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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>1943</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>1944</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polish resistance movement in World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حركة المقاومة البولندية في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة المقاومة البولندية في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Полска съпротива – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полска съпротива" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsk%C3%BD_odboj_b%C4%9Bhem_druh%C3%A9_sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Polský odboj během druhé světové války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polský odboj během druhé světové války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistencia_polaca" title="Resistencia polaca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Resistencia polaca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pola_Rezistomovado" title="Pola Rezistomovado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pola Rezistomovado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA_%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="جنبش مقاومت لهستان در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنبش مقاومت لهستان در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9sistance_int%C3%A9rieure_polonaise_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Résistance intérieure polonaise pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Résistance intérieure polonaise pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84_%EB%8C%80%EC%A0%84_%EB%8B%B9%EC%8B%9C_%ED%8F%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%AD%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="제2차 세계 대전 당시 폴란드의 저항운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 세계 대전 당시 폴란드의 저항운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_polacca" title="Resistenza polacca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza polacca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="תנועת ההתנגדות הפולנית במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת ההתנגדות הפולנית במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3" title="पोलिश भूमिगत सशस्त्र चळवळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलिश भूमिगत सशस्त्र चळवळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%8D%E7%8B%AC%E9%97%98%E4%BA%89" title="ポーランドの反独闘争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランドの反独闘争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_ruch_oporu_w_czasie_II_wojny_%C5%9Bwiatowej" title="Polski ruch oporu w czasie II wojny światowej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polski ruch oporu w czasie II wojny światowej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_de_resist%C3%AAncia_polon%C3%AAs_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Movimento de resistência polonês na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Movimento de resistência polonês na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezisten%C8%9Ba_polonez%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial" title="Rezistența poloneză în Al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rezistența poloneză în Al Doilea Război Mondial" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пољски покрет отпора у Другом светском рату – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољски покрет отпора у Другом светском рату" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolalainen_vastarinta_toisessa_maailmansodassa" title="Puolalainen vastarinta toisessa maailmansodassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolalainen vastarinta toisessa maailmansodassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ขบวนการต่อต้านของชาวโปแลนด์ในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ขบวนการต่อต้านของชาวโปแลนด์ในสงครามโลกครั้งที่สอง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Польський Опір під час Другої світової війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польський Опір під час Другої світової війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2363019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combatant organizations opposed to Nazi Germany</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Polish resistance during World War II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/150px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/225px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/150px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/225px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg/300px-Jewish_prisones_of_KZGesiowka_liberated_by_Polish_Soldiers_of_Home_Army_Warsaw1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/150px-Warsaw_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/225px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Warsaw_1944.jpg/300px-Warsaw_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="787" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/150px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/225px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/300px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br />Sequentially from top: soldiers from Kolegium "A" of <a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> on Stawki Street in <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a> district, during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, 1944; Jewish prisoners of <a href="/wiki/G%C4%99si%C3%B3wka" title="Gęsiówka">Gęsiówka</a> concentration camp liberated by Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Battalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Zośka">"Zośka" Battalion</a>, 5 August 1944; Polish partisans of "<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drusie" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" unit in <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> area, 1945; Old Town of Warsaw in flames during Warsaw Uprising</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">27 September 1939</a> – <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_roundup" title="Augustów roundup">25 July 1945</a><br />(anti-communist resistance continued until mid-1950s)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Polish Victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_contribution_to_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish contribution to World War II">Contribution</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a></li> <li>Restoration of Polish statehood after <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Poland (1939-1945)">occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a> of Poland, imposition of a communist <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">puppet government</a> and reduction of Poland to a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Soviet satellite state</a> until 1989</li> <li>Liquidation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Home_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Home Army">Polish Home Army</a> and other anti-Nazi resistance movements by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_secret_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet secret police">Soviet secret police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%9346)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–46)">Continued anti-communist resistance</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Poland" title="Borders of Poland">Borders of Poland</a> altered; prewar <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern territories</a> of Poland <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_border_agreement_of_August_1945" title="Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945">ceded to the Soviet Union</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">former German territories</a> in the West</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Auxiliary_Police_Battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions">Lithuanian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/23px-OUN-M-03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/35px-OUN-M-03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/OUN-M-03.svg/46px-OUN-M-03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="356" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Polish collaborators</a></li></ul> <hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a><br /><small>(1939–1941; after 1944 against non-Communists only)</small><hr /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></span><br /><small>(1943–1945)</small></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-AK_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/46px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="458" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasants' Battalions</a><sup id="cite_ref-BCh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BCh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a><sup id="cite_ref-NSZ_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSZ-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><i><a href="#Formations">and others...</a></i><br /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Government-in-Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Government-in-Exile">Polish Government-in-Exile</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Western Allies</a><hr /><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland">Provisional Government</a><sup id="cite_ref-RTRP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RTRP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">People's Guard</a> <small>(1942–1944)</small></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">People's Army</a> <small>(1944)</small></span></li></ul> <b>Supported by:</b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <small>(After 1941)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Dirlewanger" title="Oskar Dirlewanger">Oskar Dirlewanger</a>  <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_dem_Bach-Zelewski" title="Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski">E. von dem Bach-Zelewski</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>  <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Stahel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainer Stahel">Rainer Stahel</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Reinefarth" title="Heinz Reinefarth">Heinz Reinefarth</a> <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lavrenty_Beria" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavrenty Beria">Lavrenty Beria</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Roman Shukhevych</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Dmytro Klyachkivsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">M. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Komorowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeusz Komorowski">Tadeusz Komorowski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Pełczyński">Tadeusz Pełczyński</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emil_August_Fieldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil August Fieldorf">Emil August Fieldorf</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State"><img alt="Polish Underground State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Chru%C5%9Bciel" title="Antoni Chruściel">Antoni Chruściel</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg/46px-Banner_of_the_Farmer_Battalions_%28Stronnictwo_Ludowe_Roch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="458" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Franciszek Kamiński">Franciszek Kamiński</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Oziewicz" title="Ignacy Oziewicz">Ignacy Oziewicz</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Kurcyusz" title="Tadeusz Kurcyusz">Tadeusz Kurcyusz</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kasznica" title="Stanisław Kasznica">Stanisław Kasznica</a> <hr /></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Os%C3%B3bka-Morawski" title="Edward Osóbka-Morawski">Edward Osóbka-Morawski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Mo%C5%82ojec" title="Bolesław Mołojec">Bolesław Mołojec</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Spychalski" title="Marian Spychalski">Marian Spychalski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Rola-%C5%BBymierski" title="Michał Rola-Żymierski">Michał Rola-Żymierski</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_J%C3%B3%C5%BAwiak" title="Franciszek Jóźwiak">Franciszek Jóźwiak</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,080,000 (1944)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a><br />650,000 (1944)<sup id="cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komorowski2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><hr /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Polish People's Army</a><br />~200,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span> </p> <ul><li>up to 150,000 killed, 6,000 officials assassinated</li> <li>4,326 damaged or destroyed vehicles</li> <li>1/8 of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> rail transport damaged or destroyed</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> </p> <ul><li>6,000–12,000 killed</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> </p> <ul><li>~34,000–100,000 killed</li> <li>20,000–50,000 wounded or captured</li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Polish People's Army</a> </p> <ul><li>~5,000–10,000</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance movement</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was led by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army</a>. The Polish resistance is notable among others for disrupting German supply lines to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> (damaging or destroying 1/8 of all rail transports), and providing <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence reports</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">intelligence agencies</a> (providing 43% of all reports from <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">occupied Europe</a>). It was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest of all Polish resistance organizations was the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Home Army, AK), loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> in London. The AK was formed in 1942 from the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle</a> (<i>Związek Walki Zbrojnej</i> or ZWZ, itself created in 1939) and would eventually incorporate most other Polish armed resistance groups (except for the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> groups).<sup id="cite_ref-MNK_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNK-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> and loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in Exile">Polish government in Exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNK_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNK-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the other Polish underground armed organizations were created by a political party or faction, and included: </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></i> (Peasants' Battalions). Created by the leftist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a> around 1940–1941, it would partially merge with AK around 1942–1943.<sup id="cite_ref-WPH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></i> (People's Guard of WRN) of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a> (PPS) (joined ZWZ around 1940, subsequently merged into AK)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LERSKI1996-665_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LERSKI1996-665-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Konfederacja_Narodu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfederacja Narodu">Konfederacja Narodu</a></i> (Confederation of the Nation). Created in 1940 by far-right <i><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp_Falanga" class="mw-redirect" title="National Radical Camp Falanga">Obóz Narodowo Radykalny-Falanga</a></i> (National Radical Camp Falanga).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would partially merge with ZWZ around 1941 and finally join AK around fall 1943.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Narodowa_Organizacja_Wojskowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa">Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa</a></i> (National Military Organisation), established by the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a> in 1939, mostly integrated with AK around 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></i> (National Armed Forces); created in 1943 from dissatisfied NOW units, which refused to be subordinated to the AK.<sup id="cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Polski_Walcz%C4%85cej" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Polski Walczącej">Obóz Polski Walczącej</a></i> (Camp of Fighting Poland), established by the <a href="/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Zjednoczenia_Narodowego" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego">Obóz Zjednoczenia Narodowego</a> (Camp of National Unity) around 1942, subordinated to AK.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1943.</li></ul> <p>The largest groups that refused to join the AK were the <a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a> and the pro-Soviet and communist <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">People's Army</a> (Polish <i>Armia Ludowa</i> or AL), backed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and established by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> (Polish <i>Polska Partia Robotnicza</i> or PPR).<sup id="cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-PWN-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the scale and scope of the Polish resistance, <i>Reichsfuhrer-SS</i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> noted: </p> <blockquote><p>"Within the framework of the entire enemy intelligence operations directed against Germany, the intelligence service of the Polish resistance movement assumed major significance. The scope and importance of the operations of the Polish resistance movement, which was ramified down to the smallest splinter group and brilliantly organized, have been in (various sources) disclosed in connection with carrying out of major police security operations." Heinrich Himmler, 31 December 1942<sup id="cite_ref-occupation_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-occupation-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000.<sup id="cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK-WIEM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1944 when <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a> began, AK reached its highest membership numbers, though the estimates vary from 300,000<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie234_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie234-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Salm317_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salm317-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strength of the second largest resistance organization, <a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> (Peasants' Battalions), can be estimated for summer 1944 (at which time they were mostly merged with AK<sup id="cite_ref-WPH_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) at about 160,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Biegalski1999_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biegalski1999-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third largest group include <a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">NSZ</a> (National Armed Forces) with approximately 70,000 men around 1943–1944; only small parts of that force were merged with AK.<sup id="cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its height in 1944, the communist Armia Ludowa, which never merged with AK, numbered about 30,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AL-PWN-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate for the summer 1944 strength of AK and its allies, including NSZ, gives its strength at 650,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Komorowski2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the Polish resistance have often been described as the largest or one of the largest resistance organizations in World War II Europe.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_anone"><a href="#endnote_anone">[a]</a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Actions,_operations,_and_intelligence,_1939–1945"><span id="Actions.2C_operations.2C_and_intelligence.2C_1939.E2.80.931945"></span>Actions, operations, and intelligence, 1939–1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Actions, operations, and intelligence, 1939–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939">1939</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1939"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/170px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG/255px-Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Witold_Pilecki_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army" title="Secret Polish Army">TAP</a> organisation and the secret agent of Polish resistance in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 November 1939, two soldiers of the Polish army – <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Jan_W%C5%82odarkiewicz" title="Jan Włodarkiewicz">Jan Włodarkiewicz</a> – founded the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army" title="Secret Polish Army">Secret Polish Army</a> (<i>Tajna Armia Polska</i>, TAP), one of the first underground organizations in Poland after defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pilecki became its organizational commander as TAP expanded to cover not only <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> but <a href="/wiki/Siedlce" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> and other major cities of central Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-konfederacja_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-konfederacja-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1940, TAP had approximately 8,000 men (more than half of them armed), some 20 <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle,_model_35" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rifle, model 35">anti-tank rifles</a>. Later, the organization was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Union for Armed Struggle</a> (<i>Związek Walki Zbrojnej</i>), later renamed and better known as the Home Army (<i><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-google_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940">1940</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1940"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/180px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/270px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg/361px-Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="2889" /></a><figcaption>Major <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a> aka "Hubal"</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1940, a partisan unit of the first <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> commanders in the Second World War in Europe under Major <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal"</a> destroyed a <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a> of German infantry in a skirmish near the village of <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huciska" class="extiw" title="pl:Huciska">Huciska</a>. A few days later in an ambush near the village of Szałasy it inflicted heavy casualties upon another German unit. To counter this threat the German authorities formed a special 1,000 men strong <a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">counter-insurgency unit</a> of combined <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> forces, including a <a href="/wiki/Panzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer">Panzer</a> group. Although the unit of Major Dobrzański never exceeded 300 men, the Germans fielded at least 8,000 men in the area to secure it.<sup id="cite_ref-szymanski_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-szymanski-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-militaryhistorypress_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militaryhistorypress-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940, <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a> for the Polish resistance, presented to his superiors a plan to enter Germany's <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>, gather intelligence on the camp from the inside, and organize inmate resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-concentration_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-concentration-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Home Army approved this plan, provided him a false identity card, and on 19 September 1940, he deliberately went out during a street roundup (<a href="/wiki/%C5%81apanka" title="Łapanka">łapanka</a>) in Warsaw and was caught by the Germans along with other civilians and sent to Auschwitz. In the camp he organized the underground organization – <a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a> – ZOW.<sup id="cite_ref-hoh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From October 1940, ZOW sent its first report about the camp and the genocide in November 1940 to Home Army Headquarters in Warsaw through the resistance network organized in Auschwitz.<sup id="cite_ref-auschwitz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auschwitz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubal3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/220px-Hubal3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/330px-Hubal3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Hubal3.png/440px-Hubal3.png 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>"Hubal" and his partisan unit –winter 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>During the night of 21–22 January 1940, in the Soviet-occupied <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolian</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków">Czortków</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków Uprising">Czortków Uprising</a> started; it was the first Polish uprising during World War II. Anti-Soviet Poles, most of them teenagers from local high schools, stormed the local <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> barracks and a prison, in order to release Polish soldiers kept there. </p><p>At the end of 1940 <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Kamiński">Aleksander Kamiński</a> created a Polish youth resistance organization, known as "Wawer".<sup id="cite_ref-google1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was part of the <a href="/wiki/Szare_Szeregi" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a> (the underground <a href="/wiki/Polish_Scouting_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Scouting Association">Polish Scouting Association</a>). This organisation carried out many <a href="/wiki/Minor_sabotage" title="Minor sabotage">minor sabotage</a> operations in occupied Poland. Its first action was drawing <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> around Christmas Eve of 1940 commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Wawer_massacre" title="Wawer massacre">Wawer massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-warszawa_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warszawa-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the AK Wawer "Small Sabotage" units painted "Pomścimy Wawer" ("We'll avenge Wawer") on Warsaw walls. At first they painted the whole text, then to save time they shortened it to two letters, P and W. Later they invented <a href="/wiki/Kotwica" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a> – "Anchor" – which became the symbol of all Polish resistance in occupied Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-symbolika_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-symbolika-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941">1941</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1941"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/220px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/330px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg/440px-Lapanka_zoliborz_warszawa_Polska_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3515" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>łapanka, possibly the one in which <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> was captured in autumn 1941, Warsaw, Żoliborz.</figcaption></figure> <p>From April 1941 the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Bureau of Information and Propaganda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Union for Armed Struggle</a> started <a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBenczykowski" title="Tadeusz Żenczykowski">Tadeusz Żenczykowski</a>. It involved <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subversion_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subversion (politics)">subversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">black-propaganda</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-wspomnienia_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wspomnienia-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From March 1941, Witold Pilecki's reports were forwarded to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> and through it, to the British and other Allied governments. These reports informed the Allies about the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and were the principal source of intelligence on <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz-Birkenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz-Birkenau">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a> for the Western Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-university_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 March 1941, two Polish agents of the Home Army killed Nazi <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborator</a> actor <a href="/wiki/Igo_Sym" title="Igo Sym">Igo Sym</a> in his apartment in Warsaw. In reprisal, 21 Polish hostages were executed. Several Polish actors were also arrested by the Nazis and sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, among them such notable figures as directors <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Jaracz" title="Stefan Jaracz">Stefan Jaracz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Schiller" title="Leon Schiller">Leon Schiller</a>. </p><p>In July 1941 <a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Zygfryd_S%C5%82owikowski" title="Mieczysław Zygfryd Słowikowski">Mieczysław Słowikowski</a> (using the codename "Rygor" – Polish for "Rigor") set up "<a href="/wiki/Agency_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency Africa">Agency Africa</a>", one of World War II's most successful intelligence organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-intelligence_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intelligence-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His Polish allies in these endeavors included Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Gwido_Langer" title="Gwido Langer">Gwido Langer</a> and Major <a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Ci%C4%99%C5%BCki" title="Maksymilian Ciężki">Maksymilian Ciężki</a>. The information gathered by the Agency was used by the Americans and British in planning the amphibious November 1942 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a><sup id="cite_ref-slowikowski_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slowikowski-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> landings in North Africa. These were the first large-scale Allied landings of the war, and their success in turn paved the way for the Allies' <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942">1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/170px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/255px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg/340px-Zdzis%C5%82aw_de_Ville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="3520" /></a><figcaption>Polish partisan Zdzisław de Ville "Zdzich", member of AK "<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drusie" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" with <a href="/wiki/Browning_wz.1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Browning wz.1928">Polish version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/M1918_BAR" class="mw-redirect" title="M1918 BAR">M1918 BAR</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 June 1942, the most spectacular escape from <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a> took place. Four Poles, Eugeniusz Bendera,<sup id="cite_ref-PSB_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSB-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Piechowski" title="Kazimierz Piechowski">Kazimierz Piechowski</a>, Stanisław Gustaw Jaster and Józef Lempart made a daring escape.<sup id="cite_ref-piechowski_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piechowski-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The escapees were dressed as members of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_SS_Division_Totenkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd SS Division Totenkopf">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a>, fully armed and in an SS staff car. They drove out the main gate in a stolen <a href="/wiki/Steyr_automobile" title="Steyr automobile">Steyr</a> 220 automobile with a smuggled report from <a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">Witold Pilecki</a> about the Holocaust. Three of the escapees remained free until the end of the war; Jaster, who joined the Polish Underground, was recaptured in 1943 and died shortly afterwards in German custody.<sup id="cite_ref-auschwitz2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auschwitz2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1942 "The Żegota Council for the Aid of the Jews" was founded by <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Krahelska-Filipowicz" title="Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz">Wanda Krahelska-Filipowicz</a> ("Alinka") and made up of Polish Democrats as well as other <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> activists. Poland was the only country in occupied Europe where there existed such a dedicated secret organization. Half of the Jews in Poland who survived the war (thus over 50,000) were aided in some shape or form by Żegota.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski118_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski118-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best-known activist of Żegota was <a href="/wiki/Irena_Sendler" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a>, head of the children's division, who saved 2,500 Jewish children by smuggling them out of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, providing them with false documents, and sheltering them in individual and group children's homes outside the ghetto.<sup id="cite_ref-Baczynska_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baczynska-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942 <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> reported to the Polish, British and U.S. governments on the situation in Poland, especially the Holocaust of the Jews. He met with Polish politicians in exile including the prime minister, and members of political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labor Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Bund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poalei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Poalei Zion">Poalei Zion</a>. He also spoke to <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, the British foreign secretary, and included a detailed statement on what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec.<sup id="cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karski_2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jankowski_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jankowski-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Uprising</a> was an armed uprising of Armia Krajowa and <a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a> against the forced <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany_(1939-1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939-1944)">expulsion of Poles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> region under the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google3-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans attempted to remove the local Poles from the Greater Zamość area (through forced removal, transfer to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labor">forced labor</a> camps, or, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>) to get it ready for German <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>. It lasted from 1942 until 1944 and despite heavy casualties suffered by the Underground, the Germans failed.<sup id="cite_ref-poprzeczny_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poprzeczny-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night from 7 to 8 October 1942 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wieniec" title="Operation Wieniec">Operation Wieniec</a> started. It targeted rail infrastructure near Warsaw. Similar operations aimed at disrupting and harrying German transport and communication in <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Poland">occupied Poland</a> occurred in the coming months and years. It targeted railroads, bridges and supply depots, primarily near transport hubs such as Warsaw and <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943">1943</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1943"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/330px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg/440px-Warsaw_Uprising_by_Deczkowki_-_Kolegium_A_-15861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers from <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolegium_A" class="extiw" title="pl:Kolegium A">Kolegium "A"</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a> on Stawki Street in <a href="/wiki/Wola" title="Wola">Wola</a> district – <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/220px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/330px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg/440px-J%C4%99drusie_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Polish partisans from <a href="/wiki/Kielce" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> area – unit "<a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drusie" title="Jędrusie">Jędrusie</a>" 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/220px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/330px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg/440px-Strp012_Jurgen_Stroop_report_p5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Page 5 of <a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">Stroop Report</a> describing German fight against "Juden mit polnischen Banditen" – "Jews with Polish bandits".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1943 two Polish janitors<sup id="cite_ref-underground_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of Peenemünde's Camp Trassenheide provided maps,<sup id="cite_ref-rcn_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rcn-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sketches and reports to Armia Krajowa Intelligence, and in June 1943 British intelligence had received two such reports which identified the "rocket assembly hall', 'experimental pit', and 'launching tower'. When reconnaissance and intelligence information regarding the <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rocket became convincing, the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_War_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchill War Ministry">War Cabinet</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II#Cabinet_Defence_Committee_(Operations)" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Defence Committee (Operations)</a> directed the campaign's first planned raid (the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Operation Hydra bombing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Peenem%C3%BCnde" title="Peenemünde">Peenemünde</a> in August 1943) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ballistic_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballistic-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 March 1943 in Warsaw <a href="/wiki/Operation_Arsenal" title="Operation Arsenal">Operation Arsenal</a> was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Szare_Szeregi" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a> (Gray Ranks) <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Underground">Polish Underground</a> The successful operation led to the release of arrested troop leader <a href="/wiki/Jan_Bytnar" title="Jan Bytnar">Jan Bytnar "Rudy"</a>. In an attack on the prison, Bytnar and 24 other prisoners were freed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1943 in London <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karski" title="Jan Karski">Jan Karski</a> met the then much known journalist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>. He then traveled to the United States and reported to President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>. His report was a major factor in informing the West. In July 1943, again personally reported to Roosevelt about the situation in Poland. He also met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Joseph Donovan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen Wise</a>. Karski also presented his report to media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stritch" title="Samuel Stritch">Samuel Stritch</a>), members of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> film industry and artists, but without success. Many of those he spoke to did not believe him, or supposed that his testimony was much exaggerated or was propaganda from the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karski_2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Action" title="Ghetto Action">Ghetto Action</a></div> <p>In April 1943 the Germans began deporting the remaining Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw ghetto">Warsaw ghetto</a> provoking the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Ghetto Rising">Warsaw Ghetto Rising</a>, 19 April to 16 May. <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Ghetto_Action" title="Ghetto Action">Ghetto Action</a> – a series of combat actions carried out by the Home Army during the uprising between 19 April 1943 and May 16, 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some units of the AK tried to assist the ghetto rising, but for the most part, the resistance was unprepared and unable to defeat the Germans. One Polish AK unit, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">National Security Corps</a> (<i>Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa</i>), under the command of <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Iwa%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Iwański">Henryk Iwański</a> ("Bystry"), fought inside the ghetto along with <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBZW" class="mw-redirect" title="ŻZW">ŻZW</a>. Subsequently, both groups retreated together (including 34 Jewish fighters). Although Iwański's action is the most well-known rescue mission, it was only one of many actions undertaken by the Polish resistance to help the Jewish fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Korb_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korb-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one attack, three cell units of AK under the command of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Kapitan</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pszenny" title="Józef Pszenny">Józef Pszenny</a> ("Chwacki") tried to breach the ghetto walls with explosives, but the Germans defeated this action.<sup id="cite_ref-underground_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AK and GL engaged the Germans between 19 and 23 April at six different locations outside the ghetto walls, shooting at German sentries and positions and in one case attempting to blow up a gate.<sup id="cite_ref-underground_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participation of the Polish underground in the uprising was many times confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Stroop_Report" title="Stroop Report">a report of the German commander</a> – <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Stroop" title="Jürgen Stroop">Jürgen Stroop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroop_1979-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we invaded the Ghetto for the first time, the Jews and the Polish bandits succeeded in repelling the participating units, including tanks and armored cars, by a well-prepared concentration of fire. (...) The main Jewish battle group, mixed with Polish bandits, had already retired during the first and second day to the so-called Muranowski Square. There, it was reinforced by a considerable number of Polish bandits. Its plan was to hold the Ghetto by every means in order to prevent us from invading it. (...) Time and again Polish bandits found refuge in the Ghetto and remained there undisturbed, since we had no forces at our disposal to comb out this maze. (...) One such battle group succeeded in mounting a truck by ascending from a sewer in the so-called Prosta [Street], and in escaping with it (about 30 to 35 bandits). (...) The bandits and Jews – there were Polish bandits among these gangs armed with carbines, small arms, and in one case a light machine gun – mounted the truck and drove away in an unknown direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stroop_1979-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-2_Bug.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/220px-V-2_Bug.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/330px-V-2_Bug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/V-2_Bug.jpg/440px-V-2_Bug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>AK members recovering <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug River</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1943 the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Operation_Belt" title="Operation Belt">Operation Belt</a> which was one of the large-scale anti-Nazi operations of the AK during the war. By February 1944, 13 German outposts were destroyed with few losses on the Polish side.<sup id="cite_ref-aleksander_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aleksander-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Operation Heads</a> began: the serial executions of German personnel who had been sentenced to death by Polish <a href="/wiki/Underground_court" title="Underground court">underground Special Courts</a> for crimes against Polish citizens in German-occupied Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1943, the Home Army killed <a href="/wiki/Franz_B%C3%BCrkl" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Bürkl">Franz Bürkl</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl" title="Operation Bürkl">Operation Bürkl</a>. Bürkl was a high-ranking <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> agent responsible for the murder and brutal interrogation of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a> and resistance fighters and supporters. In reprisal, 20 inmates of <a href="/wiki/Pawiak" title="Pawiak">Pawiak</a> were murdered in a public execution by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1943, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Operation Most III</a> started. The Armia Krajowa provided the Allies with crucial intelligence on the German <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>. In effect some 50 kg of the most important parts of the captured V-2, as well as the final report, analyses, sketches and photos, were transported to <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dakota" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Dakota">Douglas Dakota</a> aircraft. In late July 1944, the V-2 parts were delivered to London.<sup id="cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frederick_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frederick-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1943 the strength of the forest-based groups can be estimated at 40 groups numbering in total 1,200 to 4,000 fighters, but the numbers grew significantly next year.<sup id="cite_ref-Leslie234-235_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leslie234-235-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944">1944</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1944"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/150px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/225px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg/300px-AK-soldiers_Parasol_Regiment_Warsaw_Uprising_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Polish resistance soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Zośka">Batalion Zośka</a> during 1944 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 February 1944 the Resistance fighters of Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a>'s unit <a href="/wiki/Batalion_Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalion Parasol">Agat</a> executed <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>'s Police Chief in Warsaw in action known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">Operation Kutschera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stachniewicz_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stachniewicz-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stellvertretenden_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellvertretenden-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a reprisal of this action 27 February 140 inmates of Pawiak – Poles and Jews – were shot in a public execution by the Germans. </p><p>13–14 May 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murowana_Oszmianka" title="Battle of Murowana Oszmianka">Battle of Murowana Oszmianka</a> the largest clash between the Polish anti-Nazi Armia Krajowa and the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a> a Lithuanian volunteer security force subordinated to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chiari_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiari-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle took place in and near the village of Murowana Oszmianka in the <i><a href="/wiki/Generalbezirk_Litauen" title="Generalbezirk Litauen">Generalbezirk Litauen</a></i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></i>. The outcome of the battle was that the 301st LVR battalion was routed and the entire force was disbanded by the Germans soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porytowe_Wzg%C3%B3rze" title="Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze">Battle of Porytowe Wzgórze</a> took place between Polish and Russian partisans, numbering around 3,000, and the Nazi German units consisted of between 25,000 and 30,000 soldiers, with artillery, tanks and armored cars and air support.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 25–26 June 1944 the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osuchy" title="Battle of Osuchy">Battle of Osuchy</a> – one of the largest battles between the Polish resistance and Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II – was fought, in what was essentially a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamość Uprising">Zamość Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google5_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google5-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1943 the Home Army built up its forces in preparation for a national uprising. The plan of national anti-Nazi uprising on areas of prewar Poland was code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Operation Tempest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-university6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preparation began in late 1943 but the military actions started in 1944. Its most widely known elements were Operation Ostra Brama, Lwów Uprising and the Warsaw Uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-TB-K_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TB-K-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 July, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Operation Ostra Brama</a> started. Approximately 12,500 Home Army soldiers attacked the German garrison and managed to seize most of the city center. Heavy street fighting in the outskirts of the city lasted until 14 July. In Vilnius' eastern suburbs, the Home Army units cooperated with reconnaissance groups of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/3rd_Belorussian_Front" title="3rd Belorussian Front">3rd Belorussian Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashworth_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashworth-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> entered the city on 15 July, and the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> started to intern all Polish soldiers. On 16 July, the HQ of the 3rd Belorussian Front invited Polish officers to a meeting and arrested them.<sup id="cite_ref-Joes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peszke_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peszke-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ciechanowski_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ciechanowski-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_(1944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/200px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/300px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/400px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>"Gray Wolf" with Polish flag: German <a href="/wiki/Sd.Kfz._251" title="Sd.Kfz. 251">Sd.Kfz. 251</a> armored vehicle captured by the 8th <i>Krybar</i> Regiment of the Warsaw resistance on 14 August 1944 from the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">5th Wiking SS Panzer Division</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 July the <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Uprising" title="Lwów Uprising">Lwów Uprising</a> – the armed struggle started by the Armia Krajowa against the Nazi occupiers in <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> during World War II – started. It started in July 1944 as a part of a plan of all-national uprising codenamed Operation Tempest. The fighting lasted until 27 July and resulted in liberation of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-lwowskiej_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lwowskiej-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, shortly afterwards the Polish soldiers were arrested by the invading Soviets and either forced to join the Red Army or sent to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a>. The city itself was occupied by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-tomaszewski_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomaszewski-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1944, as the Soviet armed forces approached Warsaw, the government in exile called for an uprising in the city, so that they could return to a liberated Warsaw and try to prevent a communist take-over. The AK, led by <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-underground7_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-underground7-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soviet forces were less than 20 km away but on the orders of Soviet High Command they gave no assistance. Stalin described the uprising as a "criminal adventure". The Poles appealed to the Western Allies for help. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>, and the Polish Air Force based in Italy, dropped some munitions, but it was almost impossible for the Allies to help the Poles without Soviet assistance. </p><p>The fighting in Warsaw was desperate. The AK had between 12,000 and 20,000 armed soldiers, most with only small arms, against a well-armed German Army of 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and regular Army units. Bór-Komorowski's hope that the AK could take and hold Warsaw for the return of the London government was never likely to be achieved. After 63 days of savage fighting the city was reduced to rubble, and the reprisals were savage. The SS and auxiliary units were particularly brutal. </p><p>After Bór-Komorowski's surrender, the AK fighters were treated as prisoners-of-war by the Germans, much to the outrage of Stalin, but the civilian population were ruthlessly punished. Overall Polish casualties are estimated to be between 150,000 and 300,000 killed, 90,000 civilians were sent to labor camps in the <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>, while 60,000 were shipped to death and concentration camps such as <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and others. The city was almost totally destroyed after German sappers systematically demolished the city. The Warsaw Uprising allowed the Germans to destroy the AK as a fighting force, but the main beneficiary was Stalin, who was able to impose a communist government on postwar Poland with little fear of armed resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945">1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></div> <p>In March 1945, a <a href="/wiki/Staged_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Staged trial">staged trial</a> of 16 leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> – (<a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Sixteen" title="Trial of the Sixteen">Trial of the Sixteen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-prazmowska_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prazmowska-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mikolajczyk_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mikolajczyk-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-garlinski_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garlinski-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_Delegate%27s_Office_at_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Delegate's Office at Home">Government Delegate</a>, together with most members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Council of National Unity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/C-i-C" class="mw-redirect" title="C-i-C">C-i-C</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, were invited by Soviet general <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Serov" title="Ivan Serov">Ivan Serov</a> with agreement of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They were presented with a warrant of safety, yet they were arrested in <a href="/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w" title="Pruszków">Pruszków</a> by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> on 27 and 28 March.<sup id="cite_ref-prazmowska8_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prazmowska8-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-university9_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-university9-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski" title="Jan Stanisław Jankowski">Jan Stanisław Jankowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Pu%C5%BCak" title="Kazimierz Pużak">Kazimierz Pużak</a> were arrested on 27th with 12 more the next day. A. Zwierzynski had been arrested earlier. They were brought to Moscow for interrogation in the Lubyanka.<sup id="cite_ref-garlinski10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garlinski10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-umiastowski_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umiastowski-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-piesakowski_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piesakowski-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several months of brutal interrogation and torture,<sup id="cite_ref-garlinski11_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garlinski11-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were presented with the forged accusations of "<a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>" and "planning a military alliance with Nazi Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-garlinski12_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-garlinski12-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-umiastowski13_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umiastowski13-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the latter years of the war, there were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">increasing conflicts between Polish and Soviet partisans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> continued to oppose the Soviets long after the war. The last cursed soldier – member of the militant <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">anti-communist resistance in Poland</a> was <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a> who was killed with pistol in his hand by <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> in 1963.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 5 May 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a> brigade liberated prisoners from a Nazi <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holiszowo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holiszowo (page does not exist)">Holiszowo</a>, including 280 Jewish women prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-lukas_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lukas-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brigade suffered heavy casualties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 7 May 1945 in the village of <a href="/wiki/Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka" title="Kuryłówka">Kuryłówka</a>, southeastern Poland, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kury%C5%82%C3%B3wka" title="Battle of Kuryłówka">Battle of Kuryłówka</a> started. It was the biggest battle in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a> organization – <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="National Military Alliance">National Military Alliance</a> (NZW). In battle against Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> units anti-communist partisans shot 70 NKVD agents. The battle ended in a victory for the underground Polish forces.<sup id="cite_ref-victory_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victory-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 May 1945, a unit of the Armia Krajowa, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wasilewski" title="Edward Wasilewski">Edward Wasilewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_NKVD_Camp_in_Rembert%C3%B3w" title="Attack on the NKVD Camp in Rembertów">attacked a NKVD camp in Rembertów</a> on the eastern outskirts of Warsaw. The Soviets kept there hundreds of Poles,<sup id="cite_ref-Davies0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members of the Home Army,<sup id="cite_ref-Piotrowski1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom they were systematically <a href="/wiki/Sybiraks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybiraks">deporting to Siberia</a>. However, this action of the <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">pro-independence Polish resistance</a> freed all Polish political prisoners from the camp. Between 1944 and 1946, cursed soldiers attacked many communist prisons in Soviet-occupied Poland  – see <a href="/wiki/Raids_on_communist_prisons_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946)">Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>From 10 to 25 June 1945, <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_chase_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustów chase 1945">Augustów chase 1945</a> (the Polish <i>Obława augustowska</i>) took place. It was a large-scale operation undertaken by Soviet forces of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a>, with the assistance of Polish <a href="/wiki/Urz%C4%85d_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Urząd Bezpieczeństwa">UB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludowe Wojsko Polskie">LWP</a> units against <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">former Armia Krajowa soldiers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> and <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w" title="Augustów">Augustów</a> region in Poland. The operation also covered territory in occupied <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. More than 2,000 alleged Polish <a href="/wiki/Anticommunism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunism">anticommunist</a> fighters were captured and detained in Russian <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment camps</a>. 600 of the "Augustów Missing" are presumed dead and buried in an unknown location in the present territory of Russia. The Augustów Roundup was part of an anti-guerilla operation in Lithuania. </p> <table style="width:85%; margin:auto;" class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <caption><b>List of confirmed sabotage-diversionary actions of the Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ) and Home Army (AK) from 1 January 1941 to 30 June 1944</b><sup id="cite_ref-MNKcited_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNKcited-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sabotage / Diversionary Action Type </th> <th>Cumulative number </th></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged locomotives </td> <td align="right">6,930 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Delayed repairs to locomotives </td> <td align="right">803 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Derailed transports </td> <td align="right">732 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transports set on fire </td> <td align="right">443 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damage to railway wagons </td> <td align="right">19,058 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blown up railway bridges </td> <td align="right">38 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions to electricity supplies in the Warsaw grid </td> <td align="right">638 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Army vehicles damaged or destroyed </td> <td align="right">4,326 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damaged aeroplanes </td> <td align="right">28 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuel tanks destroyed </td> <td align="right">1,167 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuel destroyed (in tonnes) </td> <td align="right">4,674 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Blocked oil wells </td> <td align="right">5 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wagons of <a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">wood wool</a> destroyed </td> <td align="right">150 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Military stores burned down </td> <td align="right">130 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Disruptions of production in factories </td> <td align="right">7 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults in parts for aircraft engines </td> <td align="right">4,710 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into cannon muzzles </td> <td align="right">203 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into artillery missiles </td> <td align="right">92,000 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into air traffic radio stations </td> <td align="right">107 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into condensers </td> <td align="right">70,000 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Built-in faults into (electro-industrial) lathes </td> <td align="right">1,700 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Damage to important factory machinery </td> <td align="right">2,872 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Various acts of sabotage performed </td> <td align="right">25,145 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-planned assassinations of Germans </td> <td align="right">5,733 <span class="nowrap">  </span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formations">Formations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Formations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antyfaszystowska_Organizacja_Bojowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa">Antyfaszystowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Mountains_Brigade" title="Holy Cross Mountains Brigade">Brygada Swiętokrzyska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodowa_Organizacja_Wojskowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa">Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodowe_Si%C5%82y_Zbrojne" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodowe Siły Zbrojne">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ob%C3%B3z_Polski_Walcz%C4%85cej" class="mw-redirect" title="Obóz Polski Walczącej">Obóz Polski Walczącej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwowy_Korpus_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa">Państwowy Korpus Bezpieczeństwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army_PAL" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish People's Army PAL">Polish People's Army PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szare_Szeregi" class="mw-redirect" title="Szare Szeregi">Szare Szeregi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Odwetu" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Odwetu">Związek Odwetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Walki_Zbrojnej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Walki Zbrojnej">Związek Walki Zbrojnej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydowska_Organizacja_Bojowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Organizacji_Wojskowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Związek Organizacji Wojskowej">Związek Organizacji Wojskowej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydowski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Wojskowy" class="mw-redirect" title="Żydowski Związek Wojskowy">Żydowski Związek Wojskowy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratnia_Pomoc" title="Bratnia Pomoc">Bratnia Pomoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland (1939–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army_and_V-1_and_V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army and V-1 and V-2">Home Army and V-1 and V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian resistance during World War II">Lithuanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_areas_annexed_by_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish areas annexed by Soviet Union">Polish areas annexed by Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_in_France_during_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance in France during World War II">Polish resistance in France during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AK-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AK_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Started as <a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory</a> in September 1939 and reformed into the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle</a> in November the same year. This in turn became the Home Army in February 1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BCh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BCh_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Integrated into the Home Army in 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSZ-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NSZ_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formed from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_Organization_Lizard_Union" title="Military Organization Lizard Union">Military Organization Lizard Union</a> in 1942. Partially integrated into the Home Army in March 1944 (NSZ-AK), while remaining units continued independently (NSZ-ZJ).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RTRP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RTRP_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> established the <a href="/wiki/State_National_Council" title="State National Council">State National Council</a> to rival the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a> in December 1943. The Council established the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="Polish Committee of National Liberation">Polish Committee of National Liberation</a> in July 1944 which evolved into the Provisional Government of Poland in December 1944.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>a</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_anone"><a href="#ref_anone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> A number of sources note that the Home Army, representing the bulk of Polish resistance, was the largest resistance movement in Nazi-occupied Europe. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa (Home Army), the AK,... could fairly claim to be the largest of European resistance [organizations]."<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2005_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2005-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregor_Dallas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregor Dallas (page does not exist)">Gregor Dallas</a> writes that the "Home Army (Armia Krajowa or AK) in late 1943 numbered around 400,000, making it the largest resistance organization in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wyman (page does not exist)">Mark Wyman</a> writes that the "Armia Krajowa was considered the largest underground resistance unit in wartime Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-Wyman_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyman-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The numbers of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a> were very similar to those of the Polish resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Komorowski2009-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Komorowski2009_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrzysztof_Komorowski2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krzysztof Komorowski (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX5KcTNWbooC&pg=PA6"><i>Boje polskie 1939–1945: przewodnik encyklopedyczny</i></a> (in Polish). Bellona. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8373993532" title="Special:BookSources/978-8373993532"><bdi>978-8373993532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boje+polskie+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+przewodnik+encyklopedyczny&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8373993532&rft.au=Krzysztof+Komorowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX5KcTNWbooC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNK-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNK_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNey-Krwawicz" class="citation web cs1">Ney-Krwawicz, Marek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824034513/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">"The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)"</a>. <i>Polish Resistance in WW II</i>. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2008</span>. <q>Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+Resistance+in+WW+II&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+State+and+The+Home+Army+%281939%E2%80%9345%29&rft.aulast=Ney-Krwawicz&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polishresistance-ak.org%2F2%2520Article.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AK-WIEM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AK-WIEM_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Armia Krajowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826221020/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/59129,,,,armia_krajowa,haslo.html">Archived</a> 26 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_WIEM" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyklopedia WIEM">Encyklopedia WIEM</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPH-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WPH_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WPH_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFJpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Wojskowy przegla̜d historyczny</i></a> (in Polish). s.n. 1996. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wojskowy+przegla%CC%9Cd+historyczny&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFJpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/31319,,,,gwardia_ludowa_wrn,haslo.html?drukuj%3D1">"Gwardia Ludowa WRN – Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172945/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/31319,,,,gwardia_ludowa_wrn,haslo.html?drukuj=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwardia+Ludowa+WRN+%E2%80%93+Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F31319%2C%2C%2C%2Cgwardia_ludowa_wrn%2Chaslo.html%3Fdrukuj%253D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LERSKI1996-665-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LERSKI1996-665_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalina_Lerski_HA1996" class="citation book cs1">Halina Lerski HA (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA665"><i>Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 665. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313034565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313034565"><bdi>978-0313034565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=665&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313034565&rft.au=Halina+Lerski+HA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC%26pg%3DPA665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6pPAAAAIAAJ"><i>Wizje Polski: programy polityczne lat wojny i okupacji, 1939–1944</i></a> (in Polish). Elipsa. 1992. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8385466109" title="Special:BookSources/978-8385466109"><bdi>978-8385466109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wizje+Polski%3A+programy+polityczne+lat+wojny+i+okupacji%2C+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Elipsa&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-8385466109&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6pPAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WIEM-NOW-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WIEM-NOW_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/69281,,,,narodowa_organizacja_wojskowa,haslo.html">"Narodowa Organizacja Wojskowa –Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423215503/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/69281,,,,narodowa_organizacja_wojskowa,haslo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narodowa+Organizacja+Wojskowa+%E2%80%93Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F69281%2C%2C%2C%2Cnarodowa_organizacja_wojskowa%2Chaslo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KonopkaKonopka1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KonopkaKonopka1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna_KonopkaAdrian_Konopka1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hanna Konopka; Adrian Konopka (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vqe1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Leksykon historii Polski po II wojnie światowej 1944–1997</i></a> (in Polish). Graf-Punkt. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8387988081" title="Special:BookSources/978-8387988081"><bdi>978-8387988081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leksykon+historii+Polski+po+II+wojnie+%C5%9Bwiatowej+1944%E2%80%931997&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Graf-Punkt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8387988081&rft.au=Hanna+Konopka&rft.au=Adrian+Konopka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVqe1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/30636,,,,narodowe_sily_zbrojne,haslo.html">"Narodowe Siły Zbrojne –Zapytaj.onet.pl"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211423/http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/30636,,,,narodowe_sily_zbrojne,haslo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narodowe+Si%C5%82y+Zbrojne+%E2%80%93Zapytaj.onet.pl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportalwiedzy.onet.pl%2F30636%2C%2C%2C%2Cnarodowe_sily_zbrojne%2Chaslo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid%3D91093">"Encyklopedie w interia.pl – największa w Polsce encyklopedia internetowa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174043/http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/haslo?hid=91093">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyklopedie+w+interia.pl+%E2%80%93+najwi%C4%99ksza+w+Polsce+encyklopedia+internetowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhaslo%3Fhid%253D91093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AL-PWN-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AL-PWN_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871193">Armia Ludowa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140512231936/http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=3871193">Archived</a> 12 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN" title="Internetowa encyklopedia PWN">Encyklopedia PWN</a>. Retrieved 21 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-occupation-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-occupation_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Forgotten Holocaust. The Poles under German Occupation 1939–1944</i> Richard C. Lukas Hippocrene Books, New York 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0781809010" title="Special:BookSources/0781809010">0781809010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie234-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie234_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Francis Leslie, <i>The History of Poland Since 1863</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521275016" title="Special:BookSources/0521275016">0521275016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA234">Google Print, p. 234</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160501075219/https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&pg=PA234&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=NzzMR_mOIJGSzQSb7cSwCQ&sig=rLD9gO8sIve_RDxnvTLWfMeFlGg">Archived</a> 1 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salm317-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salm317_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanisław Salmonowicz, <i>Polskie Państwo Podziemne</i>, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, Warszawa, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/830205500X" title="Special:BookSources/830205500X">830205500X</a>, p. 317</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biegalski1999-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biegalski1999_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdan_Biegalski1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogdan Biegalski (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtS1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Organizacje podziemne na Środkowym Nadodrzu w latach 1945–1956</i></a> (in Polish). Lubuskie Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8391010921" title="Special:BookSources/978-8391010921"><bdi>978-8391010921</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organizacje+podziemne+na+%C5%9Arodkowym+Nadodrzu+w+latach+1945%E2%80%931956&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Lubuskie+Towarzystwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8391010921&rft.au=Bogdan+Biegalski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtS1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipn_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lidia Świerczek, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.pilecki.ipn.gov.pl/portal/rpe/1025/8193/Rotamaster_Witold_Pilecki.html">Pilecki`s life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612021802/http://en.pilecki.ipn.gov.pl/portal/rpe/1025/8193/Rotamaster_Witold_Pilecki.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>. Last accessed on 14 March 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-konfederacja-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-konfederacja_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazimierz Malinowski, Tajna Armia Polska. Znak. Konfederacja Zbrojna. Zarys genezy, organizacji i działalności, Warszawa 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8321107915" title="Special:BookSources/8321107915">8321107915</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard C. Lukas, <i>Out of the inferno: Poles remember the Holocaust</i>, University Press of Kentucky, 1989, p. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dlz9obsxmuW4C%26pg%3DPA5%26dq%3DUnion+for+Armed+Struggle+Home+Army">"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504030647/https://books.google.com/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA5&dq=Union+for+Armed+Struggle+Home+Army">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-30</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Inferno%3A+Poles+Remember+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA5%2526dq%253DUnion%2Bfor%2BArmed%2BStruggle%2BHome%2BArmy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-szymanski-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-szymanski_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Szymanski: <i>Oddzial majora Hubala</i>, Warszawa, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8391223701" title="Special:BookSources/8391223701">8391223701</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militaryhistorypress-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-militaryhistorypress_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723212730/http://www.militaryhistorypress.com/PolishPartisanStory.html">"Aleksandra Ziółkowska Boehm: 'A Polish Partisan's Story' (to be published by Military History Press)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militaryhistorypress.com/PolishPartisanStory.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aleksandra+Zi%C3%B3%C5%82kowska+Boehm%3A+%27A+Polish+Partisan%27s+Story%27+%28to+be+published+by+Military+History+Press%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.militaryhistorypress.com%2FPolishPartisanStory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-concentration-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-concentration_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jozef Garlinski, <i>Fighting Auschwitz: the Resistance Movement in the Concentration Camp</i>, Fawcett, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0449225992" title="Special:BookSources/0449225992">0449225992</a>, reprinted by Time Life Education, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0809489252" title="Special:BookSources/0809489252">0809489252</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoh_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hershel Edelheit, <i>History of the Holocaust: A Handbook and Dictionary</i>, Westview Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813322405" title="Special:BookSources/0813322405">0813322405</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528073901/http://books.google.com/books?id=0DkMHTRtQIYC&pg=PA413&dq=Zwi%C4%85zek+Organizacji+Wojskowej&as_brr=3">Google Print, p. 413</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auschwitz-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auschwitz_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cyra" title="Adam Cyra">Adam Cyra</a>, <i>Ochotnik do Auschwitz – Witold Pilecki 1901–1948</i> [<i>Volunteer for Auschwitz</i>], Oświęcim 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8391200035" title="Special:BookSources/8391200035">8391200035</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Kamienski, <i>Hidden in the Enemy's Sight: Resisting the Third Reich from Within</i>, Dundurn Press Ltd., 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1550028545" title="Special:BookSources/1550028545">1550028545</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RNmvWjeB36wC&dq=Poland+%22small+sabotage%22&pg=PT56">Chapter "Messenger work and small sabotage", p. 57</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512001635/https://books.google.com/books?id=RNmvWjeB36wC&lpg=PT60&dq=Poland%20%22small%20sabotage%22&as_brr=3&pg=PT56#v=onepage&q=Poland%20%22small%20sabotage%22&f=false">Archived</a> 12 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warszawa-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warszawa_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Bijata, Wawer, Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1973</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-symbolika-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-symbolika_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesław J. Welker "Symbolika znaków Polski Walczącej", publisher Adam Marszałek <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8371744986" title="Special:BookSources/8371744986">8371744986</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8373220909" title="Special:BookSources/8373220909">8373220909</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wspomnienia-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wspomnienia_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halina Auderska, Zygmunt Ziółek, <i>Akcja N. Wspomnienia 1939–1945</i> (<i>Action N. Memoirs 1939–1945</i>), Wydawnictwo Czytelnik, Warszawa, 1972 <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-university-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-university_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i>Europe: A History</i>, Oxford University Press, 1996, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intelligence-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-intelligence_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tessa Stirling <i>et al.</i>, <i>Intelligence Co-operation between Poland and Great Britain during World War II</i>, vol. I: <i>The Report of the Anglo-Polish Historical Committee</i>, London, Vallentine Mitchell, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slowikowski-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slowikowski_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major-General M.Z. Rygor Slowikowski, <i>In the Secret Service: the Lighting of the Torch</i>, translated by George Slowikowski and Krystyna Brooks, with foreword by <a href="/wiki/M.R.D._Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="M.R.D. Foot">M.R.D. Foot</a>, London, The Windrush Press, 1988</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSB-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSB_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wojciech Zawadzki (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103214327/http://www.psbprzedborz.pl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=50%3Abendera-eugeniusz">Eugeniusz Bendera (1906–1970).</a> Przedborski Słownik Biograficzny, via Internet Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piechowski-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-piechowski_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Byłem Numerem: swiadectwa Z Auschwitz" by Kazimierz Piechowski, Eugenia Bozena Kodecka-Kaczynska, Michal Ziokowski, Hardcover, Wydawn. Siostr Loretanek, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8372571228" title="Special:BookSources/8372571228">8372571228</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auschwitz2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auschwitz2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522044837/http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=578&Itemid=8">"Auschwitz-Birkenau – The Film about the Amazing Escape from Auschwitz"</a>. En.auschwitz.org.pl. 13 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org.pl/m/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=578&Itemid=8">the original</a> on 22 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auschwitz-Birkenau+%E2%80%93+The+Film+about+the+Amazing+Escape+from+Auschwitz&rft.pub=En.auschwitz.org.pl&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.auschwitz.org.pl%2Fm%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D578%26Itemid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski118-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski118_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&q=Number+of+Jews+helped+by+Zegota&pg=PA118">"Assistance to Jews"</a>. <i>Poland's Holocaust</i>. McFarland & Company. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786403714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786403714"><bdi>978-0786403714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assistance+to+Jews&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0786403714&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26q%3DNumber%2Bof%2BJews%2Bhelped%2Bby%2BZegota%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baczynska-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baczynska_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaczynskaJonBoyle2008" class="citation news cs1">Baczynska, Gabriela; JonBoyle (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/12/AR2008051200522.html">"Sendler, savior of Warsaw Ghetto children, dies"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Sendler%2C+savior+of+Warsaw+Ghetto+children%2C+dies&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Baczynska&rft.aufirst=Gabriela&rft.au=JonBoyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F05%2F12%2FAR2008051200522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karski_2013-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karski_2013_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karski (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jankowski-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jankowski_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Thomas Wood & Stanisław M. Jankowski (1994). <i>Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust</i>. John Wiley & Sons Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471018562" title="Special:BookSources/0471018562">0471018562</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Poprzeczny, <i>Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East</i>, McFarland, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786416254" title="Special:BookSources/0786416254">0786416254</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527075436/http://books.google.com/books?id=gjOO6ui8SIkC&pg=PA110&vq=Zamosc&dq=%22Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87+Uprising%22+-wikipedia&source=gbs_search_s&sig=YlJNpg9GF1yU8bl99WYizvmGUys">Google Print, pp. 110–111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poprzeczny-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-poprzeczny_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Poprzeczny, <i>Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East</i>, McFarland, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786416254" title="Special:BookSources/0786416254">0786416254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strzembosz_1983-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1983_45-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strzembosz (1983)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Stroop, "Es gibt keinen jüdischen Wohnbezirk in Warschau mehr!", Warsaw 1943</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-underground-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-underground_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-underground_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-underground_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Józef Garliński <i>Hitler's Last Weapons: The Underground War against the V1 and V2</i>, Times Books, New York 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rcn-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rcn_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJedd1994" class="citation news cs1">Jedd, Joseph (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/salski/No05-06Folder/Jedd-Poland-Contribution.htm">"Poland's Contribution in the Field of Intelligence to the Victory in the Second World War"</a>. <i>The Summit Times</i>. Vol. 2, no. 5–6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Summit+Times&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+Contribution+in+the+Field+of+Intelligence+to+the+Victory+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Jedd&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.rcn.com%2Fsalski%2FNo05-06Folder%2FJedd-Poland-Contribution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ballistic-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ballistic_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Neufeld <i>The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era</i> New York 1995, The Free Press <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strzembosz_1978,_page_277-296_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strzembosz (1978), pp. 277–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korb-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Korb_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Korbonski" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Korbonski">Stefan Korbonski</a>, <i>"The Polish Underground State: A Guide to the Underground, 1939–1945"</i>, pp. 120–139, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html">Excerpts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927072018/http://www.ucis.pitt.edu/eehistory/H200Readings/Topic4-R3.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stroop_1979-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stroop_1979_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stroop (1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aleksander-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aleksander_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Kami%C5%84ski" title="Aleksander Kamiński">Aleksander Kamiński</a> <i>Kamienie na szaniec</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8310105053" title="Special:BookSources/8310105053">8310105053</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frederick-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-frederick_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ordway, Frederick I., III. <i>The Rocket Team</i>. Apogee Books Space Series 36 (pp. 158, 173)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leslie234-235-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leslie234-235_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy Francis Leslie, <i>The History of Poland Since 1863</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521275016" title="Special:BookSources/0521275016">0521275016</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&pg=PA234">Google Print, pp. 234</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tYVKUsnw9IC&q=politically+and+socially&pg=PA235">235</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stachniewicz-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stachniewicz_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotr Stachniewicz, "AKCJA "KUTSCHERA", Książka i Wiedza, Warszawa 1982,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stellvertretenden-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stellvertretenden_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joachim Lilla (Bearb.): <i>Die Stellvertretenden Gauleiter und die Vertretung der Gauleiter der NSDAP im „Dritten Reich"</i>, Koblenz 2003, S. 52–53 (Materialien aus dem Bundesarchiv, Heft 13)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3865090206" title="Special:BookSources/3865090206">3865090206</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiari-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chiari_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_ChiariJerzy_Kochanowski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bernard Chiari; Jerzy Kochanowski (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8vC2HudUgX0C&q=Die+polnische+Heimatarmee:+Geschichte+und+Mythos+der+Armia+Krajowa+seit+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&pg=PA807"><i>Die polnische Heimatarmee: Geschichte und Mythos der Armia Krajowa seit dem Zweiten Weltkrieg</i></a> (in German). Munich: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt; Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 630–631. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3486567151" title="Special:BookSources/978-3486567151"><bdi>978-3486567151</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+polnische+Heimatarmee%3A+Geschichte+und+Mythos+der+Armia+Krajowa+seit+dem+Zweiten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=630-631&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt%3B+Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3486567151&rft.au=Bernard+Chiari&rft.au=Jerzy+Kochanowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8vC2HudUgX0C%26q%3DDie%2Bpolnische%2BHeimatarmee%3A%2BGeschichte%2Bund%2BMythos%2Bder%2BArmia%2BKrajowa%2Bseit%2Bdem%2BZweiten%2BWeltkrieg%26pg%3DPA807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4FlatJCro4C&q=1939+Soviet+citizenship+Poland&pg=PA166"><i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide...</i></a> McFarland & Company. pp. 165–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786403714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786403714"><bdi>978-0786403714</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide...&rft.pages=165-166&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0786403714&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4FlatJCro4C%26q%3D1939%2BSoviet%2Bcitizenship%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span> See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629164531/http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/Resources/BookReviews/jessica.htm">Archived</a> 29 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google5-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google5_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, <i>Second World War A Complete History</i>, Holt Paperbacks, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805076239" title="Special:BookSources/0805076239">0805076239</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxdTZE2zREMC&q=osuchy&pg=RA4-PA542">Google Print, p. 542</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519021101/https://books.google.com/books?id=xxdTZE2zREMC&pg=RA4-PA542&vq=osuchy&dq=Osuchy&as_brr=3&sig=eCCdHLUNRN7xjHiSVUwqK72T-To">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-university6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-university6_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Borodziej" title="Włodzimierz Borodziej">Włodzimierz Borodziej</a>, Barbara Harshav (transl.), <i>The Warsaw uprising of 1944.</i> University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TB-K-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TB-K_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a>, <i>The secret army</i>, London : Victor Gollancz, 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">Władysław Bartoszewski</a> (1984). Dni Walczącej Stolicy: kronika Powstania Warszawskiego. Warsaw: Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego; Świat Książki. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8373916791" title="Special:BookSources/978-8373916791">978-8373916791</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Borodziej" title="Włodzimierz Borodziej">Włodzimierz Borodziej</a>, (2006). <i>The Warsaw Uprising of 1944</i>. Translated by Barbara Harshav. University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299207304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299207304">978-0299207304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, (2004). <i>Rising '44. The Battle for Warsaw</i>, New York: Viking. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670032846" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670032846">978-0670032846</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashworth-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ashworth_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG_J_Ashworth1991" class="citation book cs1">G J Ashworth (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8nA_txFp7GQC&q=Wilno&pg=PA108"><i>War and the City</i></a>. London: Routledge. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415053471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415053471"><bdi>978-0415053471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+the+City&rft.place=London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0415053471&rft.au=G+J+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8nA_txFp7GQC%26q%3DWilno%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joes-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joes_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_James_Joes2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Joes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony James Joes (page does not exist)">Anthony James Joes</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoCsbXb03bUC&q=Wilno+uprising+1944&pg=PA47"><i>Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813123394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813123394"><bdi>978-0813123394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0813123394&rft.au=Anthony+James+Joes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoCsbXb03bUC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peszke-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peszke_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Alfred_Peszke2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael Alfred Peszke (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zhb2doihL1wC&q=Wilno+uprising+1944&pg=PA146"><i>The Polish Underground Army, the Western Allies, and the Failure of Strategic Unity in World War II</i></a>. McFarland & Company. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786420094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786420094"><bdi>978-0786420094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Underground+Army%2C+the+Western+Allies%2C+and+the+Failure+of+Strategic+Unity+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0786420094&rft.au=Michael+Alfred+Peszke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzhb2doihL1wC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ciechanowski-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ciechanowski_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_M._Ciechanowski2002" class="citation book cs1">Jan M. Ciechanowski (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kvvMiclgVMC&q=Wilno+uprising+1944&pg=PA207"><i>The Warsaw Rising of 1944</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 206–208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521894418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521894418"><bdi>978-0521894418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warsaw+Rising+of+1944&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=206-208&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521894418&rft.au=Jan+M.+Ciechanowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kvvMiclgVMC%26q%3DWilno%2Buprising%2B1944%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lwowskiej-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lwowskiej_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerzy Węgierski "W lwowskiej Armii Krajowej" PAX, Warszawa 1989 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8321110444" title="Special:BookSources/8321110444">8321110444</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomaszewski-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tomaszewski_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolesław Tomaszewski, Jerzy Węgierski "Zarys historii lwowskiego obszaru ZWZ-AK" Warsaw 1987 Pokolenie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-underground7-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-underground7_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Polish Underground State – a Guide to the Underground, 1939–1945</i> Columbia University Press, 1978 and Hippocrene Books, Inc. New York, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prazmowska-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prazmowska_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, A. (2004) <i>Civil war in Poland, 1942–1948</i> Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333982126" title="Special:BookSources/0333982126">0333982126</a> p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Malcher" title="George Malcher">Malcher, G.C.</a> (1993) <i>Blank Pages</i> Pyrford Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897984006" title="Special:BookSources/1897984006">1897984006</a>. p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mikolajczyk-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mikolajczyk_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikolajczyk, S. (1948) <i>The pattern of Soviet domination</i> Sampson Low, Marston & Co p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garlinski_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J. (1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a>, p, 324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prazmowska8-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prazmowska8_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prazmowska, A. (2004) <i>Civil war in Poland, 1942–1948</i> Palgrave <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333982126" title="Special:BookSources/0333982126">0333982126</a> p. 116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-university9-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-university9_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michta, A. (1990) <i>Red Eagle</i> Stanford University <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0817988629" title="Special:BookSources/0817988629">0817988629</a> p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski10-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garlinski10_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J. (1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> pp. 325–326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umiastowski-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umiastowski_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umiastowski, R. (1946) <i>Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941–1945</i> Hollis & Carter pp. 462–464</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piesakowski-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-piesakowski_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piesakowski, T. (1990) <i>The fate of Poles in the USSR 1939~1989</i> Gryf pp. 198–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski11-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garlinski11_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J. (1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> p. 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-garlinski12-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-garlinski12_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garlinski, J. (1985) <i>Poland in the Second World War</i> Macmillan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333392582" title="Special:BookSources/0333392582">0333392582</a> p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umiastowski13-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umiastowski13_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Umiastowski, R. (1946) <i>Poland, Russia and Great Britain 1941–1945</i> Hollis & Carter pp. 467–468</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lukas-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lukas_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonin Bohun Dabrowski in "Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust" edited by Richard Lukas, p 22. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id%3Dlz9obsxmuW4C%26pg%3DPA22%26dq%3DHoliszow#PPA22,M1">"Out of the Inferno: Poles Remember the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603152731/https://books.google.com/books?id=lz9obsxmuW4C&pg=PA22&dq=Holiszow">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-30</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Inferno%3A+Poles+Remember+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%253Dlz9obsxmuW4C%2526pg%253DPA22%2526dq%253DHoliszow%23PPA22%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-victory-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-victory_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Davies, "<a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a>", Viking Penguin 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies0-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies0_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2004, Viking Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670032840" title="Special:BookSources/0670032840">0670032840</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2003, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333905687" title="Special:BookSources/0333905687">0333905687</a>, p. 495</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rising_%2744" title="Rising '44">Rising '44</a></i>, 2004, Pan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0330488635" title="Special:BookSources/0330488635">0330488635</a>, p. 497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski1-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski1_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadeusz Piotrowsk, <i>Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</i>, McFarland & Company, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786403713" title="Special:BookSources/0786403713">0786403713</a>, p. 131 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121112095301/http://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA131&dq=1945+Rembert%C3%B3w+NKVD&ei=y0zYRtyZOoWY7wKW9ZHnBg&sig=ceQemsSxfhJtGQrQvaMS1bE4Djo">Google Print</a> )</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNKcited-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNKcited_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bohdan Kwiatkowski, Sabotaż i dywersja, Bellona, London 1949, vol. 1, p. 21; as cited by Marek Ney-Krwawicz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160824034513/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/2%20Article.htm">Archived</a> 24 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Translated from Polish by Antoni Bohdanowicz. Article on the pages of the London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2005-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2005_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Davies2005" class="citation book cs1">Norman Davies (28 February 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0"><i>God's Playground: 1795 to the present</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsplaygroundhi00norm_0/page/344">344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231128193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231128193"><bdi>978-0231128193</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Playground%3A+1795+to+the+present&rft.pages=344&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft.isbn=978-0231128193&rft.au=Norman+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsplaygroundhi00norm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Dallas, <i>1945: The War That Never Ended</i>, Yale University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300109806" title="Special:BookSources/0300109806">0300109806</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1945warthatnever00dall_1/page/79">Google Print, p. 79</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219191526/https://books.google.com/books?id=LXdVF6LmTa8C&pg=PA79&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&as_brr=3&ei=RjvMR6KnPJPAzAT-ppWvCQ&sig=Ksba8pTs5pu55YiAqseCLy6Kl5k">Archived</a> 19 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyman-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wyman_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Wyman, <i>DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945–1951</i>, Cornell University Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801485428" title="Special:BookSources/0801485428">0801485428</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143721/http://books.google.com/books?id=lHNw7MnsmlYC&pg=PA34&dq=%22Armia+Krajowa%22+largest&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=NzzMR_mOIJGSzQSb7cSwCQ&sig=kv3oN5z3YgAgcT8Vgy4aIFRHknE">Google Print, p. 34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Leonid D. Grenkevich, <i>The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–44: A Critical Historiographical Analysis</i>, p. 229, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a>, <i>The Guerilla Reader: A Historical Anthology</i>, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1990, p. 233.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzembosz1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Strzembosz, Tomasz (1978). <i>Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944</i> [<i>Armed actions of underground Warsaw 1939–1944</i>] (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8306007176" title="Special:BookSources/978-8306007176"><bdi>978-8306007176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akcje+zbrojne+podziemnej+Warszawy+1939%E2%80%931944&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-8306007176&rft.aulast=Strzembosz&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStroop1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juergen_Stroop" class="mw-redirect" title="Juergen Stroop">Stroop, Juergen</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stroopreportj00stro"><i>The Stroop Report: "The Jewish Quarter of Warsaw is No More!"</i></a></span>. Translated by Milton, Sybil. New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394504438" title="Special:BookSources/9780394504438"><bdi>9780394504438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stroop+Report%3A+%22The+Jewish+Quarter+of+Warsaw+is+No+More%21%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780394504438&rft.aulast=Stroop&rft.aufirst=Juergen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstroopreportj00stro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarski2013" class="citation book cs1">Karski, Jan (2013). <i>Story of a secret state. My Report to the World</i>. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589019836" title="Special:BookSources/9781589019836"><bdi>9781589019836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+a+secret+state.+My+Report+to+the+World&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781589019836&rft.aulast=Karski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pre0NPW42tw"><span class="plainlinks">Polish contribution to World War II (Polish Underground State) Movie</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415001413/http://www.sp11.nowytarg.pl/sp11/module.php?show=patron">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313045006/http://www.zdf.de/ZDFde/inhalt/5/0,1872,2149861,00.html">Die "Stunde W"</a></li> <li>Ann Su Caldwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727170853/http://www.poloniatoday.com/record2.htm">"Poland: Here is the Record"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poloniatoday.com/record2.htm">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland%3A+Here+is+the+Record&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poloniatoday.com%2Frecord2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+resistance+movement+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span>. <i>Polonia Online</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/">Polish Resistance in World War II</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210322194724/http://www.polishresistance-ak.org/">Archived</a> 22 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/okulicki2.htm">Warsaw Uprising 1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212013417/http://www.warsawuprising.com/paper/okulicki2.htm">Archived</a> 12 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atsnotes.com/articles/article-contibution-en.html">History of Warsaw's contributions levied by the German Occupation Authority</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army" title="Template:Home Army"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army" title="Template talk:Home Army"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Home_Army_(Armia_Krajowa)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Home Army (<i>Armia Krajowa</i>)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Main articles</dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Operations" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Operations" title="Template:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Operations" title="Template talk:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Operations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Operations"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Operations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> Operations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Uprisings and battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87_uprising" title="Zamość uprising">Zamość uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów uprising">Lwów uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murowana_Oszmianka" title="Battle of Murowana Oszmianka">Murowana Oszmianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osuchy" title="Battle of Osuchy">Osuchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ostra_Brama" title="Operation Ostra Brama">Ostra Brama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Underground, field, <br /> and espionage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Arsenal" title="Operation Arsenal">Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Heads" title="Operation Heads">Heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kutschera" title="Operation Kutschera">Kutschera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Big_Ben" title="Project Big Ben">Project Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%BCrkl" title="Operation Bürkl">Bürkl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Most_III" title="Operation Most III">Most III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Belt" title="Operation Belt">Operation Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army_and_V-1_and_V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Army and V-1 and V-2">V-1 and V-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wieniec" title="Operation Wieniec">Wieniec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuletyn_Informacyjny" title="Biuletyn Informacyjny">Biuletyn Informacyjny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_N" title="Operation N">Operation N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Antyk" title="Operation Antyk">Operation Antyk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Civil Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Covert_Resistance" title="Directorate of Covert Resistance">Covert Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Underground Resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Second Republic of Pińczów">Republic of Pińczów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Personnel,_emblems_and_decorations" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Template:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Template talk:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Personnel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Personnel"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Personnel,_emblems_and_decorations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> Personnel, emblems and decorations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa#Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Commanders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski">Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Rowecki" title="Stefan Rowecki">Stefan Rowecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_B%C3%B3r-Komorowski" title="Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski">Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Okulicki" title="Leopold Okulicki">Leopold Okulicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Senior officers and <br /> prominent members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Aleksandrowicz" title="Julian Aleksandrowicz">J. Aleksandrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Arkusz" title="Józef Arkusz">J.Arkusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Kamil_Baczy%C5%84ski" title="Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński">K. K. Baczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Bartoszewski" title="Władysław Bartoszewski">W. Bartoszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Batory" title="Józef Batory">J. Batory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Bia%C5%82ous" title="Ryszard Białous">R. Białous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Maciej_Bittner" title="Sławomir Maciej Bittner">S. Bittner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_B%C5%82a%C5%BCej" title="Franciszek Błażej">F. Błażej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Bohdziewicz" title="Antoni Bohdziewicz">A. Bohdziewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Bokszczanin" title="Janusz Bokszczanin">J. Bokszczanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylwester_Braun" title="Sylwester Braun">S. Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Gajcy" title="Tadeusz Gajcy">T. Gajcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Lederman" title="Henryk Lederman">H. Lederman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Jankowski" title="Stanisław Jankowski">S. Jankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Karpiel" title="Stanisław Karpiel">S. Karpiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kierzkowski" title="Kazimierz Kierzkowski">K. Kierzkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kostrzewska" title="Barbara Kostrzewska">B. Kostrzewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halina_Krahelska" title="Halina Krahelska">H. Krahelska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Aleksander Krzyżanowski">A. Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucjan_Kulej" title="Lucjan Kulej">L. Kulej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Jan_Lerski" title="Jerzy Jan Lerski">J. J. Lerski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mazurkiewicz" title="Jan Mazurkiewicz">J. Mazurkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Micuta" title="Wacław Micuta">W. Micuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Moczarski" title="Kazimierz Moczarski">K. Moczarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Nadolski" title="Andrzej Nadolski">A. Nadolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Pe%C5%82czy%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Pełczyński">T. Pełczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Pilch" title="Adolf Pilch">A. Pilch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Pilecki" title="Witold Pilecki">W. Pilecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Reiff" title="Ryszard Reiff">R. Reiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofia_Romanowiczowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zofia Romanowiczowa">Z. Romanowiczowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Rumel" title="Zygmunt Rumel">Z. Rumel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Rutkowski" title="Jerzy Rutkowski">J. Rutkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionizy_Smole%C5%84ski" title="Dionizy Smoleński">D. Smoleński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Stelmachowski" title="Andrzej Stelmachowski">A. Stelmachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Syski" title="Ryszard Syski">R. Syski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szczepa%C5%84ski" title="Józef Szczepański">J. Szczepański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Szendzielarz" title="Zygmunt Szendzielarz">Z. Szendzielarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Szklarski" title="Alfred Szklarski">A. Szklarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halina_Szwarc" title="Halina Szwarc">H. Szwarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Umi%C5%84ska" title="Eugenia Umińska">E. Umińska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Zab%C5%82ocki" title="Janusz Zabłocki">J. Zabłocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Zakrzewska" title="Anna Zakrzewska">A. Zakrzewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witold_Zalewski" title="Witold Zalewski">W. Zalewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski_(1912%E2%80%932002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Zamoyski (1912–2002)">J. Zamoyski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Zawadzki" title="Tadeusz Zawadzki">T. Zawadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBenczykowski" title="Tadeusz Żenczykowski">T. Żenczykowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miros%C5%82aw_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski" title="Mirosław Żuławski">M. Żuławski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_%C5%BBychiewicz" title="Tadeusz Żychiewicz">T. Żychiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Membership lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Home_Army_members" title="Category:Home Army members">Armia Krajowa members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warsaw_Uprising_insurgents" title="Category:Warsaw Uprising insurgents">Warsaw Uprising insurgents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Emblems and <br /> decorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa Cross">Armia Krajowa Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotwica" title="Kotwica">Kotwica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_the_Warsaw_Uprising" title="Cross of the Warsaw Uprising">Krzyż Powstania Warszawskiego</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Units,_affiliates,_and_predecessors" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Units" title="Template:Home Army Units"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Units" title="Template talk:Home Army Units"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Units"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Units,_affiliates,_and_predecessors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> Units, affiliates, and predecessors</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Headquarters and Directorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Information_and_Propaganda" title="Bureau of Information and Propaganda">Information and Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedyw" title="Kedyw">Kedyw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Civil Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Covert_Resistance" title="Directorate of Covert Resistance">Covert Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Underground_Resistance" title="Directorate of Underground Resistance">Underground Resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combat units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Legions_Home_Army_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Legions Home Army Infantry Division">2nd Legions Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Home_Army_Infantry_Division_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Home Army Infantry Division (Poland)">27th Volhynian Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/104th_Company_of_Syndicalists" title="104th Company of Syndicalists">104th Company of Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_Parasol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Parasol">Battalion Parasol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battalion_Zo%C5%9Bka" class="mw-redirect" title="Battalion Zośka">Battalion Zośka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBaglowiec_Group" title="Żaglowiec Group">Żaglowiec Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBbik_Group" title="Żbik Group">Żbik Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBmija_Group" title="Żmija Group">Żmija Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBniwiarz_Group" title="Żniwiarz Group">Żniwiarz Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrafa_Group" title="Żyrafa Group">Żyrafa Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Warsaw commands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_I_of_%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district I of Śródmieście (of Armia Krajowa)">I Śródmieście</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_II_of_%C5%BBoliborz_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district II of Żoliborz (of Armia Krajowa)"> Żoliborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_III_of_Wola_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district III of Wola (of Armia Krajowa)">III Wola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_IV_of_Ochota_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district IV of Ochota (of Armia Krajowa)">IV Ochota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_V_of_Mokot%C3%B3w_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district V of Mokotów (of Armia Krajowa)">V Mokotów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_VI_of_Praga_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district VI of Praga (of Armia Krajowa)">VI Praga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-district_VII_of_Warsaw_suburbs_(of_Armia_Krajowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-district VII of Warsaw suburbs (of Armia Krajowa)">VII Warsaw suburbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C5%82yskawica_radiostation" title="Błyskawica radiostation">Błyskawica radiostation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drusie" title="Jędrusie">Little Andrews (Jędrusie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">Underground Police (PKB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajne_Wojskowe_Zak%C5%82ady_Wydawnicze" title="Tajne Wojskowe Zakłady Wydawnicze">Secret Military Printing Works (TWZW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Unseen" title="Silent Unseen">Silent Unseen</a> (<i>Cichociemni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wachlarz" title="Wachlarz">Wachlarz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Affiliates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasants' Battalions (BCh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederacja_Narodu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfederacja Narodu">Confederation of the Nation (KN)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leśni (Forest Soldiers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Association (NOW)</a> (split)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces (NSZ-AK)</a> (faction)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Fighting_Poland" title="Camp of Fighting Poland">Camp of Fighting Poland (OPW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Ranks" title="Grey Ranks">Grey Ranks (Szare Szeregi - Boy Scouts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Polish_Army" title="Secret Polish Army">Secret Polish Army (TAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Socialist Party People's Guard (GL-WRN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Retaliation" title="Union of Retaliation">Union of Retaliation (ZO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIE_(resistance)" title="NIE (resistance)">Independence (NIE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom and Independence">Freedom and Independence (WiN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23px_Opponents_and_rivals" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_Army_Opponents" title="Template:Home Army Opponents"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_Army_Opponents" title="Template talk:Home Army Opponents"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Home_Army_Opponents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Home Army Opponents"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23px_Opponents_and_rivals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/23px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/35px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/46px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> Opponents and rivals</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Territorial_Defense_Force" title="Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force">Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Rivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">AL Armia Ludowa (People's Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related articles</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Crimean resistance during World War II">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Flag_of_the_Armia_Krajowa_Polish_Underground_State" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polish_Underground_State" title="Template:Polish Underground State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polish_Underground_State" title="Template talk:Polish Underground State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polish_Underground_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polish Underground State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="24px&#124;Flag_of_the_Armia_Krajowa_Polish_Underground_State" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flaga_PPP.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Armia Krajowa"><img alt="Flag of the Armia Krajowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/24px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/36px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/48px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Delegation_for_Poland" title="Government Delegation for Poland">Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_National_Unity" title="Council of National Unity">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Civil_Resistance" title="Directorate of Civil Resistance">Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Political<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialist_Party" title="Polish Socialist Party">Polish Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Poland)" title="People's Party (Poland)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Poland)" title="National Party (Poland)">National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Faction_(1937)" title="Labour Faction (1937)">Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Minor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_National_Unity" title="Camp of National Unity">Camp of National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Poland)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund_in_Poland" title="General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland">Jewish Labor Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar (Zionist youth)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Military<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army (AK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_for_Poland%27s_Victory" title="Service for Poland's Victory">Service for Poland's Victory (SZP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Armed_Struggle" title="Union of Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance (ZWZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray Ranks">Gray Ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Corps" title="National Security Corps">National Security Corps (PKB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Mostly integrated<br />with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa_WRN" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa WRN">Gwardia Ludowa WRN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Peasant Battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Partly integrated<br />with <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Armed_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for Armed Struggle">Armed Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Military_Organization" title="National Military Organization">National Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Fighting_Poland" title="Camp of Fighting Poland">Camp of Fighting Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konfederacja_Narodu" class="mw-redirect" title="Konfederacja Narodu">Konfederacja Narodu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Non-integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Jewish Combat Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Jewish Military Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_culture_during_World_War_II" title="Polish culture during World War II">Cultural activities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">History of Poland during 1939–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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