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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is no authoritative system of <b>voice classification in non-classical music</b><sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as classical terms are used to describe not merely various <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal ranges</a>, but specific vocal timbres unique to each range. These timbres are produced by classical training techniques with which most popular singers are not intimately familiar, and which even those that are do not universally employ them.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "non-classical music" is typically used to describe music in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> styles. In the United States, the term <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_commercial_music" title="Contemporary commercial music">contemporary commercial music</a> (CCM) is used by some vocal pedagogues.<sup id="cite_ref-Kappan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kappan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voice classification systems and <a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">vocal type</a> terms were initially created for the purpose of classifying voices specifically within classical singing. As new styles of music developed, the quest for common terms for vocalists throughout these styles was sought, resulting in a loose application of the existing classical music practices. This approach has led to a system with many different names for the same term or style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_in_classical_music">Approaches in classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approaches in classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two overall approaches within voice classification: one for opera vocalists and one for choral music parts. One of the major differences between these two in classifying voices is that choral music classifies voices entirely upon vocal range, whereas in opera classification systems many other factors are considered. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a> (where the voice feels most comfortable singing) and <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">vocal timbre</a> (the innate quality of sound to the voice) are more important factors than vocal range within opera categorization. Within opera there are several systems in use including the <a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">German Fach system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> tradition, and <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">French opera</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these approaches to voice classification use some of the same terminology, which often leads to confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the operatic systems there are six basic voice types split between men and women, and each type then has several sub-types. These basic types are <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> for women, and <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a> for men.<sup id="cite_ref-Boldrey_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldrey-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within choral music the system is collapsed into only four categories for adult singers: soprano and <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a> for women, and tenor and bass for men.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England, the term "male alto" is used to refer to a man who uses <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> vocal production to sing in the alto section of a chorus. This practice is much less common outside of the UK where the term <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> is more often applied. Countertenors are also widely employed within <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> as solo vocalists. The term male alto is never used to refer to a solo vocalist. Children's voices, both male and female, are described as trebles, although the term <a href="/wiki/Boy_soprano" title="Boy soprano">boy soprano</a> is widely used as well.<sup id="cite_ref-McKinney_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKinney-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_to_non-classical_singing">Application to non-classical singing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application to non-classical singing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In non-classical singing, it is difficult to place voices within either system for two major reasons. First, the traditional definitions of the different voice types were made with the assumption that singers would be using classical vocal technique. These specific techniques, through study and training, result in a particular kind of vocal production and vocal timbre for each voice type which is unique to classical music.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly problematic when trying to apply the operatic terms, as the vocal types are more descriptive of vocal <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> and vocal facility than simple vocal <a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">range</a>. For example, one category of voice in opera is a <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>, which is the lowest female voice in the operatic system. One of the qualifying characteristics of this voice is a deep and dark quality to the vocal sound. This quality is not entirely innate to the voice, but is developed through classical vocal training. So although a singer in another genre might have a range equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a>, they might not have a similar sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>“These differences in voice qualities are reflections on variation in the muscular, aerodynamic, and acoustical conditions in the larynx and in the vocal tract. The subglottal pressure, the driving force in phonation, needs to be adapted in accordance with the laryngeal conditions.” In other words, the very act of singing consistently within one technique or another literally causes the voice to physically develop in different ways, and thus change the timbre of that particular voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Kappan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kappan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another example would be a <a href="/wiki/Coloratura_soprano" title="Coloratura soprano">coloratura soprano</a> in opera. This is not only the highest female voice in opera, but also distinguished by its ability to perform fast leaps, trills, and runs with free movement within the highest part of the voice. A non-opera singer might be able to sing as high as a coloratura soprano, but may need training in classical technique to be able to perform the vocal acrobatics that a classically trained soprano can.<sup id="cite_ref-Coffin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coffin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the sub-categories in opera (lyric, dramatic, <a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">coloratura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soubrette" title="Soubrette">soubrette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinto" title="Spinto">spinto</a>, etc.) are not applicable to non-classical singing, simply because they are too closely associated with classical vocal technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second problem in applying these systems is a question of range specification, which is why the choral music classification system does not fit well with non-classical singers. The choral system was developed to delineate <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> structure and was not really intended to designate a <a href="/wiki/Vocal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal type">vocal type</a> to individual singers. In other words, choral music was designed to be broken down into four vocal sections and it is the sections themselves that are labeled <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>, not the individual singers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stark_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, most women that sing the alto line in choirs would be considered <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-sopranos</a> in opera due to their vocal timbre and their particular range resting somewhere in the middle between a soprano and contralto. A small portion of them, however, would most likely be <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contraltos</a>. Therefore, one could say, "I am a mezzo-soprano singing the alto line", and another could say "I am a contralto singing the alto line." They would have two different ranges and sounds but they would be singing the same part. This is important to understand because it means that choral music is not really about <a href="/wiki/Vocal_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal type">vocal type</a> but about <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">vocal range</a> within a specific type of music.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not uncommon for men with higher voices to sing the alto line or women with lower voices to sing the tenor line. It is, however, improper for a man to call himself an alto or a soprano, or a woman a tenor or bass. A woman who sings the tenor line is really a <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contralto</a> when applied to the classical vocal type system, and a man who sings alto or soprano a <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sopranist" title="Sopranist">sopranist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That being said, non-classical singers can adopt some of the terms from both systems, but not all of them, when classifying their voices. The six-part structure of the operatic system is much preferable to the four-part choral system for non-classical singers because it has three sets of vocal ranges instead of two to choose from.<sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people's voices fall within the middle categories of mezzo-soprano for women and <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> for men. There are also a fair number of <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">sopranos</a>, but true <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">basses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">contraltos</a> are rare. A non-classical singer could use the list that follows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_categories_and_ranges_for_classical_singers">Vocal categories and ranges for classical singers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vocal categories and ranges for classical singers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ranges given below are approximations and are not meant to be too rigidly applied.<sup id="cite_ref-Peckham_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a>: the highest female voice, being able to sing C<sub>4</sub> (middle C) to C<sub>6</sub> (high C), and possibly higher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a>: the middle female voice, between A<sub>3</sub> (A below middle C) and A<sub>5</sub> (two octaves above A<sub>3</sub>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a>: the lowest female voice, F<sub>3</sub> (F below middle C) to E<sub>5</sub> (two Es above middle C). Rare contraltos possess a range similar to the tenor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a>: the highest male voice, B<sub>2</sub> (2nd B below middle C) to A<sub>4</sub> (A above Middle C), and possibly higher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a>: the middle male voice, G<sub>2</sub> (two Gs below middle C) to F<sub>4</sub> (F above middle C)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a>: the lowest male voice, E<sub>2</sub> (two Es below middle C) to E<sub>4</sub> (the E above middle C)</li></ul> <p>Some men, in <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> voice or as a result of certain rare physiological conditions, can sing in the same range as women. These do not fall into the female categories and are instead called <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenors</a> within classical music. Within contemporary music, however, the use of the term <i>tenor</i> for these male voices would be more appropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-Appleman_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocal_pedagogical_methods_for_contemporary_commercial_music">Vocal pedagogical methods for contemporary commercial music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocal pedagogical methods for contemporary commercial music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teaching voice within non-classical music is an emerging field. Up to this point, voice teachers and voice research have been largely concentrated with classical methods of singing. However, new approaches and methods to teaching non-classical voice have recently emerged, such as the <a href="/wiki/Complete_Vocal_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete Vocal Technique">complete vocal technique</a> (CVT)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Cathrine Sadolin at <a href="/wiki/Complete_Vocal_Institute" title="Complete Vocal Institute">Complete Vocal Institute</a> or speech level singing (SLS)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Seth_Riggs" title="Seth Riggs">Seth Riggs</a>. Another example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeannette_LoVetri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeannette LoVetri (page does not exist)">Jeannette LoVetri</a>'s method known as somatic voicework.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has really only been within the last few years that music conservatories and music programs within universities have begun to embrace these alternative methodologies suitable to other kinds of vocal music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_with_a_six-octave_or_greater_vocal_range" title="Category:Singers with a six-octave or greater vocal range">Singers with a six-octave or greater vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_with_a_five-octave_vocal_range" title="Category:Singers with a five-octave vocal range">Singers with a five-octave vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_with_a_four-octave_vocal_range" title="Category:Singers with a four-octave vocal range">Singers with a four-octave vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singers_with_a_three-octave_vocal_range" title="Category:Singers with a three-octave vocal range">Singers with a three-octave vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basses_in_non-classical_music" title="List of basses in non-classical music">List of basses in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baritones_in_non-classical_music" title="List of baritones in non-classical music">List of baritones in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tenors_in_non-classical_music" title="List of tenors in non-classical music">List of tenors in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contraltos_in_non-classical_music" title="List of contraltos in non-classical music">List of contraltos in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mezzo-sopranos_in_non-classical_music" title="List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music">List of mezzo-sopranos in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sopranos_in_non-classical_music" title="List of sopranos in non-classical music">List of sopranos in non-classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Peckham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peckham_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeckham2005" class="citation book cs1">Peckham, Anne (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vocalworkoutsfor0000peck"><i>Vocal Workouts for the Contemporary Singer</i></a></span>. Berklee Press Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87639-047-4"><bdi>978-0-87639-047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vocal+Workouts+for+the+Contemporary+Singer&rft.pub=Berklee+Press+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87639-047-4&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvocalworkoutsfor0000peck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Chandler2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim Chandler (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-8851-9_4">"Teaching Popular Music Styles"</a>. In Scott D. Harrison; Jessica O'Bryan (eds.). <i>Teaching Singing in the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer Publishing</a>. p. 35–51 (43). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-8851-9_4">10.1007/978-94-017-8851-9_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8850-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-8850-2"><bdi>978-94-017-8850-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Teaching+Popular+Music+Styles&rft.btitle=Teaching+Singing+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=35-51+%2843%29&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-8851-9_4&rft.isbn=978-94-017-8850-2&rft.au=Kim+Chandler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-8851-9_4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kappan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kappan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kappan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speech.kth.se/prod/publications/files/3003.pdf">Kappan</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinney-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinney_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney1994" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, James (1994). <i>The Diagnosis and Correction of Vocal Faults</i>. Genovex Music Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56593-940-0"><bdi>978-1-56593-940-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diagnosis+and+Correction+of+Vocal+Faults&rft.pub=Genovex+Music+Group&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56593-940-0&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2003" class="citation book cs1">Stark, James (2003). <i>Bel Canto: A History of Vocal Pedagogy</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8614-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-8614-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bel+Canto%3A+A+History+of+Vocal+Pedagogy&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8614-3&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boldrey-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boldrey_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldrey1994" class="citation book cs1">Boldrey, Richard (1994). <i>Guide to Operatic Roles and Arias</i>. Caldwell Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877761-64-5"><bdi>978-1-877761-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Operatic+Roles+and+Arias&rft.pub=Caldwell+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-877761-64-5&rft.aulast=Boldrey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Brenda (2005). <i>Choral Pedagogy</i>. Plural Publishing, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59756-043-6"><bdi>978-1-59756-043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+Pedagogy&rft.pub=Plural+Publishing%2C+Inc&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59756-043-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Appleman_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppelman1986" class="citation book cs1">Appelman, D. Ralph (1986). <i>The Science of Vocal Pedagogy: Theory and Application</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20378-6"><bdi>978-0-253-20378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Vocal+Pedagogy%3A+Theory+and+Application&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20378-6&rft.aulast=Appelman&rft.aufirst=D.+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coffin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffin1960" class="citation book cs1">Coffin, Berton (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/singersrepertoir0000coff"><i>Coloratura, Lyric and Dramatic Soprano, Vol. 1</i></a></span>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0188-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-0188-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coloratura%2C+Lyric+and+Dramatic+Soprano%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0188-2&rft.aulast=Coffin&rft.aufirst=Berton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsingersrepertoir0000coff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://completevocal.institute/complete-vocal-technique/">"Complete Vocal Technique"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+Vocal+Technique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcompletevocal.institute%2Fcomplete-vocal-technique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speechlevelsinging.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>speechlevelsinging.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speechlevelsinging.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speechlevelsinging.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Teaching Singers of Contemporary Music". <i>Journal of Singing</i>. <b>64</b>. National Association of Teachers of Singing: 380. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Singing&rft.atitle=Teaching+Singers+of+Contemporary+Music&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=380&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoice+classification+in+non-classical+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voice_classification_in_non-classical_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voicefoundation.org/">"The Voice Foundation"</a>. Philadelphia, US</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thevoiceworkshop.com/">"The Voice Workshop"</a>, Manhattan, New York City</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singing" title="Template:Singing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singing" title="Template talk:Singing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Singing</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Singing types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A cappella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom_singing" title="Bathroom singing">Bathroom singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_technique" title="Extended technique">Extended technique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throat_singing" title="Throat singing">Throat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone_singing" title="Overtone singing">Overtone singing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversinging" title="Oversinging">Oversinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_singing" title="Sign singing">Sign singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing-along" title="Sing-along">Sing-along</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_sync" title="Lip sync">Lip sync</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_percussion" title="Vocal percussion">Vocal percussion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing">Beatboxing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms · Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-lexical_vocables_in_music" title="Non-lexical vocables in music">Vocables</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Voice classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_type" title="Voice type">Voice type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass-baritone" title="Bass-baritone">Bass-baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">Baritenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">Countertenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contralto" title="Contralto">Contralto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">Mezzo-soprano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fach" title="Fach">Fach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-classical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts · Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(music)" title="Belting (music)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloratura" title="Coloratura">Coloratura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_voice" title="Chest voice">Chest voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crooner" title="Crooner">Crooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_growl" title="Death growl">Death growl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_voice" title="Head voice">Head voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_vocalist" title="Lead vocalist">Lead vocals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaggio" title="Passaggio">Passaggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_(vocal_music)" title="Quintus (vocal music)">Quintus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scat_singing" title="Scat singing">Scat singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprechgesang" title="Sprechgesang">Sprechgesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">Tessitura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_pedagogy" title="Vocal pedagogy">Vocal pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">Vocal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_register" title="Vocal register">Vocal register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_resonation" title="Vocal resonation">Vocal resonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_weight" title="Vocal weight">Vocal weight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound equipment<br />(popular music)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-ear_monitor" title="In-ear monitor">In-ear monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_correction" title="Pitch correction">Pitch correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_monitor_system" title="Stage monitor system">Monitor speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">Vocal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">Choir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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