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id="toc-Features_of_Valencian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_of_Valencian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Features of Valencian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features_of_Valencian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features of Valencian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features_of_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Phonology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Morphology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Vocabulary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Writing system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varieties_of_Valencian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varieties_of_Valencian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Varieties of Valencian </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Varieties_of_Valencian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Varieties of Valencian subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Varieties_of_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_Valencian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_Valencian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Standard Valencian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valencian_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valencian_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Valencian dialects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valencian_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Authors and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_in_Valencian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_in_Valencian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Media in Valencian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_in_Valencian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politico-linguistic_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politico-linguistic_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Politico-linguistic controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politico-linguistic_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Valencian language</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" > 55 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البلنسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البلنسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_valenciana" title="Luenga valenciana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Luenga valenciana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianu" title="Valencianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Valencianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenci%C3%A0" title="Valencià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valencià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Валенси чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Валенси чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencij%C5%A1tina" title="Valencijština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valencijština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzianu" title="Valenzianu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Valenzianu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciansk" title="Valenciansk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valenciansk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencianisch" title="Valencianisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valencianisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_valenciano" title="Idioma valenciano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma valenciano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_dialekto" title="Valencia dialekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valencia dialekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_valenciana" title="Lengua valenciana – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua valenciana" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentziera" title="Valentziera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valentziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان والنسیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان والنسیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencien" title="Valencien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valencien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzian" title="Valenzian – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Valenzian" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciano" title="Valenciano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valenciano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8" title="વૅલેન્શિયન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વૅલેન્શિયન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="발렌시아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발렌시아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencijsko_narje%C4%8Dje" title="Valencijsko narječje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valencijsko narječje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Valensia" title="Bahasa Valensia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Valensia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciano" title="Valenciano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Valenciano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian" title="Valencian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Valencian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Валенсиаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Валенсиаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens%C3%ADska" title="Valensíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valensíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_valenciano" title="Dialetto valenciano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto valenciano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ולנסית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולנסית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valensiano" title="Valensiano – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Valensiano" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Valentina" title="Lingua Valentina – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Valentina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_(lingua)" title="Valencian (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Valencian (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzian" title="Valenzian – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Valenzian" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciai_nyelv" title="Valenciai nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Valenciai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciaans" title="Valenciaans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valenciaans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="バレンシア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バレンシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciansk" title="Valenciansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valenciansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian" title="Valencian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valencian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_walencki" title="Język walencki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język walencki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_valenciana" title="Língua valenciana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua valenciana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_valencian%C4%83" title="Limba valenciană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba valenciană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Валенсийский диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валенсийский диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentzianu" title="Valentzianu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Valentzianu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencie_leid" title="Valencie leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Valencie leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valencian language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Valencijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" 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(June 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Valencian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">valencià</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valensiˈa]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>) See also <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language#Geographic_distribution" title="Catalan language">geographic distribution of Catalan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Valencians" title="Valencians">Valencians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">2.4 million (2004)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language#Dialects" title="Catalan language">Western Catalan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2006-3">[2]</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Valencian</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Valencian_orthography" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian orthography">Valencian orthography</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">ISO 639-6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Iso639-6_iren.png">vlca</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>ca-valencia</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg/250px-Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg/375px-Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg/500px-Extensi%C3%B3_del_valenci%C3%A0_al_Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a>Map of the Valencian Community (Valencian speaking areas in green)</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_language_in_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/250px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/375px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Catalan_language_in_Europe.png/500px-Catalan_language_in_Europe.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="441" /></a>Extension of the whole language in Europe</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="line-height:1.2; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a> cultural domain</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/150px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/200px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">History of Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Aragon">History of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Balearic Islands">History of the Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalonia" title="History of Catalonia">History of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roussillon" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roussillon">History of Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sardinia" title="History of Sardinia">History of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Valencian Community">History of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Principality of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Kingdom of Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_constitutions" title="Catalan constitutions">Catalan constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furs_of_Valencia" title="Furs of Valencia">Furs of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Planta_decrees" title="Nueva Planta decrees">Nueva Planta decrees</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorran_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorran people">Andorrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_people" title="Aragonese people">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic people">Balearics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan people">Ibizans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan people">Majorcans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorcan people">Minorcans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan people">Catalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_people" title="Sardinian people">Sardinians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alguerese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alguerese people">Alguerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Language</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Dialects and varieties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (IEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Geo-political divisions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/La_Franja" title="La Franja">La Franja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">El Carxe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Pyrénées-Orientales">Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Northern Catalonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alghero" title="Alghero">L'Alguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencia</a> See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Government and politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of Andorra">General Council of Andorra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Andorra" title="Politics of Andorra">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_Aragon" title="Cortes of Aragon">Courts of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Aragon">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Government of the Balearic Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Balearic_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Balearic Islands">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_de_Catalunya" title="Generalitat de Catalunya">Generalitat of Catalonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Catalonia" title="Politics of Catalonia">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departmental_Council_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" title="Departmental Council of Pyrénées-Orientales">General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Orientales" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Pyrénées-Orientales">Politics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat of Valencia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Valencian Community">Politics</a>) See <a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanophobia">Catalanophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_myths_and_legends" title="Catalan myths and legends">Myths and legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Catalonia" title="Traditions of Catalonia">Traditions</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell" title="Castell">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correfoc" title="Correfoc">Correfoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falles" class="mw-redirect" title="Falles">Falles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonfires_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires of Saint John">Fogueres de Sant Joan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigantes y cabezudos">Gegants i capgrossos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_cristianos" title="Moros y cristianos">Moros i cristians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muixeranga" title="Muixeranga">Muixeranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day#Spain" title="Saint George's Day">Saint George's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardana" title="Sardana">Sardana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca_(pastry)" title="Coca (pastry)">Coca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada" title="Ensaïmada">Ensaïmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa_amb_tom%C3%A0quet" title="Pa amb tomàquet">Pa amb tomàquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_art" title="Catalan art">Catalan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Gaud%C3%AD" title="Antoni Gaudí">Antoni Gaudí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_T%C3%A0pies" title="Antoni Tàpies">Antoni Tàpies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla" title="Joaquín Sorolla">Joaquim Sorolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD" title="Salvador Dalí">Salvador Dalí</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Valencia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Valencia">Segle d'or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Decad%C3%A8ncia" title="La Decadència">Decadència</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaixen%C3%A7a" title="Renaixença">Renaixença</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernisme" title="Modernisme">Modernisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Music and performing arts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_can%C3%A7%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova cançó">Nova cançó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_catal%C3%A0" title="Rock català">Rock català</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_rumba" title="Catalan rumba">Rumba catalana</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sport</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Catalonia" title="Sport in Catalonia">Sport in Catalonia</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Catalonia" title="National symbols of Catalonia">National symbols of Catalonia</a></li> <li>Flags <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Balearic_Islands" title="Flag of the Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senyera" title="Senyera">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Flag of the Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Coats of Arms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Andorra" title="Coat of arms of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Balearic_Islands" title="Coat of arms of Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Crown_of_Aragon" title="Coat of arms of the Crown of Aragon">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Valencian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Valencian Community">Valencia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Gran_Carlemany" class="mw-redirect" title="El Gran Carlemany">El Gran Carlemany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Els_Segadors" title="Els Segadors">Els Segadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Balanguera" title="La Balanguera">La Balanguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himne_de_l%27Exposici%C3%B3" title="Himne de l'Exposició">Himne de l'Exposició</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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Valencian<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> (valencià)<a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> or the Valencian language<a href="#cite_note-Statute-6">[3]</a> (llengua valenciana)<a href="#cite_note-7">[d]</a> is the official, historical and traditional name used in the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> also known as <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-DNV-8">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-judgements4-10">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-judgements2-11">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-judgements1-12">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> either as a whole<a href="#cite_note-IEC-14">[f]</a> or in its Valencia-specific linguistic forms.<a href="#cite_note-IEC2-15">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Conflict-16">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[10]</a> The Valencian Community's 1982 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statute of Autonomy</a> officially recognises Valencian as the name of the regional language.<a href="#cite_note-Statute-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-judgements3-18">[11]</a> Valencian displays transitional features between <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a>. According to philological studies, the varieties of this language spoken in the Valencian Community and Carche cannot be considered a single dialect restricted to these borders: the several <a href="#Varieties_of_Valencian">dialects of Valencian</a> (Alicante's Valencian, Southern Valencian, Central Valencian or Apitxat, Northern Valencian or Castellon's Valencian and Transitional Valencian) belong to the Western group of Catalan dialects.<a href="#cite_note-Alcover-19">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moll_1968-20">[13]</a> There is a <a href="#Politico-linguistic_controversy">political controversy within the Valencian Community</a> regarding its status as a <a href="/wiki/Glottonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottonym">glottonym</a> or as an independent language, since official reports show that the majority of the people in the Valencian Community consider it as a separate language, different from <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, although the same studies show that this percentage decreases among younger generations and people with higher studies.<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-La_Vanguardia_2004-12-09-22">[15]</a> According to the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statute of Autonomy</a>, Valencian is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL),<a href="#cite_note-Statute-6">[3]</a> following the legacy established by the <a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Castelló Norms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[16]</a> which adapt Catalan orthography to Valencian idiosyncrasies. Some of the most important works of <a href="/wiki/Valencian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian literature">Valencian literature</a> experienced a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Important works include <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_March" title="Ausiàs March">Ausiàs March</a>'s poetry. The first book produced with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> was printed in the Valencian variety.<a href="#cite_note-24">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-25">[18]</a> The earliest recorded <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> game with modern rules for moves of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">queen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">bishop</a> was in the Valencian poem <a href="/wiki/Scachs_d%27amor" title="Scachs d'amor">Scachs d'amor</a> (1475). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The Valencian language is usually assumed to have spread in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a> when Catalan and Aragonese colonists settled the territory after the conquests carried out by <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon" title="James I of Aragon">James I</a> the Conqueror.<a href="#cite_note-26">[19]</a> A new resettlement in the 17th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">expulsion of the Moriscos</a>, largely led by Castilians, defined the Spanish language varieties of inland Valencia. However, Valencian has historically been the predominant and administrative language in the kingdom. The first documental reference to the usage of the term valencià to refer to the spoken language of the Valencians is found in a judicial process of Minorca against Gil de Lozano, dated between 1343 and 1346, in which it is said that the mother of the indicted, Sibila, speaks valencianesch because she was from <a href="/wiki/Orihuela" title="Orihuela">Orihuela</a> (formerly Oriola).<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> The concept of Valencian language appeared in the second half of the 14th century and it was progressively consolidated at the same time that its meaning changed due to events of a diverse nature (political, social, economic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeltran_i_CalvoSegura_i_Llopes201824-28">[21]</a> In the previous centuries the Catalan spoken in the territory of the Kingdom of Valencia was called in different ways: romanç (13th century) and catalanesch (during the 14th century, for the medieval concept of nation as a linguistic community). The concept of the Valencian language appeared with a particularistic character due to the reinforced nature of the legal entity of the Kingdom of Valencia for being the Mediterranean commercial power during the 14th and 15th centuries, becoming in the cultural and literary centre of the Crown of Aragon. Thus, the Valencians, together with the Majorcans, presented themselves to other peoples as Catalans while they referred to themselves as Valencians and Majorcans to themselves to emphasise the different legal citizenship of each kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeltran_i_CalvoSegura_i_Llopes201835-29">[22]</a> In the 15th century, the so-called Valencian Golden Age, the name "Valencian" was already the usual name of the predominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Kingdom of Valencia</a>, and the names of vulgar, romanç or catalanesch had fallen into disuse. <a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a>, author of the novel <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a>, said: "<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Me atrevire expondre: no solament de lengua anglesa en portuguesa. Mas encara de portuguesa en vulgar valenciana: per ço que la nacio d·on yo so natural se·n puxa alegrar'." ("I dare to express myself: not only in English in Portuguese. But even so from Portuguese to vulgar Valencian: for that the nation I am from born can rejoice"). Since the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_democratic_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish democratic transition">Spanish democratic transition</a>, the autonomy or heteronomy of Valencian with respect to the rest of the Valencian-Catalan linguistic system has been the subject of debate and controversy among Valencians, usually with a political background. Although in the academic field (universities and institutions of recognszed prestige) of linguists the unity of the language has never been questioned since studies of the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, part of Valencian public opinion believes and affirms that Valencian and Catalan are different languages, an idea that began to spread during the turbulent Valencian transition by sectors of the regionalist right and by the so-called <a href="/wiki/Blaverism" title="Blaverism">blaverisme</a> (Blaverism). There is an alternative secessionist linguistic regulation, the <a href="/wiki/Normes_del_Puig" class="mw-redirect" title="Normes del Puig">Normes del Puig</a> (Norms of El Puig), drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Valencian_Culture" title="Royal Academy of Valencian Culture">Royal Academy of Valencian Culture</a> (Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), an institution founded in 1915 by the Deputation of Valencia, but its use is very marginal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official status">edit</a>]</div> The official status of Valencian is regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution</a> and the Valencian <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute of Autonomy">Statute of Autonomy</a>, together with the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_d%27%C3%9As_i_Ensenyament_del_Valenci%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="ca:Llei d'Ús i Ensenyament del Valencià">(ca)</a>. Article 6 of the Valencian Statute of Autonomy sets the legal status of Valencian, establishing that:<a href="#cite_note-estatuto-30">[23]</a> <dl><dd><ul><li>The native language<a href="#cite_note-31">[h]</a> of the Valencian Community is Valencian.</li> <li>Valencian is the official language in the Valencian Community, along with Spanish, which is the official language of Spain. Everyone shall have the right to know and use them, and to receive education on Valencian and in Valencian.</li> <li>No one can be discriminated against by reason of their language.</li> <li>Special protection and respect shall be given to the recuperation of Valencian.</li> <li>The Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua shall be the normative institution of the Valencian language.</li></ul></dd></dl> Passed in 1983, the Law on the Use and Teaching of Valencian develops this framework, providing for the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_education" title="Bilingual education">bilingual educational</a> system, regulating the use of Valencian in the public administration and judiciary system, where citizens can freely use it when acting before both, or establishing the right to be informed by media in Valencian among others. Valencian is also protected under the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, ratified by Spain. However, the Committee of Experts of the Charter has pointed out a considerable number of deficiencies in the application of the Charter by the Spanish and Valencian governments.<a href="#cite_note-32">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_usage">Distribution and usage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and usage">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution">Distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distribution">edit</a>]</div> Unlike in other bilingual <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities</a>, Valencian has not historically been spoken to the same extent throughout the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>. Slightly more than a quarter of its territory, equivalent to 10-15% of the population (its inland and southernmost areas), is <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish-speaking</a> since the Middle Ages. Additionally, it is also spoken by a small number of people in the <a href="/wiki/Carche" title="Carche">Carche</a> <a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">comarca</a>, a rural area in the <a href="/wiki/Region_of_Murcia" title="Region of Murcia">Region of Murcia</a> adjoining the Valencian Community.<a href="#cite_note-Carche-33">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[27]</a> Nevertheless, Valencian does not have any official recognition in this area. Nowadays about 600 people are able to speak Valencian in Carche.<a href="#cite_note-36">[28]</a> The Valencian language is traditionally spoken along the coast and in some inland areas in the provinces of Alicante and Castellón, from <a href="/wiki/Vinar%C3%B2s" title="Vinaròs">Vinaròs</a> (northernmost point of the extension of Valencian on the coast of the Valencian Community) to <a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Guardamar</a> (southernmost point of Valencian). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_and_usage">Knowledge and usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Knowledge and usage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_(domini_promig)-Cens_del_2001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png/180px-Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png/270px-Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png/360px-Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Knowledge of Valencian according to the 2001 census. The light green areas inland and in the southernmost part are not historically Valencian speaking (<a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Coneixement_del_valenci%C3%A0_%28domini_promig%29-Cens_del_2001.png" class="internal" title="Coneixement del valencià (domini promig)-Cens del 2001.png">large</a>).</figcaption></figure> In 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat Valenciana</a>, or Valencian government, published a study, Coneixement i ús social del valencià (Knowledge and Social Use of Valencian),<a href="#cite_note-37">[29]</a> which included a survey sampling more than 6,600 people in the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, and Alicante. The survey simply collected the answers of respondents and did not include any testing or verification. The results were: <ul><li>Valencian was the language "always, generally, or most commonly used": <ul><li>at home: 31.6%</li> <li>with friends: 28.0%</li> <li>in internal business relations: 24.7%</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>For ability: <ul><li>48.5% answered they can speak Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (54.3% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 10% in the Spanish-speaking areas)</li> <li>26.2% answered they can write Valencian "perfectly" or "quite well" (29.5% in the Valencian-speaking areas and 5.8% in the Spanish-speaking areas)</li></ul></li></ul> The survey shows that, although Valencian is still the common language in many areas in the Valencian Community, where slightly more than half of the Valencian population are able to speak it, most Valencians do not usually use Valencian in their social relations. Moreover, according to the most recent survey in 2021,<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> there is a downward trend in everyday Valencian users. The lowest numbers are in the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, where the percentage of everyday speakers is at single-digit numbers. However, the percentage of residents who claim to be able to understand and read Valencian seems to have increased since 2015. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"> <caption>Knowledge of Valencian in the Valencian Community (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Knowledge_of_Valencian_(2021)-39">[31]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;"> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Valencian-speaking zone </th> <th>Spanish-speaking zone </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Understands it </th> <td>79,4% </td> <td>54% </td> <td>75,8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Knows how to speak it </th> <td>54,9% </td> <td>24,2% </td> <td>50,6% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">knows how to read it </th> <td>60,9% </td> <td>35% </td> <td>57,2% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Knows how to write it </th> <td>44,4% </td> <td>19,5% </td> <td>40,8% </td></tr></tbody></table> Due to a number of political and social factors, including repression, immigration and lack of formal instruction in Valencian, the number of speakers has severely decreased, and the influence of Spanish has led to the appearance of a number of <a href="/wiki/Barbarism_(linguistics)" title="Barbarism (linguistics)">barbarisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_of_Valencian">Features of Valencian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features of Valencian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalan_dialects-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/180px-Catalan_dialects-en.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/270px-Catalan_dialects-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Catalan_dialects-en.png/360px-Catalan_dialects-en.png 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>The main <a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects of Catalan</a>. Western Catalan block comprises the two dialects of North-Western Catalan and Valencian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20106-41">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052-42">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20094-43">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> This is a list of features of the main forms of Valencian. There is a great deal of variety within the Valencian Community, and by no means do the features below apply to every local version. For more general information about other linguistic varities, see <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL) specifies Standard Valencian as having some specific syntax, vocabulary, verb conjugations and accent marks compared to <a href="/wiki/Standard_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Catalan">Standard Catalan</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan phonology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint">For assistance with IPA transcriptions of Standard Valencian for Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Help:IPA/Catalan</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vowels">Vowels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valencian_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Valencian_vowel_chart.svg/180px-Valencian_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Valencian_vowel_chart.svg/270px-Valencian_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Valencian_vowel_chart.svg/360px-Valencian_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Vowels of Valencian, from <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. 23</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels of Valencian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200923-44">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200952-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacreu_i_Cuesta_2002_40–4-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-EOV_(2002)-47">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th scope="row" rowspan="2">Close </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">Open </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The stressed vowel system of Valencian (V) is the same as that of Eastern Catalan (EC): <ul><li>/a/, /e/, /ɛ/, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, and /u/ (with /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ being considerably lower than in EC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199658-48">[40]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Close (and close-mid) vowels</dt></dl> <ul><li>The vowels /i/ and /u/ are more open and centralised than in Spanish. <ul><li>This effect is more pronounced in unstressed syllables, where the phones are best transcribed [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199665–69,_141–142-49">[41]</a> (e.g. xiquet [t͡ʃɪˈket] 'boy'). As the process is completely predictable, the latter symbols are not used elsewhere in the article. <ul><li>(Due to the proximity of unstressed close and/or close-mid/mid vowels, non-standard colloquial Valencian may feature further lowerings producing vowel alterations or <a href="/wiki/Metathesis_(linguistics)" title="Metathesis (linguistics)">metathesis</a>, e.g. piscina → *pescina 'pool').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200946-50">[42]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The vowel /e/ is somewhat retracted [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e̠</a>] and /o/ is somewhat advanced [<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o̟</a>] both in stressed and unstressed syllables (e.g. metro [ˈme̠tɾo̟] 'metro'). <ul><li>/e/ and /o/ can be realised as mid vowels [<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a>] in some cases. This occurs more often with /o/ (e.g. amor [aˈmo̞ɾ] 'love').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77,_135–140-51">[43]</a></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Open vowels</dt></dl> <ul><li>The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mid-open_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-open vowel">open vowels</a>", /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, are generally as low as /a/ in most Valencian dialects. The phonetic realisations of /ɛ/ approaches [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a>] and /ɔ/ is as open as [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>] (as in traditional <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a> dog). This feature is also found in <a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90,_130–133-52">[44]</a> For a list showing the frequency of these vowels, see <a href="/wiki/Cases_where_/%C9%9B/_and_/%C9%94/_are_found_in_Valencian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cases where /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are found in Valencian">cases where /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are found in Valencian</a>. <ul><li>/ɛ/ is slightly more open and centralised before liquids /l, ɾ, r/ (e.g. verdes [ˈvæɾðes] 'greens') and in monosyllabics (set [ˈsæt] 'seven').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200927-53">[45]</a></li> <li>/ɔ/ is most often a back vowel (soc [ˈsɒk] 'clog', bou [ˈbɒw] 'bull'). <ul><li>In some dialects (including Balearic) /ɔ/ can be unrounded ([ˈsɑk], [ˈbɑw]).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200929-54">[46]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>The vowel /a/ is slightly more fronted and closed than in Central EC (but less fronted and closed than in Majorcan). The precise phonetic realisation of the vowel /a/ in Valencian is [<a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>], this vowel is subject to assimilation in many instances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104-55">[47]</a> <ul><li>Stressed /a/ can be retracted to [<a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>] in contact with velar consonants (including the velarised [<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104-55">[47]</a> pal [ˈpɑl] ('stick'); and fronted to [<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>] in contact with palatals:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104-55">[47]</a> nyap [ˈɲap] ('botched job'). This is not transcribed in the article. <ul><li>The palatal pronunciation of /a/ may merge with /ɛ/ by some speakers: raig [ˈræt͡ʃ] ('ray').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200924–25-56">[48]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Vowel reduction</dt></dl> <ul><li>There are five general unstressed vowels /a, e, i, o, u/ (rare instances of /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are found through compounding and vowel harmony). Although unstressed vowels are more stable than in EC dialects, there are many cases where they merge:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142-57">[49]</a> <ul><li>/a/: final unstressed /a/ may have the following values: [<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɛ̈</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɔ̈</a> ~ <a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ä̝</a>] (phonetically [ɜ ~ ɞ ~ ɐ], and traditionally transcribed without diacritics and/or atypical characters: /ɛ, ɔ, a/ for simplicity), depending on the preceding sounds and/or dialect (see vowel harmony <a href="#Anchor_vowel_harmony">below</a>). <ul><li>In some regions of the Valencian Community (especially Southern Valencian) unstressed /a/ followed by stressed /i/ becomes [<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]: raïm [rəˈim] ('grape'). <a href="#CITEREFBeltran_i_Calvo2000">Beltran i Calvo (2000)</a> states,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_i_Vilar2009131-58">[50]</a> that final /a/ is close to [ə] in some towns of Marina Alta: xica [ˈt͡ʃikə] ('girl').</li></ul></li> <li>/e/: unstressed /e/ and /ɛ/ may be realised as /a/ (phonetically [a], [ɐ̃], [ɑ̃], etc.) in initial position in contact with sibilants, nasals and certain approximants and liquids (e.g. eixam [ajˈʃam] 'swarm'). <ul><li>Similarly (although not recommended by the AVL), unstressed /e/ and /ɛ/ merges with /i/ (phonetically [ɪ]) in contact with palatal consonants (e.g. genoll [d͡ʒiˈnoʎ] 'knee'), and especially (in this case it is accepted) in lexical derivation with the suffix -ixement (e.g. coneixement [konejʃiˈment] 'knowledge'). <ul><li>In the standard (/e/ → /i/ [ɪ]) is only accepted in words with the suffix -ixement).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200945–47-59">[51]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/i/: it is more open and centralised [ɪ] in unstressed position.</li> <li>/o/: unstressed /o/ and /ɔ/ may be realised as /u/ (phonetically [ʊ]) before labial consonants (e.g. coberts [kuˈbɛɾ(t)s] 'cutlery'), before a stressed syllable with a high vowel (e.g. sospira [susˈpiɾa] 'they sighs') and in some given names (e.g. Josep [d͡ʒuˈzɛp] 'Joseph'). <ul><li>(Note in some colloquial speeches initial unstressed /o/ can diphthongise to [aw], olor [awˈloɾ]) 'smell (<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">n</a>.)'). This is regarded as non-standard.</li></ul></li> <li>/u/: it is more open and centralised [ʊ] in unstressed position.</li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dt>Elision and diphthongisation</dt></dl> <ul><li>In certain cases, unstressed /a/ and /e/ become silent when followed or preceded by a stressed vowel: <ul><li>Unstressed /a/: quina hora és? [ˌkin‿ˈɔɾɔ ˈes] or [ˌkin‿ˈɔɾa ˈes] ('what time is it?')</li> <li>Unstressed /e/: este home [ˌest‿ˈɔme] ('this man').</li></ul></li> <li>In some accents, vowels occurring at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Prosodic_unit" title="Prosodic unit">prosodic unit</a> may be realised as centring diphthongs for special emphasis, so that Eh tu! Vine ací 'Hey you! Come here!' may be pronounced [ˈe ˈtuə̯ ˈvine a̯ˈsiə̯]. The non-syllabic [a̯] (phonetically [ɐ̯]) is unrelated to this phenomenon as it is an unstressed non-syllabic allophone of /a/ that occurs after vowels, much like in Spanish.</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Vowel harmony </dt></dl> <ul><li>Many Valencian dialects feature some sort of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> (harmonia vocàlica). This process is normally progressive (i.e. preceding vowels affect those pronounced afterwards) over the last unstressed vowel of a word; e.g. tela /ˈtɛla/ > [ˈtɛlɛ] 'fabric, cloth', hora /ˈɔɾa/ > [ˈɔɾɔ] 'hour'. However (although regarded as non-standard), there are cases where regressive metaphony occurs over pretonic vowels; e.g. afecta /aˈfɛkta/ > [ɛˈfɛktɛ] 'affects', tovallola /tovaˈʎɔla/ > [tɔvɔˈʎɔlɔ] 'towel'. <ul><li>Vowel harmony differs greatly from dialect to dialect, while many varieties assimilate both to the height and the quality of the preceding stressed vowel (e.g. terra [ˈtɛrɛ] 'Earth, land' and dona [ˈdɔnɔ] 'woman'); in other varieties, it is just the height that assimilates, so that terra and dona can be realised with either /ɛ/ ([ˈtɛrɛ] and/or [ˈdɔnɛ]) or with /ɔ/ ([ˈtɛrɔ] and/or [ˈdɔnɔ]), depending on the region and speaker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200934–36-60">[52]</a> <ul><li>In some subvarieties the unstressed vowels produced by vowel harmony may actually be higher than the stressed ones (e.g. porta [ˈpɔɾtɔ̝] 'door').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>In a wider sense, vowel assimilations can occur in further instances (that is all or most instances of final unstressed /а/, regardless of the preceding sounds and involving palatalisation and/or velarisation): xica [ˈt͡ʃikɛ] or [ˈt͡ʃikɔ] ('girl'). This is considered non-standard.</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Other sound changes</dt> <dd> <dl><dt>Vowel nasalisation and lengthening</dt></dl> <ul><li>All vowels are phonetically nasalised between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal (e.g. diumenge [diwˈmẽɲd͡ʒe] 'Sunday').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142-57">[49]</a></li> <li>Vowels can be lengthened in some contexts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142-57">[49]</a> (e.g. coordinació [koːɾðinasiˈo] 'co-ordination').</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <caption>Main vocalic allophones<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar2009?-61">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142-57">[49]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">Phoneme</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophone</a> </th> <th>Usage </th> <th>Example </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;">/a/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104-55">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ä] ~ [ɐ]</td> <td>- Found in most instances</td> <td>mà</td> <td>hand </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[a]</td> <td>- Before/after palatals, may be higher [æ] (both in stressed and unstressed position)</td> <td>nyap</td> <td>botched job </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ã]</td> <td>- Same than [a], but followed by a nasal; may be higher [æ̃] (both in stressed and unstressed position)</td> <td>llamp</td> <td>lightning </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɑ]</td> <td>- Before/after velars, usually higher in unstressed position [ʌ]</td> <td>poal</td> <td>bucket </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɑ̃]</td> <td>- Same than [ɑ], but followed by a nasal; usually higher in unstressed position [ʌ̃]</td> <td>sang</td> <td>blood </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɐ]</td> <td>- In unstressed position</td> <td>abans</td> <td>before </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɐ̃]</td> <td>- Nasal [ɐ]; that is, [ɐ] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>llançat</td> <td>thrown </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɛ̈] ~ [ɔ̈]</td> <td>- Final unstressed syllables (vowel harmony), may be lower [ɛ̞̈] and [ɔ̞̈]</td> <td>terra / dona</td> <td>Earth, land; woman </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">/ɛ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90-62">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[æ]</td> <td>- Before liquids and in monosyllabic terms</td> <td>set</td> <td>seven </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[æ̃]</td> <td>- Before nasals</td> <td>dens</td> <td>dense </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɛ]</td> <td>- Rest of cases, may be lower [ɛ̞]</td> <td>tesi</td> <td>thesis </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;">/e/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77-63">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[e]</td> <td>- Found in stressed and unstressed syllables, may be lower [e̞]</td> <td>sec</td> <td>dry </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ẽ]</td> <td>- In stressed and unstressed position followed by or in between nasals, may be lower [ẽ̞]</td> <td>lent</td> <td>slow </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[a]</td> <td>- In some cases, in initial unstressed position before palatals; may be higher [æ]</td> <td>eixam</td> <td>swarm </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɐ]</td> <td>- In some cases, in unstressed position</td> <td>terrós</td> <td>earthy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɐ̃]</td> <td>- In some cases, in initial unstressed position before nasals (except velar nasals)</td> <td>entén</td> <td>they understands </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɑ]</td> <td>- In some cases, in unstressed position in contact with velars; may be higher [ʌ]</td> <td>clevill</td> <td>crevice </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɑ̃]</td> <td>- In some cases, in initial unstressed position before velar nasals; may be higher [ʌ̃]</td> <td>enclusa</td> <td>anvil </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɪ]</td> <td>- Found in the suffix -ixement</td> <td>naixement</td> <td>birth </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">/i/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199665–69-64">[56]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[i]</td> <td>- Especially found in stressed syllables</td> <td>sis</td> <td>six </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ĩ]</td> <td>- Nasal [i]; that is, [i] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>dins</td> <td>in, within, inside </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɪ]</td> <td>- Unstressed position</td> <td>xiquet</td> <td>boy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɪ̃]</td> <td>- Nasal [ɪ]; that is, [ɪ] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>minvar</td> <td>to decrease, to wane </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[j]</td> <td>- Unstressed position before/after vowels</td> <td>iogurt</td> <td>yoghurt </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;">/ɔ/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996130–133-65">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɒ]</td> <td>- Found before stops and in monosyllabic terms</td> <td>roig</td> <td>red </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɒ̃]</td> <td>- Before nasals</td> <td>pont</td> <td>bridge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ɔ]</td> <td>- Rest of cases, may be lower [ɔ̞]</td> <td>dona</td> <td>woman </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;">/o/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996135–140-66">[58]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[o]</td> <td>- Found in stressed and unstressed syllables</td> <td>molt</td> <td>much, very </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[õ]</td> <td>- Nasal [o]; that is, [o] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>on</td> <td>where </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[o̞]</td> <td>- Found in the suffix -dor and in coda stressed syllables</td> <td>cançó</td> <td>song </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ʊ]</td> <td>- Unstressed position before labials, a syllable with a high vowel and in some given names</td> <td>Josep</td> <td>Joseph </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ʊ̃]</td> <td>- Same as [ʊ], but followed by a nasal</td> <td>complit</td> <td>to fulfill </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ew]</td> <td>- Found in most cases with the weak pronoun ho</td> <td>ho</td> <td>it </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;">/u/<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996141–142-67">[59]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[u]</td> <td>- Especially found in stressed syllables</td> <td>lluç</td> <td>hake </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ũ]</td> <td>- Nasal [u]; that is, [u] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>fum</td> <td>smoke </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ʊ]</td> <td>- Unstressed position</td> <td>sucar</td> <td>to soak, to dip </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[ʊ̃]</td> <td>- Nasal [ʊ]; that is, [ʊ] followed by or in between nasals</td> <td>muntó</td> <td>a lot </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">[w]</td> <td>- Unstressed position before/after vowels</td> <td>teua</td> <td>your (f.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Consonants">Consonants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonants of Valencian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200952-45">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lacreu_i_Cuesta_2002_40–4-46">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-EOV_(2002)-47">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_apico-alveolar_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced apico-alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted fricative">s</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_retracted_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar retracted fricative">z</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;" width="25px"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ʃ</a></td> <td style="border-left: 0;" width="25px">(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʒ</a>) </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">Central</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="border-right: 0;"></td> <td style="border-left: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Nasals</dt></dl> <ul><li>/m/ is bilabial, except before /v/ and /f/ where it becomes labiodental [ɱ].</li> <li>/n/ is apical front alveolar [n̺], and laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] before /t/ and /d/. <ul><li>In addition, /n/ is postalveolar [n̠] or alveolo-palatal [ɲ̟] before /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, and /ʃ/; velar [ŋ] before /ɡ/ and /k/; and labiodental [ɱ] before /v/ and /f/, where it merges with /m/. It also merges with /m/ (to [m]) before /b/ and /p/.</li></ul></li> <li>/ɲ/ is laminal front alveolo-palatal [ɲ̟].</li> <li>/ŋ/ is velar and is only found in the coda.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Obstruents</dt></dl> <ul><li>Obstruents assimilate to the voicing of the following consonant and vowel: els amics [elz‿aˈmiks] ('the friends'). <ul><li>Voiced obstruents undergo <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">final-obstruent devoicing</a> so that fred ('cold', <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">m.</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">s.</a>) is pronounced with [t] (or [d̥]) [ˈfɾet] while fredes ('cold', <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">f.</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">pl.</a>) is pronounced with [ð] [ˈfɾeðes]. (See also "<a href="#Anchor_plosives">plosives</a>" and "<a href="#Anchor_affricates_and_fricatives">affricates and fricatives</a>").</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Plosives </dt></dl> <ul><li>/b/ and /p/ are bilabial. <ul><li>/b/ is lenited to the approximant (or fricative) [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β̞</a>] (or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]) in <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">betacist</a> dialects, after a <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a>, i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> (e.g. cabut [kaˈβ̞ut] 'big head, stubborn' vs. canvi [ˈkambi] 'change', Standard without betacism: [kaˈbut] and [ˈkaɱvi]).</li> <li>Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so cub ('cube') and cup ('winepress') are both pronounced with final [p] (also represented as [b̥]). <ul><li>Final /p/ may be lenited before a vowel: cap estret [ˈkab‿esˈtɾet] or [ˈkaβ̞‿esˈtɾet] ('narrow head').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953-68">[60]</a></li> <li>Final /p/ after nasals is preserved in most dialects: camp [ˈkamp] ('field').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/d/ and /t/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪] and [d̪]. After /s/ and /z/, they are laminal alveolar [t̻] and [d̻]. <ul><li>/d/ is <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to the approximant (or fricative) [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental approximant">ð̞</a>] (or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]), after a <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a>, i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> (exceptions include /d/ after <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral consonants</a>): fades [ˈfað̞es] 'fairies' vs. faldes [ˈfal̪des] ('skirts'). <ul><li>/d/ [ð] is often elided between vowels following a stressed syllable (found notably in feminine participles, /ada/ → [aː], and in the suffix -dor); e.g. fideuà [fiðeˈwaː] ( < fideuada) '<a href="/wiki/Fideu%C3%A0" title="Fideuà">fideuà</a>', mocador [mokaˈoɾ] 'tissue' (note this feature, although widely spread in south Valencia, is not recommended in Standard Valencian,<a href="#cite_note-EOV_(2002)-47">[39]</a> except for reborrowed terms such as Albà, Roà, the previously mentioned fideuà, etc.).</li></ul></li> <li>Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so sord ('deaf') and sort ('luck') are both pronounced with final [t] (also represented as [d̥]). <ul><li>Final /t/ may be lenited before a vowel: tot açò [ˈtoð‿aˈsɔ] ('all this').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953-68">[60]</a></li> <li>Final /t/ after nasals and laterals is preserved in most dialects: cent [ˈsen̪t] ('hundred') and molt [ˈmol̪t] ('very').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/ɡ/ and /k/ are velar. <ul><li>/ɡ/ and /k/ are <a href="/wiki/Fronting_(sound_change)" title="Fronting (sound change)">fronted</a> to pre-velar position [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɟ̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">c̠</a>] before <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowels</a>: qui [ˈc̠i] ('who'). This is not transcribed in broader transcriptions of Valencian.</li> <li>/ɡ/ is <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> to the approximant (or fricative) [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɣ̞</a>] (or [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]) after a <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a>, i.e. a vowel or any type of consonant other than a <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a>. <ul><li>In some dialects, /ɡ/ may lenite [ɣ] in all environments (e.g. gat [ˈɣ̞at]), except after nasal (angoixa [aŋˈɡojʃa] 'anguish').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200957-69">[61]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Voiced contrast is lost word finally, so reg ('irrigation') and rec ('irrigation ditch') are both pronounced with final [k] (also represented as [ɡ̥]). <ul><li>Final /k/ may be lenited before a vowel: poc alt [ˈpɔɣ‿ˈal̪t] ('not very tall').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953-68">[60]</a></li> <li>Final /k/ after nasals is preserved in most dialects: banc [ˈbaŋk] ('bank').</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Affricates and fricatives </dt></dl> <ul><li> /d͡z/ and /t͡s/ are apical alveolar [d͡z̺] and [t͡s̺]. They may be somewhat fronted, so that the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar, while the fricative component is apical post-dental. /t͡s/ is rare and may not be phonemic. <ul><li>In the Standard, intervocalic /d͡z/, e.g. setze ('sixteen'), and /t͡s/, e.g. potser ('maybe'), are recommended to be pronounced with a gemination of the stop element ([dd͡z] and [tt͡s], respectively. However this is not transcribed in standard transcriptions. <ul><li>Note /d͡z/ is deaffricated to [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>] in verbs ending in -itzar and derivatives: analitzar [analiˈzaɾ] ('to analyse'), organització [oɾɣanizasiˈo] ('organisation'). Also in words like botzina [boˈzina] ('horn'), horitzó [oɾiˈzo] ('horizon') and magatzem [maɣaˈzem] ('storehouse') (c.f. guitza [ˈɡid͡za], 'kick' (from an animal)).</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, ([ʒ]), and /ʃ/ are described as back alveolo-palatal, or postalveolar. <ul><li>Valencian has preserved in most of its varieties the mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">voiced pre-palatal affricate</a> /<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/ (similar to the j in English "jeep") in contexts where other modern dialects have developed <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricative consonants</a> /ʒ/ (like the si in English "vision"), e.g. dijous [diˈd͡ʒɔws] ('Thursday').</li> <li>Note the fricative [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʒ</a>] (and [jʒ]) appears only as a voiced <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> of /ʃ/ (and /jʃ/) before vowels and voiced consonants; e.g. peix al forn [ˈpejʒ al ˈfoɾn] ('oven fish').</li> <li>Unlike other Catalan dialects, /d͡ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ do not geminate (in most accents): metge [ˈmed͡ʒe] ('medic'), and cotxe [ˈkot͡ʃe] ('car'). Exceptions may include learned terms like pidgin [ˈpidd͡ʒin] ('pidgin').</li> <li>Final etymological /d͡ʒ/ is devoiced to [t͡ʃ]: lleig [ˈʎet͡ʃ] ('ugly').</li></ul></li> <li>/z/ and /s/ are apical back alveolar [z̺] and [s̺], also described as postalveolar. <ul><li>In some dialects, /s/ is pronounced [<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a>] or [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>] after /i, j, ʎ, ɲ/. In the Standard only is accepted after /i/ (in the inchoative form with /sk/ → [ʃk]), and after /ʎ, ɲ/: ells [ˈeʎʃ] ('they'). In some variants the result may be an affricate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens2014253–254-70">[62]</a></li> <li>Final /z/ is devoiced to [s] (also represented as [z̥]): brunz [ˈbɾuns] ('they buzzes').</li></ul></li> <li>/v/ and /f/ are labiodental. <ul><li>/v/ occurs in Balearic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarbonellLlisterri199253-71">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a>, Standard Valencian and some areas in southern Catalonia (e.g. viu [ˈviw], 'they lives').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeny200751-72">[64]</a> It has <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">merged</a> with /b/ <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language#Consonants" title="Catalan language">elsewhere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler200513-73">[65]</a> <ul><li>/v/ is realised as an approximant [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>] after continuants: avanç [aˈʋans] ('advance'). This is not transcribed in this article.</li> <li>Final /v/ is devoiced to [f] (also represented as [v̥]): salv [ˈsalf] ('save, except').</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Liquids <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(rhotics and laterals)</dt></dl> <ul><li>/l/ is apical front alveolar [l̺], and laminal denti-alveolar [l̪] before /t/ and /d/. (In addition, /l/ is postalveolar [l̠] or alveolo-palatal [ʎ̟] before /d͡ʒ/, /t͡ʃ/, and /ʃ/). <ul><li>/l/ is normally <a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velarised</a> ([<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]), especially in the coda. <ul><li>/l/ is generally <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">dropped</a> in the word altre [ˈatɾe] ('other'), as well as in derived terms.<a href="#cite_note-EOV_(2002)-47">[39]</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>/ʎ/ is laminal front alveolo-palatal [ʎ̟].</li> <li>/ɾ/ is apical front alveolar [ɾ̺] and /r/ is apical back alveolar [r̺], also described as postalveolar. <ul><li>Between vowels, the two rhotics contrast (e.g. mira [ˈmiɾa] 'they looks' vs. mirra [ˈmira] 'myrrh'), but they are otherwise in complementary distribution. [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] appears in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_onset" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable onset">onset</a>, except in word-initial position (ruc 'donkey'), after /l/, /n/, and /s/ (folre 'lining', honra 'honour', and Israel 'Israel'), and in <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a> (infraroig 'infrared'), where [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] is used.</li> <li>/ɾ/ is mostly retained in the coda (e.g. anar [aˈnaɾ], 'to go'), except for some cases where it can be dropped: prendre [ˈpendɾe] ('to take'), arbre [ˈabɾe] ('tree'), and diners [diˈnes] ('money').<a href="#cite_note-EOV_(2002)-47">[39]</a> <ul><li>In some dialects /ɾ/ can be further dropped in combinatory forms with infinitives and pronouns (anar-me'n [aˈna.men] 'to go away, to leave' [myself]).</li> <li>In other dialects, further instances of final /ɾ/ (like nouns and/or infinitives, regardless of combinatory forms with pronouns) are lost: anar [aˈna] ('to go').</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Semivowels</dt></dl> <ul><li>The vowels /i/ and /u/ have as non-vocalic correlates the semivowels [j] and [w], respectively, which form a diphthong with the preceding or following vowel (e.g. hiena [ˈjena] 'hyena', feia [ˈfeja] 'I / they was doing', meua [ˈmewa] 'mine', pasqua [ˈpaskwa] 'Easter'). <ul><li>According <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2005">Wheeler (2005)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2005101-74">[66]</a> the sequences [ɡw] or [kw] are regarded as labiovelar phonemes /ɡʷ/ and /kʷ/.</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Metathesis</dt></dl> <ul><li>In some places, some terms can undergo <a href="/wiki/Sound_change" title="Sound change">sound changes</a> (such as metathesis), like cridar → *crid(r)ar or quid(r)ar ('to call'). This is heard frequently in the term aigua (standard) → àuia (colloquial) ('water').</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Morphology">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The present first-person singular of verbs differs from Central Catalan. All those forms without final -o are more akin to mediaeval Catalan and contemporary Balearic Catalan.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <caption>Comparison of present first-person singular with Central Catalan </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="3">Stem</th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Infinitive</th> <th scope="col" colspan="5">Present first person singular </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Catalan</th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">English</th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Valencian</th> <th scope="col" colspan="2">Central</th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">English </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th scope="col">IPA</th> <th></th> <th scope="col">IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">-ar</td> <td>parlar</td> <td>to speak</td> <td>parle</td> <td>[ˈpaɾle]</td> <td>parlo</td> <td>[ˈpaɾlu]</td> <td>I speak </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">-re</td> <td>batre</td> <td>to beat</td> <td>bat</td> <td>[ˈbat]</td> <td>bato</td> <td>[ˈbatu]</td> <td>I beat </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">-er</td> <td>témer</td> <td>to fear</td> <td>tem</td> <td>[ˈtem]</td> <td>temo</td> <td>[ˈtemu]</td> <td>I fear </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2">-ir</td> <td rowspan="2">sentir</td> <td rowspan="2">to feel</td> <td>sent</td> <td>[ˈsent]</td> <td rowspan="2">sento</td> <td rowspan="2">[ˈsentu]</td> <td rowspan="2">I feel </td></tr> <tr> <td>senc (col.)</td> <td>[ˈseŋk] </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" rowspan="2">inchoative -ir</td> <td rowspan="2">patir</td> <td scope="col" rowspan="2">to suffer</td> <td>patisc</td> <td>[paˈtisk]</td> <td rowspan="2">pateixo</td> <td rowspan="2">[pəˈtɛʃu]</td> <td rowspan="2">I suffer </td></tr> <tr> <td>patesc</td> <td>[paˈtesk] </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Present subjunctive is more akin to medieval Catalan and Spanish; -ar infinitives end ⟨e⟩, -re, -er and -ir verbs end in ⟨a⟩ (in contemporary Central Catalan present subjunctive ends in ⟨i⟩).</li> <li>An exclusive feature of Valencian is the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> imperfect morpheme -ra: que ell vinguera ('that he might come').</li> <li>Valencian has -i- as theme vowel for inchoative verbs of the third conjugation; e.g. servix ('they serves'), like North-Western Catalan. Although, again, this cannot be generalised since there are Valencian dialects that utilise -ei-, e.g. serveix.</li> <li>In Valencian the simple past tense (e.g. cantà 'he sang') is more frequently used in speech than in Central Catalan, where the periphrastic past (e.g. va cantar 'he sang') is prevailing and the simple past mostly appears in written language. The same, however, may be said of the Balearic dialects.<a href="#cite_note-badia-75">[67]</a></li> <li>The second-person singular of the present tense of the verb ser ('to be'), ets ('you are'), has been replaced by eres in colloquial speech.</li> <li>The infinitive veure ('to see') has the variant vore, which belongs to more informal and spontaneous registers.</li> <li>The usage of the periphrasis of obligation tindre + que + infinitive is widely spread in colloquial Valencian, instead of the Standard haver + de (equivalent to English "have to").</li></ul> <dl><dt>Clitics</dt></dl> <ul><li>In general, use of modern forms of the determinate article (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/el#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:el">el</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/els#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:els">els</a> 'the') and the third-person unstressed object pronouns (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/el#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:el">el</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/els#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:els">els</a> 'him, them'), though some dialects (for instance the one spoken in <a href="/wiki/Vinar%C3%B2s" title="Vinaròs">Vinaròs</a> area) preserve etymological forms <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lo#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:lo">lo</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/los#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:los">los</a> as in <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>. For the other unstressed object pronouns, etymological old forms (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/me#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:me">me</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/te#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:te">te</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/se#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:se">se</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ne#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ne">ne</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mos#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:mos">mos</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vos#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:vos">vos</a>...) can be found, depending on places, in conjunction with the more modern reinforced ones (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/em#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:em">em</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/et#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:et">et</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/es#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:es">es</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:en">en</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ens#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ens">ens</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/us#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:us">us</a>...). <ul><li>Several local variations for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nosaltres#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:nosaltres">nosaltres</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vosaltres#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:vosaltres">vosaltres</a> ('we, you'): mosatros, moatros, matros, etc.; vosatros, voatros, vatros, etc.; also for the weak form mos/-mos instead of standard ens/'ns/-nos ('us') and vos/-vos instead of us/-vos ('you pl.'), the latter (vos, instead of us) is considered standard.</li></ul></li> <li>The adverbial pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hi#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:hi">hi</a> ('there') is almost never used in speech and is replaced by other pronouns. The adverbial pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en" class="extiw" title="wikt:en">en</a> ('him/her/them/it') is used less than in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands.<a href="#cite_note-badia-75">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Combined weak clitics</a> with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/li#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:li">li</a> ('him/her/it') preserve the li, whereas in Central Catalan it is replaced by hi. For example, the combination li + el gives li'l in Valencian (l'hi in Central Catalan).</li> <li>The weak pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ho#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ho">ho</a> ('it') is pronounced as: <ul><li>[ew], when it forms syllable with a pronoun: m'ho dona [mew ˈðona], dona-m'ho [ˈdonamew] ('they give it to me')</li> <li>[ew] or [u], when it comes before a verb starting with consonant: ho dona [ew ˈðona] (or [u ˈðona]) ('they give it')</li> <li>[w], when precedes a vowel or when coming after a vowel: li ho dona [liw ˈðona] ('they gives it to her/him'), dona-ho [ˈdonaw] ('you give it')</li> <li>[o], when it comes after a consonant or a semivowel: donar-ho [doˈnaɾo] ('to give it').</li></ul></li> <li>The personal pronoun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jo#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:jo">jo</a> ('I') and the adverb <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ja#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ja">ja</a> ('already') are not pronounced according to the spelling, but to the etymology ([ˈjɔ] and [ˈja], instead of /ˈ(d)ʒɔ/ and /ˈ(d)ʒa/). Similar pronunciations can be heard in North-Western Catalan and Ibizan.</li> <li>The preposition <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amb#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:amb">amb</a> ('with') merges with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:en">en</a> ('in') in most Valencian dialects.</li> <li>The compound preposition <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/per_a#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:per a">per a</a> ('for') is usually reduced to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/p%27a#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:p'a">p'a</a> in colloquial Valencian.</li> <li>Valencian preserves the mediaeval system of demonstratives with three different levels of demonstrative precision (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/este#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:este">este</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aquest#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:aquest">aquest</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a%C3%A7%C3%B2#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:açò">açò</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ac%C3%AD#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ací">ací</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eixe#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:eixe">eixe</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aqueix#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:aqueix">aqueix</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aix%C3%B2#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:això">això</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ah%C3%AD#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:ahí">ahí</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aquell#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:aquell">aquell</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all%C3%B2#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:allò">allò</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all%C3%AD#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:allí">allí</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all%C3%A0#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:allà">allà</a>, where aquest and aqueix are almost never used) (feature shared with modern Ribagorçan and Tortosan). <ul><li>The colloquial variant of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/a%C3%A7%C3%B2#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:açò">açò</a> ('this'), <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ast%C3%B2#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:astò">astò</a>, is heard frequently in Alicante's Valencian.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary">edit</a>]</div> Valencian vocabulary contains words both restricted to the Valencian-speaking domain, as well as words shared with other Catalan varieties, especially with <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western ones</a>. Words are rarely spread evenly over the Valencian Community, but are usually contained to parts of it, or spread out into other dialectal areas. Examples include hui 'today' (found in all of Valencia except transitional dialects, in Northern dialects avui) and espill 'mirror' (shared with North-Western dialects, Central Catalan mirall). There is also variation within Valencia, such as 'corn', which is dacsa in Central and Southern Valencian, but panís in Alicante and Northern Valencian (as well as in North-Western Catalan). Since Standard Valencian is based on the Southern dialect, words from this dialect are often used as primary forms in the standard language, despite other words traditionally being used in other Valencian dialects. Examples of this are tomaca 'tomato' (which is tomata outside of Southern Valencian) and matalaf 'mattress' (which is matalap in parts of Valencia, including the Southern Valencian area). <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>Written varieties (phonetics) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Valencian (<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">AVL</a>) </th> <th>Catalan (<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">IEC</a>) </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>anglés </td> <td>anglès </td> <td>English </td></tr> <tr> <td>conéixer </td> <td>conèixer </td> <td>to know </td></tr> <tr> <td>traure </td> <td>treure </td> <td>take out </td></tr> <tr> <td>nàixer </td> <td>néixer </td> <td>to be born </td></tr> <tr> <td>cànter </td> <td>càntir </td> <td>pitcher </td></tr> <tr> <td>redó </td> <td>rodó </td> <td>round </td></tr> <tr> <td>meua </td> <td>meva </td> <td>my, mine </td></tr> <tr> <td>huit </td> <td>vuit </td> <td>eight </td></tr> <tr> <td>ametla </td> <td>ametlla </td> <td>almond </td></tr> <tr> <td>estrela </td> <td>estrella </td> <td>star </td></tr> <tr> <td>colp </td> <td>cop </td> <td>hit </td></tr> <tr> <td>llangosta </td> <td>llagosta </td> <td>lobster </td></tr> <tr> <td>hòmens </td> <td>homes </td> <td>men </td></tr> <tr> <td>servici </td> <td>servei </td> <td>service </td></tr></tbody></table> Below are a selection of words which differ or have different forms in Standard Valencian and Catalan. In many cases, both standards include this variation in their respective dictionaries, but differ as to what form is considered primary. In other cases, Valencian includes colloquial forms not present in the IEC standard. Primary forms in each standard are shown in bold (and may be more than one form). Words in brackets are present in the standard in question, but differ in meaning from how the <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> is used in the other standard. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard Valencian (<a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">AVL</a>)<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a></th> <th>Standard Catalan (<a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">IEC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a></th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td>ací, aquí</td> <td>aquí, ací</td> <td>here </td></tr> <tr> <td>avi, iaio, uelo</td> <td>avi, iaio</td> <td>grandpa </td></tr> <tr> <td>així, aixina</td> <td>així</td> <td>like this </td></tr> <tr> <td>artista; artiste, -a</td> <td>artista</td> <td>artist </td></tr> <tr> <td>bou, brau, toro</td> <td>toro, bou, brau</td> <td>bull </td></tr> <tr> <td>brull, brossat, mató</td> <td>mató, brull, brossat</td> <td>curd cheese </td></tr> <tr> <td>bresquilla, préssec</td> <td>préssec, bresquilla</td> <td>peach </td></tr> <tr> <td>festa, comboi</td> <td>festa</td> <td>fest </td></tr> <tr> <td>corder, xai, anyell</td> <td>xai, corder, anyell</td> <td>lamb </td></tr> <tr> <td>creïlla, patata</td> <td>patata, creïlla</td> <td>potato </td></tr> <tr> <td>dacsa, panís</td> <td>blat de moro, panís</td> <td>corn </td></tr> <tr> <td>dènou, dèneu, dinou</td> <td>dinou, dènou</td> <td>nineteen </td></tr> <tr> <td>dos, dues</td> <td>dues, dos</td> <td>two (f.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>eixe, aqueix</td> <td>aqueix, eixe</td> <td>that </td></tr> <tr> <td>eixir, sortir</td> <td>sortir, eixir</td> <td>to exit, leave </td></tr> <tr> <td>engrunsador(a), gronxador(a)</td> <td>gronxador(a)</td> <td>swing </td></tr> <tr> <td>espill, mirall</td> <td>mirall, espill</td> <td>mirror </td></tr> <tr> <td>este, aquest</td> <td>aquest, este</td> <td>this </td></tr> <tr> <td>fraula, maduixa</td> <td>maduixa, fraula</td> <td>strawberry </td></tr> <tr> <td>germà, tete</td> <td>germà</td> <td>brother </td></tr> <tr> <td>granera, escombra</td> <td>escombra, granera</td> <td>broom </td></tr> <tr> <td>hui, avui</td> <td>avui, hui</td> <td>today </td></tr> <tr> <td>llaurador, pagés</td> <td>pagès, laurador</td> <td>farmer </td></tr> <tr> <td>lluny, llunt</td> <td>lluny</td> <td>far </td></tr> <tr> <td>matalaf, matalap, matalàs</td> <td>matalàs, matalaf</td> <td>mattress </td></tr> <tr> <td>melic</td> <td>llombrígol, melic</td> <td>belly button </td></tr> <tr> <td>meló d'Alger, meló d'aigua, síndria</td> <td>síndria, meló d'Alger, meló d'aigua</td> <td>watermelon </td></tr> <tr> <td>mitat, meitat</td> <td>meitat, mitat</td> <td>half </td></tr> <tr> <td>palometa, papallona</td> <td>papallona, palometa</td> <td>butterfly </td></tr> <tr> <td>paréixer, semblar</td> <td>semblar, parèixer</td> <td>to seem </td></tr> <tr> <td>per favor</td> <td>si us plau, per favor</td> <td>please </td></tr> <tr> <td>poal</td> <td>galleda</td> <td>bucket </td></tr> <tr> <td>quint, cinqué</td> <td>cinquè, quint</td> <td>fifth </td></tr> <tr> <td>rabosa, guineu</td> <td>guineu, rabosa</td> <td>fox </td></tr> <tr> <td>roí(n), dolent</td> <td>dolent, roí</td> <td>bad, evil </td></tr> <tr> <td>roig, vermell</td> <td>vermell, roig</td> <td>red </td></tr> <tr> <td>safanòria, carlota</td> <td>pastanaga, safanòria, carrota</td> <td>carrot </td></tr> <tr> <td>sext, sisé</td> <td>sisè, sext</td> <td>sixth </td></tr> <tr> <td>tindre, tenir</td> <td>tenir, tindre</td> <td>to have </td></tr> <tr> <td>tomaca, tomàquet, tomata</td> <td>tomàquet, tomaca, tomata</td> <td>tomato </td></tr> <tr> <td>vacacions, vacances</td> <td>vacances, vacacions</td> <td>holidays </td></tr> <tr> <td>vesprada</td> <td>tarda</td> <td>afternoon </td></tr> <tr> <td>veure, vore</td> <td>veure</td> <td>to see </td></tr> <tr> <td>vindre, venir</td> <td>venir, vindre</td> <td>to come </td></tr> <tr> <td>xicotet, petit</td> <td>petit, xicotet</td> <td>small </td></tr> <tr> <td>xiquet, nen</td> <td>nen, nin, xiquet</td> <td rowspan="2">boy </td></tr> <tr> <td>xic </td> <td>noi, xic </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Catalan orthography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Main forms </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> <a href="/wiki/D" title="D">d</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> <a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> <a href="/wiki/F" title="F">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> <a href="/wiki/H" title="H">h</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> <a href="/wiki/L" title="L">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> <a href="/wiki/M" title="M">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> <a href="/wiki/N" title="N">n</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> <a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> <a href="/wiki/P" title="P">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> <a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">q</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> <a href="/wiki/R" title="R">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> <a href="/wiki/S" title="S">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> <a href="/wiki/T" title="T">t</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Modified">Mod.</abbr> forms </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">À</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">Ç</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">É</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">È</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">Í</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">Ï</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography#Punt_volat_(middot)" title="Catalan orthography">ĿL</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%BFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŀl">ŀl</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">Ó</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">Ò</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">Ú</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">Ü</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#f0f0f0;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>IPA </th> <td>/a/ </td> <td>/b/ </td> <td>/k/<a href="#cite_note-central_and_back-78">[i]</a> /s/<a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a> </td> <td>/d/ </td> <td>/e/ </td> <td>/ɛ/ </td> <td>/f/ </td> <td>/ɡ/<a href="#cite_note-central_and_back-78">[i]</a> /d͡ʒ/<a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a> </td> <td>∅<a href="#cite_note-h-80">[iii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/i/ /j/ </td> <td>/d͡ʒ/<a href="#cite_note-central_and_back-78">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-exceptions_before_e_and_i-81">[iv]</a><a href="#cite_note-j-82">[v]</a> </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>/n/ </td> <td>/o/ </td> <td>/ɔ/ </td> <td>/p/ </td> <td>/k/ </td> <td>/r/<a href="#cite_note-r-83">[vi]</a> /ɾ/<a href="#cite_note-r-83">[vi]</a> </td> <td>/s/<a href="#cite_note-s-84">[vii]</a> /z/<a href="#cite_note-s-84">[vii]</a> </td> <td>/t/ </td> <td colspan="2">/u/ /w/ </td> <td>/v/ </td> <td>/w/ /v/ </td> <td>/ks/<a href="#cite_note-ics-85">[viii]</a> /ɡz/<a href="#cite_note-ics-85">[viii]</a> </td> <td>/t͡ʃ/<a href="#cite_note-xeix-86">[ix]</a> /ʃ/<a href="#cite_note-xeix-86">[ix]</a> </td> <td>/j/ /i/ </td> <td>/z/ </td></tr></tbody></table> Valencian and Catalan use the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, with some added symbols and digraphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056-87">[70]</a> The Catalan-Valencian orthographies are systematic and largely phonologically based.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20056-87">[70]</a> Standardisation of Catalan was among the topics discussed during the First International Congress of the Catalan Language, held in Barcelona October 1906. Subsequently, the Philological Section of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans (IEC), founded in 1911, published the Normes ortogràfiques in 1913 under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Maria_Alcover" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoni Maria Alcover">Antoni Maria Alcover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a>. In 1932, Valencian writers and intellectuals gathered in <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3_de_la_Plana" class="mw-redirect" title="Castelló de la Plana">Castelló de la Plana</a> to make a formal adoption of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Normes de Castelló</a> (Castelló Norms), a set of guidelines following Pompeu Fabra's Catalan language norms.<a href="#cite_note-88">[71]</a> The letters <a href="/wiki/K" title="K">k</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">y</a> and <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">w</a> only appear in loanwords. In the case of y it also appears in the digraph <a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a>. Most of the letters are pronounced the same in both standards (Valencian and Catalan). The letters <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">c</a> and <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> have a soft and hard pronunciation similar to English and other Romance languages, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a> (found also in Portuguese and French) always has a soft pronunciation and may appear in word final position. The only differences between the main standards are the contrast of <a href="/wiki/B" title="B">b</a> /b/ and <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">v</a> /v/ (also found in Insular Catalan), the treatment of long consonants with a tendency to simplification in Valencian (see table with main digraphs and letter combinations), the affrication (/d͡ʒ/) of both soft <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">g</a> (after front vowels) and <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">j</a> (in most cases), the affrication (/t͡ʃ/) of initial and postconsonantal <a href="/wiki/X" title="X">x</a> (except in some cases)<a href="#cite_note-xeix-86">[ix]</a> and the lenition (deaffrication) of <a href="/wiki/Tz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tz (digraph)">tz</a> /d͡z/ in most instances (especially the -itzar suffix). <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align: top"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Main <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> and letter combinations </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Spelling </th> <th colspan="2">IPA </th> <th rowspan="2">Example </th> <th rowspan="2">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th>Catalan </th> <th>Valencian </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a><a href="#cite_note-coda-89">[x]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/k/ </td> <td>Folch </td> <td>Folch </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gu (digraph)">gu</a><a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-gu/qu-90">[xi]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/ɡ/ </td> <td>àguila </td> <td>eagle </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ig_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ig (digraph)">ig</a><a href="#cite_note-coda-89">[x]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>raig </td> <td>ray </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ix_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ix (digraph)">ix</a><a href="#cite_note-ix-91">[xii]</a> </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td>/jʃ/ </td> <td>eixida </td> <td>exit </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kh (digraph)">kh</a><a href="#cite_note-all-92">[xiii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/x/ </td> <td>Txékhov </td> <td>Chekhov </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ll_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ll (digraph)">ll</a><a href="#cite_note-all-92">[xiii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/ʎ/ </td> <td>brollar </td> <td>to sprout </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C4%BFl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ŀl">ŀl</a><a href="#cite_note-ŀl-93">[xiv]</a> </td> <td>/lː/ or /l/ </td> <td>/l/ </td> <td>coŀlegi </td> <td>school, college </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">ny</a><a href="#cite_note-all-92">[xiii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/ɲ/ </td> <td>senyal </td> <td>signal </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qu_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu (digraph)">qu</a><a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a><a href="#cite_note-gu/qu-90">[xi]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/k/ </td> <td>què </td> <td>what </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a><a href="#cite_note-r-83">[vi]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/r/ </td> <td>garra </td> <td>shank, claw </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sc_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sc (digraph)">sc</a><a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">/s/ </td> <td>ascens </td> <td>rise </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ss_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ss (digraph)">ss</a><a href="#cite_note-s-84">[vii]</a> </td> <td>bossa </td> <td>bag, purse </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tg_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tg (digraph)">tg</a><a href="#cite_note-front-79">[ii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">/d͡ʒ/ </td> <td>fetge </td> <td>liver </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tj_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tj (digraph)">tj</a><a href="#cite_note-central_and_back-78">[i]</a> </td> <td>viatjar </td> <td>to travel </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">th</a><a href="#cite_note-th-94">[xv]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/θ/ </td> <td>theta </td> <td>theta </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tl_(grapheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tl (grapheme)">tl</a><a href="#cite_note-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn-95">[xvi]</a> </td> <td>/lː/ </td> <td>/l/ or /lː/ </td> <td>Betlem </td> <td>Bethlehem </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tll_(grapheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tll (grapheme)">tll</a><a href="#cite_note-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn-95">[xvi]</a> </td> <td>/ʎː/ </td> <td>/ʎ/ </td> <td>bitllet </td> <td>bank note, ticket </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tm_(grapheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tm (grapheme)">tm</a><a href="#cite_note-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn-95">[xvi]</a> </td> <td>/mː/ </td> <td>/m/ </td> <td>setmana </td> <td>week </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tn_(grapheme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tn (grapheme)">tn</a><a href="#cite_note-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn-95">[xvi]</a> </td> <td>/nː/ </td> <td>/n/ or /nː/ </td> <td>cotna </td> <td>pork rind </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ts_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ts (digraph)">ts</a><a href="#cite_note-all-92">[xiii]</a><a href="#cite_note-ts-96">[xvii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/t͡s/ </td> <td>potser </td> <td>maybe </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tx_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tx (digraph)">tx</a><a href="#cite_note-all-92">[xiii]</a> </td> <td colspan="2">/t͡ʃ/ </td> <td>cotxe </td> <td>car </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tz_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tz (digraph)">tz</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[xviii]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">/d͡z/ </td> <td>/d͡z/ </td> <td>setze </td> <td>sixteen </td></tr> <tr> <td>/z/ </td> <td>analitzar </td> <td>to analyse </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a><a href="#cite_note-accents-98">[xix]</a><a href="#cite_note-diaeresis-99">[xx]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%80" title="À">à</a></td> <td>/a/</td> <td>butà</td> <td>butane </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px">  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89" title="É">é</a></td> <td>/e/</td> <td>més</td> <td>more </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%88" title="È">è</a></td> <td>/ɛ/</td> <td>rètol</td> <td>sign, label </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px">  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a></td> <td>/o/</td> <td>emoció</td> <td>emotion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%92" title="Ò">ò</a></td> <td>/ɔ/</td> <td>òbila</td> <td>barn owl </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px">  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a></td> <td rowspan="2">/i/</td> <td>físic</td> <td>physical </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%8F" title="Ï">ï</a></td> <td>ruïna</td> <td>ruin </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px">  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a></td> <td rowspan="2">/u/</td> <td>dejú</td> <td>fasting </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a></td> <td>peüc</td> <td>bootee </td></tr> <tr> <td>/w/</td> <td>aigües</td> <td>waters </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">C trencada </th></tr> <tr> <th>Spelling</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a><a href="#cite_note-ç-100">[xxi]</a></td> <td>/s/</td> <td>braç</td> <td>arm </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-central_and_back-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-central_and_back_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_and_back_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_and_back_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-central_and_back_78-3">d</a> Before central (/a/, including <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> in Catalan) and back vowels (/o, u/). </li> <li id="cite_note-front-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-front_79-5">f</a> Before front vowels (/e, i/). Also before <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> [ə] in Catalan. </li> <li id="cite_note-h-80"><a href="#cite_ref-h_80-0">^</a> /h/ in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> (e.g. hawaià 'Hawaiian', hippy 'hippy') and <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> (ehem 'ahem'). </li> <li id="cite_note-exceptions_before_e_and_i-81"><a href="#cite_ref-exceptions_before_e_and_i_81-0">^</a> For etymological reasons, ⟨j⟩ is written before e /e/ in certain cases, such as jerarquia ('hierarchy'), jeroglífic ('hieroglyph'), jersei ('jersey'), jesuïta ('Jesuit'), majestat ('majesty'), etc., and before the groups -ecc- and -ect-: injecció ('injection'), objecte ('object'), etc. In fewer cases, and mainly in loanwords, ⟨j⟩ is also found before i /i/ (Beijing 'Beijing', fijià 'Fijian', Fuji 'Fuji', Jim 'Jim', etc.). </li> <li id="cite_note-j-82"><a href="#cite_ref-j_82-0">^</a> In Valencian, ⟨j⟩ is pronounced /j/ (<a href="/wiki/Yod_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod (sound)">yod</a>) in terms like jo ('I') and ja ('already'). The Spanish ⟨j⟩ /x/ is found in loanwords like orujo ('grape liqueur') or La Rioja ('La Rioja'). </li> <li id="cite_note-r-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r_83-2">c</a> Initial ⟨r⟩ is pronounced /r/ (e.g. ros 'blond'); while intervocalic ⟨r⟩ is pronounced /ɾ/ (vora 'edge'), except in compounds (arítmia 'arrhythmia', pronounced with /r/). </li> <li id="cite_note-s-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_84-2">c</a> Initial ⟨s⟩ is pronounced /s/ (e.g. suc 'juice'); while intervocalic ⟨s⟩ is pronounced /z/ (cosa 'thing'), except in compounds (antesala 'antechamber', pronounced with /s/). </li> <li id="cite_note-ics-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ics_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ics_85-1">b</a> The ⟨x⟩ /ks/ pronunciation is found between vowels (e.g. màxim 'maximum'), between a vowel and voiceless consonant (extens 'extensive') and word finally, after a vowel (annex 'annexe') or consonant (larinx 'larynx'). The letter ⟨x⟩ is pronounced /ɡz/ in the initial groups ex- and inex- followed by vowel, ⟨h⟩ or a voiced consonant (examen 'exam', exhortar 'to exhort', exdiputat 'ex-deputy', inexorable 'inexorable'). </li> <li id="cite_note-xeix-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xeix_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xeix_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xeix_86-2">c</a> In Valencian, ⟨x⟩ is usually pronounced /ʃ/ after the high vocoid /i/ ⟨i⟩ (e.g. ix 'they gets out', pixar 'to pee', exceptions include learned terms: fixar 'to fix' and prolix 'prolix', pronounced with /ks/), in proper names or place names like Xàtiva '<a href="/wiki/X%C3%A0tiva" title="Xàtiva">Xàtiva</a>' (often mispronounced with an epenthetic ei-) and learned terms like xenofòbia ('xenophobia') and xerografia ('xerography'). In other cases it alternates with /t͡ʃ/: xarop [ʃaˈɾɔp] or [t͡ʃaˈɾɔp] ('syrup'), or it is only pronounced /t͡ʃ/ (xiular 'to whistle', xinxa 'bedbug'). </li> <li id="cite_note-coda-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coda_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coda_89-1">b</a> Only found in the syllable coda. </li> <li id="cite_note-gu/qu-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gu/qu_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gu/qu_90-1">b</a> Before the vowels /a, o/ (spelled ⟨a⟩ and ⟨o⟩) it is pronounced /ɡw/ and /qw/ (e.g. guants 'gloves', quota 'share, fee'). </li> <li id="cite_note-ix-91"><a href="#cite_ref-ix_91-0">^</a> In some Valencian dialects (as well as Standard Catalan) the <a href="/wiki/Yod_(sound)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod (sound)">yod</a> in the digraph ⟨ix⟩ /jʃ/ → /ʃ/ is dropped (e.g. peix [ˈpeʃ] 'fish'). The general (Valencian) pronunciation retains /j/ ([ˈpejʃ]). </li> <li id="cite_note-all-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-all_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-all_92-4">e</a> In any position. </li> <li id="cite_note-ŀl-93"><a href="#cite_ref-ŀl_93-0">^</a> "In Valencian ⟨ŀl⟩ is only geminated in very formal registers. In Catalan it is geminated in careful speech. </li> <li id="cite_note-th-94"><a href="#cite_ref-th_94-0">^</a> The group ⟨th⟩ is pronounced /t/ in native words (e.g. tothom [toˈtɔm] or [tuˈtɔm] 'everybody'). </li> <li id="cite_note-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tl,_tll,_tm,_tn_95-3">d</a> In Valencian ⟨tl⟩ and ⟨tn⟩ can be pronounced with gemination or not, ⟨tm⟩ and ⟨tll⟩ are only geminated in very formal registers. In Catalan ⟨tl⟩, ⟨tll⟩, ⟨tm⟩ and ⟨tn⟩ are geminated in careful speech. </li> <li id="cite_note-ts-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ts_96-0">^</a> In Valencian initial ⟨ts⟩ (found only in loanwords, e.g. tsar 'tsar') is deaffricated. However, it may be pronounced in very formals registers. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> In Valencian ⟨tz⟩ is deaffricated in most instances. </li> <li id="cite_note-accents-98"><a href="#cite_ref-accents_98-0">^</a> The acute (´) and grave (`) accents indicate stress and vowel height. </li> <li id="cite_note-diaeresis-99"><a href="#cite_ref-diaeresis_99-0">^</a> The diaeresis (¨) is used to indicate a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_hiatus" title="Vowel hiatus">vowel hiatus</a> or a non-silent /u/ after ⟨g⟩ or ⟨q⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-ç-100"><a href="#cite_ref-ç_100-0">^</a> Before central (/a/, including <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> in Catalan) and back vowels (/o, u/), also after any vowels in the coda. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varieties_of_Valencian">Varieties of Valencian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Varieties of Valencian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_Valencian">Standard Valencian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Standard Valencian">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Academy of Valencian Studies</a> (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL), established by law in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Valencian autonomous government</a> and constituted in 2001, is in charge of dictating the official rules governing the use of Valencian.<a href="#cite_note-101">[72]</a> Currently, the majority of people who write in Valencian use this standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011339-102">[73]</a> Standard Valencian is based on the standard of the <a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut d'Estudis Catalans">Institute of Catalan Studies</a> (Institut d'Estudis Catalans, IEC), used in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, with a few adaptations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011338-103">[74]</a> This standard roughly follows the <a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Castelló Norms</a> (Normes de Castelló) from 1932,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005-104">[75]</a> a set of othographic guidelines regarded as a compromise between the essence and style of <a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra" title="Pompeu Fabra">Pompeu Fabra</a>'s guidelines, but also allowing the use of Valencian idiosyncrasies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valencian_dialects">Valencian dialects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Valencian dialects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/180px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/270px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg/360px-Subdialectes_del_valenci%C3%A0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of Valencian</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Northern area: <ul><li>Transitional Valencian (valencià de transició) or Tortosan (tortosí), also ambiguously termed Northern Valencian: spoken only in the northernmost areas of the province of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Province of Castellón">Castellon</a> in towns like <a href="/wiki/Benicarl%C3%B3" title="Benicarló">Benicarló</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vinar%C3%B2s" title="Vinaròs">Vinaròs</a>, the area of <a href="/wiki/Matarranya" class="mw-redirect" title="Matarranya">Matarranya</a> in Aragon (province of <a href="/wiki/Teruel_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teruel (province)">Teruel</a>), and a southern border area of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> surrounding <a href="/wiki/Tortosa" title="Tortosa">Tortosa</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarragona (province)">Tarragona</a>. <ul><li>Word-initial and postconsonantal /dʒ/ (Catalan /ʒ/ and /dʒ/~/ʒ/) alternates with [(j)ʒ] intervocalically; e.g. joc [ˈdʒɔk] ('game'), but pitjor [piˈʒo] ('worse'), boja [ˈbɔjʒa] ('crazy') (Standard Valencian /ˈdʒɔk/, /piˈdʒoɾ/; /ˈbɔdʒa/; Standard Catalan /ˈʒɔk/, /piˈdʒo/ and /ˈbɔʒə/).</li> <li>Final ⟨r⟩ [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>] is not pronounced in infinitives; e.g. cantar [kanˈta] (Standard /kanˈtaɾ/) ('to sing').</li> <li>Archaic <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a> lo, los ('the') are used instead of el, els; e.g. lo xic ('the boy'), los hòmens ('the men').</li></ul></li> <li>Northern Valencian (valencià septentrional) or Castellon's Valencian (valencià castellonenc): spoken in an area surrounding the city of <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana" title="Castellón de la Plana">Castellón de la Plana</a>. <ul><li>Use of [e] sound instead of standard ⟨a⟩ /a/ in the third person singular of most verbs; e.g. (ell) cantava [kanˈtave] (Standard /kanˈtava/) 'he sang'. Thus, Northern Valencian dialects contrast forms like (jo) cantava [kanˈtava] ('I sang') with (ell) cantava [kanˈtave] ('he sang'), but merges (jo) cante [ˈkante] ('I sing') with (ell) canta [ˈkante] ('he sings').</li> <li>Palatalisation of ⟨ts⟩ /ts/ > [tʃ] and ⟨tz⟩ /dz/ > [ddʒ]; e.g. pots /ˈpots/ > [ˈpotʃ] ('cans, jars, you can'), dotze /ˈdodze/ > [ˈdoddʒe] ('twelve'). Thus, this dialect may merge passeig ('walk') and passets ('little steps').</li> <li>Depalatalization of /jʃ/ to [jsʲ] by some speakers; e.g. caixa /ˈkajʃa/ > [ˈkajsʲa] ('box').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Central area: <ul><li>Central Valencian (valencià central), or Apitxat, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> city and its area, but not used as standard by the Valencian media. <ul><li>Sibilant merger: all voiced sibilants are devoiced (/dʒ/ > [tʃ], /dz/ > [ts], /z/ > [s]); that is, apitxat pronounces casa [ˈkasa] ('house') and joc [ˈtʃɔk] ('game'), where other Valencians would pronounce /ˈkaza/ and /ˈdʒɔk/ (feature shared with <a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">Betacism</a>, that is the merge of /v/ into /b/; e.g. viu [ˈbiw] (instead of /ˈviw/) ('he lives').</li> <li>Fortition (gemination) and vocalisation of final consonants; nit [ˈnitː(ə)] (instead of /ˈnit/) ('night').</li> <li>It preserves the strong simple past, which has been substituted by an analytic past (periphrastic past) with <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>vadere + <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> in the rest of modern Catalan and Valencian variants. For example, aní instead of vaig anar ('I went').</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Southern area: <ul><li>Southern Valencian (valencià meridional) or Upper Southern Valencian: spoken in the contiguous <a href="/wiki/Comarques_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="Comarques of the Valencian Community">comarques</a> located in the southernmost part of the Valencia province and the northernmost part in the province of Alicante. This dialect is considered as Standard Valencian. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a>: the final syllable of a disyllabic word adopts a preceding open ⟨e⟩ (/ɛ/) and/or ⟨o⟩ (/ɔ/) if the final vowel is an unstressed -⟨a⟩; e.g. terra [ˈtɛrɛ] ('Earth, land'), dona [ˈdɔnɔ] ('woman'). Further merges (such as [ˈtɛrɔ] and [ˈdɔnɛ]) depends on the town and speaker.</li> <li>This dialect retain geminate consonants (⟨tl⟩ /lː/ and ⟨tn⟩ /nː/); e.g. guatla [ˈɡwalːa] ('quail'), cotna [ˈkonːa] ('rind').</li> <li>Weak pronouns are "reinforced" in front of the verb (em, en, et, es, etc.) contrary to other dialects which maintains "full form" (me, ne, te, se, etc.).</li></ul></li> <li>Alicante's Valencian (valencià alacantí) or Lower Southern Valencian: spoken in the southern half of the province of <a href="/wiki/Alicante_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante (province)">Alicante</a>, and the area of Carche in Murcia. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">Vowel harmony</a> like in the central Southern areas.</li> <li>Intervocalic /d/ elision in most instances; e.g. roda [ˈrɔa] ('wheel'), nadal [naˈal] ('Christmas').</li> <li>Yod is not pronounced in ⟨ix⟩ /jʃ/ > [ʃ]; e.g. caixa [ˈkaʃa] ('box').</li> <li>Final ⟨r⟩ is not pronounced in infinitives in some areas and/or contexts; e.g. cantar [kanˈta] ('to sing').</li> <li>There are some archaisms like: ans instead of abans ('before'), manco instead of menys ('less'), dintre instead of dins ('into') or devers instead of cap a ('towards').</li> <li>There are more interferences with Spanish than other dialects: assul (from azul) instead of blau (or atzur) ('azure'), llimpiar (from limpiar) instead of netejar ('to clean') or sacar (from sacar) instead of traure ('take out').</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authors_and_literature">Authors and literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Authors and literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misteri_d%27Elx" class="mw-redirect" title="Misteri d'Elx">Misteri d'Elx</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350). Liturgical drama. Listed as <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curial_e_G%C3%BCelfa" title="Curial e Güelfa">Curial e Güelfa</a> (15th century), humanistic chivalric romance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausi%C3%A0s_March" title="Ausiàs March">Ausiàs March</a> (Gandia, 1400 – Valencia, 3 March 1459). Poet, widely read in renaissance Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanot_Martorell" title="Joanot Martorell">Joanot Martorell</a> (Gandia, 1413–1468). Knight and the author of the novel <a href="/wiki/Tirant_lo_Blanch" title="Tirant lo Blanch">Tirant lo Blanch</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_de_Villena" title="Isabel de Villena">Isabel de Villena</a> (Valencia, 1430–1490). Religious poet.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella" title="Joan Roís de Corella">Joan Roís de Corella</a> (Gandia or Valencia, 1435 – Valencia, 1497). Knight and poet.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obres_e_trobes_en_lahors_de_la_Verge_Maria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obres e trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria (page does not exist)">Obres e trobes en lahors de la Verge Maria</a> (1474) The first book printed in Spain. It is the compendium of a religious poetry contest held that year in the town of Valencia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-25">[18]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_in_Valencian">Media in Valencian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Media in Valencian">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_Televisi%C3%B3_Valenciana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ràdio Televisió Valenciana">Ràdio Televisió Valenciana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Media_Corporation" title="Valencian Media Corporation">Valencian Media Corporation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTVVexecutada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RTVVexecutada.jpg/220px-RTVVexecutada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RTVVexecutada.jpg/330px-RTVVexecutada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RTVVexecutada.jpg/440px-RTVVexecutada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Employees demonstrate in front of the RTVV headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Burjassot" title="Burjassot">Burjassot</a> the day of its closure</figcaption></figure> Until its dissolution in November 2013, the public-service <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_Televisi%C3%B3_Valenciana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ràdio Televisió Valenciana">Ràdio Televisió Valenciana</a> (RTVV) was the main broadcaster of radio and television in Valencian language. The Generalitat Valenciana constituted it in 1984 in order to guarantee the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">freedom of information</a> of the Valencian people in their own language.<a href="#cite_note-105">[76]</a> It was reopened again in 2018 in the same location but under a different name, À Punt, and it is owned by À Punt Media, a group owned by the <a href="/wiki/Generalitat_Valenciana" title="Generalitat Valenciana">Generalitat Valenciana</a>. The new television channel claims to be plural, informative and neutral for all of the Valencian population. It is bilingual, with a focus on the Valencian language. It is recognised as a regional TV channel.<a href="#cite_note-106">[77]</a> Prior to its dissolution, the administration of RTVV under the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> (PP) had been controversial due to accusations of ideological manipulation and lack of plurality. The news broadcast was accused of giving marginal coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Metro_derailment" title="Valencia Metro derailment">Valencia Metro derailment</a> in 2006 and the indictment of President de la Generalitat <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Camps" title="Francisco Camps">Francisco Camps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCrtel_case" title="Gürtel case">Gürtel</a> scandal in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-107">[78]</a> Supervisors appointed by the PP were accused of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[79]</a> In face of an increasing debt due to excessive expenditure by the PP, RTVV announced in 2012 a plan to shed 70% of its labour. The plan was nullified on 5 November 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/National_Court_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="National Court of Spain">National Court</a> after trade unions appealed against it. On that same day, the President de la Generalitat <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fabra" title="Alberto Fabra">Alberto Fabra</a> (also from <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a>) announced RTVV would be closed, claiming that reinstating the employees was untenable.<a href="#cite_note-109">[80]</a> On 27 November, the legislative assembly passed the dissolution of RTVV and employees organised to take control of the broadcast, starting a campaign against the PP. Nou TV's last broadcast ended abruptly when Spanish police pulled the plug at 12:19 on 29 November 2013.<a href="#cite_note-110">[81]</a> Having lost all revenues from advertisements and facing high costs from the termination of hundreds of contracts, critics question whether the closure of RTVV has improved the financial situation of the Generalitat, and point out to plans to benefit private-owned media.<a href="#cite_note-111">[82]</a> Currently, the availability of media in the Valencian language is extremely limited. All the other <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous communities in Spain</a>, including the monolingual ones, have public-service broadcasters, with the Valencian Community being the only exception despite being the fourth most populated. In July 2016 a new public corporation, <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Media_Corporation" title="Valencian Media Corporation">Valencian Media Corporation</a>, was launched in substitution of RTVV. It manages and controls several public media in the Valencian Community, including the television channel À Punt, which started broadcasting in June 2018. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politico-linguistic_controversy">Politico-linguistic controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Politico-linguistic controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian language controversy">Valencian language controversy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language_secessionism" title="Language secessionism">Language secessionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaverism" title="Blaverism">Blaverism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norms_of_El_Puig" title="Norms of El Puig">Norms of El Puig</a></div> Linguists, including Valencian scholars, deal with Catalan and Valencian as the same language. The official regulating body of the language of the Valencian community, the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Valencian Language Academy</a> (Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, AVL) considers Valencian and Catalan to be two names for the same language.<a href="#cite_note-dictalmen_AVL-112">[83]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="mul" style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://wikisource.org/wiki/Dictamen_sobre_els_principis_i_criteris_per_a_la_defensa_de_la_denominaci%C3%B3_i_l%27entitat_del_valenci%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià">AVL: Dictamen sobre els principis i criteris per a la defensa de la denominació i l'entitat del valencià</a> </div></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[T]he historical patrimonial language of the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencian people">Valencian people</a>, from a philological standpoint, is the same shared by the autonomous communities of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Principality of Andorra</a>. Additionally, it is the patrimonial historical language of other territories of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> [...] The different varieties of these territories constitute a language, that is, a "linguistic system" [...] From this group of varieties, Valencian has the same hierarchy and dignity as any other dialectal modality of that linguistic system [...]<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ruling of the Valencian Language Academy of 9 February 2005, extract of point 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005-104">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[i]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/300px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/450px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/600px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Chronological map showing linguistic evolution of Valencian/Catalan in southwest Europe</figcaption></figure> The AVL was established in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_the_Valencian_Community" title="People's Party of the Valencian Community">PP</a>-<a href="/wiki/Valencian_Union" title="Valencian Union">UV</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Zaplana" title="Eduardo Zaplana">Eduardo Zaplana</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordi_Pujol" title="Jordi Pujol">Jordi Pujol</a>, then president of Catalonia and of the <a href="/wiki/CiU" class="mw-redirect" title="CiU">CiU</a>, negotiated with Zaplana in 1996 to ensure the linguistic unity of Catalan in exchange for CiU support of the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Aznar" title="José María Aznar">José María Aznar</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain" title="Prime Minister of Spain">Prime Minister of Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[84]</a> Zaplana has denied this, claiming that "[n]ever, never, was I able to negotiate that which is not negotiable, neither that which is not in the negotiating scope of a politician. That is, the unity of the language".<a href="#cite_note-115">[j]</a> The AVL orthography is based on the <a href="/wiki/Normes_de_Castell%C3%B3" title="Normes de Castelló">Normes de Castelló</a>, a set of rules for writing Valencian established in 1932. A rival set of rules, called <a href="/wiki/Normes_del_Puig" class="mw-redirect" title="Normes del Puig">Normes del Puig</a>, were established in 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/Real_Acad%C3%A8mia_de_Cultura_Valenciana" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana">Royal Academy of Valencian Culture</a> (Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana, RACV), which considers itself a rival language academy to the AVL, and promotes an <a href="/wiki/Norms_of_El_Puig" title="Norms of El Puig">alternative orthography</a>, treating Valencian as an independent language, as opposed to a variety of Catalan. Compared to Standard Valencian, this orthography excludes many words not traditionally used in the Valencian Community, and also prefers spellings such as ⟨ch⟩ for /tʃ/ and ⟨y⟩ for /j/ (as in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>). Besides, these alternative Norms are also promoted and taught by the cultural association <a href="/wiki/Lo_Rat_Penat" title="Lo Rat Penat">Lo Rat Penat</a>. Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the North-Western varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lleida" title="Province of Lleida">Province of Lleida</a> and most of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Tarragona" title="Province of Tarragona">Province of Tarragona</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldhausen20105-116">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler20052–3-117">[86]</a> The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-118">[87]</a> Despite the position of the official organisations, an opinion poll carried out between 2001 and 2004<a href="#cite_note-La_Vanguardia_2004-12-09-22">[15]</a> showed that the majority (65%) of the Valencian people (both Valencian and Spanish speakers) consider Valencian different from Catalan: this position is promoted by people who do not use Valencian regularly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2003207-119">[88]</a> Furthermore, the data indicate that younger people educated in Valencian speaking areas are considerably less likely to hold these views. According to an official poll in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-auto-21">[14]</a> 54% of Valencians considered Valencian to be a language different from Catalan, while 41% considered the languages to be the same. By applying a binary <a href="/wiki/Logistic_regression" title="Logistic regression">logistic regression</a> to the same data, it was also found that different opinions about the unity of the language are different between people with certain levels of studies and the opinion also differs between each of the Valencian provinces. The opinion agreeing on the unity of Valencian and Catalan has significant differences regarding age, level of education and province of residence, with a majority of those aged 18–24 (51%) and those with a higher education (58%) considering Valencian to be the same language as Catalan. This can be compared to those aged 65 and above (29%) and those with only primary education (32%), where the same view has its lowest support. People living in the province of <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellón (province)">Castellón</a> are more prone to be in favor of the unity of the language, while people living in the province of <a href="/wiki/Alicante_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alicante (province)">Alicante</a> are more prone to be against the unity of the language, especially in the areas where Valencian is not a mandatory language at schools.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-120">[89]</a> Later studies also showed that the results differ significantly depending on the way the question is posed.<a href="#cite_note-121">[90]</a> The ambiguity regarding the term Valencian and its relation to Catalan has sometimes led to confusion and controversy. In 2004, during the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">European Constitution</a>, the regional governments of Spain where a language other than Spanish is co-official were asked to submit translations into the relevant language in question. Since different names are used in Catalonia ("Catalan") and in the Valencian Community ("Valencian"), the two regions each provided one version, which were identical to each other.<a href="#cite_note-122">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluricentric_language" title="Pluricentric language">Pluricentric language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_(interjection)#Valencia" title="Che (interjection)">Che (interjection) § Other uses</a> (spelled xe in Modern Valencian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_linguistic_conflict" title="Valencian linguistic conflict">Valencian linguistic conflict</a></li> <li>Similar linguistic controversies: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">Names given to the Spanish language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Catalan is also classified as <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Iberian Romance</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> English pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vəˈlɛnsiən, -nʃən/</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Valencian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valensiˈa]</a>. Alternative local pronunciations include: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valenˈsja]</a> (diphthongisation) and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[balenˈsja]</a> (betacism and diphthongisation). Catalan pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[bələnsiˈa]</a> (Central and Northern), <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[vələnsiˈa]</a> (Balearic), <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[balensiˈa]</a> (North-Western) and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">[valansiˈa]</a> (Algherese). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Also known as idioma valencià. </li> <li id="cite_note-DNV-8"><a href="#cite_ref-DNV_8-0">^</a> The Valencian Normative Dictionary of the Valencian Academy of the Language states that Valencian is a "Romance language spoken in the Valencian Community, as well as in Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, the French department of the Pyrénées-Orientales, the Principality of Andorra, the eastern flank of Aragon and the Sardinian town of Alghero (unique in Italy), where it receives the name of 'Catalan'." </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC-14"><a href="#cite_ref-IEC_14-0">^</a> The Catalan Language Dictionary of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the sixth definition of Valencian that it is equivalent to Catalan language in the Valencian Community. </li> <li id="cite_note-IEC2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-IEC2_15-0">^</a> The Catalan Language Dictionary of the Institut d'Estudis Catalans states in the second definition of Valencian that it is the Western dialect of Catalan spoken in the Valencian Community. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The original text says "llengua pròpia", a term that does not have an equivalent in English. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Original full text of Dictamen 1: D'acord amb les aportacions més solvents de la romanística acumulades des del segle XIX fins a l'actualitat (estudis de gramàtica històrica, de dialectologia, de sintaxi, de lexicografia…), la llengua pròpia i històrica dels valencians, des del punt de vista de la filologia, és també la que compartixen les comunitats autònomes de Catalunya i de les Illes Balears i el Principat d'Andorra. Així mateix és la llengua històrica i pròpia d'altres territoris de l'antiga Corona d'Aragó (la franja oriental aragonesa, la ciutat sarda de l'Alguer i el departament francés dels Pirineus Orientals). Els diferents parlars de tots estos territoris constituïxen una llengua, és a dir, un mateix "sistema lingüístic", segons la terminologia del primer estructuralisme (annex 1) represa en el Dictamen del Consell Valencià de Cultura, que figura com a preàmbul de la Llei de Creació de l'AVL. Dins d'eixe conjunt de parlars, el valencià té la mateixa jerarquia i dignitat que qualsevol altra modalitat territorial del sistema lingüístic, i presenta unes característiques pròpies que l'AVL preservarà i potenciarà d'acord amb la tradició lexicogràfica i literària pròpia, la realitat lingüística valenciana i la normativització consolidada a partir de les Normes de Castelló. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> "Nunca, nunca, pude negociar lo que no se puede negociar, ni aquello que no está en el ámbito de la negociación de un político. Es decir la unidad de la lengua." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLujánMartínezAlabau" class="citation conference cs1">Luján, Míriam; Martínez, Carlos D.; Alabau, Vicente. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2008/pdf/217_paper.pdf">Evaluation of several Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression variants for language adaptation</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008. p. 860. <q>the total number of people who speak Catalan is 7,200,000, (...). The Valencian dialect is spoken by 27% of all Catalan speakers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Evaluation+of+several+Maximum+Likelihood+Linear+Regression+variants+for+language+adaptation&rft.pages=860&rft.aulast=Luj%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=M%C3%ADriam&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Alabau%2C+Vicente&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrec-conf.org%2Fproceedings%2Flrec2008%2Fpdf%2F217_paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> citing Vilajoana, Jordi, and Damià Pons. 2001. Catalan, Language of Europe. Generalitat de Catalunya, Department de Cultura. Govern de les Illes Balears, Conselleria d'Educació i Cultura. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2006-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2006_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2006">Wheeler 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Statute-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statute_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statute_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statute_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docv.gva.es/datos/2006/04/11/pdf/2006_4177.pdf">"Ley Orgánica 1/2006, de 10 de abril, de Reforma de la Ley Orgánica 5/1982, de 1 de julio, de Estatuto de Autonomía de la Comunidad Valenciana"</a> (PDF). Generalitat Valenciana. 10 April 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+Org%C3%A1nica+1%2F2006%2C+de+10+de+abril%2C+de+Reforma+de+la+Ley+Org%C3%A1nica+5%2F1982%2C+de+1+de+julio%2C+de+Estatuto+de+Autonom%C3%ADa+de+la+Comunidad+Valenciana.&rft.pub=Generalitat+Valenciana&rft.date=2006-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docv.gva.es%2Fdatos%2F2006%2F04%2F11%2Fpdf%2F2006_4177.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/?id=bHykki2">"Valenciano, na"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/va/acords-AVL/main/03/document/NOMENTITAT.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acord+de+l%27Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua+%28AVL%29%2C+adoptat+en+la+reuni%C3%B3+plen%C3%A0ria+del+9+de+febrer+del+2005%2C+pel+qual+s%27aprova+el+dictamen+sobre+els+principis+i+criteris+per+a+la+defensa+de+la+denominaci%C3%B3+i+l%27entitat+del+valenci%C3%A0&rft.pages=52&rft.date=2005-02-09&rft.au=Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avl.gva.es%2Fva%2Facords-AVL%2Fmain%2F03%2Fdocument%2FNOMENTITAT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitut_d'Estudis_Catalans" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Institut d'Estudis Catalans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.iec.cat/results.asp?txtEntrada=valenci%E0&operEntrada=0">"Resultats de la consulta:valencià"</a>. DIEC 2 (in Valencian). Retrieved 23 February 2016. <q>2 6 m. [FL] Al País Valencià, llengua catalana.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DIEC+2&rft.atitle=Resultats+de+la+consulta%3Avalenci%C3%A0&rft.au=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlc.iec.cat%2Fresults.asp%3FtxtEntrada%3Dvalenci%25E0%26operEntrada%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-judgements3-18"><a href="#cite_ref-judgements3_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docv.gva.es/datos/2005/05/06/pdf/2005_4906.pdf">"Dictamen sobre los Principios y Criterios para la Defensa de la Denominación y entidad del Valenciano"</a> (PDF). <q>It is a fact the in Spain there are two equally legal names for referring to this language: Valencian, as stated by the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, and Catalan, as recognised in the Statutes of Catalonia and Balearic Islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictamen+sobre+los+Principios+y+Criterios+para+la+Defensa+de+la+Denominaci%C3%B3n+y+entidad+del+Valenciano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docv.gva.es%2Fdatos%2F2005%2F05%2F06%2Fpdf%2F2005_4906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcover-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Alcover_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcover1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Maria_Alcover_i_Sureda" title="Antoni Maria Alcover i Sureda">Alcover, Antoni Maria</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnPgDeA8aToC">Per la llengua</a> (in Catalan). Barcelona: Secció de Filologia Catalana, Universitat de Palma. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788472025448" title="Special:BookSources/9788472025448"><bdi>9788472025448</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per+la+llengua&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Secci%C3%B3+de+Filologia+Catalana%2C+Universitat+de+Palma&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9788472025448&rft.aulast=Alcover&rft.aufirst=Antoni+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnPgDeA8aToC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moll_1968-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Moll_1968_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoll1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Francesc_de_Borja_Moll_i_Casasnovas" title="Francesc de Borja Moll i Casasnovas">Moll, Francesc de Borja</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OmEQAQAAIAAJ">Gramàtica catalana: Referida especialment a les Illes Balears</a> [Catalan grammar: Referring especially to the Balearic Islands] (in Catalan). 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Presidència de la Generalitat Valenciana. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argos.gva.es/fileadmin/argos/Documentos/Encuestas/201404A_cruce.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bar%C3%B2metre+d%27abril+2014&rft.pub=Presid%C3%A8ncia+de+la+Generalitat+Valenciana&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argos.gva.es%2Ffileadmin%2Fargos%2FDocumentos%2FEncuestas%2F201404A_cruce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Vanguardia_2004-12-09-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-La_Vanguardia_2004-12-09_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-La_Vanguardia_2004-12-09_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavanguardia.com/cultura/20041209/51262801790/casi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html">"Casi el 65% de los valencianos opina que su lengua es distinta al catalán, según una encuesta del CIS"</a> [Almost 65% of Valencians think that their language is different from Catalan, according to a CIS survey]. La Vanguardia. 9 December 2004. Retrieved 12 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Vanguardia&rft.atitle=Casi+el+65%25+de+los+valencianos+opina+que+su+lengua+es+distinta+al+catal%C3%A1n%2C+seg%C3%BAn+una+encuesta+del+CIS&rft.date=2004-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavanguardia.com%2Fcultura%2F20041209%2F51262801790%2Fcasi-el-65-de-los-valencianos-opina-que-su-lengua-es-distinta-al-catalan-segun-una-encuesta-del-ci.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-1998-24262">"Ley 7/1998, de 16 de septiembre, de creación de la Academia Valenciana de la Lengua"</a> (in Spanish). pp. 34727–34733 – via Boletín Oficial de España.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ley+7%2F1998%2C+de+16+de+septiembre%2C+de+creaci%C3%B3n+de+la+Academia+Valenciana+de+la+Lengua.&rft.pages=34727-34733&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fdiario_boe%2Ftxt.php%3Fid%3DBOE-A-1998-24262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Trobes en llaors de la Verge Maria ("Poems of praise of the Virgin Mary") 1474. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_CarrerasYates20096–7_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosta_CarrerasYates2009">Costa Carreras & Yates 2009</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColl_i_Alentorn1992" class="citation book cs1">Coll i Alentorn, Miquel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxeCPuOYLzkC&dq=pa%C3%ADs+valenci%C3%A0+repoblaci%C3%B3+aragonesos&pg=PA346">Història</a>. L'Abadia de Montserrat. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8478263616" title="Special:BookSources/8478263616"><bdi>8478263616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B2ria&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=L%27Abadia+de+Montserrat&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=8478263616&rft.aulast=Coll+i+Alentorn&rft.aufirst=Miquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxeCPuOYLzkC%26dq%3Dpa%25C3%25ADs%2Bvalenci%25C3%25A0%2Brepoblaci%25C3%25B3%2Baragonesos%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrando_i_FrancésNicolás_Amorós2011" class="citation book cs1">Ferrando i Francés, Antoni; Nicolás Amorós, Miquel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vhcpsXJH-osC&dq=valencianesch&pg=PA105">Història de la llengua catalana</a>. 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1996</a>, pp. 65–69, 141–142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200946-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200946_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77,_135–140-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77,_135–140_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 69–77, 135–140. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90,_130–133-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90,_130–133_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 81–90, 130–133. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200927-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200927_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200929-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200929_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199690–104_55-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 90–104. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200924–25-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200924–25_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199659–142_57-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 59–142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_i_Vilar2009131-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_i_Vilar2009131_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_i_Vilar2009">Saborit i Vilar 2009</a>, p. 131. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSaborit_i_Vilar2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200945–47-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200945–47_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, pp. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200934–36-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200934–36_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, pp. 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar2009?-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar2009?_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199681–90_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 81–90. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199669–77_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 69–77. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens199665–69-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens199665–69_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 65–69. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996130–133-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens1996130–133_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 130–133. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996135–140-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens1996135–140_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 135–140. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecasens1996141–142-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecasens1996141–142_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecasens1996">Recasens 1996</a>, pp. 141–142. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRecasens1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200953_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009">Saborit Vilar 2009</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaborit_Vilar200957-69"><a 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John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027289247" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027289247"><bdi>978-9027289247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architect+of+Modern+Catalan%3A+Selected+writings&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9027289247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcUu_apMqBF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Community, article 6, section 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011339-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELledó2011339_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLledó2011">Lledó 2011</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELledó2011338-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELledó2011338_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLledó2011">Lledó 2011</a>, p. 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAcadèmia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua2005">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugtrtvv.net/cms/PDFS/MATERIALES/LleiCreacioRTVV.pdf">"Ley de Creación de la Entidad Pública Radiotelevisión Valenciana"</a> (PDF). 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À Punt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%80+Punt&rft.atitle=Benvinguts+a+%C3%80+Punt.+L%27espai+p%C3%BAblic+de+comunicaci%C3%B3+valenci%C3%A0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apuntmedia.es%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vertele.com/video-articulo/los-escandalos-de-canal-9-rescatados-por-el-intermedio/">"Los escándalos de Canal 9"</a>. vertele.com. 2013. 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Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vilaweb&rft.atitle=Sanz%2C+destitu%C3%AFt+de+secretari+general+de+RTVV+per+assetjament+sexual&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vilaweb.cat%2Fnoticia%2F3735055%2F20100528%2Fsanz-destituit-secretari-general-rtvv-assetjament-sexual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBono2013" class="citation news cs1">Bono, Ferran (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/11/05/valencia/1383648718_498928.html">"El fracaso de Fabra acaba con el PP"</a>. El País. 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Report from <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> about denomination and identity of Valencian. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elpais.com/diario/2004/11/10/cvalenciana/1100117884_850215.html">"Pujol revela que pactó con Zaplana para avanzar con discreción en la unidad del catalán"</a>. El País (in Spanish). Barcelona / Valencia. 10 November 2004. 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Spain: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-312-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-312-8"><bdi>978-84-7283-312-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A8tica+descriptiva+del+catal%C3%A0%3A+assaig+de+caracteritzaci%C3%B3+de+la+pron%C3%BAncia+del+vocalisme+i+el+consonantisme+catal%C3%A0+al+segle+XX&rft.place=Barcelona.+Spain&rft.series=Biblioteca+Filol%C3%B2gica&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-84-7283-312-8&rft.aulast=Recasens+Vives&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UCDqrfRfVcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecasens_Vives2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Recasens Vives, Daniel (2014), Fonètica i fonologia experimentals del català (in Catalan), Barcelona. Spain: Institut d'Estudis Catalans</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fon%C3%A8tica+i+fonologia+experimentals+del+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona.+Spain&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Recasens+Vives&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaborit_Vilar2009" class="citation cs2">Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millorem+la+pron%C3%BAncia&rft.pub=Acad%C3%A8mia+Valenciana+de+la+Llengua&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Saborit+Vilar&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_i_Gimeno1995" class="citation cs2">Salvador i Gimeno, Carles (1951) (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.uji.es/xmlui/handle/10234/21516">Gramàtica valenciana</a>, Valencia: Associació Cultural Lo Rat Penat, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85211-71-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-85211-71-5"><bdi>84-85211-71-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gram%C3%A0tica+valenciana&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Associaci%C3%B3+Cultural+Lo+Rat+Penat&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=84-85211-71-5&rft.aulast=Salvador+i+Gimeno&rft.aufirst=Carles+%281951%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.uji.es%2Fxmlui%2Fhandle%2F10234%2F21516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvador_i_Gimeno1963" class="citation cs2">Salvador i Gimeno, Carles (1963), Valencians i la llengua autòctona durant els segles XVI, XVII i XVIII, Valencia: Institució Alfons el Magnànim, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-370-5334-X" title="Special:BookSources/84-370-5334-X"><bdi>84-370-5334-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valencians+i+la+llengua+aut%C3%B2ctona+durant+els+segles+XVI%2C+XVII+i+XVIII&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Instituci%C3%B3+Alfons+el+Magn%C3%A0nim&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=84-370-5334-X&rft.aulast=Salvador+i+Gimeno&rft.aufirst=Carles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanchis_i_Guarner1983" class="citation cs2">Sanchis i Guarner, Manuel (1983), La llengua dels valencians, Valencia: Edicions 3i4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7502-082-8" title="Special:BookSources/84-7502-082-8"><bdi>84-7502-082-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+llengua+dels+valencians&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Edicions+3i4&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=84-7502-082-8&rft.aulast=Sanchis+i+Guarner&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValor_i_Vives1973" class="citation cs2">Valor i Vives, Enric (1973), Curs mitjà de gramàtica catalana, referida especialment al País Valencià, Valencia: Grog Editions, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-85211-45-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-85211-45-6"><bdi>84-85211-45-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curs+mitj%C3%A0+de+gram%C3%A0tica+catalana%2C+referida+especialment+al+Pa%C3%ADs+Valenci%C3%A0&rft.place=Valencia&rft.pub=Grog+Editions&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=84-85211-45-6&rft.aulast=Valor+i+Vives&rft.aufirst=Enric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeny2007" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Veny, Joan (2007), Petit Atles lingüístic del domini català, vol. 1 & 2, Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, p. 51, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-942-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7283-942-7"><bdi>978-84-7283-942-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petit+Atles+ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic+del+domini+catal%C3%A0&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-84-7283-942-7&rft.aulast=Veny&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerYatesDols1999" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max; Yates, Alan; Dols, Nicolau (1999), Catalan: A Comprehensive Grammar, London: Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalan%3A+A+Comprehensive+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Yates%2C+Alan&rft.au=Dols%2C+Nicolau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2003" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max (2003), "5. Catalan", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lULWOT1o0SsC">The Romance Languages</a>, London: Routledge, pp. 170–208, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16417-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16417-6"><bdi>0-415-16417-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5.+Catalan&rft.btitle=The+Romance+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170-208&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-16417-6&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlULWOT1o0SsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2005" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max (2005), The Phonology of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 54, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925814-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925814-7"><bdi>978-0-19-925814-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Catalan&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925814-7&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2006" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Max H. (2006), "Catalan", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a>, Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-044299-0"><bdi>978-0-08-044299-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Catalan&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-08-044299-0&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Max+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValencian+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valencian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/es:Valenciano" class="extiw" title="q:es:Valenciano">Valencian</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ca:"> Catalan edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua (AVL)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avl.gva.es/lexicval/">Diccionari normatiu valencià (DNV)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vives.org">Institut Joan Lluís Vives</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dt>Documents</dt></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proel.org/mundo/valenciano.htm">Disputing theories about Valencian origin</a> (in Spanish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003807/http://www.ciemen.org/mercator/pdf/wp18-def-ang.pdf">The origins and evolution of language secessionism in Valencia. An analysis from the transition period until today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043211/http://www.ua.es/uem/docs/noticies/20051025elpval_9.pdf">Article from El País (25 October 2005) regarding report on use of Valencian published by Servei d'Investicació i Estudis Sociolingüístics</a> (in Spanish)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Valencian language at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Valenci%C3%A0" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Valencià">Media</a> from Commons</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Valencian_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Valencian_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Valencian language</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romance_languages_(classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible 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languages">Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Romance_languages" title="Classification of Romance languages">classification</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Western_languages" title="Italo-Western languages">Italo-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance_languages" title="Southern Romance languages">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_language" title="Istro-Romanian language">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Daco-Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Romanian_dialect" title="Banat Romanian dialect">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovinian_Romanian_dialect" title="Bukovinian Romanian dialect">Bukovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana_dialect" title="Crișana dialect">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_dialect" title="Maramureș dialect">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_dialect" title="Moldavian dialect">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenian_dialect" title="Oltenian dialect">Oltenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_varieties_of_Romanian" title="Transylvanian varieties of Romanian">Transylvanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_dialect" title="Wallachian dialect">Wallachian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Romanian" title="Common Romanian">Common Romanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo- Dalmatian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Central Marchigiano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Ancona_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Fabriano_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Fabriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marchigiano_dialect#Macerata_dialect" title="Central Marchigiano dialect">Macerata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central-Northern_Latian_dialect" title="Central-Northern Latian dialect">Central−Northern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabino_dialect" title="Sabino dialect">Sabino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallurese" title="Gallurese">Gallurese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Australian_dialect" title="Italo-Australian dialect">Italo-Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Italian" title="Maltese Italian">Maltese Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Southern_Italian" title="Extreme Southern Italian">Extreme Southern Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Central-Southern_Calabrian" title="Languages of Calabria">Central−Southern Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manduriano" title="Manduriano">Manduriano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantesco_dialect" title="Pantesco dialect">Pantesco</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Neapolitan–Calabrese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barese_dialect" title="Barese dialect">Barese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benevento_dialect" title="Benevento dialect">Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castelmezzano_dialect" title="Castelmezzano dialect">Castelmezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arianese_dialect" title="Arianese dialect">Arianese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Latian_dialect" title="Southern Latian dialect">Southern Latian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantino_dialect" title="Tarantino dialect">Tarantino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastese" title="Vastese">Vastese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Calabria#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentian)" title="Languages of Calabria">Northern Calabrian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages#Dalmatian_Romance" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Dalmatian Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_language" title="Dalmatian language">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istriot_language" title="Istriot language">Istriot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Romance_languages" title="Western Romance languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian%E2%80%93Romagnol" title="Emilian–Romagnol">Emilian–Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian dialects">Emilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_dialect" title="Bolognese dialect">Bolognese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmigiano_dialect" title="Parmigiano dialect">Parmigiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romagnol" title="Romagnol">Romagnol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Forlivese dialect">Forlivese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_sammarinese" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Gallo-Italic of Basilicata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_gallo-piceno" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto gallo-piceno">Gallo-Picene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese_dialect" title="Genoese dialect">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_dialect" title="Monégasque dialect">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarchino" title="Tabarchino">Tabarchino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremish_dialect" title="Cremish dialect">Cremish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Lombard dialect">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brianz%C3%B6%C3%B6_dialect" title="Brianzöö dialect">Brianzöö</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canz%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Canzés dialect">Canzés</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustocco_and_Legnanese_dialects" title="Bustocco and Legnanese dialects">Bustocco–Legnanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comasco-Lecchese_dialects" title="Comasco-Lecchese dialects">Comasco–Lecchese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comasco_dialect" title="Comasco dialect">Comasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagh%C3%A9e_dialect" title="Laghée dialect">Laghée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecchese_dialect" title="Lecchese dialect">Lecchese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallassinese_dialect" title="Vallassinese dialect">Vallassinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanese_dialect" title="Milanese dialect">Milanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossolano" title="Ossolano">Ossolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Lombard" title="Southwestern Lombard">Southwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cremun%C3%A9s_dialect" title="Cremunés dialect">Cremunés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novarese_Lombard" title="Novarese Lombard">Novarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavese_dialect" title="Pavese dialect">Pavese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticinese_dialect" title="Ticinese dialect">Ticinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varesino_dialect" title="Varesino dialect">Varesino</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Lombard_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Lombard language">Old Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Romagnol" title="Old Romagnol">Old Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Languesd&#039;oïl" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Langues_d%27o%C3%AFl" title="Langues d'oïl">Langues d'oïl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_dialect" title="Angevin dialect">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbonnais_dialects" title="Bourbonnais dialects">Bourbonnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennais_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Ardennais (dialecte)">Ardennais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9mois_(dialecte)" class="extiw" title="fr:Rémois (dialecte)">Rémois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Legal_French" title="Jersey Legal French">Jersey Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li>North American dialects <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_French" title="Acadian French">Acadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiac" title="Chiac">Chiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marys_Bay_French" title="St. Marys Bay French">St. Marys Bay French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayon" title="Brayon">Brayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_French" title="Newfoundland French">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_French" title="Quebec French">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joual" title="Joual">Joual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magoua" title="Magoua">Magoua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ontarians#Language" title="Franco-Ontarians">Franco-Ontarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_French" title="Métis French">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_French" title="Muskrat French">Muskrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_French" title="New England French">New England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenchville_French" title="Frenchville French">Frenchville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_French" title="Louisiana French">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people#Modern_era" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_French" title="Missouri French">Missouri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-based_creole_languages" title="French-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaumais" class="extiw" title="fr:Gaumais">Gaumais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosgien" class="extiw" title="fr:Vosgien">Vosgien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welche" title="Welche">Welche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayennais" class="extiw" title="fr:Mayennais">Mayennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moselle_Romance" title="Moselle Romance">Moselle Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_French" title="Law French">Law French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augeron" title="Augeron">Augeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleanais_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Orleanais dialect">Orléanais</a></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paydret" class="extiw" title="fr:Paydret">Paydret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouest-wallon" class="extiw" title="fr:Ouest-wallon">West Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin Walloon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a>/Arpitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faetar_language" title="Faetar language">Faetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Valdôtain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gallo-Romance_language" title="Old Gallo-Romance language">Old Gallo-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance_languages" title="Iberian Romance languages">Ibero- Romance</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages" title="West Iberian languages">West Iberian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asturleonese_language" title="Asturleonese language">Asturleonese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asturian" title="East Asturian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Asturian" title="Western Asturian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bercian_dialect" title="Bercian dialect">Bercian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%B7%E1%B8%B7uezu_dialect" title="Paḷḷuezu dialect">Paḷḷuezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palra_d%27El_Rebollal" title="Palra d'El Rebollal">Palra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riberan_dialect" title="Riberan dialect">Riberan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riunorese_Leonese" title="Riunorese Leonese">Riunorese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirandese_language" title="Mirandese language">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Leonese_language" title="Old Leonese language">Old Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese" title="Galician–Portuguese">Galician–Portuguese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Asturian" title="Galician–Asturian">Galician–Asturian</a>/Eonavian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Africa" title="Portuguese language in Africa">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language_in_Asia" title="Portuguese language in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineiro" title="Mineiro">Mineiro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alentejan_Portuguese" title="Alentejan Portuguese">Alentejan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliventine_Portuguese" title="Oliventine Portuguese">Oliventine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremenho_dialect" title="Estremenho dialect">Estremenho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minderico_language" title="Minderico language">Minderico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Portuguese" title="Northern Portuguese">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Portuguese" title="Uruguayan Portuguese">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Creoles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portugis" title="Portugis">Portugis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judeo-Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Iberian_languages#Classification" title="West Iberian languages">Castilian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judeo-Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects_and_varieties" title="Spanish dialects and varieties">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Spanish" title="Equatoguinean Spanish">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish language in the Americas">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Spanish" title="Chilean Spanish">Chilean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_Spanish" title="Chilote Spanish">Chilote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Spanish" title="Peruvian Spanish">Peruvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Ribere%C3%B1o_Spanish" title="Peruvian Ribereño Spanish">Peruvian Ribereño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioplatense_Spanish" title="Rioplatense Spanish">Rioplatense</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Spanish" title="Peninsular Spanish">Peninsular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">Andalusian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llanito" title="Llanito">Llanito</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_Spanish" title="Castilian Spanish">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castrapo" title="Castrapo">Castrapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast%C3%BAo" title="Castúo">Castúo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_Spanish" title="Murcian Spanish">Murcian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saharan_Spanish" title="Saharan Spanish">Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Creoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pyrenean–Mozarabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Romance" title="Andalusi Romance">Andalusi Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Central_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Eastern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benasquese_dialect" title="Benasquese dialect">Benasquese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Southern_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Southern</a> <ul><li>Somontanés <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navalese_dialect" title="Navalese dialect">Navalese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_dialects#Western_Aragonese" title="Aragonese dialects">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisinian_Aragonese" title="Aisinian Aragonese">Aisinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ans%C3%B3_Aragonese" title="Ansó Aragonese">Ansó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arag%C3%BC%C3%A9s_Aragonese" title="Aragüés Aragonese">Aragüés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecho_Aragonese" title="Hecho Aragonese">Hecho</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_dialect" title="Navarrese dialect">Navarrese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Navarrese" title="Old Navarrese">Old Navarrese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barranquenho" title="Barranquenho">Barranquenho</a> (mixed Portuguese–Spanish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a> (mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallorqu%C3%ADn" class="extiw" title="es:Mallorquín">Mallorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorcan" title="Menorcan">Menorcan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judeo-Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an" title="Ribagorçan">Ribagorçan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat" title="Auvergnat">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landese_dialect" title="Landese dialect">Landese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judeo-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Gardiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Old Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto- Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fornes_dialects" title="Fornes dialects">Fornes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadorino_dialect" title="Cadorino dialect">Cadorino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nones_dialect" title="Nones dialect">Nones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jauer_dialect" title="Jauer dialect">Jauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Put%C3%A8r" title="Putèr">Putèr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmiran_dialect" title="Surmiran dialect">Surmiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sursilvan" title="Sursilvan">Sursilvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallader_dialect" title="Vallader dialect">Vallader</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian" title="Franco-Italian">Franco-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a> (Western Romance-based pidgin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> (unknown further classification) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chipilo_Venetian_dialect" title="Chipilo Venetian dialect">Chipilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiuman_dialect" title="Fiuman dialect">Fiuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triestine_dialect" title="Triestine dialect">Triestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Romance" title="African Romance">African Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Latin" title="British Latin">British Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Campidanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logudorese_Sardinian" title="Logudorese Sardinian">Logudorese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Romance_language" title="Proto-Romance language">Proto-Romance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li> <li>Bold indicates <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">languages with more than 5 million speakers</a></li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Template talk:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occitano-Romance languages and dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occitano-Romance_languages_and_dialects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occitano-Romance_languages" title="Occitano-Romance languages">Occitano-Romance languages and dialects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arverno-Mediterranean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a> and Waldensian)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Occitan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a> (excepting <a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquitano-Pyrenean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catalan">Eastern Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Balearic dialect">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Catalan">Western Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="North-Western Catalan">North-Western</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arnese_dialect" title="Béarnese dialect">Béarnese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Southern Languedocien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit language">Judaeo-Provençal</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Cal%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan Caló">Catalan Caló</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalan_language" title="Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catalan_language" title="Template talk:Catalan language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catalan language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catalan_/_Valencian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catalan" title="History of Catalan">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_literature" title="Catalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Geo-political distribution (Països Catalans)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/50px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/75px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg/100px-Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Pronunciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Catalan" title="Phonological history of Catalan">Phonetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">IPA guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_spelling-to-sound_correspondences_in_Catalan" title="Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan">Spelling-to-sound charts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_orthography" title="Catalan orthography">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_morphology" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan morphology">Morpho-</a><a href="/wiki/Catalan_syntax" title="Catalan syntax">syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nouns" title="Catalan nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">Personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_verbs" title="Catalan verbs">Verbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">Conjugation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Catalan" title="Central Catalan">Central Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a> (Roussillonese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Catalan">North-Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribagor%C3%A7an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribagorçan dialect">Ribagorçan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Valencian" title="Northern Valencian">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valencian" title="Central Valencian">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Valencian" title="Southern Valencian">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Catalan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Catalan">Insular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Alguerese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Catalan" title="Balearic Catalan">Balearic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibizan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibizan dialect">Ibizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorcan dialect">Majorcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorcan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorcan dialect">Minorcan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Catalan Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Judaeo-Catalan</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patuet" title="Patuet">Patuet</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A8mia_Valenciana_de_la_Llengua" title="Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua">Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua</a> (AVL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Catalan_Studies" title="Institute for Catalan Studies">Institut d'Estudis Catalans</a> (IEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_Ramon_Llull" title="Institut Ramon Llull">Institut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundaci%C3%B3_Ramon_Llull" title="Fundació Ramon Llull">Fundació Ramon Llull</a> (IRL & FRL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official / national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">a.k.a. Castilian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional / minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li>Asturian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Basque</a></li> <li>Catalan / Valencian</li> <li>Galician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32641#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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