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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_voice_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_voice_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Number of voice types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_voice_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Female voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Female_voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Female voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Female_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soprano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soprano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soprano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soprano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mezzo-soprano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mezzo-soprano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mezzo-soprano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mezzo-soprano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contralto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contralto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Contralto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contralto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Male voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Male_voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Male voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Male_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Countertenor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countertenor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Countertenor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countertenor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tenor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baritone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baritone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Baritone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baritone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Bass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children's_voices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children's_voices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Children's voices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Children's_voices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Children's voices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Children's_voices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voice_from_childhood_to_adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voice_from_childhood_to_adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Voice from childhood to adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voice_from_childhood_to_adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treble" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treble"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Treble</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treble-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifying_singers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifying_singers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classifying singers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classifying_singers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classifying singers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classifying_singers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dangers_of_quick_identification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dangers_of_quick_identification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dangers of quick identification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dangers_of_quick_identification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choral_music_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choral_music_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Choral music classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choral_music_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="طبقة صوتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبقة صوتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99s_tipi" title="Səs tipi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səs tipi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%9E" title="Галасы спевакоў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галасы спевакоў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registre_vocal" title="Registre vocal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Registre vocal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druhy_hlas%C5%AF" title="Druhy hlasů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Druhy hlasů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4%C3%A4leliik" title="Hääleliik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hääleliik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registro_(homa_vo%C4%89o)" title="Registro (homa voĉo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registro (homa voĉo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahots_tipologia" title="Ahots tipologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ahots tipologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گونه‌های صدا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه‌های صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ձայնատեսակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնատեսակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94)" title="קולות (מוזיקה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולות (מוזיקה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_vocis" title="Genus vocis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Genus vocis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Пејачки глас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пејачки глас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_de_voce_uman%C4%83" title="Tip de voce umană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tip de voce umană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Певческие голоса – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Певческие голоса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevski_glas" title="Pevski glas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pevski glas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nityyppi" title="Äänityyppi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänityyppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Овози сурудхонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Овози сурудхонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ses_t%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Ses türü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ses türü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Типи співацьких голосів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Типи співацьких голосів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%A8%AE" title="聲種 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲種" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%83%A8" title="声部 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="声部" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1063547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:10em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voice type</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Female</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf"> Male</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Voice_type" title="Template:Voice type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Voice_type" title="Template talk:Voice type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Voice_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Voice type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>voice type</b> is a group of voices with similar <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal ranges</a>, capable of singing in a similar <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a>, and with similar vocal transition points (<i><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">passaggi</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Shewan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shewan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voice classification is most strongly associated with European <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>, though it, and the terms it utilizes, are used in other styles of music as well. </p><p>A singer will choose a <a href="/wiki/Musical_repertoire" title="Musical repertoire">repertoire</a> that suits their voice. Some singers such as <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle" title="Rosa Ponselle">Rosa Ponselle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Sutherland" title="Joan Sutherland">Joan Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Callas" title="Maria Callas">Maria Callas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewa_Podle%C5%9B" title="Ewa Podleś">Ewa Podleś</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A1cido_Domingo" title="Plácido Domingo">Plácido Domingo</a> have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types; some singers such as <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Verrett" title="Shirley Verrett">Shirley Verrett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Bumbry" title="Grace Bumbry">Grace Bumbry</a> change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as <a href="/wiki/Leonie_Rysanek" title="Leonie Rysanek">Leonie Rysanek</a> have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a>'s early works make extreme demands on their singers.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelman_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_voice_types">Number of voice types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Number of voice types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many different voice types are used in <a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">vocal pedagogy</a> in a variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven or eight major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>. Men are usually divided into four groups: <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>. When considering the pre-pubescent voice, an eighth term, <a href="/wiki/Treble_voice" title="Treble voice">treble</a>, is applied. Within each of these major categories, subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a> facility and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">vocal weight</a> to differentiate between voices.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> of classical performance covers about five octaves, from a low G<sub>1</sub> (in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation" title="Scientific pitch notation">scientific pitch notation</a>) to a high G<sub>6</sub>, although the extremes are rare. More commonly the range is from a low C<sub>2</sub> to a high D<sub>6</sub>. Vocal ranges are grouped into overlapping types that each span about two octaves. Many singers fall between groups and can perform some parts in either type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Female_voices">Female voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Female voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soprano">Soprano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soprano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Soprano voice range (C<sub>4</sub>–C<sub>6</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" title="File:Marie Rappold performing O Patria Mia from Aida.ogg">"O patria mia"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="262" data-mwtitle="Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d5/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg/Marie_Rappold_performing_O_Patria_Mia_from_Aida.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Rappold" title="Marie Rappold">Marie Rappold</a>, an operatic soprano, performs "O patria mia" from <i><a href="/wiki/Aida" title="Aida">Aida</a></i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> range: The soprano is the highest singing voice. The typical soprano voice lies between C<sub>4</sub> (middle C) and C<sub>6</sub> (<i>high C</i>). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A<sub>3</sub> (just below middle C).<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most soprano roles do not extend above C<sub>6</sub> although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D<sub>6</sub>. At the highest extreme, some <a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a> roles may reach to G<sub>6</sub> (the G above <i>high C</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Coffin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the <a href="/wiki/Sopranino_voice" title="Sopranino voice">sopranino</a>. In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soprano subtypes: As with all voice types, sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of voice, and dexterity of the voice. Sopranos are often broken down into five subcategories: <a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soubrette#Opera" title="Soubrette">soubrette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano">lyric soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">spinto soprano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano">dramatic soprano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the <i><a href="/wiki/Louise-Rosalie_Lefebvre" title="Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre">Dugazon</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Marie-Corn%C3%A9lie_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie-Cornélie Falcon">Falcon</a></i>, which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo-soprano. A <i>Dugazon</i> is a darker-colored soubrette. A <i>Falcon</i> is a darker-colored soprano drammatico.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mezzo-soprano"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Mezzo-soprano_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Mezzo-soprano voice range (A<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>5</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a> range: The mezzo-soprano voice is the middle-range voice type for females;<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it lies between the soprano and contralto ranges, over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A<sub>3</sub> (the A below middle C) to A<sub>5</sub> (two octaves higher). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to F<sub>3</sub> (the F below middle C) and as high as C<sub>6</sub> (<i>high C</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both the contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto. </p><p>Mezzo-soprano subtypes: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three subcategories: lyric mezzo-soprano, coloratura mezzo-soprano and dramatic mezzo-soprano.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contralto">Contralto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contralto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Contralto_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Contralto voice range (F<sub>3</sub>–F<sub>5</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto is rare,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so much so that often roles intended for contralto are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical contralto range lies between F<sub>3</sub> (the F below middle C) to F<sub>5</sub> (the second F above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes some contralto voices can sing from D<sub>3</sub> (the D below middle C) to B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span> (the second B-flat above), one whole step short of the soprano <i>high C</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contralto tessitura: The contralto voice has the lowest tessitura of the female voices. </p><p>Contralto subtypes: Contraltos are often broken down into three subcategories: coloratura contralto, lyric contralto, and dramatic contralto.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">soprano sfogato</a> is a contralto who has an extended high range reaching the soprano <i>high C</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male_voices">Male voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Male voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Countertenor">Countertenor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Countertenor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Countertenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Countertenor voice range (E<sub>3</sub>–E<sub>5</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <p>While the countertenor is almost universally recognized as a voice category, it is not a voice type in the strictest sense. Except for a few rare voices (such as the American male soprano <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maniaci" title="Michael Maniaci">Michael Maniaci</a> or singers with disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Kallmann_syndrome" title="Kallmann syndrome">Kallmann syndrome</a>), countertenors typically have tenor or baritone chest voices and rely on their <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> register to reach high notes, using their <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modal voice</a> mostly for the lowest notes. The countertenor voice is therefore more often a product of the application of a specific technical approach, and much less often a result of the biological factors which have long been credited with determining the other voice types. These factors include vocal-fold length, thickness, and other elements of laryngeal proportions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All countertenors, save those rare examples previously mentioned, also fall into the traditional male voice categories, such as tenor and bass.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> range: The countertenor is the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for a <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baroque_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque opera">baroque operas</a>. Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French <i><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">haute-contre</a></i>. Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering E<sub>3</sub> to E<sub>5</sub>. </p><p>Countertenor subtypes: Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: <a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">sopranist</a> or "male soprano", the <i>haute-contre</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a>. The last "true" castrato singer, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Moreschi" title="Alessandro Moreschi">Alessandro Moreschi</a>, died in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenor">Tenor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tenor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Tenor_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Tenor voice range (C<sub>3</sub>–C<sub>5</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesti_La_Giubba.ogg" title="File:Vesti La Giubba.ogg">"Vesti la giubba"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="195" data-mwtitle="Vesti_La_Giubba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Vesti_La_Giubba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Vesti_La_Giubba.ogg/Vesti_La_Giubba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVesti_La_Giubba.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVesti_La_Giubba.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AVesti_La_Giubba.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">"<a href="/wiki/Vesti_la_giubba" title="Vesti la giubba">Vesti la giubba</a>" as performed by the tenor <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> range: The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C<sub>3</sub> (one octave below middle C) to C<sub>5</sub> (one octave above middle C). The low extreme for tenors is roughly A<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-flat">♭</span></span></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span> (the second A-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to F<sub>5</sub> (the second F above middle C).<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of the tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The <i>Tenorino</i> has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tenor subtypes: Tenors are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Tenors are often broken down into eight subcategories: <i>Tenorino</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">tenore contraltino</a></i>, <i>leggero</i> tenor or <i><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">tenore di grazia</a></i>, lyric tenor, <a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">spinto</a> tenor or <i>tenore spinto</i>, dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and <a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">baritenor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous tenors include <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego_Fl%C3%B3rez" title="Juan Diego Flórez">Juan Diego Flórez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Kraus" title="Alfredo Kraus">Alfredo Kraus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Placido_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Placido Domingo">Placido Domingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carreras" title="José Carreras">José Carreras</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baritone">Baritone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baritone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Baritone_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Baritone voice range (A<sub>2</sub>–A<sub>4</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_(Baker,_1921).mp3" title="File:Sullivan - The Pirates of Penzance - I am the very model of a modern Major-General (Baker, 1921).mp3">Major-General's Song</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="163" data-mwtitle="Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_(Baker,_1921).mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Sullivan_-_The_Pirates_of_Penzance_-_I_am_the_very_model_of_a_modern_Major-General_%28Baker%2C_1921%29.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/George_Baker_(record_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Baker (record singer)">George Baker</a> sings the "I am the very model of a modern Major-General", conducted by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Byng" title="George W. Byng">George W. Byng</a> (1920)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a> range: The baritone voice is the middle-range voice type for males and the most common male voice type; it lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. The typical baritone range is from A<sub>2</sub> (the second A below middle C) to A<sub>4</sub> (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F<sub>2</sub> (the second F below middle C) or up to C<sub>5</sub> (one octave above middle C).<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baritone tessitura: Although this voice range overlaps both the tenor and bass ranges, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into seven subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, <i>kavalierbariton</i>, Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, <i>baryton-noble</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bass">Bass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Bass_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Bass voice range (E<sub>2</sub>–E<sub>4</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Faust_de_Gounod_Le_veau_d%27or.ogg" title="File:Faust de Gounod Le veau d'or.ogg">"Le veau d'or"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="219" data-mwtitle="Faust_de_Gounod_Le_veau_d'or.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Faust_de_Gounod_Le_veau_d%27or.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Faust_de_Gounod_Le_veau_d%27or.ogg/Faust_de_Gounod_Le_veau_d%27or.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The bass <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Chaliapin" title="Feodor Chaliapin">Feodor Chaliapin</a> sings "Le veau d'or" in <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(opera)" title="Faust (opera)">Faust</a></i></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> range: The bass is the lowest singing voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices. The typical bass range lies between E<sub>2</sub> (the second E below middle C) to E<sub>4</sub> (the E above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from C<sub>2</sub> (two octaves below middle C) to G<sub>4</sub> (the G above middle C).<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: <a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">basso profondo</a>, basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and <a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">bass-baritone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children's_voices"><span id="Children.27s_voices"></span>Children's voices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Children's voices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice_from_childhood_to_adulthood">Voice from childhood to adulthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Voice from childhood to adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A human voice will alter as a person gets older. The vocal range and timbre of children's voices do not have the variety that adults' voices have. Both sexes before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> have a similar vocal range and timbre because both groups have a similar <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> size and weight and a similar <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal cord">vocal cord</a> structure and color. With the onset of puberty, women's, and particularly men's, voices alter as the <a href="/wiki/Vocal_ligaments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal ligaments">vocal ligaments</a> become more defined and the laryngeal cartilages harden. The height of the male larynx becomes much greater than in women. Size and development of adult lungs also changes physical capabilities of the voice. During puberty, the human voice is in an in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is not to suggest that the voice stops changing after puberty. Different singers will reach adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above, there are continual changes throughout adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-PowerPoint_Presentation_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowerPoint_Presentation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treble">Treble</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Treble"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/320px-Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/480px-Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg/640px-Treble_voice_range_on_keyboard.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption>Treble voice range (A<sub>3</sub>–A<sub>5</sub>) indicated on piano keyboard in green with dot marking middle C (C<sub>4</sub>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Treble_voice" title="Treble voice">Treble</a> can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in the mezzo-soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">boy sopranos</a> but as the inclusion of girls into children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical, as boys and girls share a similar range and timbre.<sup id="cite_ref-PowerPoint_Presentation_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PowerPoint_Presentation-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most trebles have an approximate range from A<sub>3</sub> (the A below middle C) to C<sub>6</sub> (<i>top C</i>) or above.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For high notes see, for example, the treble solo at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Stanford</a>'s Magnificat in G, <a href="/wiki/David_Willcocks" title="David Willcocks">David Willcocks</a>' <a href="/wiki/Descant" title="Descant">descant</a> to <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>'s tune for the carol "<a href="/wiki/Hark!_The_Herald_Angels_Sing" title="Hark! The Herald Angels Sing">Hark! The Herald Angels Sing</a>", and the even higher treble solo in the "<a href="/wiki/Nunc_dimittis" title="Nunc dimittis">Nunc dimittis</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Tippett</a>'s evening canticles written for <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>. Many trebles are also able to reach higher notes by use of the <a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">whistle register</a> but this practice is rarely called for in performance.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifying_singers">Classifying singers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classifying singers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocal pedagogues generally consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify it: <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a>, and vocal transition points known as <i><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">passaggio</a></i>. However, teachers may also consider physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and other factors such as <a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">vocal register</a>. Voice classification into the correct voice type is important for vocal pedagogues and singers as a guiding tool for the development of the voice. </p><p>Misclassification of a singer's voice type is dangerous. It can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career, and lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and the damage may not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to vocal pedagogue <a href="/wiki/Margaret_C._L._Greene" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret C. L. Greene">Margaret Greene</a>, "The need for choosing the correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in trained voices."<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be much more prevalent in too high a classification. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of a pitch level may lead to the development of vocal disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Vocal_cord_nodule" title="Vocal cord nodule">vocal cord nodules</a>. Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be damaging unless a singer tries to force the voice down.<sup id="cite_ref-Appelman_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appelman-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dangers_of_quick_identification">Dangers of quick identification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dangers of quick identification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many vocal pedagogues warn of the dangers of "quick identification." Premature concern with classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. Vocal pedagogue <a href="/wiki/William_Vennard" title="William Vennard">William Vennard</a> has stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to the student and embarrassing to the teacher to keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work upward and downward until the voice classifies itself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Most vocal pedagogues believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When techniques of posture, breathing, <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>, resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area, the true quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely. Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many vocal pedagogues suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess medium voices and therefore this approach is less likely to mis-classify or damage the voice.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choral_music_classification">Choral music classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Choral music classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:10em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccf;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Choral_music_classification">Voice classification<br />in choral music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Choral_voice_classification" title="Template:Choral voice classification"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Choral_voice_classification" title="Template talk:Choral voice classification"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Choral_voice_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Choral voice classification"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike other classification systems, <a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral music</a> divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into soprano, <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, tenor and bass (<a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">SATB</a>). As a result, the typical chorus is highly prone to misclassification.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most people have "medium" voices (men tend to be baritones and women tend to be mezzo-sopranos), the parts they are assigned are often too high or too low for them; often mezzo-sopranos must sing soprano or alto and baritones sing tenor or bass. Either option can present problems for the singer, where the singers strain their voices to reach the high or low notes, but for most singers there are fewer dangers in singing too low than in singing too high.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Voice classification in non-classical music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Shewan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shewan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShewan1979" class="citation journal cs1">Shewan, Robert (January–February 1979). "Voice Classification: An examination of methodology". <i><a href="/wiki/The_NATS_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="The NATS Bulletin">The NATS Bulletin</a></i>. <b>35</b>: 17–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Voice+Classification%3A+An+examination+of+methodology&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=17-27&rft.date=1979-01%2F1979-02&rft.aulast=Shewan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appelman-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appelman_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appelman_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelman1986" class="citation book cs1">Appelman, D. Ralph (1986). <i>The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and application</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Vocal+Pedagogy%3A+Theory+and+application&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20378-6&rft.aulast=Appelman&rft.aufirst=D.+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1994" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, James (1994). <i>The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults</i>. Genovex Music Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0"><bdi>978-1-56593-940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diagnosis+and+Correction+of+Vocal+Faults&rft.pub=Genovex+Music+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-940-0&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffin1960" class="citation book cs1">Coffin, Berton (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/singersrepertoir0000coff"><i>Coloratura, Lyric and Dramatic Soprano</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-0188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloratura%2C+Lyric+and+Dramatic+Soprano&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0188-2&rft.aulast=Coffin&rft.aufirst=Berton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingersrepertoir0000coff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boldrey-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldrey1994" class="citation book cs1">Boldrey, Richard (1994). <i>Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias</i>. Caldwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5"><bdi>978-1-877761-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Operatic+Roles+and+Arias&rft.pub=Caldwell+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-877761-64-5&rft.aulast=Boldrey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071104052439/http://pioneer2.aaps.k12.mi.us/choir/voiceclass.html">"Soprano"</a>. Voice Classification. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pioneer2.aaps.k12.mi.us/choir/voiceclass.html#Soprano">the original</a> on 4 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soprano&rft.series=Voice+Classification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpioneer2.aaps.k12.mi.us%2Fchoir%2Fvoiceclass.html%23Soprano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers,_Eric1996" class="citation magazine cs1">Myers, Eric (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718034641/http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=12797">"Sweet and Low: The case of the vanishing contralto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Opera_News" title="Opera News">Opera News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operanews.com/operanews/templates/content.aspx?id=12797">the original</a> on 18 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Opera+News&rft.atitle=Sweet+and+Low%3A+The+case+of+the+vanishing+contralto&rft.date=1996-12&rft.au=Myers%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.operanews.com%2Foperanews%2Ftemplates%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fid%3D12797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchHowardNix2019" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Graham F.; Howard, David M.; Nix, John (2019-04-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iGQDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Singing</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 972. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-257607-1"><bdi>978-0-19-257607-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Singing&rft.pages=972&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-257607-1&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Graham+F.&rft.au=Howard%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Nix%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iGQDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Richard (2004-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9rbbdGt7hiAC"><i>Solutions for Singers: Tools for Performers and Teachers</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803627-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803627-2"><bdi>978-0-19-803627-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solutions+for+Singers%3A+Tools+for+Performers+and+Teachers&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803627-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9rbbdGt7hiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickel2016" class="citation book cs1">Bickel, Jan E. (2016-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohJbDwAAQBAJ"><i>Vocal Technique: A Physiologic Approach, Second Edition</i></a>. Plural Publishing. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-944883-34-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-944883-34-8"><bdi>978-1-944883-34-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+Technique%3A+A+Physiologic+Approach%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-944883-34-8&rft.aulast=Bickel&rft.aufirst=Jan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohJbDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoch2014" class="citation book cs1">Hoch, Matthew (2014-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Y1_AwAAQBAJ"><i>A Dictionary for the Modern Singer</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8656-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-8656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+for+the+Modern+Singer&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-8656-8&rft.aulast=Hoch&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Y1_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PowerPoint_Presentation-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PowerPoint_Presentation_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PowerPoint_Presentation_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908084348/http://www.vocalprocess.co.uk/resources/Developing_Voice_presentation.pdf">"Developing voice presentation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PowerPoint). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocalprocess.co.uk/resources/Developing_Voice_presentation.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+voice+presentation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocalprocess.co.uk%2Fresources%2FDeveloping_Voice_presentation.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/vocal-heroes-going-out-on-a-natural-high-high-and-sweet-and-strong-tess-knighton-on-what-england-expects-of-her-cathedral-choirboys-a3320851.html">"Vocal heroes: Going out on a natural high: 'High and sweet and strong'. Tess Knighton on what England expects of her cathedral choirboys"</a>. 2011-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vocal+heroes%3A+Going+out+on+a+natural+high%3A+%27High+and+sweet+and+strong%27.+Tess+Knighton+on+what+England+expects+of+her+cathedral+choirboys&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fvocal-heroes-going-out-on-a-natural-high-high-and-sweet-and-strong-tess-knighton-on-what-england-expects-of-her-cathedral-choirboys-a3320851.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Ashley2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin Ashley (2008). <i>Teaching Singing to Boys and Teenagers</i>. Edwin Mellen Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773449985" title="Special:BookSources/9780773449985"><bdi>9780773449985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+Singing+to+Boys+and+Teenagers&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780773449985&rft.au=Martin+Ashley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Morton (1973). <i>Modern Techniques of Vocal Rehabilitation</i>. Charles C. Thomas. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000JC1U76">B000JC1U76</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Techniques+of+Vocal+Rehabilitation&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Thomas&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000JC1U76%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeneLesley_Mathieson2001" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Margaret; Lesley Mathieson (2001). <i>The Voice and its Disorders</i> (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86156-196-1"><bdi>978-1-86156-196-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voice+and+its+Disorders&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86156-196-1&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Lesley+Mathieson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVennard1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Vennard" title="William Vennard">Vennard, William</a> (1967). <i>Singing: The Mechanism and the Technique</i>. Carl Fischer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8258-0055-9"><bdi>978-0-8258-0055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing%3A+The+Mechanism+and+the+Technique&rft.pub=Carl+Fischer&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8258-0055-9&rft.aulast=Vennard&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brenda (2005). <i>Choral Pedagogy</i>. Plural Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6"><bdi>978-1-59756-043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+Pedagogy&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59756-043-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Large, John (February–March 1972). "Towards an Integrated Physiologic-Acoustic Theory of Vocal Registers". <i><a href="/wiki/NATS_Bulletin" class="mw-redirect" title="NATS Bulletin">NATS Bulletin</a></i>. <b>28</b>: 30–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NATS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Towards+an+Integrated+Physiologic-Acoustic+Theory+of+Vocal+Registers&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=30-35&rft.date=1972-02%2F1972-03&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_type&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Voice_types" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Voice types">Voice types</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://singwise.com/cgi-bin/main.pl?section=articles&doc=UnderstandingVocalRangeRegistersAndType">"Understanding vocal range, vocal registers and voice type"</a>. <i>Singwise.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singwise.com&rft.atitle=Understanding+vocal+range%2C+vocal+registers+and+voice+type&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsingwise.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmain.pl%3Fsection%3Darticles%26doc%3DUnderstandingVocalRangeRegistersAndType&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+type" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whistle_register" title="Whistle register">Whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_fry_register" title="Vocal fry register">Vocal fry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voice type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">Boy soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">Soubrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyric_soprano" title="Lyric soprano"> Lyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinto_soprano" title="Spinto soprano">Spinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano"> Dramatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano_sfogato" title="Soprano sfogato">Soprano sfogato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">Castrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">Sopranist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute-contre" title="Haute-contre">Haute-contre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_contraltino" title="Tenore contraltino">Tenore contraltino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenore_di_grazia" title="Tenore di grazia">Tenore di grazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basso_profondo" title="Basso profondo">Basso profondo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bass" title="Sub-bass">Sub-bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treble_(sound)" title="Treble (sound)">Treble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clef" title="Clef">Clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extension_(music)" title="Extension (music)">Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_tone" title="Pedal tone">Pedal tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_(organ)" title="Registration (organ)">Organ registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music" title="Voice classification in non-classical music">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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