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href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yakima_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yakima_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Yakima Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yakima_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dairy_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dairy production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Wine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Wheat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cranberries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cranberries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Cranberries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cranberries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fish industry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fish_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fish industry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fish_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Commercial fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lake_Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lake_Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Lake Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lake_Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sport fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Local economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Coastal management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outdoor_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outdoor_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Outdoor recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outdoor_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_level_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sea level rise</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sea_level_rise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sea level rise subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_shorelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_shorelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Changing shorelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_shorelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Flooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Ecological impacts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecological_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecological impacts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecological_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant_wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Plant wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-vascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-vascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.1</span> <span>Non-vascular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-vascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vascular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vascular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1.2</span> <span>Vascular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vascular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Animal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.1</span> <span>Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.2</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.3</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.4</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.5</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.6</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2.7</span> <span>Wetlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparing_species,_habitats,_and_ecosystems_for_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparing_species,_habitats,_and_ecosystems_for_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Preparing species, habitats, and ecosystems for climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparing_species,_habitats,_and_ecosystems_for_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_(GHG)_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gas_(GHG)_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gas_(GHG)_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seattle's_Climate_Action_Plan_and_the_Kyoto_Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seattle's_Climate_Action_Plan_and_the_Kyoto_Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Seattle's Climate Action Plan and the Kyoto Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seattle's_Climate_Action_Plan_and_the_Kyoto_Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_climate_change_in_Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_climate_change_in_Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Responses to climate change in Washington</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses_to_climate_change_in_Washington-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Responses to climate change in Washington subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_climate_change_in_Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Job_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Job_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Job growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Job_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.2</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CAT's_proposed_reduction_of_greenhouse_gases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CAT's_proposed_reduction_of_greenhouse_gases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>CAT's proposed reduction of greenhouse gases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CAT's_proposed_reduction_of_greenhouse_gases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Green building</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Green_building-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Green building subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Green_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_gains_from_green_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_gains_from_green_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20.1</span> <span>Economic gains from green building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_gains_from_green_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibition_of_recyclables_in_garbage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibition_of_recyclables_in_garbage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>Prohibition of recyclables in garbage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibition_of_recyclables_in_garbage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">26</span> 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template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change in the United States</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif/300px-Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif/450px-Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif/600px-Digital-elevation-map-washington.gif 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Digitally colored elevation map of Washington.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a></b> in the US state of <b><a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a></b> is a subject of study and projection today. The major impacts of climate change in Washington State include increase in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change#Global_temperature_rise" title="Climate change">increase in temperatures</a>, earlier annual snow melt, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, and others. </p><p>Visible impacts from climate change in Washington State can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">glacier reduction</a>, declining snowpack, earlier spring runoff, increase in large <a href="/wiki/Wildfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildfires">wildfires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rising_sea_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Rising sea levels">rising sea levels</a> which affect the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> area. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projected_outcomes">Projected outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Projected outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_(20876410259).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg/220px-Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg/330px-Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg/440px-Firefighter_at_Cougar_Creek_Fire_%2820876410259%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Cougar Creek wildfire, 2015</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_(36293682826).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg/220px-Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg/330px-Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg/440px-Holzgrove_000065_158379_498818_4578_%2836293682826%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Solar installation, Shelton</figcaption></figure> <p><i>For the most up to date and comprehensive analysis of climate change impacts on Washington State, see the University of Washington Climate Impacts Group 2013 assessment report, available</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145152/http://cses.washington.edu/db/pdf/snoveretalsok816.pdf">here.</a> </p><p><i>Economic Impacts of Climate Change (2007) in Washington State</i> summarizes the impact of <a href="/wiki/Forest_fires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fires">forest fires</a>, public health, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, municipal water supply, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">fisheries</a> on the environment. These conclusions have been reached through several predictions, based primarily on temperature and precipitation models for climate change. The expected warming of 0.5 °F (0.28 °C) every ten years is the main source for any visible impacts. Although total annual precipitation is not expected to change significantly, the increase of temperatures will result in a more minimal snowpack leading to more rain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg/220px-I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg/330px-I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg/440px-I-90_and_wind_turbines_at_Ryegrass_Summit_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2156" /></a><figcaption>Wind installation, Ryegrass Summit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_(20113041514).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg/220px-Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg/330px-Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg/440px-Kettle_Complex_Fire_evacuees_%2820113041514%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Wildfire evacuation camp, Kettle Falls</figcaption></figure> <p>Visible physical impacts on the environment within Washington State include glacier reduction, declining snowpack, earlier spring runoff, an increase in large wildfires, and rising sea levels which affect the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> area. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg/220px-2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg/330px-2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg/440px-2019_06_06-11.07.45.028-CDT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Wildfire air pollution, Royal City, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <i>The Economic Impacts of Climate Change in Washington State</i>, the major impacts of climate change in Washington State (2007) include: </p> <ol><li>Increase in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) levels.</li> <li>Increase in temperatures: An estimated 2 °F (1.1 °C) by 2020 and up to 3 °F (1.7 °C) by 2040.</li> <li>Earlier annual snow melt.</li> <li>Sea level rise of about 3 inches to 3 feet (0.91 m) by 2100.</li> <li>No change in volume of precipitation.</li></ol> <p>Less snowpack will also result in a time change of water flow volumes into freshwater systems, resulting in greater winter river volume, and less volume during summer's driest months, generally from July through October. These changes will result in both economic and ecological repercussions, most notably found in hydrological power output, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)#Municipal_water_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">municipal water supply</a> and migration of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)#Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">fish</a>. Collectively, these changes are negatively affecting agriculture, forest resources, dairy farming, the Washington wine industry, electricity, water supply, and other areas of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, a group of scientists and economists published <i>The Impacts of Climate Change on Washington’s Economy</i>, a preliminary assessment on the possible risks and opportunities given a rise in global temperatures occurs, and more specifically, the effects for the state of Washington. Three main conclusions were outlined: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li>Climate change impacts are visible and the economic effects are becoming apparent.</li> <li>The costs of climate change will grow as temperatures and sea levels rise.</li> <li>Climate change will provide economic opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup></li></ol> </blockquote> <p>The economy of Washington State will dictate the effects of these impacts. These effects are unique to Washington due to individual natural resources, climate patterns, industries, and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change can directly affect the amount of resources that generate economic activity. Climate change can also affect the quality of important resources such as fresh <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, irrigation of crops and the generation of electricity. Climate change can also accelerate the depletion of capital assets used toward the formation of seawalls that are needed to protect shorelines from rising sea levels. Climate change can affect human health in ways that impact families and the workforce (e.g., premature death, increased sick days or leaves of absence, health care costs and insurance claims). All of these things also impair quality of life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Washington state has a varied and active economy of approximately $268.5 billion. Washington's <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">gross state product</a> is the sum of twenty-one economic sectors ranging from mining ($400 million in 2004) to real estate, rental, and leasing ($38.8 billion) in 2004. The extent of vulnerability in dealing with climate-related issues is hard to assess for each sector individually. National and international trade and inter-sector links stretch out the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">vulnerability to climate change</a> effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_parks">National parks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Decline_north_cascade_glaciers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Decline_north_cascade_glaciers.JPG" decoding="async" width="392" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Decline of North Cascade Glaciers, 1984-2005</figcaption></figure><p>Global warming threatens to disrupt the natural habitat of three national parks in Washington State—Olympic, Mount Rainier, and North Cascades. It appears that the natural flow and pathways that water has taken through these parks in the past will be disrupted. Global warming has thrown glacier melting into fast forward, and it appears we could lose many streams as well as glaciers in these parks. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg/220px-Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg/330px-Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg/440px-Lick_Fire_on_the_Umatilla_National_Forest_burning_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Lick Fire on the Umatilla National Forest burning at night, 2021</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/North_Cascades_National_Park" title="North Cascades National Park">North Cascades National Park</a>, experts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> estimate that some streams get about half of their late-summer flow from glaciers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Since 1959, the glaciers have lost 80% of their ice, and in Thunder Creek specifically, receding glaciers reduced summer streams on a whole by 31%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> At Mount Rainier National Park the mountain's glaciers lost 21% of their area between 1913 and 1994, and in <a href="/wiki/Olympic_National_Park" title="Olympic National Park">Olympic National Park</a>, glacier retreat has been recorded for <a href="/wiki/Blue_Glacier" title="Blue Glacier">Blue Glacier</a> as well as others. </p><p>Beyond glacial retreat, we<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> may see a shift in the expansive meadows that exist in Paradise Valley. This valley owes its special characteristics (wide-open expanse, wildflowers and views) to its heavy snows and short growing season—keeping it clear of trees. Higher temperatures may mean that trees will take over these meadows, also preventing wildflowers from growing. Scientists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> have already detected loss of mountain meadows on both the wetter and dryer east sides of the Olympic National Park.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forestlands comprise a significant element of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a>'s economy. Out of Washington State's 43,000,000 acres (170,000 km<sup>2</sup>), 22,000,000 acres (89,000 km<sup>2</sup>) are classified as forestland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forestlands support a great variety and number of economic activities, from timber production to the protection of freshwater supplies and wildlife habitat. In 2002, total employment in lumber, wood products pulp, and paper was 43,700.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timber collected on public land represents 16% of the current output from the lumber industry.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_growth">Forest growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forest growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond affecting wildfires, climate change could impact the economic contribution of Washington's forests both directly (e.g., by affecting rates of tree growth and relative importance of different tree species) and indirectly (e.g., through impacts on the magnitude of pest or fire damage). The impacts are unknown and may be either positive or negative. </p><p>One sees that climate change arises from changing temperature levels, soil moisture, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations, and other factors—all of these things affecting tree growth.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While estimates for changes in Washington forests are unavailable, other studies suggest the impacts to be significant. A study of El Dorado County, California suggests a reduction of timber yields by 18-31% by the end of the 21st century, primarily because of increased summer temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests">Pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beyond growth rates, climate change could affect Washington forests by changing the <a href="/wiki/Range_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Range (biology)">range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>. Very little is known about the likely impacts here, and some changes could be positive, such as the possibility of the shifting of existing pests out of Washington's forests instead of attracting new pests in. More likely to dominate, however, are the downside risks. Washington's forests have evolved to deal with existing pests, causing the loss of such pests to be of little matter. More detrimental, could be the introduction of new pests—an example of which can be seen in British Columbia where the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pine_beetle" title="Mountain pine beetle">mountain pine beetle</a>, which is already native to nearly the entire Pacific coast of North America, has infested and decimated <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a> forests. This infestation is linked in large part to increasing temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity">Electricity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electricity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-2019_06_06-19.50.41.357-CDT_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>Children with sign thanking firefighters, 2019 wildfire season</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington State relies on hydropower for 72% of its power and sales of hydropower to both households and businesses topped $4.3 billion in 2003. Washington State has the 9th lowest cost for electricity in the US. Climate change will have a negative effect on both the supply and demand of electricity in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The biggest factors determining the effects on electricity are annual temperature changes and the change in peak <a href="/wiki/Snowpack" title="Snowpack">snowpack</a> melt and <a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">stream flow</a>. A change in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> could also have an effect on electricity supply and demand, but dramatic changes in overall precipitation are not expected. The Northwest Power and Conservation Council predicts a 300 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (about 1% of Washington's generating capacity) reduction in electricity demands during the winter for each degree the temperature rises.<sup id="cite_ref-energy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The citation is not specific enough to facilitate source verification (March 2019)">not specific enough to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> Summer demands would probably increase due to more widespread need for air conditioning in order to keep homes and businesses cool, although estimates are still unknown. Washington State's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> (66% of electricity generation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) means that changes in peak snowpack melt and stream flows are important to the supply of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pg. 38 </p><p>The available electricity supply could also be affected by climate change. Peak stream flows are in the summer. Snowpack is likely to melt earlier in the future due to increased temperatures, thus shifting the peak stream flow to late winter and early spring, with decreased summer stream flow. This would result in an increased availability of electricity in the early spring, when demand is dampened, and a decreased availability in the summer, when the demand may be highest. The economic impact from climate change in Washington could seriously alter the finances of the state. The Northwest Power and Conservation Council predictions for the future of hydropower are grim. The state generates $777 million in gains from power sales. However, by 2020 they expect to see this fall to a deficit of $169 million and by 2040 a deficit of $730 million. These numbers understate the production shortfalls for the state because the number of air-conditioners were kept constant at current levels. A recent assessment on climate change in Washington done by researchers from Oregon State University has published estimates that a revenue impact of 5% or less ($165 million).<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydropower is more susceptible to climate change impacts than other sources of electricity, so consumers may be subject to greater rate increases than consumers in other states. </p><p>Washington residents have low costs for electricity due to only a few electricity companies being investor-driven. In 2006, Washington residents paid 6.82 cents per kWh, compared to the national average, which was 8.9 cents per kWh.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of Washington's power companies charge only to break even. Thus, while prices may rise in Washington, they may still be comparable to other states in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climate change will also affect how the state purchases electricity. During the summer months, Washington sells electricity to states such as California and Arizona because prices for their states is high in these seasons. During the winter months, Washington purchases electricity from these states because of the state's need for increased heating and lighting. Therefore, increased temperatures in the summer months will alter the selling of electricity to these states and cause the state to lose money.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipal_water_supply">Municipal water supply</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Municipal water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg/220px-Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg/330px-Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg/440px-Turnbull_Slough_in_drought_-_Flickr_-_pellaea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Turnbull Slough in drought, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Municipal_water_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal water system">municipal water systems</a> may hit capacity in 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-EEICCW_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEICCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the October 2005, King County Climate Change Conference, a key topic of discussion was municipal water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts predict shorter winters and longer summers, which potentially can lead to winter flooding and more severe summer droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-pitr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> study states that the city of <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> could see a 14% drop in water supply by 2040. This decrease in the water supply would be equivalent to about 170,000 more people moving into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-nwsource1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwsource1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seattle Public Utilities (SPU) estimates that it will be able to maintain 171 million US gallons (650,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day production for the next 50 years and meet demand which is estimated to maintain itself at 130 million US gallons (490,000 m<sup>3</sup>) as other cities such as Bellevue begin to use their own water supply. However, these numbers fail to take into account the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a>. It is predicted that by 2040 the water levels will actually decrease to 147 million US gallons (560,000 m<sup>3</sup>) per day.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 a drought emergency for 12 counties was declared in the state of Washington because of 75% below normal expected water supply. The impacts of climate change had probably contributed to the creation of this emergency situation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a predicted increase in temperature of 3° by 2040,<sup id="cite_ref-EEICCW_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEICCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the region's water supply as a whole is expected to decline. Water supplies come from glaciers and mountain snowpack. As temperatures rise, the elevation at which snow normally falls will increase, and there will be less water available during run-off seasons. Winter and early spring will produce more water than late spring flows, which will decrease the amount of available water during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lack of water will be problematic for both humans and the region's wildlife. This issue is also concerning because as water levels decrease, there is an expected increase in population in the Puget Sound region.<sup id="cite_ref-EEICCW_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEICCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipal water supply problem will affect different regions differently depending on the amount of public served by them and the amount of water supply that they can tap into. Everett for example, has a population of 100,000 and the Sultan river provides it with a vast amount of water compared to its population, so global warming will have a minimal<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> effect on the supply of water to it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-ecy.wa.gov_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecy.wa.gov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seattle region gets the bulk of its water from the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_River_(Washington)" title="Cedar River (Washington)">Cedar River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolt_River" title="Tolt River">Tolt River</a> watersheds. As the effects of global warming cause water levels to decrease in these watersheds, new water sources must be found. One idea proposed by a utility consortium, Cascade Water Alliance, is to use <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tapps_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Tapps (Washington)">Lake Tapps</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Pierce_County_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce County (Washington)">Pierce County</a> as a new source of drinkable water.<sup id="cite_ref-nwsource1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwsource1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project is projected to cost $450 million and take decades to complete. These reservoirs are very important to the continued stability of the municipal water supply.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Reservoirs hold the early spring melt of snow so that in the summer months it can be released when the snowpack is gone. Reservoirs must be made larger to hold more of the early spring runoff. This will cost millions, if not billions, of dollars to the states' taxpayers. This, however, will only help slightly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is projected that by the year 2040 snowpack levels that used to dip to a dangerously low level appeared every 50 years will do so every 5. No matter the size of the reservoir, if there is not enough water to fill them then they will be of little help. The other alternative to curtailing water usage would be to increase the price the consumer has to pay for the water.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Snow_and_ice">Snow and ice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Snow and ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Washington State is one of the nine contiguous states that has mountainous glaciers. These glaciers of the Olympic Range and the Northern Cascades produce 30 billion cubic feet (850,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of water every year. These glaciers are losing their size rapidly. The Southern Cascade Glacier in Darington has lost two-thirds of its volume. The glaciers in these ranges have, on average, decreased by 31 feet (9.4 m) and between 18 and 32% of their volume of water. An increase of 3.6 °F (2.0 °C) will cause 65% to 75% of the glaciers to disappear in 40 years. The retreat of the glaciers will help to increase the decline. Glaciers reflect the incoming light from the sun. With less glacial cover the rocks on the mountain will heat up causing the surrounding frozen ice to melt even faster. Drainage basins that use glacial runoff will also be affected. Glaciers contribute to a base level of water that runs off after all of the new snow cover has melted. The Middle Fork River is likely to see huge decreases in its water levels in the coming years due to this issue. The Middle Fork provides a large amount of drinking water to Bellingham. </p><p>Precipitation in the Cascades has begun to be altered drastically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (December 2014)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> While the level of precipitation on the Cascades has not decreased since the 1950s, it has begun to shift from snow to ice when it falls. The level of glacial runoff is also on the uptick since the 1950s. The level of water that flows into Puget Sound has decreased by 18% since 1949. </p><p>Water flows can be split up into three categories in Washington: Rain dominant, snow dominant, and transient snowmelt watersheds. The change in water falling will make snow dominant regions appear to be more like transition rivers and transition more like rain dominant. Snow dominant regions have their highest water flow several months after their highest snowfall. Due to the increase in temperature, they will change and act more like transition which has two peak flows, one in the spring due to snowmelt, and the other in the winter due to water falling as rain, not snow. The transition region now will act like rain regions which have their high points in river flows right after it rains.<sup id="cite_ref-ecy.wa.gov_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecy.wa.gov-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale. Agriculture is probably responsive to climate variability and weather extremes, such as droughts, floods, and severe storms. The forces that shape the climate are also critical to farm productivity. Human activity has already changed atmospheric characteristics such as temperature, rainfall, levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Ground_level_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground level ozone">ground level ozone</a>. The scientific community expects such trends to continue. <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial effects of global warming">Warmer climate may give positive effects</a> on food production; however, the increased potential for weather extremes will pose challenges for farmers. Moreover, water supply and soil moisture could make it less feasible to continue crop production in certain areas. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (<i>IPCC, 2007</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concluded: </p> <blockquote><p> Recent studies indicate that increased frequency of <a href="/wiki/Heat_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat stress">heat stress</a>, droughts and floods negatively affect crop yields and livestock beyond the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> climate change, creating the possibility for surprises, with impacts that are larger and occurring earlier than predicted using changes in <a href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</a> variables alone. This is especially the case for <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">subsistence sectors</a> at low <a href="/wiki/Latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudes">latitudes</a>. Climate variability and change also modify the risks of fires, <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> outbreak, negatively affecting food, fiber, and forestry.</p></blockquote> <p><b>Climate Factors</b><br /> Several factors directly connect climate change and agricultural productivity: </p> <ul><li>Change in <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> amount and patterns</li> <li>Rising atmospheric concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub></li> <li>Pollution levels such as ground level ozone</li> <li>Change in climatic variability and extreme events</li></ul> <p>Most agricultural impact studies have considered the effects of one or two aspects of climate change on a particular farming activity. Few, however, have considered the full set of anticipated shifts and their impact on agricultural production across the country. </p><p>The ways in which climate changes in Washington will affect agriculture are largely unknown. One benefit which climate change may potentially have on agriculture is the possibility of longer growing seasons. However, some of the negative effects include reduced water supply and higher demand for water. Some of the unknown effects are changes in the behavior of weeds, pests and crop diseases. </p><p>With the shifts in climate, Washington exports of agriculture goods may fluctuate. The impacts of these fluctuations are largely unknown due to the complexity and unknown extent of the changes to come.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yakima_Valley">Yakima Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yakima Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Yakima River Basin is the most productive and driest agricultural region in <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakima_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima County">Yakima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kittitas_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kittitas County">Kittitas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Washington" title="Benton County, Washington">Benton County</a> of the River Basin produced $1.3 billion in agricultural economic output in 2004.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Without adequate water available for irrigation, the basin will face serious economic impacts. </p> <blockquote> <p>Research at the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a> (PNNL) determined that the $1.3 billion output was due to water availability. Past droughts caused 10-15% losses of economic output, not including the accumulation of water loss over the years. Compared to a "good year" where the outputs are estimated at $901 million, droughts and crop losses will become more prevalent due to water shortages increasing from $13 to $79 million per year by mid-century. Water shortages will cause higher costs for farmers and amplify economic losses during drought years. </p><p> Expected global increases in temperatures will have economic effects not easy to quantify. Decreased snowpack and earlier runoff will decrease stream flow. Higher temperatures will increase evaporation in the soil and decrease its capacity to hold moisture for plants during the hottest parts of the growing season. Insects will find a haven in warmer temperatures and become a greater problem. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia River Gorge</a> is beginning show signs of adapting to warmer temperatures by producing a 3rd generation yearly. Increased numbers of hot days (over 100 °F) are expected to cause increased levels of heat-related illness, which makes the agricultural workers population especially vulnerable.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Simple tools developed to forecast the impacts of <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a> on agriculture irrigation can also be used to estimate the impacts of water shortages during climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakima_River_Case_Study_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakima_River_Case_Study-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies that focus on the water availability to the 370,000 acres (1,500 km<sup>2</sup>) of orchards, vineyards, and food crops within the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima River Valley</a> exploit the effects of a climate change in the region. Irrigation draws water from only five reservoirs and snowpack from the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascades</a>. With the arrival of early snowfall and a premature diminish, irrigation water supply is predicted to drop 20-40% in a year at mid-century due to this dramatic change. The loss to agriculture in the Yakima River Valley would be $92 million for a 2 °C increase and $163 million for a 4 °C increase.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the amount of rainfall may not change in this region, the snowpack will due to rising temperatures. The reduction of snowpack will lower the availability of water during critical growing seasons. As water-related losses make agricultural methods less productive, reduction in the economic viability of the Yakima River Basin follows. The changes in temperature and precipitation caused by climate change means risk management options will take a more permanent form when addressing changes in crops, <a href="/wiki/Cultivator" title="Cultivator">cultivators</a>, and adding storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Yakima_River_Case_Study_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yakima_River_Case_Study-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dairy_production">Dairy production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dairy production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant rise in global temperatures will negatively affect dairy production in Washington state, which had a total of 560 dairy farms at the end of 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each region will be affected differently based on the different climate and temperature fluctuations. Current predictions forecast that by 2075, milk production in the <a href="/wiki/Yakima_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakima River Valley">Yakima River Valley</a> will drastically decrease during the summer months. The worst effects of climate change will be a decrease in daily milk production from 27 kg to 20 kg in the month of August. <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Whatcom County">Whatcom County</a> dairy farms are predicted to be less affected by climate change than Yakima Valley. Summer milk production in Whatcom County is projected to fall from a little under 27 kg per cow per day to slightly more than 25 kg per cow per day. In both regions the lower milk production is directly correlated to the decrease in consumption of food stuffs. The decrease in food availability during summer is due to increasing annual temperatures that shift precipitation levels and cause a faster run-off of snowpack. With less food for the cows, milk production drastically decreases during the summer months. Higher temperatures cause a decrease in milk production.<sup id="cite_ref-EEICCW_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEICCW-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine">Wine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington State holds second place, following <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, for US wine production. A change in climate will cause vineyards to move. In 2004, wine grapes accounted for $127.5 million and were the state's 4th largest fruit group in terms of value. In 2005, the wine industry as a whole was a $3 billion industry, providing the equivalent of 14,000 full-time jobs. While it is a young industry in the state (introduced in the 1960s), it has been consecutively gaining momentum. Climate change could negatively impact Washington's wine industry. </p><p>The Yakima and Mid-Columbia valleys are the most heavily populated vineyard regions. The predicted water shortage within the next decades, due to early snow melts and unavailability in seasons following, could lead to a potential crop loss increase from $13 million to $79 million by mid-century. Because wine varieties are highly sensitive to temperatures, an increase could cause several <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a> areas to move out of the ideal range for certain <a href="/wiki/Varietal" title="Varietal">varietals</a>. The climate shift could make western areas such as <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> more ideal for wine production. If the magnitude of the warming is 2 °C or larger, then a region may potentially shift into another climate maturity type, which is the specific climate favorable to maturing a certain type of grape.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the chardonnay grapes of Western Washington mature well at 14–16 °C, while merlots typically produced in Eastern Washington do best at 16–19 °C. The shift of vineyard concentration to the coastal regions would mean a shift in local land value and use, production, revenue and employment. This shift would be due to an increase in average temperature. However, scientists’ main concern is not the gradual increase, but that global climate change will cause more instances of extreme weather. Increased extreme weather would result in greater losses for vineyards, especially those grown east of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheat">Wheat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wheat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern Washington</a> produces a large amount of wheat that is affected by climate.<span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">a large amount</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="As written, some amount of wheat is affected by climate while some is not. That is not logical (December 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some models of daily temperature do not account for the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> in eastern Washington, resulting in distorted temperature predictions. Both topography and temperature affect the yield of wheat, but a new system called the Regional Climate Model (RCM) considers topographical data, resulting in a more accurate temperature estimate. In a recent study, winter wheat productions were taken at different elevations, both with and without irrigation, and the best yields were in areas with a lot of rainfall, temperate conditions, and at elevations from 1000 to 1500 meters. Both non-irrigated and irrigated harvests have increased with <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, which has also allowed for increased production at higher elevations. The harvests also improved with the presence of higher levels of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cranberries">Cranberries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cranberries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">Cranberry</a> production in Washington makes up a moderate amount (less than a tenth of a percent) of agricultural revenue for the state. These berries could be affected by higher winter temperatures due to climate change. This would mean considerable losses in revenue in Washington. Washington is the fifth largest supplier of cranberries in the U.S., producing 3% of total U.S. production.<sup id="cite_ref-Cranberries_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cranberries-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three growing regions in Washington, including <a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Whatcom County">Whatcom County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grays_Harbor_County,_Washington" title="Grays Harbor County, Washington">Grays Harbor County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_County,_Washington" title="Pacific County, Washington">Pacific County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cranberries_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cranberries-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fish_industry">Fish industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fish industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington, being located in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> of the United States, depends heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> and many other rivers for its fishing industry. Therefore, changes in the current climate could have significant results. </p><p>On February 22, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a> (UNEP) issued a report titled "In Dead Water: Merging of climate change with pollution, over-harvest, and infestations in the world's fishing grounds",<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> warning that three quarters of the world's key fishing grounds are at risk of being seriously impacted by rising temperatures. They reported potential consequences as changes in oceanic circulation patterns, currents that bring nutrients and remove waste from fisheries, rising surface temperatures that are expected to bleach and kill as much as 80% of the world's coral reefs – major tourist attractions and nurseries for many juvenile fish, and finally, the possible acidification of the ocean's waters as warmer water absorbs more atmospheric carbon emissions. Increased acidity would impact organisms that utilize calcium for shell-production. <a href="/wiki/Achim_Steiner" title="Achim Steiner">Achim Steiner</a>, UN Under-Secretary General and UNEP Executive Director, said: <i>In Dead Water</i> has uniquely mapped the impact of several damaging and persistent stresses on fisheries. It also lays on top of these the likely impacts of climate change from dramatic alternations in ocean circulation affecting perhaps three-quarters of key fishing grounds up to the emerging concern of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>... it is clear from this report and others that it will add significantly to pressures on fish stocks. This is as much a development and economic issue as it is an environmental one. Millions of people including many in developing countries derive their livelihoods from fishing while around 2.6 billion people get their protein from seafood."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, rising temperatures are contributing to decreased snowfall and increased rain during winter months, leading to a decrease in the winter snowpack. The snowpack captures winter precipitation at higher altitudes where it acts as a bank, slowly releasing water during dryer months. The decrease in snowpack levels will lead to earlier peak flows in area streams and rivers, increased flooding, and loss of irrigation and drinking water. Also affected would be threatened <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a>. As local water districts debate increasing water storage in dams and reservoirs, a push to consider the effects of increased water control on Washington's <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> fisheries is underway. Climate change can also lead to loss of habitat and <a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="Native species">native species</a> as warming temperatures allow the northern movement of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. For example, the increased spread of the aquatic plant Swollen Bladderwort; a free-floating carnivorous plant, it is easily spread by <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and has adapted itself to reproduce in multiple ways. Uncontrolled spread of the species, creates thick mats of vegetation which: </p> <ul><li>Reduces the water's oxygen content</li> <li>Increases fish mortality rates</li> <li>Poses a danger to boats</li></ul> <p>While this is a single example of an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> given a stronger foothold by warming temperatures, this situation can lead to further invasions that risk countless native <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. </p><p>In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a> reported that increased temperature coupled with loss of snowpack, and lower <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> flows are likely to lead to increased mortality among juvenile salmon, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chinook_Salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinook Salmon">Chinook</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Snohomish_River" title="Snohomish River">Snohomish River</a> Basin and hydrologically similar <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watersheds</a>. Increases in reservoirs and flood-control structures could mitigate peak-flow effects in lower reaches of Washington's watersheds. However, it would not have much impact on higher altitude <a href="/wiki/Headwaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwaters">headwaters</a> where the effects of decreasing snowpack are more severe and the opportunities for flood-control are less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased loss of habitat and reduced <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a> from increasing temperatures would have a significant economic impact on the state's overall commercial, recreational and tribal fisheries. Seattle is home to the Alaskan fish fleet. Any current change in the amount of fishing allowed will negatively affect Seattle's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_fisheries">Commercial fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Commercial fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a partial section of the information provided by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> of the United Nations, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department and emphasizes the need for adaptability when looking at potential responses to the economic and ecological impacts of global warming on commercial fisheries: "The impact on fisheries of changes in the biological productivity of marine ecosystems will vary between fisheries and will depend of the specific environmental changes that occur and the particular biological characteristics of each species. Changes in a particular marine environment may become conducive to a rapid growth of a high-priced species found in that environment, while the reverse may be true in other instances. Climate change will also result in modifications of the area of distribution of marine resources. Most likely they will move towards the North or South pole, whichever is closest. Consequences for the fishing industry could be significant. An expected characteristic of global climate change is a likely increase in the variability of environmental conditions. Experience already gained in dealing with longer term fluctuations in marine environments, such as those induced by El Niño events, emphasize the need for adaptability. As well, ensuring sustainable economic levels of fishing capacity should be determined with the variability in mind. The <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of climate change on fisheries">effects of climate change on fisheries</a> will impact a sector that is already characterized by full utilization of resources, large overcapacity and conflicts among fishers, and others, vying for alternative uses of marine ecosystems. Thus, climate change adds a further argument for developing effective and flexible fisheries management system in an ecosystem context."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the National Fisheries Conservation Center, in May 1994 and again in August 1995, widespread salmon fishery closures in Washington, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> resulted in the declaration of a fishery resource disaster declaration by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a>. An estimated 8,000 commercial fisherman were affected by the closures. Following the declaration $25 million in economic aid, of which $13.6 million was allocated to the State of Washington, was provided via the Northwest Emergency Assistance Plan. The funds supported habitat restoration, data collection and salmon license buyback programs. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) provided and additional $10 million in disaster unemployment assistance, with $6.4 million of those funds being allocated to Washington. The <a href="/wiki/Rural_Development_Administration" title="Rural Development Administration">Rural Development Administration</a> provided $3 million in grants to finance small business development and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> made low-interest loans and debt-restructuring available.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All costs that could potentially continue to increase as global warming further degrade existing commercial salmon fisheries. Other potential costs may include an increase in the amount of government-sponsored buyback programs. These programs are designed to ease fishing pressure on declining stocks while providing financial assistance to those individuals who choose to exit the fishery. Buybacks take the form of Vessel Buyback Programs and License Retirement Programs. The average cost of a license or vessel purchased fewer than one of these plans is $10,000 for salmon and small vessel fleets but can rise as high as $10 million for a factory trawler such as those used further north in the Bering Sea. Nationally, these programs have totaled $160 million nationally since 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Washington">Lake Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lake Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Washington Department of Fish And Wildlife, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Washington" title="Lake Washington">Lake Washington</a> is believed to hold the largest urban sport salmon fishery in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has shown that the temperature of Lake Washington's upper layers or <a href="/wiki/Epilimnion" title="Epilimnion">epilimnion</a>, have risen more than 2.5 °F (1.4 °C) in the past 40 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Overall the water temperature has increased a full degree Fahrenheit. The effects on local <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a> are increasing as well. As the water warms, the lake's resident population of <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Daphnia" title="Daphnia">Daphnia</a>, important food for juvenile salmon, are declining. Increased temperatures are delaying fall turnover and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">stratification</a> nearly 4 weeks longer than in previous years. Earlier stratification means earlier <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">algal blooms</a>, necessary food for zooplankton such as Daphnia. Normally, the spring burst in the Daphnia population coincides with local algal blooms, providing them with the food they need to survive. However, earlier blooms now mean that other zooplankton are eating the algae before the main Daphnia bloom, severely curtailing Daphnia numbers which have dropped by more than 50% over the last 26 years. In addition, salmon in stratified lakes are more likely to seek shelter in lower cooler layers of water leaving them more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>. It is estimated that rising temperatures played a major part in the disappearance of roughly half the <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a> returning to the <a href="/wiki/Cedar_River_(Washington)" title="Cedar River (Washington)">Cedar River</a> watershed through the <a href="/wiki/Ballard_Locks" title="Ballard Locks">Ballard Locks</a> and Lake 4Washington in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport_fishing">Sport fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sport fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Department reported that nationwide, 27.85 million US residents purchased fishing licenses in 2006 and the federal tax revenue generated by sport fishers was $8.9 billion, roughly the equivalent to that year's budget for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted that determining a definitive valuation of <a href="/wiki/Sport_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport fishing">sport fishing</a> is entirely subjective and based on supply and demand. Some factors that can be taken into account when determining value, other than tax revenue, are the market value of the fish that are caught, gross expenditures, i.e. travel, equipment, fishing license, expenses on site, etc., generation costs, defined as the cost of generating the demand, and market value of the fishing water, defined as the fisherman's willingness to pay for the ability to have access to the resource being valued.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2003 report by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Fish_%26_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2001 report by the American Sportfishing Association<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimates that the economic impact in 2001 of restored salmon habitat on recreational fisheries in the state of Washington could potentially have yielded $1 billion in revenue and 9,400 jobs. Expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, revenue estimates for restored Northwest fisheries totaled $5.5 billion per year. The loss of these fisheries could then be assumed to potentially result in the loss of that revenue. In addition, as reported by the Save Our Wild Salmon Coalition,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the numbers mentioned in these reports do not take into account the fact that recreational salmon and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">steelhead</a> fishing is more costly than other <a href="/wiki/Sport_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport fishing">sport fishing</a> types and therefore accounts for more than their percentage of the total. In addition, these figures do not include economic totals from commercial or tribal fisheries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_economics">Local economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Local economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salmon, <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">Dungeness crab</a>, steelhead and many other fish that are used economically will be negatively affected by the increase in temperatures. Southern species, including Hake and Mackerel are predators of baby salmon. Scientists say these species have been feeding on salmon migrating out of the Columbia River.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These fish need cold and clean water to reproduce successfully. The high and low flows of the rivers will be shifted in the seasons, negatively affecting salmon rearing. Increases in water temperatures could affect the food for fish in rivers, lakes, Puget Sound and coastal ocean regions.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing is big business in the Pacific Northwest and many local economies depend on fishing. There is a current debate on how to allocate the run of salmon. The local <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes get a modest percentage of the statewide income from salmon fishing, with the majority going to <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial fishermen">commercial fishermen</a>. The ones left out are the <a href="/wiki/Sport_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport fishing">sport fishermen</a>, those who participate in <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreational fishing</a>. The economic problem with this is that sport fishermen spend much more money per fish caught, and since they are less efficient, they drive the economy through the <a href="/wiki/Spending_multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Spending multiplier">Spending multiplier</a> throughout the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The salmon allocation is hotly contested and when salmon populations are low, local economies suffer the majority of the impact. During 2007, the commercial fishermen caught 43% and the sport fishermen caught 57% of the total fish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>' treaties guarantee them a maximum of 50% of the total run before the commercial and sport fishers take their share, under the <a href="/wiki/Boldt_Decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Boldt Decision">Boldt Decision</a> of 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_health">Human health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Human health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Impacts on <i>infectious diseases</i> </b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_fever" title="West Nile fever">West Nile fever</a> is a serious disease linked to climate change in the US that is transmitted by <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>. It favors periods of <i>drought</i> and heavy <i>rain</i>, which are likely to become more common as increased average temperatures in Washington State result in rain replacing snowfall during the winter, resulting in drier summers (chance of drought, particularly east of the Cascades). The mosquitoes will also survive longer because the warmer winters will not eliminate as many bugs as it usually does.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Documentation of the <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile virus</a> is just beginning in Washington State, but <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> has been grappling with cases of it since 2002. Total costs there have been estimated at $120 million<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or $670 million<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (P. 58), both as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> has been battling cases since 2001, with total costs of<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> $190 million by 2006. In the hopes of avoiding these costs, the Washington Department of Health spends $246,000 per year on surveillance for the virus and <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiological</a> follow-up and testing on suspected human cases<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (P. 59) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> also carried by mosquitoes and caused by any of four related dengue viruses. It is also called "break-bone" fever because it sometimes causes severe joint and muscle pain that feels like bones are breaking. Health experts have known about dengue fever for more than 200 years. </p><p>An epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> in 2001 was a reminder that many locations in the United States are susceptible to dengue <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> because they harbor the particular types of mosquitoes that carry the dengue virus. </p><p>Worldwide, 50-100 million cases of dengue infection occur each year. This includes 100-200 cases in the United States, mostly in people who have recently traveled abroad. Many more cases probably go unreported, because some health care providers do not recognize the disease. </p><p><b>Impacts on <i>respiratory illnesses</i>, (such as asthma and allergies)</b> <br /> Washington's <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> prevalence is among the highest in the nation,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> costing the state over $400 million yearly.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 400,000 adults and 120,000 children suffer from it in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though increases in <i>average yearly</i> temperatures is the hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, human activities are the cause of greenhouse gases like emissions from cars, power plants, and airborne particles from human-caused forest fires.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Global warming has a "direct" effect on <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory illness">respiratory illnesses</a> because increased CO<sub>2</sub> levels stimulate <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> production, which stimulates <a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">allergies</a>. More frequent flooding in WA State will increase the growth of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a>, also exacerbating allergies. Increased carbon dioxide levels have already and will continue to increase the level of pollen output in the state. In 2001 when carbon dioxide levels were 370 parts per million the pollen output for a common ragweed was twice the level of output that plants used to give out at 270 parts per million, which was the level before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a>. One possible scenario for the coming years is that pollen count could increase to 20 grams per cubic meter. This would cause a serious increase in the need for medication for allergies and exacerbate the effects of global warming on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Impact on <i>heat-related illnesses</i> </b> <br /> Heat-related deaths will increase as average yearly temperatures increase. More frequent days over 100 °F (38 °C) will cause several problems for humans, including <a href="/wiki/Heat_cramp" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat cramp">heat cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>. The amount of heat waves has increased in the state of WA over the past 20 years. The average cost for each mortality from heat-related deaths is $6,250. These occur when the human body is so overwhelmed by heat that it no longer can combat the extreme level of heat. Urban settings will see even worse conditions. At night, heat levels can remain dangerously high. This is because buildings and roads absorb heat during the day and release this heat at night.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies of heat-related mortality in eastern WA had highs of 107 °F in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballester_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballester-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hospital charges for heat-related admissions in 1998 was roughly $6250 per patient.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_management">Coastal management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coastal management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The University of Washington's Climate Impacts Group (CIG) has worked to study the factors that affect the coastal regions. One prominent area of focus for CIG is <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> practices. To help protect coastal waters, there has been a reforestation act that states that satisfactory <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> must take place within <b>need a number here?</b> years after logging.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b> How does this citation correspond to what is cited? And what would be considered "satisfactory reforestation?"</b> Research results suggest that as forest cover decreases to a point where less than 65% of the forest has surface cover greater than 10%, the conditions stray outside the norm.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the research, there is still much uncertainty as to how <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> will affect the climate. </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="width:90%; margin:auto; background:#eee;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Washington's Coastal Zone:<blockquote><div style="font-size:100%;">The quality of life, cultural heritage, and continued revenues of the state all depend on a vital coastal zone as do innumerable species of flora and fauna. The Coastal Zone Management Program seeks to provide a method for making those tough choices necessary to ensure Washington’s coastal zone remains a valued and treasured part of a Washington citizen's life.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1976, it marked the development and first ever approval by the Federal Government of Washington State's (WA) Coastal Zone Management (CZM) program. The terms and features of a state's approved CZM program are provided in what is commonly known as a state's "CZM Program Document." WA's 2003 updated program document is referred to as "Managing Washington's Coast."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the features of the federal CZM program important to the states is "Federal Consistency." This simply means that any public federal project carried out by a federal agency, or private project licensed or permitted by a federal agency, or carried out with a federal grant, must be determined to be consistent with the state's CZM program. </p><p>Coastal water quality has always been an important part of the federal—state coastal zone management program. In 1992 Congress provided for increased emphasis on coastal non-point pollution. WA, along with other states in the national CZM program is developing a Coastal Non-point Pollution Management plan. </p><p>WA also participates in the federal Coastal and Estuarine Land Conservation Program (CELCP); its purpose is to protect critical coastal and estuarine areas having significant conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, or aesthetic values, and threatened by conversion. Although dedicated grant funds have yet to be authorized by Congress, a state plan has been drafted to assure WA's eligibility for future participation.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also research on the effects on coastal boundaries in Oregon and California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outdoor_recreation">Outdoor recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Outdoor recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington's economy is particularly susceptible to being affected by climate change in the mountains, due to the large ski industry. </p><p>Climate change will result in more rain and less snow across mountainous regions. Earlier melting of Washington's snowpack will negatively affect conditions as well, as this snowpack is responsible for ideal slope conditions, and its water supply. The breakdown of the snowpack occurs in early spring, leaving summer months dry and ending [winter sport|snowsports] much earlier than before.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 40% of winter recreation in the past 10 years took place at lower elevation ski areas (<a href="/wiki/The_Summit_at_Snoqualmie" title="The Summit at Snoqualmie">Snoqualmie Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker_Ski_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Baker Ski Area">Mt. Baker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Spokane_Ski_and_Snowboard_Park" title="Mount Spokane Ski and Snowboard Park">Mt. Spokane</a> ski areas are most likely to be affected by climate change). The Summit at Snoqualmie experienced "warm winters" in 27% of the years from 1971 to 2000, and may experience over 50% "warm winters" by 2040. Washington's ski resorts contribute greatly to the state's economy. Over the last decade there was an average of 1.65 million visits per year. Annual revenue from Washington's ski areas ranges from $50–$150 million for ski passes, tickets, and rentals. This does not include secondary revenues from skiers' food, retail sales, etc. The winter recreational season is shortening considerably due to less snow fall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sea_level_rise">Sea level rise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sea level rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Seattle, Washington, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> is already rising by increments of 8 inches (200 mm) per century, and it is likely to rise another 19 inches (480 mm) by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four main factors that contribute to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> (SLR) are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> of the ocean</li> <li>melting of land-based ice</li> <li>local <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li>local <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic movement</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/250px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/375px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/500px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>Sea level measurements from 23 long <a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">tide gauge</a> records in geologically stable environments show a rise of around 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) during the 20th century (2 millimeters/year).</figcaption></figure> <p>The report on <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea Level Rise</a> in the Coastal Waters of Washington State<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summarized the possible sea level change for the Northwest <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a>, Central and Southern Coast, and <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region and for each made estimates for very low, medium, and very high sea level change. For the year 2050, estimated Northwest Olympic Peninsula SLR ranged from -12 cm to 35 cm with negative SLR due to the predicted upward <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic movement</a>. Central and Southern Coast estimates ranged from 3 cm to 45 cm and Puget Sound was estimated at SLR of 8 cm to 55 cm. These values roughly double in all regions for the 2100 projections. Homes and businesses within reach of tidewater and low-lying agricultural areas in Washington are at high risk for flooding and current developers and anyone developing or buying property will likely take SLR into account before making an investment. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> are at higher risks than other cities like <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, since many areas in Tacoma and Olympia are built just a few feet above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pg. 65. Current estimates project that Tacoma and surrounding areas could see sea levels rise from 5 to 16 inches (410 mm) by 2040.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that "shipping terminals, marinas, docks, and recreational facilities associated with coastal port districts are places where impacts will reach more deeply into the state’s economy through effects on commercial and recreational activities." The cost of preparing for such rises is largely unknown; however, Seattle has five seawalls and plans for rebuilding of the Alaskan Way seawall may increase in cost by 5-10% based on projections for sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pg. 65. </p><p>Methods to protect shorelines are to build a <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawall</a> or to pump sand onto beaches to prevent erosion. Attempts at managing river flow for the direction of increased water levels is also a possible way to control SLR. When considering the cost to protect shorelines, it is difficult to calculate due to some shorelines being developed and others undeveloped. Agricultural factors and the potential loss of profit from SLR in that vector, is also difficult to predict and often unaccounted for. Potential development for housing is often excluded also. An estimate of potential national cost to protect land from SLR and considering such variability of land quality but excluding future value, is $270–475 billion for a one-meter rise in Sea Level.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_shorelines">Changing shorelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Changing shorelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shoreline change can be defined as the erosion of the beach, when the amount of incoming sand does not equal the amount of outgoing sand.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With over 3,000 miles (4,800 km) of <a href="/wiki/Shoreline" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline">shoreline</a>, Washington State is especially vulnerable to climate related shoreline changes caused by rising sea water levels. The impact of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> will depend greatly on the amount of rise which occurs, an estimate that falls between 3 inches (76 mm) and more than 40 inches (1,000 mm) within the next 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-EICC_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An increase of two feet in sea level will cover an area of the state close to 56 square miles (150 km<sup>2</sup>) and would affect 44,429 Washington residences. Agricultural areas such as Willapa Bay and the <a href="/wiki/Skagit_River" title="Skagit River">Skagit River Delta</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fir_Island_(Washington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fir Island (Washington)">Fir Island</a> will be the first hit hard because their dikes and tide gates will be easily overrun by the rising tides.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The changing sea levels will have different effects along the state's coastline. <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">Tectonic</a> forces are causing the Cascade Peninsula to rise in step with the rising oceans. Other areas of the coastline will not be so lucky. Areas from the central to the southern region of the coast are vulnerable to the rising waters. The <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> region is very vulnerable to the waters because this area is in fact gradually subsiding at a measured rate of around 24 mm a decade. As the sea level rises and this area moves down relative to the sea level it will be impacted at an earlier time than the rest of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The threat of eroded beaches is not the only problem to face the coastline. Global climate change will increase both the intensity of the waves that crash onto Washington's coast line and the height of the waves. The combination of higher water levels and more catastrophic waves will cause even higher rates of damage to the coast line. These waves will destroy infrastructure that is near the coast including roads, railways, and water treatment systems and will cost the Washington State tax payer untold sums of money to both fix and prepare for.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Change in the type of land along the shoreline will also change. Tidal flats will decrease thus effecting the population of shellfish along with other coastal animals. Loss of this land could also lead to the increase of salt marshes and effect the salinity of surrounding areas. The economic effects of such land changes would be the decrease in shellfish supply, and a decrease in land value as marshes grow.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic importance of the coast is generally easier to measure than its aesthetic value. Waterfront property generates much of the residential tax base for coastal communities. Proximity to waterfront adds approximately 28 percent to the value of real estate and can be higher in some areas of Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases development proceeds without consideration of long- and short-term shoreline change, particularly erosion. Hundreds of millions of dollars of shorefront real estate is at risk due to both chronic, long-term erosion of coastal bluffs and episodic, storm-induced erosion of dunes and barrier beaches as well as worldwide increases in sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several companies have seen the potential to make money on these developments and as a result a new industry of "Climate Change Risk Reporting" has formed. Online services promise to determine your risk of flooding due to climate change by using your physical address.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flooding">Flooding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Flooding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the estimated .5° increase in temperature each decade described in the report, increased flooding will be experienced in many of Washington's coastal areas. As global temperatures rise, it causes the oceans to warm up and expand. Ice caps and glaciers also melt, and the amount of rain increases as the amount of snow decreases.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these factors contribute to the rise in sea level, which is a principal cause of flooding. Homes and businesses within reach of tidewater and low-lying agricultural areas in Washington are at high risks for flooding. Parts of <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a> are at higher risks than other cities like <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, since many areas in Tacoma and Olympia are built just a few feet above sea level. It is said that "shipping terminals, marinas, docks, and recreational facilities associated with coastal port districts are places where impacts will reach more deeply into the state’s economy through effects on commercial and recreational activities"<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pg. 65. The areas that are to be affected first by the increased pattern of flooding include Willapa Bay and the Skagit River Delta <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated7_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_impacts">Ecological impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecological impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_(1991-2020).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg/220px-Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg/330px-Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg/440px-Washington_State_K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Types_%281991-2020%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types in Washington.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ecological impacts are expected to be great, with many indicators already visible. They will be caused both directly (warmer temperatures, greater storm event intensity/frequency, etc.) and indirectly (<a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea level</a>, more frequent wildfires, etc.) by climate change. Washington is expected to have a 0.1–0.6 °C (0.18–1.08 °F) change per decade.(WA-CC-report, P. 22)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, and an expected increase in fuel buildup in some forest types, wildfire frequency and devastation will increase.(P. 24)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife will be affected by climate change, with most species or populations subject to problems as a result of changes in distribution and temporal mismatching of <a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">phenological</a> events. Statewide assessments will be used to determine what species and habitats are to be preserved. These places may not provide protection to the same species in the future due to ecosystem variation brought on by climate change.(WA-CC-report, P. 22)<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These range shifts are individual rather than community-based, and therefore will cause dramatic community shifts in composition and/or density. This will likely result in the eventual extinction of many local populations and potentially entire species, causing an overall <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Climate_change_in_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Climate change in Washington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_wildlife">Plant wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plant wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in plant wildlife as a result of climate change have already been observed. As a result of greater atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, plants have exhibited increased efficiency in water use, potentially resulting in changes in community composition and vegetation types, as well as possible but unknown effects to the global <a href="/wiki/Hydrological_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrological cycle">hydrological cycle</a>. Also, as a result of increasing temperatures, <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree lines</a> have been observed advancing further north and upward vertically.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (P. 7) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-vascular">Non-vascular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Non-vascular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is little research to date on climate change's effects on <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular</a> plants. However, current findings suggest that most lower elevation non-vascular plant communities will increase in biodiversity due to invasion from southern species moving north. In contrast, many higher elevation non-vascular plants are considerably more sensitive to changes in the environment and are expected to suffer from reductions of growth and range, as has already been seen in the Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>. This is made worse by invading tree populations as the <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> rises, reducing non-vascular alpine habitat. </p><p>Due to reductions of snowpack, and therefore reductions in summer water availability, significant changes in species distribution and habitats are likely to be observed as well, dictated by each individual species' ability to adapt, or more specifically, their <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal#Of_plants" title="Seed dispersal">seed dispersal</a> rate, barriers to seed dispersal, and basic competition. (P. 19) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vascular">Vascular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vascular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, global warming will result in a lengthening of the annual growing season. However, while apparently a positive change, it is unknown to what extent plants will be affected by summer water shortages, whose effects are likely to be seen in changes of species distribution and habitats, all limited by the efficiency of adaptation of various species. (P. 19) </p><p>Like non-vascular plants, higher elevation <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular plants">vascular plants</a> are expected to experience a reduction in habitat as a result of the upwardly invading tree line. Likewise, forest expansion at lower elevations into sagebrush steppe and grassland regions are also predicted as a result of increased water-use efficiency, due in part to greater atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. This will, in turn, result in the extinction or vast reduction of many grassland and <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush_steppe" title="Sagebrush steppe">sagebrush steppe</a> communities. (P. 18–20) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phenology" title="Phenology">Phenological</a> effects will also be evident, as changes in growing season and temperatures will result in earlier leafing-out and/or flowering of many species. This may cause temporal mismatches between herbivores and availability of key food staples, and will also be seen, perhaps with more drastic effects, in parasite/host and pollinator/plant relationships. (P. 19) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_life">Animal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Animal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Range shifts in many species have been observed over the past century, with an average northward migration of approximately 6 km per decade. Should an expected increase in temperatures prove true, at the magnitude of two to ten times greater than the last 100 years, even more range shifts and reordering of <a href="/wiki/Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">ecological communities</a> can be expected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Invertebrates">Invertebrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest impacts upon <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> land animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, will be seen in the areas of northward and vertical migration as well as a variety of phenological changes. </p><p>Changes have already been observed in the distribution of insects active year-round. As an example, during the past thirty years, the Sachem Skipper butterfly of California extended its northernmost edge 420 miles (680 km) north into WA State. We can expect to see many more examples of such changes in range or distribution in the future. </p><p>Temporal mismatching of species' biological events is likely to cause more complicated problems. One such example is the potential for the timing of butterfly hatching and the flowering of their <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host plants</a> to drift apart, especially in years of drought or excessive snowpack. This may result in the complete crash or extinction of many species or populations, and may contribute to more species migrating further north. </p><p>The greatest ecological impact concerning <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> as a result of climate change will likely be seen in the destruction caused by insects whose populations expand in both range and lifespan, as can be seen with the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Pine_Beetle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Pine Beetle">mountain pine beetle</a> throughout the northern United States and Canada. Due to a lack of low winter temperatures to reduce the beetle populations, their range and population expanded, resulting in extreme reductions and devastation of many <a href="/wiki/Whitebark_Pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitebark Pine">Whitebark Pine</a> trees, especially at higher elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (P. 21) As of October 2005, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="British Columbia, Canada">British Columbia, Canada</a>, had lost more trees to beetle infestation than to wildfires or logging in an area three times the size of the US state of <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, resulting in 21,000,000 acres (85,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of infestation, and 411 million cubic feet (11,600,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of trees killed.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has had <a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect" title="Cascade effect">cascading effects</a>, especially on <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a> populations as <a href="/wiki/Pine_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine nuts">pine nuts</a> are an important source of winter time food in periods of large snowpack.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (P. 21) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other animals, the most apparent changes are expected in the areas of phenology and species and population distribution. </p><p>Poleward and upward elevation shifts have been observed already. However, in contrast to other species, the increased mobility of birds indicates that they will likely experience expansions in total livable habitat rather than reductions. </p><p>Though phenological changes may not be as detrimental to birds, between the years of 1971 and 1995, a UK study revealed that 31% of the birds studied were laying their eggs an average of 9 days earlier in 1995 than in 1971. (P. 22) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mammals">Mammals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> appear to be more resilient to the effects of climate change, as little evidence can be found of its impact on their populations or individuals. It has been established that there are genuine connections between <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> and juvenile survival and winter temperatures. Also, distribution shifts northward and upward in elevation can be expected. (P. 23) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibians</a> stand to be some of the worst affected by climate change, due largely to the dependence on water regimes and need for specific microhabitats, as well as their limited <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> abilities. During the last century, rapid declines in amphibian populations were observed worldwide, and extinctions and reductions of amphibian species in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> have been caused both directly and indirectly by climate change. Indirect effects include the extinction of many amphibian populations and species worldwide due to changes in the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> and diseases. Other potential consequences include the indirect consequences of habitat modification caused by wildfires, fire changes, and changes in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea water levels</a> and quality, as well as the direct consequences associated with rising temperatures.(P. 23–24) </p><p>Phenological challenges are considerably more prominent in amphibians than in other vertebrates. The calling and breeding phenology in spring has advanced. Six different frog species in <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> have experienced a 10- to 13-day advancement in callings associated with 1 °C to 2.3 °C rises in temperature during breeding months. Likewise, studies in England have shown an advancement of amphibian breeding by 2 to 7 weeks over a 17-year time period. Despite these surprisingly extensive effects, some amphibians appear unaffected in any negative way by these changes. (pg. 23–24) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest impact upon reptilian species will be seen in changes in phenological events, but their limited dispersal abilities may also prove detrimental in conjunction with their specific <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> temperature constraints. Reproduction and development in many <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a> has been linked directly to climate, resulting in the possibility of very profound effects should temperatures continue to rise. For example, in some species the sex of the offspring is directly dependent upon the temperature of the egg. With the <a href="/wiki/Painted_turtle" title="Painted turtle">painted turtle</a>, a 4 °C rise in temperature would result in solely female offspring. (P. 24) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fish">Fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> will likely be victim to extensive changes in distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="Who says this? (December 2014)">weasel words</span></a></i>]</sup> Many species, such as salmon, cannot live in water over 21 °C. In addition to direct effects of temperature, increased volume and changed timing of <a href="/wiki/Stream_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream flow">stream flows</a> are likely to cause many river-spawned eggs to wash downstream. Another significant factor is the timing of spring <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a>. Though unknown to what extent future climate change will affect upwelling, if at all, it is a phenomenon which is directly dependent upon climate and is essential in the survival of young fish when they reach the ocean. </p><p>The hardest hit freshwater fish habitats will be in mid to high elevations where reduced snowfall will have the biggest impact. Additionally, stream temperatures and the potential increased presence of <a href="/wiki/Non-indigenous_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-indigenous species">invasive species</a> is likely to have negative effects on most native fish. (P. 25) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wetlands">Wetlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Wetlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> area will reduce significantly, and most are in danger of flooding, drying up or relocating. This reduction is bad due to the role wetlands play in: </p> <ul><li>Absorbing CO<sub>2</sub></li> <li>Efficiently absorbing surplus storm water (which will be more frequent and extensive in the future)</li> <li>Recharging aquifers and keeping streams from drying up during dry summers due to wetlands' natural water storage capacity (P. 7)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Filtering pollutants from water, helping provide livable habitats for fish and wildlife. In Washington State, over half of all fish and wildlife depend on wetlands for their survival at some time in their lives, including <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho salmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>. (P.1)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparing_species,_habitats,_and_ecosystems_for_climate_change"><span id="Preparing_species.2C_habitats.2C_and_ecosystems_for_climate_change"></span>Preparing species, habitats, and ecosystems for climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Preparing species, habitats, and ecosystems for climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the Washington State Department of Ecology released the interim recommendations of a multi-stakeholder collaboration on preparing Washington's natural systems for the impacts of climate change, as part of the Dept. of Ecology's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118154500/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/ipa_responsestrategy.htm">integrated climate change response strategy</a>. The recommendations include goals and strategies for building the capacity of Washington's species, habitats, and ecosystems to adapt to the effects of climate change, and are available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122195544/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/2011TAGdocs/E2011_interimreport.pdf%20">here.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Greenhouse_gas_(GHG)_emissions"><span id="Greenhouse_gas_.28GHG.29_emissions"></span>Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Current climate change is due to <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">GHG</a> concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human activities including burning fossil fuels, waste, and wood products cause CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. CO<sub>2</sub> is the least common type of GHG, while <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a> is the most common. Methane is emitted during coal, natural gas, or oil production. Other sources include agricultural livestock and decaying organic matter. <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> is emitted through industrial and agricultural activities. Many industrial companies have switched from burning coal and petroleum fuel to natural gas. More toxic pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluorocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrofluorocarbons">hydrofluorocarbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride" title="Sulfur hexafluoride">sulfur hexafluoride</a>, are emitted in smaller rates and are known as High Global Warming Potential Gases.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state government regularly publishes GHG inventories.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The EPA helps forward the process by providing the state with inventory guidance and technical assistance. These inventories provide the state with useful information about emissions. From here policies will be implemented and added to the State Climate Change Action Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington State pumps out 85 to 90 million tons of GHG per year. Washington is responsible for 0.3% of the yearly <a href="/wiki/GE" class="mw-redirect" title="GE">GE</a> emissions. Since 1970 the amount of harmful gases emitted by the state has grown by 75%. This figure is in line with the greenhouse output trend globally. Washington produces 13.5 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per person per year. This number is 30% lower than the national average due to the state's reliance on <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>. This number is three times larger than the average person per year for the world, which is 4 tons per year.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic congestion accounts for a significant percentage of WA State's contribution to GHGs. In the 2006 summary of Washington's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Report, reported by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130024606/http://www.cted.wa.gov/DesktopModules/CTEDPublications/CTEDPublicationsView.aspx?tabID=0&ItemID=3957&MId=863&wversion=Staging">CTED of WA</a>, in 2004 Motor gasoline, diesel and jet fuel CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were responsible for nearly 98% of the transportation. </p><p>The social cost of traffic congestion in Seattle amounts to $1.4 billion annually, and this wasted gasoline accounts for 1.1 billion lbs. of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions (496,230 metric tons).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington generated most of its energy from <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a> until 1972 when a coal plant in <a href="/wiki/Centralia,_Washington" title="Centralia, Washington">Centralia</a> opened. Naturally, this caused CO<sub>2</sub> emissions to increase. Emissions remained steady until the early 1990s when natural gas was introduced into the spectrum of energy generation. Washington's electric energy is responsible for approximately 1/3 of the total increase of CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. In 2006, electricity was responsible for 20% of all GHG emissions, but transportation is the main cause of GHG emissions in WA State. It is accountable for <i>43%</i> of all emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-WESC_2-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington is equal to the national average in petroleum related emissions at 8.4 tons and ranks as the 26th in the United States according to the WA State Dept. of Community, Trade & Economic Development report published in 2006.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seattle's_Climate_Action_Plan_and_the_Kyoto_Protocol"><span id="Seattle.27s_Climate_Action_Plan_and_the_Kyoto_Protocol"></span>Seattle's Climate Action Plan and the Kyoto Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Seattle's Climate Action Plan and the Kyoto Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> requires developed countries to reduce their GHG emissions below levels specified for each country in the Treaty. Even though the United States federal government did not ratify the protocol, mayors around the United States have accepted the challenge. In February 2005, Seattle Mayor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Nickels" title="Greg Nickels">Greg Nickels</a> challenged other mayors across the states to unite in the fight to meet or exceed the Kyoto Protocol's emissions reduction goals. In March 2006, the Mayor's green ribbon Commission delivered its report giving recommendations on how the city should go about to beat Kyoto's goal of a 7 percent reduction in green house gas emissions by 2012. The end affect should be a reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) by about 680,000 tons per year. Seattle's Climate Action Plan consists of: reducing Seattle's dependence on cars, increasing fuel efficiency and the use of biofuels, achieving more efficient and cleaner energy for Seattle's homes and businesses, building on Seattle's leadership policy action, and to sustain Seattle's commitment policy action. </p><p>Seattle's first plan is to reduce Seattle's dependence on cars which is projected to cut emission by 170,000 tons. Their first plan of action is to significantly increase the supply of frequent, reliable and convenient public transportation. The single largest source of Seattle's GHG's come from the approximate two billion miles driven by gasoline fueled cars and trucks. The success of reducing this is to supply an alternative to driving. The city plans to invest $1.5 million to increase transit services and Transit Now plans to match the $1.5 million if the ballot passes in Seattle. Another alternative to driving is <a href="/wiki/Sound_Transit" title="Sound Transit">Sound Transit</a>’s Link light rail system that will operate between downtown Seattle and <a href="/wiki/Seattle-Tacoma_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle-Tacoma International Airport">Seattle-Tacoma International Airport</a>. The city will also implement a 10% commercial parking tax to set in over a three-year period beginning July 2007. Seattle also plans to rezone certain areas to provide neighborhoods easy access to transits, light rail systems, and provide amenities close enough to walk or bike. Mayor Nickels has allocated $100,000 to work with regional partners in an effort to explore and develop road pricing scenarios. Road pricing can take the form of tolling based on road congestion, the time of day, or even miles driven. These courses of action are to increase the incentives to substitute driving for a much more environmentally friendly commute.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seattle's second plan is to increase fuel efficiency and the use of biofuels; the projected cut in emissions is expected be 200,600 tons. Seattle will start by increasing the biodiesel blend from 20 percent biodiesel to as much as 40 percent in 2007. The use of biodiesel is growing and Seattle wants to promote the use of biodiesel by making it state law to require at least 2 percent by volume of diesel sales to be biodiesel. The port of Seattle uses B99 biodiesel (99% biodiesel 1% petroleum diesel) for its own use and also cuts emissions by turning off their diesel engines when in port by using electricity from <a href="/wiki/Seattle_City_Light" title="Seattle City Light">Seattle City Light</a>. The electricity from Seattle City Light reduces GHG emissions from ferries by 30 percent. The Seattle Police department will begin replacing all of its non-pursuit vehicles to efficient gas-electric hybrids in 2007. Seattle will also provide incentives for taxicab owners to use gas-electric hybrids, and will also work in conjunction with taxi companies to decrease the amount of GHG emitted from their vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seattle's third plan is to achieve a more efficient and cleaner energy for Seattle homes and businesses which is projected to cut GHG emissions by 316,000 tons. City Light has committed to acquire at least an average of 7.5 megawatts through conservation measures in 2007 and 2008, and they have already achieved its net-zero emissions status for 2007 by offsetting whatever emissions they produced by reducing emissions elsewhere. City Light spends about $2 per customer per year to meet its approximate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">carbon offset</a> of 200,000 metric tons. City Light will continue to purchase 3 percent of its energy from Stateline Wind, a wind energy company. <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Steam_Company" title="Seattle Steam Company">Seattle Steam Company</a>, which provides heat and hot water to customers, will convert one of its fossil fuel boilers to an urban wood waste biofuel that will cut GHG emissions by 50,000 metric tons a year. </p><p>Seattle's fourth plan is to extend the city's leadership. Seattle's second largest department, <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Public_Utilities" title="Seattle Public Utilities">Seattle Public Utilities</a>, will evaluate its own greenhouse gas <a href="/wiki/Emission_inventory" title="Emission inventory">emission inventory</a> and create a reduction target and action plan. Seattle plans on purchasing carbon-offset projects to compensate emissions from all business-related air travel by City employees. Seattle also plans to launch a campaign to encourage all City employees to reduce climate pollution not only on the job but also at home. Also, a new Department of Executive Administration green team will assess, and decide on whether to purchase climate friendly products, such as super-efficient "80-plus" computers and servers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seattle's fifth plan is to inspire action. The Seattle Climate Partnership will provide employers with resources for assessing their climate pollution and implementing strategies for reducing emissions. The Department of Neighborhoods will launch a Neighborhood Climate Protection Matching Fund to help promote and finance neighborhood based projects that are geared towards reducing emissions and climate pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of October 2007, the city of Seattle released that they have exceeded their goal reducing emissions to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="should be "by" ot "to within"? (January 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 8 percent of 1990 levels. There are 218 cities that have joined Mayor Nickels in a campaign to reduce emissions to at least 7% of 1990 levels. Even though the United States as a whole has not ratified the protocol, if all cities meet their goal, the joint reduction of emissions from the 219 cities, representing 44 million people, is equivalent to reductions from the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries combined, says <a href="/wiki/Denis_Hayes" title="Denis Hayes">Denis Hayes</a>, co-chairman of the mayor's Green Ribbon Commission on Climate Protection, which released the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Seattle is exceeding their goal of reducing GHG emissions, population growth fueled with their resistance to alternate methods of transportation is threatening their Kyoto goals. </p><p>For a <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">cap and trade</a> situation or even a tax to be truly effective they need to affect the individuals of the populations. Applying a tax to gas would greatly reduce the population's willingness to drive and make alternatives to drive more attractive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Also incentives to purchase hybrid cars, use biodiesel, and other climate friendly alternatives will greatly reduce fossil fuel dependence and use. <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_climate_change_in_Washington">Responses to climate change in Washington</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Responses to climate change in Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Job_growth">Job growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Job growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forbes magazine ranked Washington State the fifth best state in the nation for business, and 3rd for environmental quality.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emerging "green economy" (<a href="/wiki/Green_collar_jobs" class="mw-redirect" title="Green collar jobs">green collar jobs</a>) designed to achieve efforts toward low carbon and sustainability is anchored by clean energy. WA is a national leader in <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">addressing climate change</a> and has taken steps to reduce its climate impact, and as a result opportunities for growth in the economy have been generated. Sustainable <a href="/wiki/Family_wage" title="Family wage">family wage</a> jobs are developed through a focus on cleaner energy, smarter use of natural resources, and adoption of advanced technology. State Energy Policy Office studies documented 3,800 clean energy jobs in 1998 and 8,400 jobs in 2004. The Washington Climate Advisory Team (CAT) expects the state to meet <a href="/wiki/Christine_Gregoire" title="Christine Gregoire">Governor Gregoire's</a> job creation goal of 25,000 clean energy jobs by 2020. And, Washington could potentially reach 31,000 family-wage jobs by 2025. <br /> <b>Clean Energy Sectors Include:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Energy efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a> (including solar, wind, fuel cell, geothermal, and biomass)</li> <li>Smart energy (using technological advances to improve all steps of the energy production to end-consumption process)</li></ul> <p><b>Clean Energy Industry at a Glance:</b> </p> <ul><li>241 organizations, 8,400 jobs</li> <li>Average salary $60,000</li> <li>More than $2.1 billion in 2004 revenues</li> <li>64% greater concentration of clean tech jobs in WA (highest per capita jobs and revenues were in Eastern WA) than the U.S. average<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative">Western Climate Initiative</a> (WCI) is working to develop regional strategies to mitigate climate change in 6 states of the western U.S., including Washington, and in the westernmost provinces of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Its main thrust as of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, is to develop a region-wide multi-sector cap-and-trade program.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, Washington Governor <a href="/wiki/Christine_Gregoire" title="Christine Gregoire">Christine Gregoire</a>’s executive order passed putting into effect her climate change challenge goals. <br /> <b>Governor Gregoire aims to:</b> </p> <ul><li>Reduce Climate Pollution, and reduce emissions to 1990 levels by 2020.</li> <li>By 2050, reduce emissions by half of the 1990 levels.</li> <li>Grow the Clean Energy Economy and create jobs that use cleaner energy. (Clean energy jobs grew 45% between 1998 and 2004).</li> <li>Generate an increase in job growth to 25,000 by 2020.</li> <li>Move toward Energy Independence (in 2006, $9 billion were spent on imported fuel—Gregoire hopes to recover that money to cycle it back into our economy by generating our own renewable fuel industry).</li> <li>By 2020 reduce spending on imported fuel by 20 %.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2005, Seattle reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 8% when compared to 1990 emissions. Despite Seattle’s economic/population growth since 1990, energy use has gone down. Programs, such as the Seattle Bicycle Master Plan (SBMP) will reduce emissions even further by increasing the number of <a href="/wiki/Bike_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike lanes">bike lanes</a> and improving pedestrian sidewalks. Mayor <a href="/wiki/Greg_Nickels" title="Greg Nickels">Greg Nickels</a>, "Center City Strategy," will cluster growth within Seattle by promoting urban/compact living within its downtown and local neighborhoods. Mayor Nickels, along with 700 other Mayors nationwide, signed the US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement that requires cities to meet or beat the Kyoto Treaty emission targets by 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Climate_change_in_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Climate change in Washington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To reduce the impacts of climate change, the state of Washington has enacted several pieces of legislation in recent years. These pieces cover areas such as construction, waste, water, air quality, and so on. There are different policies to pursue specifically in Washington State to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Efforts to reduce GHG emissions have to take place in Washington as well as across the globe in order to minimize further warming. </p><p>As Washington State backs the need to decrease carbon emissions, the legislature is searching for ways to fund the formation of renewable energy sources. The bill SHB 1032, which would tax families and businesses to generate financial support for new renewable energy sources, has raised several concerns for taxpayers and ratepayers, and also questions as to whether this will efficiently reduce CO<sub>2</sub>. This bill would begin to tax every utility customer approximately $1.90 a month, regardless of how much energy the customer uses. This incongruous attempt would leave industrial users paying the same as poverty-level families, and is arguable for several reasons. </p><p>First, such taxation will hit low-income families more heavily than wealthy families. Second, because the fee is a surcharge, there is no way to reduce the fee by taking affirmative action in reduction of energy use. This leaves no incentive for people to reduce their use, but may in fact increase people's use since they are paying the same amount as everyone else. </p><p><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpolicy.org/Environment/LegMemo2008SHB1032.html">Analysis of SHB 1032: Adding Subsidies for Renewable Energy Production</a></b> </p><p>Executive Order 07–02, signed by Governor Gregoire on February 7, 2007, presented goals of decreasing emissions that contribute to global warming overall, as well as decreasing the use of foreign oil allowing for more employment in fields that make clean energy such as hydropower and solar power. Washington State has also encouraged public participation in the incorporation of clean energy practices into citizen's daily lives. The Climate Advisory Team (CAT) put together a collection of incentives for factories to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The Preparation and Adaptation Working Groups (PAWGS) proposed proactive approaches to decrease or accommodate the effects of climate change such as rising sea levels. The Citizen Engagement and Action Framework (CEAF) also furnished suggestions to decrease citizens’ impacts. The CEAF also encouraged the public to take responsibility in arranging actions when some of the impacts are observed. <sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CAT's_proposed_reduction_of_greenhouse_gases"><span id="CAT.27s_proposed_reduction_of_greenhouse_gases"></span>CAT's proposed reduction of greenhouse gases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: CAT's proposed reduction of greenhouse gases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Washington's Climate Advisory Team (CAT) published its guide to reducing Washington State's greenhouse gases on February 1, 2008. While comprehensive in nature, the report's goals can be summarized as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Build market-based mechanism to unleash investment in the creativity and innovation of Washington's economy to deliver cost effective emission reductions.</li> <li>Establish emissions reporting so that progress in emission reductions can be tracked and acknowledged.</li> <li>Analyze greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation options early in decision-making, planning processes, and development projects.</li> <li>Invest in worker training for the emerging Clean Economy to ensure having a skilled workforce and to provide meaningful employment opportunities throughout the State.</li> <li>Build and continue to redesign communities that offer real and reliable alternatives to single occupancy vehicles.</li> <li>Ensure Washington has vehicles that are as efficient as possible and use non-carbon or lower carbon intensity fuels developed sustainably from regional resources.</li> <li>Focus investments in Washington's transportation infrastructure to prioritize moving people and goods cleanly and efficiently.</li> <li>Design, build, upgrade, and operate new and existing buildings and equipment to maximize energy efficiency.</li> <li>Deliver energy from lower or non-carbon sources and more efficient use of fuels.</li> <li>Restore and retain the health and vitality of Washington's farms and forest lands to increase <a href="/wiki/CO2_sequestration" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2 sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and storage in forests and forest products, reduce the releases of greenhouse gas emissions, and support the provision of <a href="/wiki/Biomass_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomass fuel">biomass fuels</a> and energy.</li> <li>Reduce waste and Washington's emissions of GHGs through improved product choices and resource stewardship.</li> <li>Allocate sufficient state resources to maintain Washington's leadership role regionally and nationally and to fulfill its responsibilities for structuring and guiding implementation of emission reduction strategies.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_building">Green building</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Green building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2000, Seattle became one of the first U.S. cities to enact a <a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">green building</a> policy. Called the Sustainable Building Policy, it requires all city-funded projects covering more than 5,000 square feet (460 m<sup>2</sup>) to achieve at least a LEED-silver rating.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED), developed by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Green_Building_Council" title="U.S. Green Building Council">U.S. Green Building Council</a>, is a voluntary, national green building rating system that certifies buildings for their sustainable construction and operation. Projects can receive four levels of certification - Certified, Silver, Gold and Platinum. These four levels are determined by the number of points a project receives using the LEED rating system. As of May 2006, the city has 9 LEED-certified buildings, with the most notable examples being the Seattle City Hall and <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Public_Library" title="Seattle Public Library">Seattle Public Library</a>, both of which are LEED-silver rated. On April 21, 2005, Washington became the first state to require that new public buildings meet the LEED standard.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the Sustainable Building Policy, this law covers all state-funded facilities larger than 5,000 square feet (460 m<sup>2</sup>), including school buildings. </p><p>Examples of innovative green building techniques appear here at the Green Building Features Page.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_gains_from_green_building">Economic gains from green building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Economic gains from green building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green building has proven not only to be good for the environment but for economic gains as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A green building can yield increased value to the owner. A "green" designation can also increase a buildings market value as assessed by appraisors and investors.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An upfront cost of 2% to support green design would on average result in life cycle savings of 20% of total construction, more than ten times the initial investment costs. An initial investment of $100,000 to build green in a $5 million project would result in savings of $1 million over the lifetime of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green building enhances the community and local economy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution">Pollution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Climate_change_in_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Climate change in Washington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Global greenhouse gas continues to increase and many nations and states are taking actions to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, including Washington state who has teamed up with Oregon and California in an effort to reduce emissions as part of the West Coast Governors’ Global Warming Initiative. The main Global greenhouse Gas released in Washington include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> (CH<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O), and other gases that contribute to global warming. The different emission types are placed into three categories: energy, industrial processes and agriculture. Different greenhouse gases range in their individual impact on global warming. For instance, one pound of nitrous oxide is 296 times more potent than a pound of carbon dioxide in contributing to global warming. This means even small quantities of gases emitted into the environment, like nitrous oxide, can have significant impacts on global warming. </p><p>For Washington state in particular, energy related emissions are the dominant source of GHG emissions and have increased from 61.2 MMT CO<sub>2</sub>-equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>-e) in 1990 (excluding residual fuel for transportation) to 74.6 MMT CO<sub>2</sub>-e in 2004, while their share has increased from 79% of total emissions to 85% over the past fourteen years. Carbon dioxide is the dominant GHG followed by methane, nitrous oxide, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride (SF<sub>6</sub>). Non-energy industrial global greenhouse gas emissions have lowered from 14% to 9%, mainly due to reduced emissions from aluminum production. This has been the result of two key elements: process changes that reduced CO<sub>2</sub> and PFC emissions per ton of aluminum generated, and the post-2000 decline in aluminum manufacturing rates. Non-energy agricultural greenhouse emissions have remained fairly constant but their percentage contribution has lowered as total emissions have increased. Here is a broken down list of pollution contributors in Washington State: 45% transportation, 16% in state electricity generation, 12% industry, 9% residential and commercial, 2% non-CO<sub>2</sub> (other gasses), 9% industry (non-energy), 7% agriculture (non-energy). As you can see, the majority of energy GHG emissions and almost half of total emissions are from the transportation sector. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prohibition_of_recyclables_in_garbage">Prohibition of recyclables in garbage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Prohibition of recyclables in garbage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Climate_change_in_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Climate change in Washington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Given that about one-quarter of Seattle's garbage consists of easily recycled materials (paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, plastic bottles and yard waste) the city council decided on a mandatory recycling ordinance for its annual economic value. The "Prohibition of Recyclables in Garbage" is estimated to save residents and businesses as much as $2 million per year by keeping future garbage cost low and aiding to the declining recycling rates since 1995 because the recyclable materials themselves hold value. </p><p>As of January 1, 2005 the city of Seattle (Ordinance # 121372) forbids the disposal of recyclables. In harmonization of commercial, residential, and self-haul, garbage penalties will now be enforced if more than 10% by volume of the container is recyclables. Enforcement with consequences began January 1, 2006. Enforcement of the ban varies dependent upon type of pick-up. </p> <ul><li>Single-family Residents: City contractors will not pick-up garbage cans that have significant amounts of recyclables. A tag will be left instructing separation of the recyclables for the following week.</li> <li>Apartment Owners/Property Managers: City inspectors will mail two warning notices before a $50 fine is added to the apartment building's garbage bill.</li> <li>Business Owners/Property Managers: City inspectors will mail two warning notices before a $50 fine is imposed.</li> <li>Recycling and Disposal Station Customers: Self-haul customers will be asked to separate recyclables and not to dispose materials into the garbage pit.</li></ul> <p>Two years prior to the enforcement of this ordinance, in order to put the new recycling requirements into practice, Seattle Public Utilities started educational outreach programs through direct mail and an automated (206) RECYCLE phone number was established to help answer basic questions about recycling requirements. One year later, in 2005 contractors and inspectors placed notice tags on garbage cans and dumpsters that contained significant amounts of recyclables as an advanced fair warning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_of_recent_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribution of recent climate change">Attribution of recent climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Greenhouse_Gas_Initiative" title="Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative">Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_register_of_greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="United States federal register of greenhouse gas emissions">United States federal register of greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Climate_Initiative" title="Western Climate Initiative">Western Climate Initiative</a> This article also discusses <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_Washington_(state)" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in Washington (state)">Plug-in electric vehicles in Washington (state)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EICC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EICC_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730040420/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/economic_impacts.htm">"Impacts of Climate Change on Washington's Economy"</a>. <i>Washington State Department of Ecology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/economic_impacts.htm">the original</a> on July 30, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+State+Department+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+Climate+Change+on+Washington%27s+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fclimatechange%2Feconomic_impacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WESC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WESC_2-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206192535/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0701010.pdf">"Impacts of Climate Change on Washington's Economy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Washington Economic Steering Committee, November 2006</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/pubs/0701010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Economic+Steering+Committee%2C+November+2006&rft.atitle=Impacts+of+Climate+Change+on+Washington%27s+Economy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fpubs%2F0701010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrdc.org/land/parks/globalwarming/cascadia.asp">"Crown Jewels at Risk: Cascadia"</a>. NRDC<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Green+Building+-+Seattle%27s+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityofseattle.net%2Fdpd%2FGreenBuilding%2FCapitalProjects%2FSeattlesPolicy%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/local/221169_green22.html">"Seattle leads 'green' wave in building"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Seattle+leads+%27green%27+wave+in+building&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattlepi.com%2Flocal%2F221169_green22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2016">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021021323/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/greenbuilding/">"Green Building - WA State Dept. of Ecology"</a>. Ecy.wa.gov. March 28, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/greenbuilding/">the original</a> on October 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green+Building+-+WA+State+Dept.+of+Ecology&rft.pub=Ecy.wa.gov&rft.date=2011-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fswfa%2Fgreenbuilding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702095853/http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/greenbuilding/Features.html">"What are Some Common Green Building Features?"</a>. <i>Washington State Department of Ecology</i>. October 24, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/swfa/greenbuilding/Features.html">the original</a> on July 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+State+Department+of+Ecology&rft.atitle=What+are+Some+Common+Green+Building+Features%3F&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecy.wa.gov%2Fprograms%2Fswfa%2Fgreenbuilding%2FFeatures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629091915/http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/GreenBuilding/OurProgram/WhyBuildGreen/default.asp">"DPD Green Building - Why Build Green?"</a>. Seattle.gov. June 12, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/GreenBuilding/OurProgram/WhyBuildGreen/default.asp">the original</a> on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DPD+Green+Building+-+Why+Build+Green%3F&rft.pub=Seattle.gov&rft.date=2010-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattle.gov%2Fdpd%2FGreenBuilding%2FOurProgram%2FWhyBuildGreen%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081026181357/http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/GreenBuilding/Design/CostBenefit/Report.pdf">"California's Sustainable Building Task Force $SBTF$ has become a State and national leader in advancing the understanding"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/greenbuilding/Design/CostBenefit/Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California%27s+Sustainable+Building+Task+Force+%5C%28SBTF%5C%29+has+become+a+State+and+national+leader+in+advancing+the+understanding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciwmb.ca.gov%2Fgreenbuilding%2FDesign%2FCostBenefit%2FReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/">US EPA climate change and global warming website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/climatechange/">UN Climate Change Website</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/climatechange/">Washington State Department of Ecology's online climate change resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.nau.edu/tribalclimatechange/index.asp">Tribes and Climate Change</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pitt.edu/~gordonm/Pubdeb/SPFtranscript.pdf">A Public Debate on the Science of Global Warming</a>: Dr. James E. Hansen and Dr. Patrick J. Michaels, November 20, 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Thacker" title="Paul D. Thacker">Thacker, Paul D.</a> (August 31, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2005/aug/business/pt_wsj.html">"How the Wall Street Journal and Rep. Barton celebrated a global-warming skeptic"</a>. Environmental Science & Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+Wall+Street+Journal+and+Rep.+Barton+celebrated+a+global-warming+skeptic&rft.pub=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.date=2005-08-31&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fsubscribe%2Fjournals%2Festhag-w%2F2005%2Faug%2Fbusiness%2Fpt_wsj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebits.com/CO2orSolar">CO<sub>2</sub> or Solar?</a> A discussion about the evidence for anthropogenic warming and the possible role of solar activity increase.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027032028/http://www.uoguelph.ca/%7Ermckitri/research/Climate_L.pdf">Kyoto protocol based on flawed statistics</a> by Marcel Croc, translation by Angela den Tex, <i>Natuurwetenschap & Techniek</i>, February 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200506/ldselect/ldeconaf/12/12i.pdf">"The Economics of Climate Change Volume I: Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> Select Committee on Economic Affairs. July 6, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Climate+Change+Volume+I%3A+Report&rft.pub=House+of+Lords+Select+Committee+on+Economic+Affairs&rft.date=2005-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200506%2Fldselect%2Fldeconaf%2F12%2F12i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zORv8wwiadQ">This is a clip that ties climate change with economic resources and the risks for the future.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mises.org/story/2855">Recycling Myth the economics of Taking time to Recycle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070721110227/http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/IndigClimate2.pdf">Climate Change and Pacific Rim Indigenous Nations</a> -Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute, The Evergreen State College, Olympia WA, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705154425/http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/climate.html">Native Peoples: The "Miner's Canary" of Climate Change</a> - Northwest Indian Applied Research Institute, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Washington&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay,_C.C._LuceJ._CasolaM._Chang2018" class="citation report cs1">May, C.; C. Luce; J. Casola; M. Chang; J. Cuhaciyan; M. Dalton; S. Lowe; G. Morishima; P. Mote; A. Petersen; G. Roesch-McNally; E. York (2018). "Northwest". In Reidmiller, D.R.; C.W. Avery; D.R. Easterling; K.E. Kunkel; K.L.M. Lewis; T.K. Maycock; B.C. Stewart (eds.). Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II (Report). Washington, DC, USA: U.S. Global Change Research Program. pp. 1036–1100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7930%2FNCA4.2018.CH24">10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Impacts%2C+Risks%2C+and+Adaptation+in+the+United+States%3A+Fourth+National+Climate+Assessment%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+USA&rft.pages=1036-1100&rft.pub=U.S.+Global+Change+Research+Program&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7930%2FNCA4.2018.CH24&rft.au=May%2C+C.&rft.au=C.+Luce&rft.au=J.+Casola&rft.au=M.+Chang&rft.au=J.+Cuhaciyan&rft.au=M.+Dalton&rft.au=S.+Lowe&rft.au=G.+Morishima&rft.au=P.+Mote&rft.au=A.+Petersen&rft.au=G.+Roesch-McNally&rft.au=E.+York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClimate+change+in+Washington" class="Z3988"></span>—this chapter of the <a href="/wiki/National_Climate_Assessment" title="National Climate Assessment">National Climate Assessment</a> covers Northwest states </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Colorado" title="Climate change in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Connecticut" title="Climate change in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Delaware" title="Climate change in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Florida" title="Climate change in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Climate change in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Idaho" title="Climate change in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Illinois" title="Climate change in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indiana" title="Climate change in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iowa" title="Climate change in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kansas" title="Climate change in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kentucky" title="Climate change in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Louisiana" title="Climate change in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Maine" title="Climate change in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Maryland" title="Climate change in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Massachusetts" title="Climate change in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Michigan" title="Climate change in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Minnesota" title="Climate change in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mississippi" title="Climate change in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Missouri" title="Climate change in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Montana" title="Climate change in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nebraska" title="Climate change in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nevada" title="Climate change in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Hampshire" title="Climate change in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Jersey" title="Climate change in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_Mexico" title="Climate change in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_York_(state)" title="Climate change in New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Carolina" title="Climate change in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_North_Dakota" title="Climate change in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Ohio" title="Climate change in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Oklahoma" title="Climate change in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Oregon" title="Climate change in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pennsylvania" title="Climate change in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Rhode_Island" title="Climate change in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Carolina" title="Climate change in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Dakota" title="Climate change in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Tennessee" title="Climate change in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Texas" title="Climate change in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Utah" title="Climate change in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Vermont" title="Climate change in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Virginia" title="Climate change in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_West_Virginia" title="Climate change in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Wisconsin" title="Climate change in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Wyoming" title="Climate change in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Climate change in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_American_Samoa" title="Climate change in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Guam" title="Climate change in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Climate change in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Climate change in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Climate change in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington" title="Template:Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington" title="Template talk:Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Washington_(state)-related_articles" title="Index of Washington (state)-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Washington_(state)" title="Outline of Washington (state)">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Washington (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Washington" title="List of municipalities in Washington">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_Washington" title="List of census-designated places in Washington">Census-designated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_lands_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal lands in Washington (state)">Federal lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Washington" title="List of Indian reservations in Washington">Indian reservations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)#Geography" title="Washington (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Washington" title="List of earthquakes in Washington">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_highways_in_Washington" title="State highways in Washington">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)" title="Music of Washington (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks" title="List of Washington state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Washington_(state)" title="List of people from Washington (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_symbols" title="List of Washington state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Washington_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Washington (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Washington_(state)" title="Abortion in Washington (state)">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Washington_(state)" title="Crime in Washington (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Washington (state)">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Washington (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Washington_(state)" title="Economy of Washington (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Washington (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Washington_(state)" title="Gun laws in Washington (state)">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Washington (state)">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Washington (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)#Politics" title="Washington (state)">Politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Washington_(state)" title="Government of Washington (state)">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Washington_(state)" title="Law of Washington (state)">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Washington" title="Constitution of Washington">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Washington" title="List of governors of Washington">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Legislature" title="Washington State Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)_legislative_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (state) legislative districts">Legislative districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Senate" title="Washington State Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_(state)_ballot_measures" title="List of Washington (state) ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Washington" title="United States congressional delegations from Washington">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_congressional_districts" title="Washington's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_government_in_Washington_(state)" title="City government in Washington (state)">City governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_agencies" title="List of Washington state agencies">State agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Agriculture" title="Washington State Department of Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Archaeology_and_Historic_Preservation" title="Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation">Archaeology and Historic Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Commerce" title="Washington State Department of Commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Corrections" title="Washington State Department of Corrections">Corrections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Early_Learning" title="Washington State Department of Early Learning">Early Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Ecology" title="Washington State Department of Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Employment_Security_Department" title="Washington State Employment Security Department">Employment Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Financial_Institutions" title="Washington State Department of Financial Institutions">Financial Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Department_of_Fish_and_Wildlife" title="Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife">Fish and Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Health" title="Washington State Department of Health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Information_Services" title="Washington State Department of Information Services">Information Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Labor_and_Industries" title="Washington State Department of Labor and Industries">Labor and Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Licensing" title="Washington State Department of Licensing">Licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Liquor_and_Cannabis_Board" title="Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board">Liquor and Cannabis Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Military_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Military Department">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Natural_Resources" title="Washington State Department of Natural Resources">Natural Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_state_parks" title="List of Washington state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Institute_for_Public_Policy" title="Washington State Institute for Public Policy">Institute for Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Public_Disclosure_Commission" title="Washington State Public Disclosure Commission">Public Disclosure Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Public_Stadium_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Public Stadium Authority">Public Stadium Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Social_and_Health_Services" title="Washington State Department of Social and Health Services">Social and Health Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Patrol" title="Washington State Patrol">State Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Student_Achievement_Council" title="Washington Student Achievement Council">Student Achievement Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="Washington State Department of Transportation">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Utilities_and_Transportation_Commission" title="Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission">Utilities and Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Washington" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Western_Washington" title="Western Washington">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitsap_Peninsula" title="Kitsap Peninsula">Kitsap Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Peninsula" title="Long Beach Peninsula">Long Beach Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Peninsula" title="Olympic Peninsula">Olympic Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands" title="San Juan Islands">San Juan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_Valley" title="Skagit Valley">Skagit Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">Eastern</a>/<a href="/wiki/Inland_Northwest" title="Inland Northwest">Inland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Washington" title="Central Washington">Central Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methow_River" title="Methow River">Methow Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_Country" title="Okanagan Country">Okanogan Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palouse" title="Palouse">Palouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_River" title="Yakima River">Yakima Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4">Shared</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River_Gorge" title="Columbia River Gorge">Columbia Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Washington" title="List of municipalities in Washington">Largest<br />cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington" title="Bellevue, Washington">Bellevue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent,_Washington" title="Kent, Washington">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renton,_Washington" title="Renton, Washington">Renton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_Valley,_Washington" title="Spokane Valley, Washington">Spokane Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Way,_Washington" title="Federal Way, Washington">Federal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima,_Washington" title="Yakima, Washington">Yakima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington" title="Kirkland, Washington">Kirkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Washington" title="Auburn, Washington">Auburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick,_Washington" title="Kennewick, Washington">Kennewick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasco,_Washington" title="Pasco, Washington">Pasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marysville,_Washington" title="Marysville, Washington">Marysville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammamish,_Washington" title="Sammamish, Washington">Sammamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakewood,_Washington" title="Lakewood, Washington">Lakewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richland,_Washington" title="Richland, Washington">Richland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline,_Washington" title="Shoreline, Washington">Shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacey,_Washington" title="Lacey, Washington">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burien,_Washington" title="Burien, Washington">Burien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#B4DDB4">Metropolitan<br /> areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_metropolitan_area" title="Seattle metropolitan area">Greater Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_metropolitan_area" title="Spokane metropolitan area">Greater Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Washington" title="Tri-Cities, Washington">Tri-Cities metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenatchee%E2%80%93East_Wenatchee_metropolitan_area" title="Wenatchee–East Wenatchee metropolitan area">Wenatchee metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_metropolitan_area,_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland metropolitan area, Oregon">Greater Portland and Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Washington" title="List of counties in Washington">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Washington" title="Adams County, Washington">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asotin_County,_Washington" title="Asotin County, Washington">Asotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benton_County,_Washington" title="Benton County, Washington">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelan_County,_Washington" title="Chelan County, Washington">Chelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clallam_County,_Washington" title="Clallam County, Washington">Clallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_County,_Washington" title="Clark County, Washington">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_Washington" title="Columbia County, Washington">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_County,_Washington" title="Cowlitz County, Washington">Cowlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_County,_Washington" title="Douglas County, Washington">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_County,_Washington" title="Ferry County, Washington">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_Washington" title="Franklin County, Washington">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garfield_County,_Washington" title="Garfield County, Washington">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_County,_Washington" title="Grant County, Washington">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grays_Harbor_County,_Washington" title="Grays Harbor County, Washington">Grays Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_County,_Washington" title="Island County, Washington">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Washington" title="Jefferson County, Washington">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_County,_Washington" title="King County, Washington">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsap_County,_Washington" title="Kitsap County, Washington">Kitsap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittitas_County,_Washington" title="Kittitas County, Washington">Kittitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klickitat_County,_Washington" title="Klickitat County, Washington">Klickitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_Washington" title="Lewis County, Washington">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County,_Washington" title="Lincoln County, Washington">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County,_Washington" title="Mason County, Washington">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanogan_County,_Washington" title="Okanogan County, Washington">Okanogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_County,_Washington" title="Pacific County, Washington">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_Oreille_County,_Washington" title="Pend Oreille County, Washington">Pend Oreille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington" title="Pierce County, Washington">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_County,_Washington" title="San Juan County, Washington">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagit_County,_Washington" title="Skagit County, Washington">Skagit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skamania_County,_Washington" title="Skamania County, Washington">Skamania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snohomish_County,_Washington" title="Snohomish County, Washington">Snohomish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane_County,_Washington" title="Spokane County, Washington">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_County,_Washington" title="Stevens County, Washington">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurston_County,_Washington" title="Thurston County, Washington">Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkiakum_County,_Washington" title="Wahkiakum County, Washington">Wahkiakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_County,_Washington" title="Walla Walla County, Washington">Walla Walla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatcom_County,_Washington" title="Whatcom County, Washington">Whatcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitman_County,_Washington" title="Whitman County, Washington">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_County,_Washington" title="Yakima County, Washington">Yakima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#B4DDB4;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/32px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/48px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/64px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Washington_(state)" title="Portal:Washington (state)">Washington (state) portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/32px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/48px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG/64px-Abies_lasiocarpa_0775.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pacific_Northwest" title="Portal:Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: 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