life in Japanese prison camp"</a>. Reuters. May 25, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=American+POWs+remember+life+in+Japanese+prison+camp&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-china-pows-idUSPEK37053320070525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us/html/hellships.html">"Hellships"</a>. Defenders of the Philippine. West Virginia Library Commission. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defenders+of+the+Philippine&rft.atitle=Hellships&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippine-defenders.lib.wv.us%2Fhtml%2Fhellships.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello1982" class="citation book cs1">Costello, John (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lnf4Wnp_JZcC&q=Philippines%20slowed%20Japanese%20advance&pg=PA185">The Pacific War</a>. HarperCollins. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-01620-3"><bdi>978-0-688-01620-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-688-01620-3&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlnf4Wnp_JZcC%26q%3DPhilippines%2520slowed%2520Japanese%2520advance%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peleliu1944.com/momument.pdf">"Manila American Cemetery and Memorial"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a>. Retrieved April 14, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manila+American+Cemetery+and+Memorial&rft.pub=American+Battle+Monuments+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peleliu1944.com%2Fmomument.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_MacArthur's_General_Staff2006" class="citation book cs1">General MacArthur's General Staff (June 20, 2006) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160131040027/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v1/ch10.htm">"Chapter X – Guerrilla Activities in the Philippines"</a>. Reports of General MacArthur. United States Army. pp. 295–326. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66-60005">66-60005</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch10.htm">the original</a> on January 31, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+X+%E2%80%93+Guerrilla+Activities+in+the+Philippines&rft.btitle=Reports+of+General+MacArthur&rft.pages=295-326&rft.pub=United+States+Army&rft.date=2006-06-20&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66-60005&rft.au=General+MacArthur%27s+General+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V1%2Fch10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Webb, W. E. (1950). The Operations of the 41st Infantry Regiment (Philippine Army) of the 41st Infantry Division in the Defense of the Abucay Line, Bataan, Philippine Islands, January 10–18, 1942 (Philippine Campaign). The Infantry School, Staff Department. Fort Benning: US Army. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtienza1985" class="citation book cs1">Atienza, Rigoberto J. (1985). A Time for War: 105 Days in Bataan. Manila: Eugenia S. vda. de Atienza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+for+War%3A+105+Days+in+Bataan&rft.place=Manila&rft.pub=Eugenia+S.+vda.+de+Atienza&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Atienza&rft.aufirst=Rigoberto+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiosco2010" class="citation book cs1">Diosco, Marconi M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y27BAbDZLXEC&pg=PA40">The Times When Men Must Die: The Story of the Destruction of the Philippine Army During the Early Months of World War II in the Pacific, December 1941 – May 1942</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dorrance_Publishing_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Dorrance Publishing Co.">Dorrance Publishing Co.</a> p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-0809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4349-0809-4"><bdi>978-1-4349-0809-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+When+Men+Must+Die%3A+The+Story+of+the+Destruction+of+the+Philippine+Army+During+the+Early+Months+of+World+War+II+in+the+Pacific%2C+December+1941+%E2%80%93+May+1942&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4349-0809-4&rft.aulast=Diosco&rft.aufirst=Marconi+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY27BAbDZLXEC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapistrano1982" class="citation news cs1">Capistrano, Robert (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824110022/http://philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us/QuanNews/quan1900s/quan1980s/september_1982_quan.pdf">"The Southwest Pacific Theater or Operations"</a> (PDF). The Quan. Vol. 37, no. 2. American Defenders of Bataan & Corregidor, Inc. pp. 11–13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippine-defenders.lib.wv.us/QuanNews/quan1900s/quan1980s/september_1982_quan.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on August 24, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011. <q>Provisional Tank Group: BG James R.N. Weaver, USA (Ft. Stotsenburg)(organized 21 November 1941 with the arrival of the following units)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quan&rft.atitle=The+Southwest+Pacific+Theater+or+Operations&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Capistrano&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippine-defenders.lib.wv.us%2FQuanNews%2Fquan1900s%2Fquan1980s%2Fseptember_1982_quan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur1964" class="citation magazine cs1">MacArthur, Douglas (July 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEEEAAAAMBAJ&q=Brigadier%20General%20James%20R.%20N.%20Weaver&pg=PA66-IA2">"The Country's Safety Was at State and I Said So"</a>. Life. Vol. 57, no. 1. pp. 55–66 – via Google Books. <q>At this critical point I threw in my last reserve supported by a small light tank force under Brig. General James R. N. Weaver.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=The+Country%27s+Safety+Was+at+State+and+I+Said+So&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-66&rft.date=1964-07&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnEEEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DBrigadier%2520General%2520James%2520R.%2520N.%2520Weaver%26pg%3DPA66-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Company A was from <a href="/wiki/Janesville,_Wisconsin" title="Janesville, Wisconsin">Janesville, Wisconsin</a>; Company B was from Maywood and <a href="/wiki/Proviso_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois">Proviso Township, Cook County, Illinois</a>; Company C was from <a href="/wiki/Port_Clinton,_Ohio" title="Port Clinton, Ohio">Port Clinton, Ohio</a>; Company D aka "Harrodsburg Tankers" was from <a href="/wiki/Harrodsburg,_Kentucky" title="Harrodsburg, Kentucky">Harrodsburg, Kentucky</a>; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=400EAAAAMBAJ">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneternalpatrol.com/uss-sealion-195.htm">"On Eternal Patrol – USS Sealion (SS-195)"</a>. www.oneternalpatrol.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oneternalpatrol.com&rft.atitle=On+Eternal+Patrol+%E2%80%93+USS+Sealion+%28SS-195%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oneternalpatrol.com%2Fuss-sealion-195.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_2">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch2003" class="citation book cs1">Bartsch, William H. (2003). 8 December 1941: MacArthur's Pearl Harbor. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=8+December+1941%3A+MacArthur%27s+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bartsch&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeloteWilliam_M._Belote1967" class="citation book cs1">Belote, James H.; William M. Belote (1967). Corregidor: The Saga of a Fortress. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006BOBRQ">B0006BOBRQ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corregidor%3A+The+Saga+of+a+Fortress&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006BOBRQ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Belote&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft.au=William+M.+Belote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerhowTerrance_C._McGovern2003" class="citation book cs1">Berhow, Mark A.; Terrance C. McGovern (2003). American Defenses of Corregidor and Manila Bay 1898–1945 (Fortress). Osprey Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-427-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-427-2"><bdi>1-84176-427-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Defenses+of+Corregidor+and+Manila+Bay+1898%E2%80%931945+%28Fortress%29&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-427-2&rft.aulast=Berhow&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Terrance+C.+McGovern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton2006" class="citation book cs1">Burton, John (2006). Fortnight of Infamy: The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor. US Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-096-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-096-X"><bdi>1-59114-096-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortnight+of+Infamy%3A+The+Collapse+of+Allied+Airpower+West+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=US+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59114-096-X&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnaughton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Connaughton" title="Richard Connaughton">Connaughton, Richard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/macarthurdefeati00conn">MacArthur and Defeat in the Philippines</a>. New York: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585671182" title="Special:BookSources/9781585671182"><bdi>9781585671182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MacArthur+and+Defeat+in+the+Philippines&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781585671182&rft.aulast=Connaughton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmacarthurdefeati00conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea1998" class="citation book cs1">Drea, Edward J. (1998). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1708-0"><bdi>0-8032-1708-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Service+of+the+Emperor%3A+Essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.place=Nebraska&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8032-1708-0&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmunds1951" class="citation book cs1">Edmunds, Walter D. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCG-LP5R3QcC">They Fought With What They Had: The Story of the Army Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific, 1941–1942</a>. College Station: Little, Brown and Company (1992 reprint: Center For Air Force History). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442142596" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442142596"><bdi>978-1442142596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Fought+With+What+They+Had%3A+The+Story+of+the+Army+Air+Forces+in+the+Southwest+Pacific%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company+%281992+reprint%3A+Center+For+Air+Force+History%29&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-1442142596&rft.aulast=Edmunds&rft.aufirst=Walter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCG-LP5R3QcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2011" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, John (2011). Fighting for MacArthur: The Navy and Marine Corps' Desperate Defense of the Philippines. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-057-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-057-6"><bdi>978-1-61251-057-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+MacArthur%3A+The+Navy+and+Marine+Corps%27+Desperate+Defense+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-057-6&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonBruce_H._Norton2003" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Charles; Bruce H. Norton (2003). I Am Alive!: A United States Marine's Story of Survival in a World war II Japanese POW Camp. Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-44911-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-44911-8"><bdi>0-345-44911-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Am+Alive%21%3A+A+United+States+Marine%27s+Story+of+Survival+in+a+World+war+II+Japanese+POW+Camp&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-345-44911-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Bruce+H.+Norton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallonee2003" class="citation book cs1">Mallonee, Richard C. (2003). Battle for Bataan: An Eyewitness Account. I Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-7450-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-7450-3"><bdi>0-7434-7450-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Bataan%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.pub=I+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7434-7450-3&rft.aulast=Mallonee&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Adrian R. (2008). Operation Plum: The Ill-Fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight for the Western Pacific. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-019-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-019-6"><bdi>978-1-60344-019-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Plum%3A+The+Ill-Fated+27th+Bombardment+Group+and+the+Fight+for+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-019-6&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Adrian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellnik1981" class="citation book cs1">Mellnik, Stephen Michael (1981). Philippine War Diary, 1939–1945. Van Nostrand Reinhold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-21258-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-21258-5"><bdi>0-442-21258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+War+Diary%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-442-21258-5&rft.aulast=Mellnik&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Morison, Samuel Eliot</a> (2001) [1958]. The Rising Sun in the Pacific 1931 – April 1942, vol. 3 of <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>. Castle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-1304-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-1304-7"><bdi>0-7858-1304-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rising+Sun+in+the+Pacific+1931+%E2%80%93+April+1942%2C+vol.+3+of+History+of+United+States+Naval+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7858-1304-7&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2000" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Eric (2000). Corregidor: The American Alamo of World War II. Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1085-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8154-1085-9"><bdi>0-8154-1085-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corregidor%3A+The+American+Alamo+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8154-1085-9&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNish2002" class="citation book cs1">Nish, Ian Hill (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJCybygKzJIC">Japanese Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period</a>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94791-0"><bdi>978-0-275-94791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-275-94791-0&rft.aulast=Nish&rft.aufirst=Ian+Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJCybygKzJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottman2005" class="citation book cs1">Rottman, Gordon L. (2005). Japanese Army in World War II: Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-789-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-789-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-789-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+Conquest+of+the+Pacific+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-789-5&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1981" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Duane (1981). Hero of Bataan: The story of General Johnathan M Wainwright. St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000UXDJJG">B000UXDJJG</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero+of+Bataan%3A+The+story+of+General+Johnathan+M+Wainwright&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000UXDJJG%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Duane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldronEmily_Burneson2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldron, Ben; Emily Burneson (2006). Corregidor: From Paradise to Hell!. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4120-2109-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4120-2109-X"><bdi>1-4120-2109-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corregidor%3A+From+Paradise+to+Hell%21&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4120-2109-X&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Emily+Burneson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1990" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, John W. (1990). Bataan: Our Last Ditch: The Bataan Campaign, 1942. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87052-877-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87052-877-7"><bdi>0-87052-877-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bataan%3A+Our+Last+Ditch%3A+The+Bataan+Campaign%2C+1942&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87052-877-7&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1992" class="citation book cs1">Young, Donald J. (1992). The Battle of Bataan: A History of the 90 Day Siege and Eventual Surrender of 75,000 Filipino and United States Troops to the Japanese in World War. McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89950-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89950-757-3"><bdi>0-89950-757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Bataan%3A+A+History+of+the+90+Day+Siege+and+Eventual+Surrender+of+75%2C000+Filipino+and+United+States+Troops+to+the+Japanese+in+World+War&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89950-757-3&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zaloga, Steven J. Japanese Tanks 1939–45. Osprey, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-091-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-091-8">978-1-84603-091-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch1995" class="citation book cs1">Bartsch, William H. (1995). Doomed at the Start: American Pursuit Pilots in the Philippines, 1941–1942. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-679-2"><bdi>978-0-89096-679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doomed+at+the+Start%3A+American+Pursuit+Pilots+in+the+Philippines%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-679-2&rft.aulast=Bartsch&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChun2012" class="citation book cs1">Chun, Clayton (2012). The Fall of the Philippines 1941–42. Osprey Publishing; Osprey Campaign Series No. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-609-7"><bdi>978-1-84908-609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines+1941%E2%80%9342&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing%3B+Osprey+Campaign+Series+No.+243&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-609-7&rft.aulast=Chun&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Adrian R. (2010). Operation PLUM: The Ill-fated 27th Bombardment Group and the Fight for the Western Pacific. Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-184-1"><bdi>978-1-60344-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+PLUM%3A+The+Ill-fated+27th+Bombardment+Group+and+the+Fight+for+the+Western+Pacific&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-184-1&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Adrian+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1960" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071230145455/http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">"Chapter 6: The Decision to Withdraw to Bataan"</a>. In Kent Roberts Greenfield (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_0.htm">Command Decisions</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/59060007">59060007</a>. CMH Pub 70-7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/70-7_06.htm">the original</a> on December 30, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Decision+to+Withdraw+to+Bataan&rft.btitle=Command+Decisions&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F59060007&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2F70-7_06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton1953" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Louis (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108061554/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">The Fall of the Philippines</a>. U.S. Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/53063678">53063678</a>. CMH Pub 5-2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_Contents.htm">the original</a> on January 8, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=U.S.+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F53063678&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2F5-2%2F5-2_Contents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> – full text</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2003" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Jennifer L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523005633/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">Philippine Islands</a>. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II (brochure). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 72–3. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/pi/PI.htm">the original</a> on May 23, 2011. Retrieved January 29, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+Islands&rft.series=The+U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+World+War+II+%28brochure%29&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Fpi%2FPI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125072601/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/macarthurv2.htm#contents">Reports of General MacArthur</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. 1994. 13-1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/macarthurv2.htm#contents">the original</a> on January 25, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+Operations+in+the+Southwest+Pacific+Area%2C+Volume+II+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.btitle=Reports+of+General+MacArthur&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1994&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V2%2520P1%2Fmacarthurv2.htm%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Volume I, Chapter 1 Japanese Offensive in the Pacific". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214657/https://history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm">Reports of General MacArthur</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V1/ch01.htm">the original</a> on April 24, 2021. Retrieved May 4, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volume+I%2C+Chapter+1+Japanese+Offensive+in+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Reports+of+General+MacArthur&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FMacArthur%2520Reports%2FMacArthur%2520V1%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"> Report by MacArthur's staff</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2011" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Peter F. (2011). The Twilight Riders: The Last Charge of the 26th Cavalry. Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6485-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6485-3"><bdi>978-0-7627-6485-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Twilight+Riders%3A+The+Last+Charge+of+the+26th+Cavalry&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-6485-3&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Peter+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1946" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> Wibb E. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansell.com/pow_resources/camplists/philippines/cooper_med_report.html#GENERAL_REVIEW">Medical Department Activities in the Philippines from 1941 to May 1942, and Including Medical Activities in the Japanese Prisoner of War Camps</a>. Office of the Sergeon General.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Department+Activities+in+the+Philippines+from+1941+to+May+1942%2C+and+Including+Medical+Activities+in+the+Japanese+Prisoner+of+War+Camps&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Sergeon+General&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Colonel+Wibb+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansell.com%2Fpow_resources%2Fcamplists%2Fphilippines%2Fcooper_med_report.html%23GENERAL_REVIEW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Headquarters,_Far_East_Command1951" class="citation web cs1">General Headquarters, Far East Command (July 20, 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105115649/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/zambo.htm">"Japanese Landings at Zamboanga, 2 March 1942"</a>. Center of Military History. United States Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/documents/zambo.htm">the original</a> on January 5, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Japanese+Landings+at+Zamboanga%2C+2+March+1942&rft.date=1951-07-20&rft.au=General+Headquarters%2C+Far+East+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fdocuments%2Fzambo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_the_Philippines_(1941-42)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)">Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Peter_Chen" class="citation web cs1">C. Peter Chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=46">"Invasion of the Philippines"</a>. WW2DB. Retrieved May 31, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WW2DB&rft.atitle=Invasion+of+the+Philippines&rft.au=C.+Peter+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fbattle_spec.php%3Fbattle_id%3D46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715032352/http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Philippines.html">"Animated History of The Fall of the Philippines"</a>. HistoryAnimated.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwaranimated.com/Philippines.html">the original</a> on July 15, 2011. Retrieved January 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Animated+History+of+The+Fall+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=HistoryAnimated.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwaranimated.com%2FPhilippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilippines+campaign+%281941%E2%80%931942%29" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915085111/http://reta.nmsu.edu/bataan/index2.html">Battle for Bataan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dec41attacks" title="Template talk:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">First Bombardment of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Invasion of Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Bombing of Rangoon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prachuap_Khiri_Khan" title="Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan">Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Invasion of Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_Attack,_7_December_1941_(24374354935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/100px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/150px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/200px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5767" data-file-height="4527" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/100px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/150px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/200px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="526" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Attack on Clark and Iba Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Japanese invasion of Aparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">Japanese invasion of Batan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Davao" title="Japanese invasion of Davao">Japanese invasion of Davao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Legazpi" title="Japanese invasion of Legazpi">Japanese invasion of Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Japanese invasion of Vigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Battle of Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kota_Bharu" title="Battle of Kota Bharu">Battle of Kota Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Battle of Kuala Lumpur">Battle of Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Bombing of Singapore (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1941">List of shipwrecks in December 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wake#Service_history" title="USS Wake">USS Wake capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Peterel_(1927)" title="HMS Peterel (1927)">HMS Peterel sunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement#Japanese_occupy_the_International_Settlement_(1941)" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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