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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dietary laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar_and_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_and_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Calendar and holidays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_and_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oral traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Companions_of_Menelik_from_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companions_of_Menelik_from_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Companions of Menelik from Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companions_of_Menelik_from_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_national_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_national_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethiopian national history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_national_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribe_of_Dan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribe_of_Dan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tribe of Dan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribe_of_Dan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rabbinic_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabbinic_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rabbinic views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabbinic_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uniparental_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniparental_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Uniparental lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniparental_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autosomal_ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autosomal_ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Autosomal ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autosomal_ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Scholarly views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Early views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s_and_early_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_and_early_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>1980s and early 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_and_early_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Recent views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_to_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_to_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Immigration to Israel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Immigration_to_Israel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Immigration to Israel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Immigration_to_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beta_Israel_Exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_Israel_Exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Beta Israel Exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_Israel_Exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emigration_via_Addis_Ababa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emigration_via_Addis_Ababa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Emigration via Addis Ababa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emigration_via_Addis_Ababa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Falash_Mura's_difficulties_in_immigrating_to_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Falash_Mura's_difficulties_in_immigrating_to_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>The Falash Mura's difficulties in immigrating to Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Falash_Mura's_difficulties_in_immigrating_to_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Ethiopian Jews in Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Converts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Converts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Falash_Mura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falash_Mura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Falash Mura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falash_Mura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_Abraham" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_Abraham"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Beta Abraham</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_Abraham-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Slaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Monuments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Heritage_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Heritage_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ethiopian Heritage Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Heritage_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Café_Shahor_Hazak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Café_Shahor_Hazak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Café Shahor Hazak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Café_Shahor_Hazak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Conversion to Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Return to Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aliyah_to_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aliyah_to_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Aliyah to Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aliyah_to_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Beta_Israelis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Beta_Israelis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Beta Israelis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Beta_Israelis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Affiliated groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Other reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beta Israel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D" title="ቤተ እስራኤል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤተ እስራኤል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بيتا إسرائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتا إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Бета израел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бета израел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala%C5%A1ov%C3%A9" title="Falašové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Falašové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Esrael" title="Beta Esrael – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beta Esrael" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvarasad" title="Hvarasad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hvarasad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="فلاشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلاشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs_%C3%A9thiopiens" title="Juifs éthiopiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs éthiopiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falasja%27s" title="Falasja's – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Falasja's" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%83%80_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98" title="베타 이스라엘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베타 이스라엘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopski_%C5%BDidovi" title="Etiopski Židovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etiopski Židovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yahudi_Etiopia" title="Orang Yahudi Etiopia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yahudi Etiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falascia" title="Falascia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falascia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%90_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ביתא ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביתא ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fala%C5%A1i" title="Falaši – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Falaši" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israely" title="Beta Israely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Beta Israely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="ബേതാ ഇസ്രായേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബേതാ ഇസ്രായേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بيتا اسرائيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتا اسرائيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Ethiopia" title="Yahudi Ethiopia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yahudi Ethiopia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Beta Israël – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beta Israël" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="ベタ・イスラエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベタ・イスラエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiopisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Etiopisk jødedom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etiopisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Isra%C3%A8l" title="Beta Israèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beta Israèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felaszowie" title="Felaszowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Felaszowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evreii_etiopieni" title="Evreii etiopieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evreii etiopieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Эфиопские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эфиопские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beta Israel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பெட்டா இசுரேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெட்டா இசுரேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ชาวเบตาอิสราเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวเบตาอิสราเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiyopyal%C4%B1_Yahudiler" title="Etiyopyalı Yahudiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etiyopyalı Yahudiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Ефіопські євреї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефіопські євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falacha" title="Falacha – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Falacha" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="פאלאשן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פאלאשן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="贝塔以色列 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝塔以色列" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q202812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Beta Israel</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="he"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>‎</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>)<br /><span title="Ge'ez-language text"><span lang="gez">ቤተ እስራኤል</span></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png/220px-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png/330px-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png/440px-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="746" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Jewish Ethiopian migrants seen on their first day in Israel after making Aliya</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>173,500</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160,500 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-jns.org_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jns.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000 (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Predominant:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a><br /><b>Historical:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Majority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a><br /><b>Minority:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Israelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Israelis">Jewish Israelis</a>), <a href="/wiki/South_Semitic_languages" title="South Semitic languages">South Semitic speakers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:History of Ethiopia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of <span class="fn org label">Ethiopia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Judah"><img alt="Lion of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/75px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/113px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/150px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980 – 400 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ethiopia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 – 940 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 900–1270</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Early Solomonic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1270–1529</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I's Expansions">Amda Seyon's Expansions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1314–1344</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1543 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Habesh Eyalet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1557 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1632–1769</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1769–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Ottoman_border_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict">Ottoman border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1832–1848</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia#1855–1936" title="History of Ethiopia">Unification</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1855–1913</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Invasions">Menelik's Invasions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1878–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernization_under_Haile_Selassie" title="Modernization under Haile Selassie">Modernization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1913–1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo–Ethiopian War">Second Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1935–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation with Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1952–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean Independence War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1961–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977–1978</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Recent history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2005_Ethiopian_general_election_violence" title="2005 Ethiopian general election violence">Police massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2005</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2006–09)">War in Somalia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">East Africa drought</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Oromo_protests" title="2014–2016 Oromo protests">Oromo protests</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr#History" title="Ethiopian birr">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Eritrea" title="Category:History of Eritrea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea" title="History of Eritrea">History of <span class="fn org label">Eritrea</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Insigne_Eritreae.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the flag of Eritrea"><img alt="Arms of the flag of Eritrea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/70px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/105px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Insigne_Eritreae.svg/140px-Insigne_Eritreae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Pre-colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#Prehistory" title="History of Eritrea">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500–980 BC)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dəmot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 980–400 BC)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksumite Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150 BC–AD 960)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Dahlak" title="Sultanate of Dahlak">Sultanate of Dahlak</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1557)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagwe Dynasty">Zagwe Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1137–1270)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1974)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Dankali_Sultanate" title="Dankali Sultanate">Dankali Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> Late 13th century–18th century)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Sultanate of Aussa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1734–1936)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Eyalet-i Habeş</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1554–1872)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1882–1936)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Governorate" title="Eritrea Governorate">Eritrea Governorate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936–1941)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940–1941)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#British_administration_and_federalisation" title="History of Eritrea">British Military Administration</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941–1952)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Colonial</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Autonomy within Ethiopia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1952–1962)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961–1991)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> Annexation as the <a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Province" title="Eritrea Province">Eritrea Province</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1993)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1974–1991)</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="#e3e3ff;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">State of Eritrea</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eritrea#1990s" title="History of Eritrea">1990s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998–2000)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Eritrea" title="2000s in Eritrea">2000s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Eritrea" title="2010s in Eritrea">2010s in Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/16px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/24px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Flag_of_Eritrea.svg/32px-Flag_of_Eritrea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Eritrea" title="Portal:Eritrea">Eritrea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Eritrea" title="Template:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Eritrea" title="Template talk:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Eritrea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Eritrea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/40px-Ge%27ez.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/60px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ge%27ez.svg/80px-Ge%27ez.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="102" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez script">Ethiopic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Ethiopic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Ethiopic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of Ethiopic characters.</div></div> </div><p>The <b>Beta Israel</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Ethiopian Jews</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Jewish diaspora</a> group that lived for thousands of years in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a> and its successor the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, which is currently divided between the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_Region" title="Amhara Region">Amhara Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Region" title="Tigray Region">Tigray Region</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948, most of the Beta Israel <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrated there</a> or were evacuated through several initiatives by the Israeli government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, Beta Israel lived in northern and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, where they were spread out across more than 500 small villages over a wide territory, alongside predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Ethiopia" title="Islam in Ethiopia">Muslim</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of them were concentrated mainly in what is today <a href="/wiki/North_Gondar_Zone" title="North Gondar Zone">North Gondar Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shire_Inda_Selassie" class="mw-redirect" title="Shire Inda Selassie">Shire Inda Selassie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welkait" title="Welkait">Wolqayit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tselemti" title="Tselemti">Tselemti</a>, Dembia, Segelt, <a href="/wiki/Qwara_Province" title="Qwara Province">Quara</a>, and Belesa. </p><p>The Beta Israel appear to have been isolated from the more mainstream <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Jewish communities</a> for at least a millennium, and practiced a non-<a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmudic</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> that is similar in some respects to <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>. The religious practices of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Israeli Beta Israel</a> are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a>. </p><p>Having suffered persecution in Ethiopia, a significant portion of the Beta Israel community was forced into Christianity during the 19th and 20th centuries; those who converted to Christianity then came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a>. The larger Christian <a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a> community is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">crypto-Jewish</a> offshoot of the Beta Israel community. </p><p>The Beta Israel first made extensive contact with other Jewish communities in the late 20th century, after which a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">rabbinic debate</a> ensued over their <a href="/wiki/Jewish_identity" title="Jewish identity">Jewishness</a>. Following <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhic</a></i> and constitutional discussions, Israeli authorities decided in 1977 that the Beta Israel qualified on all fronts for the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPOST_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPOST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Approv_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Approv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Israeli government, with support from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, began a large-scale effort to conduct transport operations and bring the Beta Israel to Israel in multiple waves.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activities included <a href="/wiki/Operation_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Brothers">Operation Brothers</a>, which evacuated the Beta Israel community in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> between 1979 and 1990 (including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a> in 1984 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Joshua" title="Operation Joshua">Operation Joshua</a> in 1985), and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isn.ethz.ch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isn.ethz.ch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 2008, there were 119,300 Ethiopian Jews living in Israel, including nearly 81,000 born in Ethiopia and about 38,500 (about 32% of the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel) <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">born in Israel</a> with at least one parent born in Ethiopia or <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (formerly a part of Ethiopia).<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 2019, there were 155,300 Jews of Ethiopian descent in Israel. Approximately 87,500 were born in Ethiopia, and 67,800 were born in Israel with parents born in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is mostly composed of Beta Israel (practicing both Haymanot and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>), and to a smaller extent, of <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a> who left Christianity and began practicing Rabbinic Judaism upon their arrival to Israel. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadane_(Raphael)_Takuyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg/220px-Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg/330px-Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg/440px-Hadane_%28Raphael%29_Takuyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Hadane" title="Raphael Hadane">Raphael Hadane</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Kahen" title="Kahen">Liqa Kahenat</a> (High priest) of Beta Israel in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout its history, the community has been referred to by numerous names. According to <a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">tradition</a>, the <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Beta Israel</i></span> (literally, 'house of Israel' in <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez">Ge'ez</a>) community had their origins in the 4th century CE, when they refused to convert to Christianity during the rule of Abreha and Atsbeha (identified with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Se%27azana_of_Axum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Se'azana of Axum (page does not exist)">Se'azana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana</a>), the monarchs of the Kingdom of Aksum who embraced Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name contrasts with <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Beta Kristiyan</i></span>, the term for the church in Ge'ez, literally meaning "house of Christianity".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dege-Müller_247–308_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dege-Müller_247–308-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1980s, it has also become the official name used in the scholarly and scientific literature to refer to the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Names_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Esra'elawi</i></span>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>", is also used by the community to refer to its members.<sup id="cite_ref-Names_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Ayhud</i></span> (lit. "<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>") is rarely used in the community, as Ethiopian Christians had used it as a derogatory term;<sup id="cite_ref-Dege-Müller_247–308_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dege-Müller_247–308-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the term has increased in usage in the 20th century as the Beta Israel strengthened its ties with other Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Names_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Ibrawi</i></span> (lit. "Hebrew") was used to refer to the <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">chawa</i></span> (lit. "free man") in the community, in contrast to the <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">barya</i></span> (lit. "slave").<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Oritawi</i></span> (lit. "<a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>-true") was also used to refer to the Beta Israel; since the 19th century, it has been used in contraast to the term <i>Falash Mura</i> (converts).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The colloquial Ethiopian/Eritrean term <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Falasha</i></span> <i>or</i> <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Felasha</i></span>, which means "landless", "wanderers", or "associated with monks", was given to the community in the 15th century by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Yeshaq_I" title="Yeshaq I">Yeshaq I</a>; its use is now considered offensive. The term <i>Zagwe</i> is also used for the Beta Israel, although it is considered derogatory, as it associated the community with the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, who largely practice <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional African religion">traditional African religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Names_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Names-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Beta_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Beta Israel">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_22999_Religion_in_Israel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>Beta Israel women in Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>Haymanot (<a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: ሃይማኖት) is the colloquial term for "faith" which is used as a term for the <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish religion</a> by the Beta Israel community,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Christians</a> also use it as a term for their own religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Mäṣḥafä Kedus</i></span> (lit. "Holy Scriptures") is the name for the religious literature of the Beta Israel. These texts are written in <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, which is also the liturgical language of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>. The holiest book is the Octateuch, known as the <a href="/wiki/Orit" title="Orit">Orit</a> among Ethiopian Jews: the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Five Books of Moses</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ruth" title="Book of Ruth">Ruth</a>. The Beta Israel scriptures also include the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Book of Lamentations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, which are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo_biblical_canon" title="Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon">Orthodox Tewahedo biblical canon</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanonical books</a> that also make up part of the Beta Israel canon are the <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Book of Sirach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judith" title="Book of Judith">Book of Judith</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Esdras" title="1 Esdras">Esdras 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meqabyan" title="Meqabyan">Books of Meqabyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Baruch" title="Book of Baruch">Book of Baruch</a> (including <a href="/wiki/4_Baruch" title="4 Baruch">4 Baruch</a>), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Abraham" title="Testament of Abraham">Testaments of Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Isaac" title="Testament of Isaac">Isaac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Jacob" title="Testament of Jacob">Jacob</a>. Many of these books differ substantially from the similarly numbered and named texts in <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> and Hebrew (such as the <a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Maccabees" title="Books of the Maccabees">Book of Maccabees</a>), though some of the Ge'ez works are clearly dependent on those texts. Others appear to have different ancient literary and oral origins. Many texts used by the Beta Israel but other rabbinic Jewish groups are also used by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians but not other Christian groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Important non-Biblical writings include: <i>Mota Aron</i> ("Death of Aaron"), <i>Mota Musé</i> ("Death of Moses"), <i>Nagara Muse</i> ("The Conversation of Moses"), <i>Te'ezaza Sanbat</i> ("Commandments of the Sabbath"), <i>Arde'et</i> ("Disciples"), <i>Gorgoryos</i> ("Apocalypse of Gorgorios"), <a href="/wiki/Ethiopic_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" title="Ethiopic Apocalypse of Ezra"><i>Ezra</i> ("Apocalypse of Ezra")</a>, <i>Barok</i> ("Apocalypse of Baruch"), <i>Mäṣḥafä Sa'atat</i> ("Book of Hours"), <i>Fālasfā</i> ("Philosophers"), <i>Abba Elias</i> ("Father Elijah"), <i>Mäṣḥafä Mäla'əkt</i> ("Book of Angels"), <i>Dərsanä Abrəham Wäsara Bägabs</i> ("Homily on Abraham and Sarah in Egypt"), <i>Gadla Sosna</i> ("The Story of Susanna"), and <i>Baqadāmi Gabra Egzi'abḥēr</i> ("In the Beginning God Created").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_houses">Prayer houses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prayer houses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg/375px-PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_10703_Architecture_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern Synagogue in the city of <a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The synagogue is called the <i>masgid</i> (place of worship), it is also called the <i>bet maqdas</i> (Holy house) or the <i>ṣalot bet</i> (Prayer house).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dietary_laws">Dietary laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dietary laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></div> <p>Beta Israel <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a> law is based mainly on the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Jubilees</a>. Leviticus 11:3–8 and Deuteronomy 14:4–8 list permitted and forbidden land animals and their signs. Leviticus 11:13–23 and Deuteronomy 14:12–20 list forbidden birds. Leviticus 11:9–12 and Deuteronomy 14:9–10 list the signs of permitted fish. Insects and larvae are forbidden in Leviticus 11:41–42. <a href="/wiki/Gid_hanasheh" title="Gid hanasheh">Gid hanasheh</a> is forbidden in Genesis 32:33. <a href="/wiki/Milk_and_meat_in_Jewish_law" title="Milk and meat in Jewish law">Mixtures of milk and meat</a> are not prepared or eaten, but benefiting from them is permitted—Haymanot use a literal interpretation of the verses Exodus 23:19, Exodus 34:26, and Deuteronomy 14:21, "shalt not seethe a kid in its mother's milk", similar to<a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a>; whereas, under <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>, any benefit from mixing dairy products with meat is banned. </p><p>Ethiopian Jews were forbidden to eat the food of non-Jews. A <a href="/wiki/Kahen" title="Kahen">Kahen</a> eats only meat he has slaughtered himself, which someone else may prepare. Someone else may also eat meat that a Kahen has slaughtered. Those who break these taboos are ostracized, and must undergo a purification process that includes fasting for one or more days, eating only uncooked chickpeas provided by the Kahen, and ritual purification, before entering the village. </p><p>Unlike other Ethiopians, the Beta Israel do not eat raw meat dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Kitfo" title="Kitfo">kitfo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gored_gored" title="Gored gored">gored gored</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar_and_holidays">Calendar and holidays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Calendar and holidays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Beta Israel calendar is a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a> of 12 months, each 29 or 30 days alternately. Every four years, there is a <a href="/wiki/Leap_year#Hebrew_calendar" title="Leap year">leap year</a> which adds a full month (30 days). The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Jewry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Jewry">Alexandrian Jewry</a>, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ge'ez calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The years are counted according to the counting of Kushta: "1571 to Jesus Christ, 7071 to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Gyptians</a>, and 6642 to the Hebrews";<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to this counting, the year 5771 (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">ה'תשע"א</span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Rabbinical Hebrew calendar</a> is the year 7082 in this calendar. </p><p>Beta Israel holidays include <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ba'āl lisan</i></span> (New Year in Nissan), <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">fāsikā</i></span> (Passover), <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">mã'rar</i></span> (Shavuot, lit. "harvest"), <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">'āl Matqe</i></span> (Rosh Hashana, lit. "blowing holiday", compare <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah#Etymology" title="Rosh Hashanah"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">zikhron teru'ah</i></span> in Hebrew</a>), <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">astasreyo</i></span> (Yom Kippur), and <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ba'āla maṣallat</i></span> (Sukkot, lit. "tabernacles holiday"). Other holidays unique to Beta Israel include <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä mã'rar</i></span> (a fast before Shavuot, lit. "harvest fast"), the fourth <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">sabbath</a> of the fifth month, and an additional <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä mã'rar</i></span> and <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">mã'rar</i></span> in Kislev. The most notable of the holidays unique to Beta Israel is <a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a>, or <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">měhlělla</i></span> (lit. "supplication"), celebrated on the 29th day of <a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a>, and recognized as an official state holiday in Israel since 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The month of Cheshvan also includes a holiday for the day Moses saw the face of God on the 1st, a holiday for the reception of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> by the Israelites on the 10th, and a fast on the 12th. The month of <a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a> also has additional holidays for the Beta Israel—<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">awd amet</i></span> (lit. "year rotate") on the 1st, <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä lul</i></span> (lit. "Elul fast") between the 1st–9th, <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">anākel astar'i</i></span> (lit. "our atonement") on the 10th, and <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">asartu wasamantu</i></span> (lit. "eighteenth") on the 28th.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">fast in Tammuz</a> (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä tomos</i></span>), the fast for <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a> (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä ab</i></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">fast in Tevet</a> (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä tibt</i></span>), and the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a> (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä astēr</i></span>) are multi-day fasts while they are only one day in rabbinical Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first of each month is celebrated as <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">yačaraqā ba'āl</i></span> (lit. "new moon festival") (compare <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a>), and the last of each month is a fast called <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä mälěya</i></span> (compare <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Katan" title="Yom Kippur Katan">Yom Kippur Katan</a>). There are also monthly celebrations commemorating the main annual holidays, <i>asärt</i> (lit. "ten") on the tenth day to commemorate Yom Kippur, <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">asrã hulat</i></span> (lit. "twelve") for commemorate Shavuot, <i>and</i> <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">asrã ammest</i></span> (lit. "fifteen") for Passover and Sukkot.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shabbat is called <span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">Sanbat</i></span>. There are also weekly fasts on Monday (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä säňňo</i></span>), Thursday (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä amus</i></span>), and Friday (<span title="Ge'ez-language romanization"><i lang="gez-Latn">ṣomä 'arb</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habesha_peoples#Culture" title="Habesha peoples">Habesha peoples § Culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Beta Israel once spoke <a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a>, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Agaw languages</a>. Now, they speak <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>. Their liturgical language is <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, also Semitic.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s, they have taught <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> in their schools. Those Beta Israel residing in the State of Israel now use <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> as a daily language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oral traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary scholars believe that the Beta Israel emerged comparatively recently and formed a distinct ethnonational group in the context of historical pressures that came to a head from the 14th to the 16th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Beta Israel's accounts of their own origins state that they stem from the very ancient migration of some portion of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">Tribe of Dan</a> to Ethiopia, were led by the sons of Moses, perhaps at the time of the Exodus. Alternative timelines include the later crises in Judea, e. g., the split of the northern Kingdom of Israel from the southern Kingdom of Judah after the death of <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">King Solomon</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Exile">Babylonian Exile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Beta Israel take as their basis the Christian account of <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik</a>'s return to Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menelik is considered the first <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a>, and is traditionally believed to be the son of <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">King Solomon</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, and Makeda, ancient <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>). Though all the available traditions<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> correspond to recent interpretations, they reflect ancient convictions. According to Jon Abbink, three different versions are to be distinguished among the traditions which were recorded by the priests of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Companions_of_Menelik_from_Jerusalem">Companions of Menelik from Jerusalem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Companions of Menelik from Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one account, the Beta Israel originated in the kingdom of Israel and they were the contemporaries rather than the descendants of King Solomon and Menelik.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_national_history">Ethiopian national history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethiopian national history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ethiopian history described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kebra_Nagast" title="Kebra Nagast">Kebra Nagast</a></i> relates that Ethiopians are descendants of Israelite tribes who came to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a>, alleged to be the son of King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> (or Makeda, in the legend) (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a10.htm#1">1 Kings 10:1–13</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt25b09.htm#1">2 Chronicles 9:1–12</a>). The legend relates that Menelik, as an adult, returned to his father in Jerusalem, and later resettled in Ethiopia. He took with him the <a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, there is no mention that the Queen of Sheba either married or had any sexual relations with King Solomon (although some identify her with the "black and beautiful" in <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> 1:5).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, the narrative records that she was impressed with Solomon's wealth and wisdom, and they exchanged royal gifts, and then she returned to rule her people in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>. However, the "royal gifts" are interpreted by some as sexual contact. The loss of the Ark is not mentioned in the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a> later makes reference to the Ark in <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings 19:15</a>. </p><p>The <i>Kebra Negast</i> asserts that the Beta Israel are descended from a battalion of men of Judah who fled southward down the Arabian coastal lands from <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> after the breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> into two kingdoms in the 10th century BCE (while King <a href="/wiki/Rehoboam" title="Rehoboam">Rehoboam</a> reigned over Judah). </p><p>Although the <i>Kebra Nagast</i> and some traditional Ethiopian histories have stated that <a href="/wiki/Gudit" title="Gudit">Gudit</a> (or "Yudit", Judith; another name given her was "Esato", Esther), a 10th-century usurping queen, was Jewish, some scholars consider that it is unlikely that this was the case. It is more likely, they say, that she was a pagan southerner<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a usurping Christian Aksumite Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, she clearly supported Jews, since she founded the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, who governed from around 937 to 1270 CE. According to the <i>Kebra Nagast</i>, Jewish, Christian and pagan kings ruled in harmony at that time. Furthermore, the Zagwe dynasty claimed legitimacy (according to the <i>Kebra Nagast</i>) by saying it was descended from Moses and his Ethiopian wife.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most of the Beta Israel consider the <i>Kebra Negast</i> to be legend. As its name expresses, "Glory of Kings" (meaning the Christian Aksumite kings), it was written in the 14th century in large part to delegitimize the Zagwe dynasty, to promote instead a rival "Solomonic" claim to authentic Jewish Ethiopian antecedents, and to justify the Christian overthrow of the Zagwe by the "Solomonic" Aksumite dynasty, whose rulers are glorified. The writing of this polemic shows that criticisms of the Aksumite claims of authenticity were current in the 14th century, two centuries after they came to power. Many Beta Israel believe that they are descended from the tribe of Dan.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most reject the "Solomonic" and "Queen of Sheba" legends of the Aksumites<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribe_of_Dan">Tribe of Dan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tribe of Dan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prove the antiquity and authenticity of their claims, the Beta Israel cite the 9th-century CE testimony of <a href="/wiki/Eldad_ha-Dani" title="Eldad ha-Dani">Eldad ha-Dani</a> (the Danite), from a time before the Zagwean dynasty was established. Eldad was a Jewish man who appeared in Egypt and created a stir in that Jewish community (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean Jewish communities he visited) with claims that he had come from a Jewish kingdom of pastoralists far to the south. The only language Eldad spoke was a hitherto unknown dialect of Hebrew. Although he strictly followed the Mosaic commandments, his observance differed in some details from Rabbinic halakhah. Some observers thought that he might be a Karaite, although his practice also differed from theirs. He carried Hebrew books that supported his explanations of halakhah. He cited ancient authorities in the scholarly traditions of his own people.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eldad said that the Jews of his own kingdom descended from the tribe of Dan (which included the Biblical war-hero <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a>) who had fled the civil war in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> between Solomon's son Rehoboam and <a href="/wiki/Jeroboam" title="Jeroboam">Jeroboam</a> the son of Nebat, and resettled in Egypt. From there, they moved southwards up the Nile into Ethiopia. The Beta Israel say this confirms that they are descended from these Danites.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Beta Israel, however, assert that their Danite origins go back to the time of Moses, when some Danites parted from other Jews right after the Exodus and moved south to Ethiopia. Eldad the Danite speaks of at least three waves of Jewish immigration into his region, creating other Jewish tribes and kingdoms. The earliest wave settled in a remote kingdom of the "tribe of Moses": this was the strongest and most secure Jewish kingdom of all, with farming villages, cities and great wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Ethiopian Jews who appeared in the Mediterranean world over the succeeding centuries and persuaded rabbinic authorities there that they were of Jewish descent, and so could if slaves be ransomed by Jewish communities, join synagogues, marry other Jews, etc, also referred to the Mosaic and Danite origins of Ethiopian Jewry.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mosaic claims of the Beta Israel, in any case, like those of the Zagwe dynasty, are ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other sources tell of many Jews who were brought as prisoners of war from ancient Israel by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy I">Ptolemy I</a> and settled on the border of his kingdom with <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>). Another tradition asserts that the Jews arrived either via the old district of <a href="/wiki/Qwara_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qwara province">Qwara</a> in northwestern Ethiopia, or via the <a href="/wiki/Atbara_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Atbara River">Atbara River</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> tributaries flow into Sudan. Some accounts specify the route taken by their forefathers on their way upriver to the south from Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabbinic_views">Rabbinic views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rabbinic views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg/250px-ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg/375px-ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg/500px-ChiefRabbinate1922Letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_(%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%A4%22%D7%91)" class="extiw" title="s:he:קול קורא מאת הרבנות הראשית לארץ ישראל (תרפ"ב)">Public appeal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a> to save the Jews of Ethiopia, 1921, signed by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Abraham Isaac Kook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Meir" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Meir">Jacob Meir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As mentioned above, the 9th-century Jewish traveler Eldad ha-Dani claimed he descended from the tribe of Dan. He also reported other Jewish kingdoms around his own or in East Africa during this time. His writings probably represent the first mention of the Beta Israel in Rabbinic literature. Despite some skeptical critics, his authenticity has been generally accepted in current scholarship. His descriptions were consistent and even the originally doubtful rabbis of his time were finally persuaded.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific details may be uncertain; one critic has noted Eldad's lack of detailed reference to Ethiopia's geography and any Ethiopian language, although he claimed the area as his homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eldad's was not the only medieval testimony about Jewish communities living far to the south of Egypt, which strengthens the credibility of his account. <a href="/wiki/Obadiah_ben_Abraham_Bartenura" class="mw-redirect" title="Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura">Obadiah ben Abraham Bartenura</a> wrote in a letter from Jerusalem in 1488: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I myself saw two of them in Egypt. They are dark-skinned...and one could not tell whether they keep the teaching of the Karaites, or of the Rabbis, for some of their practices resemble the Karaite teaching...but in other things, they appear to follow the instruction of the Rabbis; and they say they are related to the tribe of Dan.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_ibn_Zimra" class="mw-redirect" title="David ibn Zimra">David ibn Zimra</a> of Egypt (1479–1573), writing similarly, held the Ethiopian Jewish community to be similar in many ways to the Karaites, writing of them on this wise: </p> <blockquote><p>...Lo! the matter is well-known that there are perpetual wars between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">kings of Kush</a>, which has three kingdoms; part of which belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ishmaelites" title="Ishmaelites">Ishmaelites</a>, and part of which to the Christians, and part of which to the Israelites from the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">tribe of Dan</a>. In all likelihood, they are from the sect of <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boethusians" title="Boethusians">Boethus</a>, who are [now] called <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>, since they know only a few of the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">biblical commandments</a>, but are unfamiliar with the <a href="/wiki/Torah_she-be%27al-peh" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah she-be'al-peh">Oral Law</a>, nor do they light the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_candles" title="Shabbat candles">Sabbath candle</a>. War ceases not from amongst them, and every day they take captives from one another...<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the same <i>responsum</i>, he concludes that if the Ethiopian Jewish community wished to return to rabbinic Judaism, they would be received and welcomed into the fold, just as the Karaites who returned to the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbanite">Rabbanites</a> in the time of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Maimonides" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham ben Maimonides">Abraham ben Maimonides</a>. </p><p>Reflecting the consistent assertions made by Ethiopian Jews they dealt with or knew of, and after due investigation of their claims and their own Jewish behaviour, a number of Jewish legal authorities, in previous centuries and in modern times, have ruled <i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakhically</a></i> (according to Jewish legal code) that the Beta Israel are indeed Jews, the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Dan" title="Tribe of Dan">tribe of Dan</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They believe that these people established a Jewish kingdom that lasted for hundreds of years. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, schisms arose and three kingdoms competed. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Ethiopian kingdoms reduced the Jewish kingdom to a small impoverished section. The earliest authority to rule this way was the 16th-century scholar David ibn Zimra (Radbaz), who explained elsewhere in a <a href="/wiki/Responsa" title="Responsa">responsum</a> concerning the status of a Beta Israel slave: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But those Jews who come from the land of Cush are without doubt from the tribe of Dan, and since they did not have in their midst sages who were masters of the tradition, they clung to the simple meaning of the Scriptures. If they had been taught, however, they would not be irreverent towards the words of our sages, so their status is comparable to a Jewish infant taken captive by non-Jews… And even if you say that the matter is in doubt, it is a commandment to redeem them.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1973, <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi of Israel</a> ruled, based on the writings of David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra and other accounts, that the Beta Israel were Jews and should be brought to Israel. Two years later this opinion was confirmed by a number of other authorities who made similar rulings, including the Ashkenazi chief rabbi of Israel <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Goren" title="Shlomo Goren">Shlomo Goren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Approv_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Approv-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, the law was passed granting the right of return.<sup id="cite_ref-JPOST_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPOST-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some notable <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">poskim</a> (religious law authorities) from <a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">non-Zionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> circles, placed a <i>safek</i> (legal doubt) over the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewish peoplehood</a> of the Beta Israel. Such dissenting voices include Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elazar_Shach" title="Elazar Shach">Elazar Shach</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Shalom_Eliashiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosef Shalom Eliashiv">Yosef Shalom Eliashiv</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Auerbach" title="Shlomo Zalman Auerbach">Shlomo Zalman Auerbach</a>, and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar doubts were raised within the same circles towards the <a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to Russian immigrants to Israel during the <a href="/wiki/1990s_Post-Soviet_aliyah" class="mw-redirect" title="1990s Post-Soviet aliyah">1990s Post-Soviet aliyah</a>. </p><p>In the 1970s and early 1980s, the Beta Israel were required to undergo a modified conversion ceremony involving immersion in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> (ritual bath), a declaration accepting Rabbinic law, and, for men, a <i><a href="/wiki/Hatafat_dam_brit" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatafat dam brit">hatafat dam brit</a></i> (symbolic recircumcision).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Shapira" title="Avraham Shapira">Avraham Shapira</a> later waived the <i>hatafat dam brit</i> stipulation, which is only a requirement when the <i>halakhic</i> doubt is significant.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Amar" title="Shlomo Amar">Shlomo Amar</a> has ruled that descendants of Ethiopian Jews who were <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">forced to convert to Christianity</a> are "unquestionably Jews in every respect".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the consent of Ovadia Yosef, Amar ruled that it is forbidden to question the Jewishness of this community, pejoratively called <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a> in reference to their having converted.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></div> <p>A number of DNA studies have been done on the Beta Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uniparental_lineages">Uniparental lineages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Uniparental lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">Genealogical DNA testing</a> allows research into paternal (meaning only through fathers) and maternal (meaning only through mothers) ancestry. </p><p>According to Cruciani et al. (2002), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup A (Y-DNA)">haplogroup A</a> is the most common paternal lineage among Ethiopian Jews. The clade is carried by around 41% of Beta Israel males, and is primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a>-speaking populations. However, the A branches carried by Ethiopians Jews are principally of the A-Y23865 variety, which formed about 10,000 years ago and is localized to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian highlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Atanasio_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Atanasio-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A-Y23865_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-Y23865-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference with some Khoisan is 54,000 years, and with others - 125,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, around 18% of Ethiopian Jews are bearers of <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-P2#Distribution" title="Haplogroup E-P2">E-P2 (xM35, xM2)</a>; in Ethiopia, most of such lineages belong to <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M329" title="Haplogroup E-M329">E-M329</a>, which has been found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> isolated from a 4,500 year old Ethiopian fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such haplotypes are frequent in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Nations,_Nationalities,_and_Peoples%27_Region" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region">Southwestern Ethiopia</a>, especially among <a href="/wiki/Omotic_languages" title="Omotic languages">Omotic</a>-speaking populations.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plaster1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plaster1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rest of the Beta Israel mainly belong to haplotypes linked with the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E-M35</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267" title="Haplogroup J-M267">J-M267</a> haplogroups, which are more commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic</a> and Semitic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Further analysis show that the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E-M35</a> carried by Ethiopian Jews is primarily indigenous to the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> rather than being of <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-D’Atanasio_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Atanasio-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-E-Y17750_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E-Y17750-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, this suggests that Ethiopian Jews have diverse patrilineages indicative of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Northeast African</a>, not Middle Eastern, origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruciani2002_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruciani2002-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> study focused on maternal ancestry sampling 41 Beta Israel found them to carry 51.2% <a href="/wiki/Macro-haplogroup_L_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-haplogroup L (mtDNA)">macro-haplogroup L</a> typically found in Africa. The remainder consisted of Eurasian-origin lineages such as 22% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R0_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R0 (mtDNA)">R0</a>, 19.5% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_M_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup M (mtDNA)">M1</a>, 5% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_W_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup W (mtDNA)">W</a>, and 2.5% <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maternal1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maternal1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, no identical haplotypes were shared between the Yemenite and Ethiopian Jewish populations, suggesting very little <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> between the populations and potentially distinct maternal population histories.<sup id="cite_ref-maternal1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maternal1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maternal ancestral profile of the Beta Israel is similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">highland Ethiopian</a> populations.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plaster1_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plaster1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Autosomal_ancestry">Autosomal ancestry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Autosomal ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ethiopian Jews' <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (2009) on the genetic affiliations of various populations in Africa. According to Bayesian clustering analysis, the Beta Israel generally grouped with other <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushitic peoples">Cushitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethiosemitic</a>-speaking populations inhabiting the Horn of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Tishkoff2009_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2010 study by Behar et al. on the genome-wide structure of Jews observed that "Ethiopian Jews (Beta Israel) and Indian Jews (Bene Israel and Cochini) cluster with neighbouring autochthonous populations in Ethiopia and western India, respectively, despite a clear paternal link between the Bene Israel and the Levant. These results cast light on the variegated genetic architecture of the Middle East, and trace the origins of most Jewish Diaspora communities to the Levant."<sup id="cite_ref-Behar2010_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the study of Behar et al. Ethiopian Jews are clustered with the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Semitic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Semitic languages">Ethio-Semitic</a> speakers Amhara and Tigrayans rather than the Cushitic-speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Behar20102_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar20102-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Beta Israel are autosomally closer to other populations from the Horn of Africa than to any other Jewish population, including Yemenite Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Tishkoff2009_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tishkoff2009-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Behar2010_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Behar2010-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study by Ostrer et al. concluded that the Ethiopian Jewish community was founded about 2,000 years ago probably by only a relatively small number of Jews from elsewhere with local people joining to the community, causing Beta Israel to become genetically distant from other Jewish groups.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2020 study by Agranat-Tamir et al., the DNA of the Ethiopian Jews is mostly of East African origin, but about 20% of their genetic makeup is of Middle Eastern <a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">semitic people</a> origin and shows similarity to modern Jewish and Arab populations and Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_views">Scholarly views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Scholarly views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_views">Early views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Early views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early secular scholars considered the Beta Israel to be the direct descendant of Jews who lived in ancient Ethiopia, whether they were the descendants of an Israelite tribe, or converted by Jews living in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, or by the Jewish community in southern Egypt at <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1829, Marcus Louis wrote that the ancestors of the Beta Israel related to the Asmach, which were also called Sembritae ("foreigners"), an Egyptian regiment numbering 240,000 soldiers and mentioned by Greek geographers and historians. The Asmach emigrated or were exiled from <a href="/wiki/Elephantine" title="Elephantine">Elephantine</a> to Kush in the time of <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> and settled in <a href="/wiki/Sennar_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sennar (state)">Sennar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that <a href="/wiki/Shebna" title="Shebna">Shebna</a>'s party from Rabbinic accounts was part of the Asmach. </p><p>In the 1930s, Jones and Monroe argued that the chief Semitic languages of Ethiopia may suggest an antiquity of Judaism in Ethiopia. "There still remains the curious circumstance that a number of Abyssinian words connected with religion, such as the words for <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a>, are of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> origin. These words must have been derived directly from a Jewish source, for the Abyssinian Church knows the scriptures only in a Ge'ez version made from the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a> summarized the various theories offered about their origins as of 1950 that the first members of this community were </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <ol><li>converted <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaws</a></li> <li>Jewish immigrants who intermarried with Agaws</li> <li>immigrant Yemeni Arabs who had converted to Judaism</li> <li>immigrant Yemeni Jews</li> <li>Jews from Egypt</li> <li>successive waves of Yemeni Jews</li></ol><p> Traditional Ethiopian savants, on the one hand, have declared that 'We were Jews before we were Christians', while more recent, well-documented, Ethiopian hypotheses, notably by two Ethiopian scholars, Dr Taddesse Tamrat and Dr Getachew Haile...put much greater emphasis on the manner in which Christians over the years converted to the Falasha faith, thus showing that the Falashas were culturally an Ethiopian sect, made up of ethnic Ethiopians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pankhurst-567_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst-567-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_and_early_1990s">1980s and early 1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1980s and early 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Pirenne" title="Jacqueline Pirenne">Jacqueline Pirenne</a>, numerous <a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans">Sabaeans</a> left south Arabia and crossed over the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> to Ethiopia to escape from the Assyrians, who had devastated the kingdoms of Israel and Judah in the 8th and 7th centuries BCE. She says that a second major wave of Sabeans crossed over to Ethiopia in the 6th and 5th centuries BCE to escape <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a>. This wave also included Jews fleeing from the Babylonian takeover of Judah. In both cases, the Sabeans are assumed to have departed later from Ethiopia to Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Menachem Waldman, a major wave of emigration from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> to Kush and Abyssinia dates to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">Assyrian siege of Jerusalem</a> in the beginning of the seventh century BCE. <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic accounts</a> of the siege assert that only about 110,000 <a href="/wiki/Judeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeans">Judeans</a> remained in Jerusalem under King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a>'s command, whereas about 130,000 Judeans led by <a href="/wiki/Shebna" title="Shebna">Shebna</a> had joined <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a>'s campaign against <a href="/wiki/Taharqa#Biblical_references" title="Taharqa">Tirhakah</a>, king of Kush. Sennacherib's campaign failed and Shebna's army was lost "at the mountains of darkness", suggestively identified with the <a href="/wiki/Simien_Mountains" title="Simien Mountains">Simien Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kaplan_(Africanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Kaplan (Africanist)">Steve Kaplan</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although we don't have a single fine ethnographic research on Beta Israel, and the recent history of this tribe has received almost no attention by researchers, every one who writes about the Jews of Ethiopia feels obliged to contribute his share to the ongoing debate about their origin. Politicians and journalists, Rabbis and political activists, not a single one of them withstood the temptation to play the role of the historian and invent a solution for this riddle.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Richard Pankhurst summarized the state of knowledge on the subject in 1992 as follows: "The early origins of the Falashas are shrouded in mystery, and, for lack of documentation, will probably remain so for ever."<sup id="cite_ref-Pankhurst-567_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pankhurst-567-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_views">Recent views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recent views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1994, modern scholars of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">Ethiopian history</a> and Ethiopian Jews generally supported one of two conflicting hypotheses for the origin of the Beta Israel, as outlined by Kaplan:<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan94-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An ancient Jewish origin, together with conservation of some ancient Jewish traditions by the Ethiopian Church. Kaplan identifies Simon D. Messing, David Shlush, Michael Corinaldi, Menachem Waldman, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Elon" title="Menachem Elon">Menachem Elon</a> and David Kessler as supporters of this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan94-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A late <a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">ethnogenesis</a> of the Beta Israel between the 14th to 16th centuries, from a sect of Ethiopian Christians who took on Biblical Old Testament practices, and came to identify as Jews. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Kaplan_(Africanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Kaplan (Africanist)">Steven Kaplan</a> supports this hypothesis, and lists with him G. J. Abbink, Kay K. Shelemay, Taddesse Tamrat and James A. Quirin. Quirin differs from his fellow researchers in the weight he assigns to an ancient Jewish element which the Beta Israel have conserved.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplan94-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some Ethiopian Jewish practices disagree with rabbinic practice but do match the practices of late <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> sects, suggesting that Ethiopian Jews may possess a tradition from ancient Jewish groups whose beliefs have become extinct elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">History of the Jews in Ethiopia</a></div> <p>The earliest recorded mention of the Beta Israel comes from the <i>Royal Chronicle</i> of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia">Amda Seyon</a> which dates to the early 14th century AD. According to this source, the Emperor sent troops to pacify the people "like Jews" in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Semien_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien province">Semien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tselemt" title="Tselemt">Tselemt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsegede" title="Tsegede">Tsegede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wegera_(woreda)" title="Wegera (woreda)">Wegara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early reference to the Beta Israel is found in a Christian Ethiopian hagiography known as the <i>Gädl</i> (Life) of Abba Yafqarana Egzi', a 14th century Ethiopian saint. This work contains an account of a Christian monk by the name of Qozmos, who, following a dispute with his abbot, renounced Christianity, and joined a group of people who followed "the religion of the Jews". Qozmos then led the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Semien_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Semien province">Semien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tselemt" title="Tselemt">Tselemt</a> to attack the Christians of <a href="/wiki/Dembiya" title="Dembiya">Dembiya</a>. Eventually, this revolt was defeated by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_I" title="Dawit I">Dawit I</a> who dispatched troops from Tigray to crush the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Immigration_to_Israel">Immigration to Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Immigration to Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">Aliyah from Ethiopia</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> from Ethiopia compared to the total Aliyah to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Years</th> <th>Ethiopian-born<br />Immigrants</th> <th>Total Immigration<br /> to Israel </th></tr> <tr> <td>1948–51</td> <td>10</td> <td>687,624 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952–60</td> <td>59</td> <td>297,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961–71</td> <td>98</td> <td>427,828 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972–79</td> <td>306</td> <td>267,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–89</td> <td>16,965</td> <td>153,833 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–99</td> <td>39,651</td> <td>956,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–04</td> <td>14,859</td> <td>181,505 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005-09</td> <td>12,586</td> <td>86,855 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>1,652</td> <td>16,633 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>2,666</td> <td>16,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>2,432</td> <td>16,557 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>450</td> <td>16,968 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falasha_migration2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falasha_migration2.jpg/250px-Falasha_migration2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falasha_migration2.jpg/375px-Falasha_migration2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Falasha_migration2.jpg/500px-Falasha_migration2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Migration Map of Beta Israel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_Israel_Exodus">Beta Israel Exodus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Beta Israel Exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The emigration of the Beta Israel community to Israel was officially banned by the Communist <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> government of Ethiopia during the 1980s, although it is now known that <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">General Mengistu</a> collaborated with Israel in order to receive money and arms in exchange for granting the Beta Israel safe passage during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Beta Israel sought alternative ways of immigration, via <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>Late 1979 – beginning of 1984</b> – Aliyah activists and <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a> agents operating in Sudan, including <a href="/wiki/Ferede_Aklum" title="Ferede Aklum">Ferede Aklum</a>, called the Jews to come to Sudan where they would eventually be taken to Israel. Posing as Christian Ethiopian refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>, Jews began to arrive in the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Jews came from <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolqayt" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolqayt">Wolqayt</a>, regions that were controlled by the <a href="/wiki/TPLF" class="mw-redirect" title="TPLF">TPLF</a>, who often escorted them to the Sudanese border.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small groups of Jews were brought out of Sudan in a clandestine operation that continued until an Israeli newspaper exposed the operation and brought it to a halt stranding Beta Israels in the Sudanese camps. In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a> protested the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of <a href="/wiki/HIAS" title="HIAS">HIAS</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1983 – March 28, 1985</b> – In 1983 the governor of <a href="/wiki/Begemder" title="Begemder">Gondar</a> region, Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melaku_Teferra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melaku Teferra (page does not exist)">Melaku Teferra</a> was ousted, and his successor removed restrictions on travel out of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian Jews, many by this time waiting in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, began again to arrive in Sudan in large numbers; and the Mossad had trouble evacuating them quickly. Because of the poor conditions in the Sudanese camps, many Ethiopian refugees, both Christian and Jewish, died of disease and hunger. Among these victims, it is estimated that between 2,000 to 5,000 were Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sudan" title="Politics of Sudan">Sudanese government</a>, following the intervention of the U.S, allowed the emigration of 7,200 Beta Israel refugees to Europe who then went on to Israel. The first of these two immigration waves, between 20 November 1984 and 20 January 1985, was dubbed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a> (original name "The Lion of Judah’s Cub") and brought 6,500 Beta Israel to Israel. This operation was followed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Joshua" title="Operation Joshua">Operation Joshua</a> (also referred to as "Operation Sheba") a few weeks later, which was conducted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a>, and brought the 494 Jewish refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the critical intervention and pressure from the U.S.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emigration_via_Addis_Ababa">Emigration via Addis Ababa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Emigration via Addis Ababa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1990–1991</b>: After losing Soviet military support following the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of Communism">collapse of Communism</a> in Central and Eastern Europe, the Ethiopian government allowed the emigration of 6,000 Beta Israel members to Israel in small groups, mostly in hope of establishing ties with the U.S, a major Israeli ally. Many more Beta Israel members crowded into refugee camps on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, the capital of Ethiopia, to escape the civil war raging in the north of Ethiopia (their region of origin), and await their turn to emigrate to Israel.</li> <li><b>May 24–25, 1991 (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a>)</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-isn.ethz.ch_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isn.ethz.ch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, the political and economic situation in Ethiopia deteriorated, as rebels mounted attacks against and eventually gained control of Addis Ababa. Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, with the help of several private groups, resumed the migration. Over the course of 36 hours, a total of 34 <a href="/wiki/El_Al" title="El Al">El Al</a> <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">passenger planes</a>, with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel non-stop to Israel.</li> <li><b>1992–1999</b>: During these years, the <a href="/wiki/Qwara_Province" title="Qwara Province">Qwara</a> Beta Israel immigrated to Israel. Another 4,000 Ethiopian Jews who had failed to reach the assembly centre in Addis Ababa in time<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> were flown to Israel in subsequent months.</li> <li><b>1997–present</b>: In 1997, an irregular emigration began of Falash Mura, which was and still is subject to political developments in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2018–2020</b>: In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> In April 2019 an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasah arrived in Israel from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2021</b>: On November 14, 2021, Falasha Jews in Israel held a protest for their relatives who were left behind in Ethiopia in hopes of convincing the Israeli government to allow their immigration.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That day the Israeli Government permitted 9,000 Falasha Jews to go to Israel. On November 29, 2021, the Israeli Government permitted 3,000 more Falasha Jews to go to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, 1,636 Jews immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2022</b>: In May 2022 340 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>2023</b>: On February 3, 2023, 120 Jews came from Ethiopia to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 9, 2023, 111 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 23, 2023, 3,000 Jews from Ethiopia were scheduled to arrive in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 15, 2023, 5000 Jews from Ethiopia reunited with family in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 10, 2023, Israel rescued 200 citizens and Jews from Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Falash_Mura's_difficulties_in_immigrating_to_Israel"><span id="The_Falash_Mura.27s_difficulties_in_immigrating_to_Israel"></span>The Falash Mura's difficulties in immigrating to Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Falash Mura's difficulties in immigrating to Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_PM_Yitzhak_Shamir_Greets_new_immigrants_from_Ethiopia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Israeli PM <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> greets new immigrants from Ethiopia, 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1991, the Israeli authorities announced that the emigration of the Beta Israel to Israel was about to conclude, because almost all of the community had been evacuated. Nevertheless, thousands of other Ethiopians began leaving the northern region to take refuge in the government controlled capital, Addis Ababa, who were Jewish converts to Christianity and asking to immigrate to Israel. As a result, a new term arose which was used to refer to this group: "Falash Mura". The <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a>, who weren't part of the Beta Israel communities in Ethiopia, were not recognized as Jews by the Israeli authorities, and were therefore not initially allowed to immigrate to Israel, making them ineligible for Israeli citizenship under Israel's Law of Return. </p><p>As a result, a lively debate has arisen in Israel about the Falash Mura, mainly between the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel_community_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta Israel community in Israel">Beta Israel community in Israel</a> and their supporters and those opposed to a potential massive emigration of the Falash Mura people. The government's position on the matter remained quite restrictive, but it has been subject to numerous criticisms, including criticisms by some clerics who want to encourage these people's return to Judaism. </p><p>During the 1990s, the Israeli government finally allowed most of those who fled to Addis Ababa to immigrate to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some did so through the Law of Return, which allows an Israeli parent of a non-Jew to petition for his/her son or daughter to be allowed to immigrate to Israel. Others were allowed to immigrate to Israel as part of a humanitarian effort. </p><p>The Israeli government hoped that admitting these Falash Mura would finally bring emigration from Ethiopia to a close, but instead prompted a new wave of Falash Mura refugees fleeing to Addis Ababa and wishing to immigrate to Israel. This led the Israeli government to harden its position on the matter in the late 1990s. </p><p>In February 2003, the Israeli government decided to accept Orthodox religious conversions in Ethiopia of Falash Mura by Israeli Rabbis, after which they can then immigrate to Israel as Jews. Although the new position is more open, and although the Israeli governmental authorities and religious authorities should in theory allow immigration to Israel of most of the Falash Mura wishing to do so (who are now acknowledged to be descendants of the Beta Israel community), in practice, however, that immigration remains slow, and the Israeli government continued to limit, from 2003 to 2006, immigration of Falash Mura to about 300 per month.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i> stated that it had conducted a survey in Ethiopia, after which it was concluded that tens of thousands of Falash Mura still lived in rural northern Ethiopia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 14 November 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Israeli cabinet</a> approved a plan to allow an additional 8,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 16, 2015, the Israeli cabinet unanimously voted in favor of allowing the last group of Falash Mura to immigrate over the next five years, but their acceptance will be conditional on a successful Jewish conversion process, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Interior Ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2016, they announced that a total of 10,300 people would be included in the latest round of Aliyah, over the following 5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2021 300 Falasha had been brought to Israel joining 1,700 who had already immigrated; an estimated 12,000 more are in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-jns.org_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jns.org-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel">Ethiopian Jews in Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Jews in Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Jews in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel#Beta_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel § Beta Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg/200px-Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg/300px-Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg/400px-Israeli_Border_Guard_Police.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Israeli <a href="/wiki/Israel_Border_Police" title="Israel Border Police">Border Policeman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Ethiopian Beta Israel community in Israel today comprises more than 159,500 people.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a little more than 1 percent of the Israeli population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of this population are the descendants and the immigrants who came to Israel during Operation Moses (1984) and Operation Solomon (1991).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil war and famine in Ethiopia prompted the Israeli government to mount these dramatic rescue operations. The rescues were within the context of Israel's national mission to gather diaspora Jews and bring them to the Jewish homeland. Some immigration has continued up until the present day. Today 81,000 Ethiopian Israelis were born in Ethiopia, while 38,500 or 32% of the community are native born Israelis.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over time, the Ethiopian Jews in Israel moved out of the government owned <a href="/wiki/Mobile_home" title="Mobile home">mobile home</a> camps which they initially lived in and settled in various cities and towns throughout Israel, with the encouragement of the Israeli authorities who grant new immigrants generous government loans or low-interest mortgages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews who made <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a> to Israel, the Ethiopian Jews have had to overcome obstacles to integrate into Israeli society.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially the main challenges faced by the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel arose from communication difficulties (most of the Ethiopian population could not read nor write in Hebrew, and many of the older members could not hold a simple conversation in Hebrew), and discrimination, including manifestations of racism, from some parts of Israeli society.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Russian immigrants, many of whom arrived educated and skilled, Ethiopian immigrants<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came from an impoverished agrarian country, and were ill-prepared to work in an industrialized country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg/170px-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg/255px-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg/340px-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>A bride and groom in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> <p>Over the years, there has been significant progress in the integration of young Beta Israels into Israeli society, primarily resulting from serving in the Israeli Defense Forces, alongside other Israelis their age. This has led to an increase in opportunities for Ethiopian Jews after they are discharged from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite progress, Ethiopian Jews are still not well assimilated into Israeli-Jewish society. They remain, on average, on a lower economic and educational level than average Israelis. The rate of Ethiopians who have dropped out of school has increased dramatically as well as the rate of juvenile delinquency, and there are high incidences of suicide and depression among this community.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, while marriages between Jews of different backgrounds are very common in Israel, marriages between Ethiopians and non-Ethiopians are not very common. According to a 2009 study, 90% of Ethiopian-Israelis – 93% of men and 85% of women, are married to other Ethiopian-Israelis. A survey found that 57% of Israelis consider a daughter marrying an Ethiopian unacceptable and 39% consider a son marrying an Ethiopian to be unacceptable. Barriers to intermarriage have been attributed to sentiments in both the Ethiopian community and Israeli society generally.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 study showed that only 13% of high school students of Ethiopian origin felt "fully Israeli".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, an event called the "blood bank affair" took place that demonstrated the discrimination and racism against Ethiopians in Israeli society. Blood banks would not use Ethiopian blood out of the fear of HIV being generated from their blood.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_124-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discrimination and racism against Israeli Ethiopians is still perpetuated. In May 2015, Israeli Ethiopians demonstrated in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem against racism, after a video was released, showing an Israeli soldier of Ethiopian descent that was brutally beaten up by the Israeli police. Interviewed students of Ethiopian origin affirm that they do not feel accepted in Israeli society, due to a very strong discrimination towards them.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many scholars such as Ben-Eliezer have been exploring how the discrimination, cultural racism, and exclusion have resulted in metaphorically sending many of the new generation of Ethiopian Jews "back to Africa". They say this because many of the new generation have been reclaiming their traditional Ethiopian names, Ethiopian language, Ethiopian culture, and Ethiopian music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_124-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Converts">Converts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Converts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falash_Mura">Falash Mura</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Falash Mura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></div> <p>Falash Mura is the name given to those of the Beta Israel community in Ethiopia who converted to Christianity under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">Christian missionaries</a> during the 19th century and the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term consists of Jews who did not adhere to Jewish law, as well as Jewish converts to Christianity, who did so either voluntarily or who were forced to do so.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many Ethiopian Jews whose ancestors converted to Christianity have been returning to the practice of Judaism. The Israeli government can thus set quotas on their immigration and make citizenship dependent on their conversion to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beta_Abraham">Beta Abraham</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Beta Abraham"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaves">Slaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Slaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and slavery">Judaism and slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Ethiopia" title="Slavery in Ethiopia">Slavery in Ethiopia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> was practiced in Ethiopia as in much of Africa until it was formally abolished in 1942. After the slave was bought by a Jew, he went through <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion (<i>giyur</i>)</a>, and became property of his master.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 2005 Israeli-French film "<i><a href="/wiki/Go,_Live,_and_Become" class="mw-redirect" title="Go, Live, and Become">Go, Live, and Become</a></i>" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">תחייה ותהייה</span>), directed by Romanian-born <a href="/wiki/Radu_Mih%C4%83ileanu" title="Radu Mihăileanu">Radu Mihăileanu</a> focuses on Operation Moses. The film tells the story of an Ethiopian Christian child whose mother has him pass as Jewish so he can immigrate to Israel and escape the <a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine looming in Ethiopia</a>. The film was awarded the 2005 Best Film Award at the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_International_Film_Festival" title="Copenhagen International Film Festival">Copenhagen International Film Festival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Several prominent musicians and rappers are of Ethiopian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The plot of the 2019 American film <i><a href="/wiki/Uncut_Gems" title="Uncut Gems">Uncut Gems</a></i> opens with Ethiopian Jewish miners retrieving an opal in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2019 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_Sea_Diving_Resort" title="The Red Sea Diving Resort">The Red Sea Diving Resort</a></i> is loosely based on the events of Operation Moses and Operation Joshua in 1984-1985, in which the Mossad covertly evacuated Jewish Ethiopian refugees to Israel using a base at the once-abandoned holiday resort of Arous Village on the Red Sea coast of Sudan.</li> <li>Israeli-born singer <a href="/wiki/Eden_Alene" title="Eden Alene">Eden Alene</a> was set to represent Israel at the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2020">Eurovision Song Contest 2020</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam, Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chorus of her song "<a href="/wiki/Feker_Libi" title="Feker Libi">Feker Libi</a>" featured lyrics in Amharic, Arabic and Hebrew. Due to the 2020 contest's cancellation, she represented Israel again in 2021 with the song "<a href="/wiki/Set_Me_Free_(Eden_Alene_song)" title="Set Me Free (Eden Alene song)">Set Me Free</a>", placing 17th out of 26 in the final.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments">Monuments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Monuments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG/220px-BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG/330px-BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG/440px-BeitaIsraelMemorialAliya.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The Beta Israel Memorial Aliya in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>National memorials to the Ethiopian Jews who died on their way to Israel are located in <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a>, and at the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> in Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethiopian_Heritage_Museum">Ethiopian Heritage Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Heritage Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, plans to establish an Ethiopian Heritage Museum dedicated to the heritage and culture of the Ethiopian Jewish community were unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>. The museum will include a model of an Ethiopian village, an artificial stream, a garden, classrooms, an amphitheater, and a memorial to Ethiopian Zionist activists and Ethiopian Jews who died <i>en route</i> to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Café_Shahor_Hazak"><span id="Caf.C3.A9_Shahor_Hazak"></span>Café Shahor Hazak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Café Shahor Hazak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Strong_Black_Coffee" title="Strong Black Coffee">Strong Black Coffee</a> ("<i>Café Shahor Hazak</i>"; קפה שחור חזק) is an Ethiopian-Israeli <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> duo.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishexponent.com_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishexponent.com-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duo were a nominee for the <a href="/wiki/2015_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="2015 MTV Europe Music Awards">2015 MTV Europe Music Awards</a> <a href="/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Award_for_Best_Israeli_Act" title="MTV Europe Music Award for Best Israeli Act">Best Israeli Act</a> award. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology_2">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Terminology">Beta Israel § Terminology</a></div><p>The original term that the Beta Israel gave to the converts was "Faras Muqra" ("horse of the raven") in which the word "horse" refers to the converts and the word "raven" refers to the missionary <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Flad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Flad (page does not exist)">Martin Flad</a> who used to wear black clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term derived the additional names <i>Falas Muqra</i>, <i>Faras Mura</i> and <i>Falas Mura</i>. In Hebrew the term "Falash Mura" (or "Falashmura") is probably a result of confusion over the use of the term "Faras Muqra" and its derivatives and on the basis of <a href="/wiki/False_cognate" title="False cognate">false cognate</a> it was given the Hebrew meaning <i>Falashim Mumarim</i> ("converted Falashas"). </p><p>The actual term "Falash Mura" has no clear origin. It is believed that the term may come from the Agaw and means "someone who changes their faith."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern" title="Henry Aaron Stern">Henry Aaron Stern</a>, a Jewish convert to Christianity, traveled to Ethiopia in an attempt to convert the Beta Israel community to Christianity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Christianity">Conversion to Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Conversion to Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For years, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Jews">Ethiopian Jews</a> were unable to own land and were often persecuted by the Christian majority of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Jews were afraid to touch non-Jews because they believed non-Jews were not pure. They were also ostracized by their Christian neighbors. For this reason, many Ethiopian Jews converted to Christianity to seek a better life in Ethiopia. The Jewish Agency's Ethiopia emissary, Asher Seyum, says the Falash Mura "converted in the 19th and 20th century, when Jewish relations with Christian rulers soured. Regardless, many kept ties with their Jewish brethren and were never fully accepted into the Christian communities. When word spread about the aliyah, many thousands of Falash Mura left their villages for Gondar and Addis Ababa, assuming they counted."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Achefer" title="Achefer">Achefer</a> <a href="/wiki/Woreda" class="mw-redirect" title="Woreda">woreda</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mirab_Gojjam_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirab Gojjam Zone">Mirab Gojjam Zone</a>, roughly 1,000–2,000 families of Beta Israel were found.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be other such regions in Ethiopia with significant Jewish enclaves, which would raise the total population to more than 50,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Judaism">Return to Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Return to Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Falash Mura did not refer to themselves as members of the Beta Israel, the name for the Ethiopian Jewish community, until after the first wave of immigration to Israel. Beta Israel by ancestry, the Falash Mura believe they have just as much of a right to return to Israel as the Beta Israel themselves. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadiah_Yosef" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovadiah Yosef">Ovadiah Yosef</a>, a major player in the first wave of Beta Israel immigration to Israel, declared in 2002 that the Falash Mura had converted out of fear and persecution and therefore should be considered Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aliyah_to_Israel">Aliyah to Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Aliyah to Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Falash Mura who move to Israel must undergo conversion on arrival, making it increasingly more difficult for them to get situated into Israeli society. The Beta Israel who immigrated and made Aliyah through <a href="/wiki/Operation_Moses" title="Operation Moses">Operation Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Solomon" title="Operation Solomon">Operation Solomon</a> were not required to undergo conversion because they were accepted as Jews under the Law of Return. </p><p>On February 16, 2003, the Israeli government applied Resolution 2958 to the Falash Mura, which grants maternal descendants of Beta Israel the right to immigrate to Israel under the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> and to obtain citizenship if they convert to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy">Controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, both Israeli and Ethiopian groups dispute the Falash Mura's religious and political status.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli government fears that these people are just using Judaism as an excuse to leave Ethiopia in efforts to improve their lives in a new country. Right-wing member of the Israeli Knesset <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Smotrich" title="Bezalel Smotrich">Bezalel Smotrich</a> was quoted saying, "This practice will develop into a demand to bring more and more family members not included in the Law of Return. It will open the door to an endless extension of a family chain from all over the world," he wrote, according to Kan. "How can the state explain in the High Court the distinction it makes between the Falashmura and the rest of the world?"<sup id="cite_ref-:12_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the government has threatened to stop all efforts to bring these people to Israel, they have still continued to address the issue. In 2018, the Israeli government allowed 1,000 Falash Mura to immigrate to Israel. However, members of the Ethiopian community say the process for immigration approval is poorly executed and inaccurate, dividing families. At least 80 percent of the tribe members in Ethiopia say they have first-degree relatives living in Israel, and some have been waiting for 20 years to immigrate.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Beta_Israelis">Notable Beta Israelis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable Beta Israelis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seble_Wongel" title="Seble Wongel">Seble Wongel</a>, Queen mother of the Abyssinian Empire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnina_Tamano-Shata" title="Pnina Tamano-Shata">Pnina Tamano-Shata</a>, Minister of Aliyah and Integration in thirty-sixth government of Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Dasa" title="Eli Dasa">Eli Dasa</a>, Israeli professional footballer<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Shalom" title="Sharon Shalom">Sharon Shalom</a> – Israeli rabbi, lecturer and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maru_Teferi" title="Maru Teferi">Maru Teferi</a> (born 1992) — Israeli Olympic marathoner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branu_Tegene" title="Branu Tegene">Branu Tegene</a> (born 1981) — Israeli journalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Affiliated_groups">Affiliated groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Affiliated groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Faras Muqra<sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Maryam Wodet (The Lovers of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shamane<sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a><sup id="cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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of ethnic groups in Ethiopia">List of ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qemant_people" title="Qemant people">Qemant people</a>, a small subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Agaw_people" title="Agaw people">Agaw people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, whose members traditionally practiced an early Hebraic religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Freedom of religion in Africa by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a> are of the Jewish ethnicity, but left the Jewish religion to become Christians (both voluntarily and involuntarily) around the 19th century. However, Israeli officials have claimed that the community reverted to Judaism upon <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">immigrating to Israel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a> is similar to the Falash Mura, but continued to secretly practice Judaism after nominally converting to Christianity. Both communities are regarded as part of the Beta Israel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל</span>, <i>Bēteʾ Yīsrāʾēl</i>; <a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez language">Ge'ez</a>: <span lang="gez">ቤተ እስራኤል</span>, <span title="Ge'ez-language text"><i lang="gez-Latn">Beta ʾƏsrāʾel</i></span>, modern <i>Bēte 'Isrā'ēl</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Aethiopica" title="Encyclopaedia Aethiopica">EAe</a></i>: <i>Betä Ǝsraʾel</i>, "House of Israel" or "Community of Israel"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יְהוּדֵי אֶתְיוֹפְּיָה</span>: <i>Yehudey Etyopyah;</i> <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: የኢትዮጵያ ይሁዲዎች, <i>yä-Itəyop'əya Yəhudiwoč</i>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2020/358/11_20_358e.docx">The Ethiopian Community in Israel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jns.org-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jns.org_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jns.org_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRudee2021" class="citation web cs1">Rudee, Eliana (May 24, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/work-goes-on-efforts-to-bring-last-of-ethiopian-jews-to-israel/">"Work goes on: Efforts to bring last of Ethiopian Jews to Israel"</a>. <i>JNS.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JNS.org&rft.atitle=Work+goes+on%3A+Efforts+to+bring+last+of+Ethiopian+Jews+to+Israel&rft.date=2021-05-24&rft.aulast=Rudee&rft.aufirst=Eliana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fwork-goes-on-efforts-to-bring-last-of-ethiopian-jews-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMozgovaya2008" class="citation web cs1">Mozgovaya, Natasha (2008-04-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205220535/http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077094.html">"Focus U.S.A.-Israel News – Haaretz Israeli News source"</a>. Haaretz.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077094.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-12-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+U.S.A.-Israel+News+%E2%80%93+Haaretz+Israeli+News+source&rft.pub=Haaretz.com&rft.date=2008-04-02&rft.aulast=Mozgovaya&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1077094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44657170">"The genome-wide structure of the Jewish people"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+genome-wide+structure+of+the+Jewish+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F44657170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the meaning of the word "Beta" in the context of social/religious is "community", see James Quirin, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBQ2YgEACAAJ&">The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews</a></i>, 2010, p. xxi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva (1997) "Collective Designations and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews", in Shalva Weil (ed.) <i>Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight</i>, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University, pp. 35–48. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. (2012) "Ethiopian Jews: the Heterogeneity of a Group", in Grisaru, Nimrod, and Witztum, Eliezer. <i>Cultural, Social and Clinical Perspectives on Ethiopian Immigrants in Israel</i>, Beersheba: Ben-Gurion University Press, pp. 1–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPOST-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPOST_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPOST_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenZieve2018" class="citation news cs1">Rosen, Jonathan Weber; Zieve, Tamara (April 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Jewish-community-in-Ethiopia-celebrates-70-years-in-solidarity-with-Israel-551226">"Jewish community in Ethiopia celebrates 70 years in solidarity with Israel"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Jewish+community+in+Ethiopia+celebrates+70+years+in+solidarity+with+Israel&rft.date=2018-04-19&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Weber&rft.au=Zieve%2C+Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FJewish-community-in-Ethiopia-celebrates-70-years-in-solidarity-with-Israel-551226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Approv-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Approv_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Approv_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_de_Kamp-Wright2015" class="citation news cs1">van de Kamp-Wright, Annette (September 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041021/http://www.jewishomaha.org/jewish-press/2015/09/iron-lions-of-zion-the-origin-of-beta-israel/">"Iron Lions of Zion: The Origin of Beta Israel"</a>. <i>Jewish Press Omaha</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishomaha.org/jewish-press/2015/09/iron-lions-of-zion-the-origin-of-beta-israel/">the original</a> on October 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Press+Omaha&rft.atitle=Iron+Lions+of+Zion%3A+The+Origin+of+Beta+Israel&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.aulast=van+de+Kamp-Wright&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishomaha.org%2Fjewish-press%2F2015%2F09%2Firon-lions-of-zion-the-origin-of-beta-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. (2008) "Zionism among Ethiopian Jews", in Hagar Salamon (ed.) <i>Jewish Communities in the 19th and 20th Centuries: Ethiopia</i>, Jerusalem: Ben-Zvi Institute, pp. 187–200. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.) <i>African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intelligence.org.il/ShowItem.aspx?ItemID=4ddc5a52-e59d-4c80-bda8-2ea14c38f5c0&lang=HEB">The Rescue of Ethiopian Jews 1978–1990</a> (Hebrew); "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.walla.co.il/?w=/9/801454">Ethiopian Immigrants and the Mossad Met</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203071959/http://news.walla.co.il/?w=%2F9%2F801454">Archived</a> 2013-12-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isn.ethz.ch-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isn.ethz.ch_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isn.ethz.ch_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. (2011) "Operation Solomon 20 Years On", International Relations and Security Network (ISN).<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244">http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-haaretz.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1128399.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100225102929/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1128399.html">Archived</a> 2010-02-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Ha'aretz</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bruce, <i>Travels To Discover The Source Of The Nile in the Years 1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1772, and 1773</i> (in five Volumes), Vol. II, Printed by J. Ruthven for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1790, p. 485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalchijah-MRC" class="citation web cs1">Malchijah-MRC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himchurch.org/Home.html">"Home"</a>. <i>www.himchurch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.himchurch.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft.au=Malchijah-MRC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himchurch.org%2FHome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagar Salamon, <i>The Hyena People – Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia</i>, the University of California Press, 1999, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dege-Müller_247–308-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dege-Müller_247–308_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dege-Müller_247–308_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDege-Müller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Dege-Müller, Sophia (2018-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://er.ceres.rub.de/index.php/ER/article/view/865">"Between Heretics and Jews: Inventing Jewish Identities in Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Entangled Religions</i>. <b>6</b>: 247–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.v6.2018.247-308">10.46586/er.v6.2018.247-308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6696">2363-6696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=Between+Heretics+and+Jews%3A+Inventing+Jewish+Identities+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=247-308&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.v6.2018.247-308&rft.issn=2363-6696&rft.aulast=Dege-M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fer.ceres.rub.de%2Findex.php%2FER%2Farticle%2Fview%2F865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Names-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Names_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Names_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Names_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Names_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirun, <i>The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews</i>, pp. 11–15; Aešcoly, <i>Book of the Falashas</i>, pp. 1–3; Hagar Salamon, <i>Beta Israel and their Christian neighbors in Ethiopia: Analysis of key concepts at different levels of cultural embodiment</i>, Hebrew University, 1993, pp. 69–77 (Hebrew); Shalva Weil, "Collective Names and Collective Identity of Ethiopian Jews" in <i>Ethiopian Jews in the Limelight</i>, Hebrew University, 1997, pp. 35–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salamon, <i>Beta Israel</i>, p. 135, n. 20 (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. (1989) <i>The Religious Beliefs and Practices of Ethiopian Jews in Israel</i>, 2nd edn, Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Steven (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Christian-Orient/1-7%2C-1999/page/98/mode/2up">"The Literature of the Beta Israel (Falasha): A Survey of a Biblical-Hebraic Tradition"</a>. <i>Xristianskij Vostok</i>. <b>1</b> (7): 99–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xristianskij+Vostok&rft.atitle=The+Literature+of+the+Beta+Israel+%28Falasha%29%3A+A+Survey+of+a+Biblical-Hebraic+Tradition&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=99-123&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FChristian-Orient%2F1-7%252C-1999%2Fpage%2F98%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelemay, <i>Music</i>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quirun 1992, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva 1998 'Festivals and Cyclical Events of the Year', (149–160) and 'Elementary School', (174–177) in John Harrison, Rishona Wolfert and Ruth Levitov (eds) <i>Culture – Differences in the World and in Israel: A Reader in Sociology for Junior High Schools</i>, University of Tel-Aviv: Institute of Social Research and Ministry of Education, PedagogicAdministration. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aešcoly, <i>Book of the Falashas</i>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetNews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3562939,00.html">Yedioth Ahronoth</a> Ethiopian Sigd Made Official State Holiday. July 2, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aešcoly, <i>Book of the Falashas</i>, pp. 62–70 (Hebrew); Shelemay, <i>Music, Ritual, and Falasha History</i>, pp. 44–57; Leslau, <i>Falasha Anthology</i>, pp. xxviii–xxxvi; Quirun, <i>The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews</i>, pp. 146–150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2014" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nl72AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92"><i>The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-05544-5"><bdi>978-1-107-05544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Jews%3A+A+Sociolinguistic+History&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-05544-5&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnl72AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva 1987 'An Elegy in Amharic on Dr. Faitlovitch' Pe’amim33: 125–127. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steve Kaplan, <i>The Invention of Ethiopian Jews: Three Models,</i> Cahiers d'Études Africaines , 1993, Vol. 33, pp. 645-658, p.347:'From a cultural perspective there appears to be little question that the Beta Israel must be understood as the product of processes that took place in Ethiopia between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his <i>Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in <i>The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition</i> (Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11. Kaplan writes that, "Scholars remain divided (about the Beta Israel's origins) ... It has been suggested, for example, that the Jews of Ethiopia are descendants of (1) of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a>, especially the tribe of Dan; (2) Ethiopian Christians and pagans who assumed a Jewish identity; (3) Jewish immigrants from South Arabia (Yemen) who intermarried with the local population; or (4) Jewish immigrants from Egypt who intermarried with the local population." For more on the Mosaic and Danite claims of traditionalist Beta Israel, see <a href="/wiki/Salo_Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Salo Baron">Salo Baron</a>, <i>Social and Religious History of the Jews</i>, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, and New York: Columbia University Press, 1983) Vol. XVIII: p. 373.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/kn/"><i>Queen of Sheba</i></a>, <i>Kebra Negast</i>, §§ 38–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. 1991 <i>The Changing Religious Tradition of Ethiopian Jews in Israel: a Teachers’ Guide</i>, Jerusalem: The Ministry of Education & Culture & NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, Hebrew University. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abbink, "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study", <i>Cahiers d'Etudes africaines</i>, 120, XXX-4, 1990, pp. 412–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jankowski, <i>Königin von Saba</i>, 65–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Budge, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/kn/"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/kn/">Queen of Sheba<i></i></a><i>, </i>Kebra Negast, chap. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. 1989 <i>Beta Israel: A House Divided</i>. Binghamton State University of New York, Binghamton, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The complete guide to the Bible</i> by Stephan M. Miller, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taddesse Tamrat, <i>Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972), pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knud Tage Andersen, "The Queen of Habasha in Ethiopian History, Tradition and Chronology", <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>, Vol. 63, No. 1 (2000), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf Leslau, "Introduction", to his <i>Falasha Anthology, Translated from Ethiopic Sources</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951), p. xliii. Also see Steven Kaplan, "A Brief History of the Beta Israel", in <i>The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition</i> (Tel Aviv and New York: Beth Hatefutsoth and The Jewish Museum, 1986), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This helped persuade rabbinic authorities of the day regarding the validity of his practices, even if they differed from their own traditional teachings. On this, also see the remarkable testimony of <a href="/wiki/Hasdai_ibn_Shaprut" title="Hasdai ibn Shaprut">Hasdai ibn Shaprut</a>, the Torah scholar and princely Jew of Cordoba, concerning Eldad's learning, in his letter to Joseph, King of the Khazars, around 960 CE., reproduced in Franz Kobler, ed., <i>Letters of Jews Through the Ages</i>, Second Edition (London: East and West Library, 1953), vol. 1: p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, in Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed., <i>Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts</i> (New York: Dover, 1987), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eldad's letter recounting his experiences in Elkan N. Adler, ed., <i>Jewish Travellers in the Middle Ages: 19 Firsthand Accounts</i> (New York: Dover, 1987), pp. 12–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Salo_Baron" class="mw-redirect" title="Salo Baron">Salo Baron</a>, <i>Social and Religious History of the Jews</i>, Second Edition (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1983), Vol. XVIII: 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also see the testimony of James Bruce, <i>Travels in Abyssinia</i>, 1773, which repeats these accounts of Mosaic antiquity for the Beta Israel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nacoej.org/history.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050820105109/http://www.nacoej.org/history.htm">Archived</a> August 20, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the reference already cited from Hasdai ibn Shaprut, above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Kaplan, "Eldad Ha-Dani", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: D-Ha</i> (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2005), p. 252. Medieval travellers' accounts typically are vague in such matters, and are not presented as geographical treatises; moreover, Ethiopians, Sudanese and Somalians do not all know all the tribal languages around them. In earlier times, the different ethnic groups would have been even more insular. In any case, the "Letter of Eldad the Danite" summarized his experiences.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avraham Ya'ari, <i>Igrot Eretz Yisrael</i>, Ramat Gan: 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Abi-Zimra1882" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/David_ben_Solomon_ibn_Abi_Zimra" title="David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra">Ibn Abi-Zimra, David</a> (1882). Aharon Wolden (ed.). <i>The Responsa of the Radbaz</i> (in Hebrew). Vol. 2. Warsaw.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Responsa+of+the+Radbaz&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Ibn+Abi-Zimra&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>, s.v. Part VII, <i>responsum</i> # 9 (first printed in <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> 1652; reprinted in Israel, n.d.) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233235313">233235313</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva. 1991 <i>Beyond the Sambatyon: the Myth of the Ten Lost Tribes</i>, Tel-Aviv: Beth Hatefutsoth, the Nahum Goldman Museum of the Jewish Diaspora.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Responsum of the Radbaz on the Falasha Slave</i>, Part 7. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808191618/http://ihi.eprints.org/1568/1/Sarah_A._Tishkoff.pdf">"The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>324</b> (5930): 1035–44. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324.1035T">2009Sci...324.1035T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1172257">10.1126/science.1172257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2947357">2947357</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19407144">19407144</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ihi.eprints.org/1568/1/Sarah_A._Tishkoff.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-18</span></span>. <q>We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A).[...] Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. 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Behar; Bayazit Yunusbayev; Mait Metspalu; Ene Metspalu; et al. 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Reuters, August 7, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgranat-TamirWaldmanMartinGokhman2020" class="citation journal cs1">Agranat-Tamir, Lily; Waldman, Shamam; Martin, Mario A. S.; Gokhman, David; Mishol, Nadav; Eshel, Tzilla; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Adamski, Nicole; Lawson, Ann Marie (2020-05-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">"The Genomic History of the Bronze Age Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Cell</i>. <b>181</b> (5): 1146–1157.e11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024">10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0092-8674">0092-8674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10212583">10212583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470400">32470400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+Genomic+History+of+the+Bronze+Age+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=181&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1146-1157.e11&rft.date=2020-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0092-8674&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32470400&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.04.024&rft.aulast=Agranat-Tamir&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft.au=Waldman%2C+Shamam&rft.au=Martin%2C+Mario+A.+S.&rft.au=Gokhman%2C+David&rft.au=Mishol%2C+Nadav&rft.au=Eshel%2C+Tzilla&rft.au=Cheronet%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Adamski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Lawson%2C+Ann+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10212583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-jews-and-arabs-share-genetic-link-to-ancient-canaanites-1.8871073">"Jews and Arabs share genetic link to ancient Canaanites, study finds"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jews+and+Arabs+share+genetic+link+to+ancient+Canaanites%2C+study+finds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-jews-and-arabs-share-genetic-link-to-ancient-canaanites-1.8871073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a discussion of this theory, see Edward Ullendorff, <i>Ethiopia and the Bible</i> (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 16ff, 117. According to Ullendorff, individuals who believed in this origin included President <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a> of Israel.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Marcus, "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie", <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, 3, 1829. see also <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i>Histories</i>, Book II, Chap. 30; <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geographica</i>, Book XVI, Chap. 4 and Book XVII, Chap. 1; <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Natural History</i>, Book VI, Chap. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. M. Jones and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe_(historian)" title="Elizabeth Monroe (historian)">Elizabeth Monroe</a>, <i>A History of Ethiopia</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1935), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pankhurst-567-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pankhurst-567_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pankhurst-567_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Pankhurst, "The Falashas, or Judaic Ethiopians, in Their Christian Ethiopian Setting", <i>African Affairs</i>, 91 (October 1992), pp. 567–582 at p. 567.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pirenne, "La Grèce et Saba après 32 ans de nouvelles recherches", <i>L'Arabie préislamique et son environnement historique et culturel</i>, Colloquium Univ. of Strasbourg, 1987; cf. Stuart Munro-Hay, <i>Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity</i> (Edinburgh: University Press, 1991), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Menachem Waldman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herzog.ac.il/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=654"><b>גולים ויורדים מארץ יהודה אל פתרוס וכוש – לאור המקרא ומדרשי חז'ל</b></a>, <a href="/wiki/Megadim_(journal)" title="Megadim (journal)">Megadim</a> E (1992), pp. 39–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kaplan_(Africanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Kaplan (Africanist)">Steven Kaplan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1100704">"The Origins of the Beta Israel: Five Methodological Cautions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721135015/http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1100704">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Pe'amim</i> 33 (1987), pp. 33–49. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaplan94-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplan94_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Kaplan_(Africanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Kaplan (Africanist)">Steven Kaplan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1000104"><b>On the Changes in the Research of Ethiopian Jewry</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721134944/http://jic.tau.ac.il/moreshet/reshuma.asp?key=1000104">Archived</a> 2011-07-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Pe'amim</i> 58 (1994), pp. 137–150. (Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4891062,00.html">Ethiopian Judaism nearly identical to that practiced during Second Temple Period</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israelis-of-color-push-back-against-race-based-anti-israel-narratives-spread-abroad/">"Israelis of color push back against race-based, anti-Israel narratives spread abroad"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israelis+of+color+push+back+against+race-based%2C+anti-Israel+narratives+spread+abroad&rft.pub=Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisraelis-of-color-push-back-against-race-based-anti-israel-narratives-spread-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steven_Kaplan_2003_p._553_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Kaplan, "Betä Əsraʾel", in Siegbert von Uhlig, ed., <i>Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A–C</i> (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2003), p. 553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs.gov.il/shnaton58/st04_04.pdf"><b>Immigrants, by Period of Immigration, Country of Birth and Last Country of Residence</b></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124182555/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton58/st04_04.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007-No.58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/total-immigration-from-ethiopia-1948-present">"Total Immigration, from Ethiopia (1948-Present)"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Total+Immigration%2C+from+Ethiopia+%281948-Present%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ftotal-immigration-from-ethiopia-1948-present&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wrmea.org/1991-july/airlift-culminates-17-years-of-secret-israeli-links-to-mengistu-government.html">"Airlift Culminates 17 Years of Secret Israeli Links to Mengistu Government"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airlift+Culminates+17+Years+of+Secret+Israeli+Links+to+Mengistu+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.org%2F1991-july%2Fairlift-culminates-17-years-of-secret-israeli-links-to-mengistu-government.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html">"Ethiopia Virtual Jewish Tour"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethiopia+Virtual+Jewish+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fejhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerrit Jan Abbink, <i>The Falashas In Ethiopia And Israel – The Problem of Ethnic Assimilation</i>, Nijmegen, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, 1984, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1981/09/09/archive/jdl-stages-protests-at-hias-jewish-agency-offices-claiming-lack-of-action-to-rescue-falashas">"Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 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Bard, <i>From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bard, <i>From Tragedy to Triumph</i>, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190723071127/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/ethiopia">"The Jewish Community of Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/ethiopia">the original</a> on 2019-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Children+of+Soviet+Immigrants+Fully+Assimilated+Into+Israeli+Society&rft.date=2011-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fstudy-children-of-soviet-immigrants-fully-assimilated-into-israeli-society-1.403749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFanack2015" class="citation web cs1">Fanack (13 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160108022929/https://chronicle.fanack.com/israel/history-past-to-present/black-and-jewish-young-ethiopian-israelis-fight-for-equality/">"Black and Jewish: Young Ethiopian Israelis Fight for Equality"</a>. <i>Fanack.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.fanack.com/israel/history-past-to-present/black-and-jewish-young-ethiopian-israelis-fight-for-equality/">the original</a> on 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fanack.com&rft.atitle=Black+and+Jewish%3A+Young+Ethiopian+Israelis+Fight+for+Equality&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.au=Fanack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.fanack.com%2Fisrael%2Fhistory-past-to-present%2Fblack-and-jewish-young-ethiopian-israelis-fight-for-equality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/10/15/the-jews-from-ethiopia-who-confound-israels-law-of-return">"The Jews from Ethiopia who confound Israel's law of return"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Jews+from+Ethiopia+who+confound+Israel%27s+law+of+return&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2020%2F10%2F15%2Fthe-jews-from-ethiopia-who-confound-israels-law-of-return&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishfederations.org/fedworld/israel-okays-immigration-of-2000-falash-mura-from-ethiopia-by-end-of-2020-362977">"Israel okays immigration of 2,000 Falash Mura from Ethiopia by end of 2020 | the Jewish Federations of North America"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+okays+immigration+of+2%2C000+Falash+Mura+from+Ethiopia+by+end+of+2020+%26%23124%3B+the+Jewish+Federations+of+North+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishfederations.org%2Ffedworld%2Fisrael-okays-immigration-of-2000-falash-mura-from-ethiopia-by-end-of-2020-362977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagar Salamon, "Reflections of Ethiopian Cultural Patterns on the Beta Israel Absorption in Israel: The "Barya" case" in Steven Kaplan, Tudor Parfitt & Emnuela Trevisan Semi (Editors), <b>Between Africa and Zion: Proceedings of the First International Congress of the Society for the Study of Ethiopian Jewry</b>, Ben-Zvi Institute, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-235-058-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-235-058-9">978-965-235-058-9</a>, pp. 126–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalvoices.org/2014/02/09/five-of-the-most-celebrated-french-language-african-films/#">"Five of the Most Celebrated French-Language African Films"</a>. <i>GlobalVoices</i>. 9 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalVoices&rft.atitle=Five+of+the+Most+Celebrated+French-Language+African+Films&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalvoices.org%2F2014%2F02%2F09%2Ffive-of-the-most-celebrated-french-language-african-films%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weil, Shalva 2012 "Kalkidan Meshashe: An Ethiopian-Israeli Rapper", Culver City, California: Roberts and Tilton, in catalogue for Kehinde Wiley. The WorldStage: Israel exhibition, New York: Jewish Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/uncut-gems-puts-age-old-jewish-stereotypes-front-and-center-614197">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Uncut Gems' puts age-old Jewish stereotypes front and center"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 15 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=%27Uncut+Gems%27+puts+age-old+Jewish+stereotypes+front+and+center&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Funcut-gems-puts-age-old-jewish-stereotypes-front-and-center-614197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEurovision_Song_Contest" class="citation web cs1">Eurovision Song Contest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurovision.tv/event/rotterdam-2020/participants">"Rotterdam 2020 Participants"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotterdam+2020+Participants&rft.au=Eurovision+Song+Contest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurovision.tv%2Fevent%2Frotterdam-2020%2Fparticipants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanbetu2005" class="citation web cs1">Sanbetu, Ayanawu Farada (July 13, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=599229">"Museum on history of Ethiopian Jewry to be built in Rehovot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Museum+on+history+of+Ethiopian+Jewry+to+be+built+in+Rehovot&rft.date=2005-07-13&rft.aulast=Sanbetu&rft.aufirst=Ayanawu+Farada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fpages%2FShArt.jhtml%3FitemNo%3D599229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishexponent.com-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishexponent.com_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarissa_Stern2016" class="citation web cs1">Marissa Stern (November 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishexponent.com/culture/2016/11/but-first-strong-black-coffee">"But First, (Strong Black) Coffee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Exponent" title="The Jewish Exponent">The Jewish Exponent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Exponent&rft.atitle=But+First%2C+%28Strong+Black%29+Coffee&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft.au=Marissa+Stern&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishexponent.com%2Fculture%2F2016%2F11%2Fbut-first-strong-black-coffee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Warner2016" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Warner (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailybruin.com/2016/11/08/bruins-for-israel-and-hillel-partner-with-jerusalem-u-for-israeli-event/">"Bruins for Israel and Hillel partner with Jerusalem U for Israeli event"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Bruin" title="Daily Bruin">Daily Bruin</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Bruin&rft.atitle=Bruins+for+Israel+and+Hillel+partner+with+Jerusalem+U+for+Israeli+event&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.au=Andrew+Warner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailybruin.com%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Fbruins-for-israel-and-hillel-partner-with-jerusalem-u-for-israeli-event%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea_Speyer2016" class="citation web cs1">Lea Speyer (November 8, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/11/08/new-campus-initiative-aims-to-counteract-anti-israel-movements-trite-one-sided-rhetoric-by-showing-jewish-states-human-face/">"New Campus Initiative Aims to Counteract Anti-Israel Movement's 'Trite, One-Sided' Rhetoric by Showing Jewish State's 'Human Face'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Algemeiner_Journal" title="Algemeiner Journal">Algemeiner Journal</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algemeiner+Journal&rft.atitle=New+Campus+Initiative+Aims+to+Counteract+Anti-Israel+Movement%27s+%27Trite%2C+One-Sided%27+Rhetoric+by+Showing+Jewish+State%27s+%27Human+Face%27&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.au=Lea+Speyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.algemeiner.com%2F2016%2F11%2F08%2Fnew-campus-initiative-aims-to-counteract-anti-israel-movements-trite-one-sided-rhetoric-by-showing-jewish-states-human-face%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFהראל2014" class="citation news cs1">הראל, עמוס (January 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.co.il/gallery/music/.premium-1.2223164">"קפה שחור חזק הראפרים שלא מתביישים להיות מאושרים"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A7+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.aulast=%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.co.il%2Fgallery%2Fmusic%2F.premium-1.2223164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abbink1984-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abbink1984_145-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1984" class="citation book cs1">Abbink, Gerrit Jan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLgwAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Falashas in Ethiopia and Israel: the problem of ethnic assimilation</i></a>. Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology. pp. 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-90-00820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-90-00820-2"><bdi>978-90-90-00820-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falashas+in+Ethiopia+and+Israel%3A+the+problem+of+ethnic+assimilation&rft.pages=81-82&rft.pub=Institute+for+Cultural+and+Social+Anthropology&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-90-90-00820-2&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Gerrit+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLgwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span> Can also be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817212559/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2927/c481a041498c8b49b1a0d3af0718350b1f19.pdf">here</a> and archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817181753/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2927/c481a041498c8b49b1a0d3af0718350b1f19.pdf?_ga=2.248560263.1679580077.1597688230-1557791512.1597688230">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Falash_Mura-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_146-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Falash_Mura_146-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-falash-mura">"The Falash Mura"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Falash+Mura&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-falash-mura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2013" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Miriam (9 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817182441/https://forward.com/culture/181857/the-last-jews-of-ethiopia">"The Last Jews of Ethiopia"</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1474180933">1474180933</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/culture/181857/the-last-jews-of-ethiopia">the original</a> on 17 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Jews+of+Ethiopia&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fculture%2F181857%2Fthe-last-jews-of-ethiopia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbink1990" class="citation journal cs1">Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Beta Esra'el Ethnogenesis. An Anthro-Historical Study". <i>Cahiers d'études africaines</i>. <b>30</b> (120): 397–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1990.1592">10.3406/cea.1990.1592</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F9021">1887/9021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-0055">0008-0055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162453091">162453091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9tudes+africaines&rft.atitle=The+Enigma+of+Beta+Esra%27el+Ethnogenesis.+An+Anthro-Historical+Study.&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=397-449&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F9021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162453091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0008-0055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcea.1990.1592&rft.aulast=Abbink&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/plight-ethiopian-jews">"The Plight of Ethiopian Jews"</a>. <i>www.culturalsurvival.org</i>. 11 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.culturalsurvival.org&rft.atitle=The+Plight+of+Ethiopian+Jews&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalsurvival.org%2Fpublications%2Fcultural-survival-quarterly%2Fplight-ethiopian-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305071957/http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/Data/UploadedFiles/SitePages_File/73-sFile.pdf">"Falashmura aliyah - follow-up report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hebrew). Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/Data/UploadedFiles/SitePages_File/73-sFile.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Falashmura+aliyah+-+follow-up+report&rft.pub=Israeli+Association+for+Ethiopian+Jews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaej.co.il%2Fnewsite%2FData%2FUploadedFiles%2FSitePages_File%2F73-sFile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/cabinet-approves-immigration-of-1000-ethiopian-falashmura-to-israel/">"Cabinet approves immigration of 1,000 Ethiopian Falashmura to Israel"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Cabinet+approves+immigration+of+1%2C000+Ethiopian+Falashmura+to+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fcabinet-approves-immigration-of-1000-ethiopian-falashmura-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/give-football-a-chance-to-break-the-cycle-of-violence/">"Give football a chance to break the cycle of violence"</a>. <i>blogs.timesofisrael.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Give+football+a+chance+to+break+the+cycle+of+violence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fgive-football-a-chance-to-break-the-cycle-of-violence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeta+Israel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <p><b>General</b> </p> <ul><li>Michael Corinaldi, <i>Jewish identity: the case of Ethiopian Jewry</i>, Magnes Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-993-8">978-965-223-993-8</a></li> <li>Daniel Frieilmann, "The Case of the Falas Mura" in Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (Editors), <i>The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: Studies on Ethiopian Jews</i>, Routledge, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1092-8">978-0-7007-1092-8</a></li> <li>Steven Kaplan & Shoshana Ben-Dor (1988). <i>Ethiopian Jewry: An Annotated Bibliography</i>. Ben-Zvi Institute.</li> <li>Don Seeman, <i>One People, One Blood: Ethiopian-Israelis and the Return to Judaism</i>, Rutgers University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4936-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4936-1">978-0-8135-4936-1</a></li></ul> <p><b>Early accounts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> (1790). <i>Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile</i>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="מרטין פלאד (page does not exist)">Johann Martin Flad</a>, <i>The Falashas (Jews) of Abyssinia</i>, W. Macintosh, 1869</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="סמואל גובאט (page does not exist)">Samuel Gobat</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4q8AAAAAcAAJ"><i>Journal of a three years' residence in Abyssinia: in furtherance of the objects of the Church Missionary Society</i></a>, Hatchard & Son; and Seeley & Sons, 1834</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Aaron_Stern" title="Henry Aaron Stern">Henry Aaron Stern</a>, <a href="//archive.org/details/wanderingsamong01stergoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:wanderingsamong01stergoog"><i>Wanderings among the Falashas in Abyssinia: Together with Descriptions of the Country and Its Various Inhabitants</i></a>, Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt, 1862</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rathjens" title="Carl Rathjens">Carl Rathjens</a> (1921). <i>Die Juden in Abessinien</i>. W. Gente.</li></ul> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li>Abbink, Jon (1990). "The Enigma of Esra'el Ethnogenesis: An Anthro-Historical Study". <i>Cahiers d'Etudes africaines</i>, 120, XXX-4, pp. 393–449.</li> <li>Avner, Yossi (1986). <i>The Jews of Ethiopia: A People in Transition</i>. Beth Hatefutsoth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87334-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87334-039-7">978-0-87334-039-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salo_Wittmayer_Baron" title="Salo Wittmayer Baron">Salo Wittmayer Baron</a> (1983). <i>A Social and Religious History of the Jews</i>. Volume XVIII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08855-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08855-8">978-0-231-08855-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budge,_E._A._Wallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Budge, E. A. Wallis">Budge, E. A. Wallis</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/kn/"><i>The Queen of Sheba and her only son Menelik</i></a>, London.</li> <li>Herman, Marilyn. "Relating Bet Israel history in its Ethiopian context: Defining, Creating, Constructing Identity". Review article of Quirin (1992) and Kaplan (1992). "Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford". Hilary 1996. 27:1. 47–59</li> <li>Hess, Robert L. (1969). "Toward a History of the Falasha". <i>Eastern African history</i>. Praeger.</li> <li>Isaac, Ephraim (1974). <i>The Falasha: Black Jews of Ethiopia</i>. Dillard University Scholar Statesman Lecture Series.</li> <li>Jankowski, Alice (1987). <i>Die Königin von Saba und Salomo</i>, Hamburg, H. Buske Vlg.</li> <li>Steven Kaplan (1987), "The Beta Israel (Falasha) Encounter with Protestant Missionaries: 1860-1905", <i>Jewish Social Studies</i> 49 (1), pp. 27–42</li> <li>Kaplan, Steven (1995). <i>The Beta Israel (Falasha) in Ethiopia: From Earliest Times to the Twentieth Century</i>. New York University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-4664-6">978-0-8147-4664-6</a></li> <li>Kessler, David (1985). <i>The Falashas: the Forgotten Jews of Ethiopia</i>. Schocken Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0791-0">978-0-8052-0791-0</a></li> <li>Kessler, David (1996). <i>The Falashas: a short history of the Ethiopian Jews</i>. Frank Cass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4646-6">978-0-7146-4646-6</a></li> <li>Marcus, Louis (1829). "Notice sur l'époque de l'établissement des Juifs dans l'Abyssinie". <i>Journal Asiatique</i>, 3.</li> <li>Messing, Simon D. (1982). <i>The Story of the Falashas "Black Jews of Ethiopia"</i>. Brooklyn. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9615946-9-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9615946-9-5">978-0-9615946-9-5</a></li> <li>Eric Payne (1972), <i>Ethiopian Jews: the story of a mission</i>, Olive Press.</li> <li>Rapoport, Louis (1980). <i>The Lost Jews: Last of the Ethiopian Falashas</i>. Stein and Day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-2720-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-2720-0">978-0-8128-2720-0</a></li> <li>Quirin, James A. (1992). <i>The Evolution of the Ethiopian Jews: a History of the Beta Israel (Falasha) to 1920</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3116-8">978-0-8122-3116-8</a></li> <li>Don Seeman, "The Question of Kinship: Bodies and Narratives in the Beta Israel-European Encounter (1860-1920)", <i>Journal of Religion in Africa</i>, Vol. 30, Fasc. 1 (Feb., 2000), pp. 86–120</li> <li>Shapiro, Mark (1987). "The Falasha of Ethiopia". <i>The World and I</i>. Washington Times Corp.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva (2008) 'Jews in Ethiopia', in M.A. Erlich (ed.) Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2: 467–475.</li> <li>Weil, Shalva (2011) 'Ethiopian Jews' (165–166) in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press</li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li>Jeffrey Lewis Halper (1966). <i>The Falashas: An Analysis of Their History, Religion and Transitional Society</i>. University of Minnesota. 1966</li> <li>Kay Kaufman Shelemay (1989). <i>Music, Ritual, and Falasha History </i>. Michigan State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-274-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87013-274-2">978-0-87013-274-2</a></li> <li>Michael Corinaldi (1988). <i>Jewish Identity: The Case of Ethiopian Jewry</i>. The Magnes Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-223-993-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-223-993-8">978-965-223-993-8</a></li> <li>Menahem Valdman (1985). <i>The Jews of Ethiopia: the Beta Israel community</i>. Ami-Shav.</li> <li>Wolf Leslau (1951). <i>Falasha Anthology</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03927-6">978-0-300-03927-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Elon" title="Menachem Elon">Menachem Elon</a> (1987). <i>The Ethiopian Jews : a case study in the functioning of the Jewish legal system</i>. New York University</li> <li>Steven Kaplan (1988). "Falasha religion: ancient Judaism or evolving Ethiopian tradition?". <i>Jewish Quarterly Review LXXXIX</i>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Advanced_Judaic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Advanced Judaic Studies">Center for Advanced Judaic Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li>Emanuela Trevisan Semi, "The Conversion of the Beta Israel in Ethiopia: A Reversible "Rite of Passage"", <i>Journal of Modern Jewish Studies</i> 1 (1), 2002, pp. 90–103</li> <li>Edward Ullendorff (1968). <i>Ethiopia and the Bible</i>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726076-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726076-0">978-0-19-726076-0</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aliyah</b> </p> <ul><li>Jerry L. Weaver and Howard M. Lenhoff (2007). <i>Black Jews, Jews, and Other Heroes: How Grassroots Activism Led to the Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews</i>. Gefen Publishing House Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-365-7">978-965-229-365-7</a></li> <li>Tudor Parfitt (1986). <i>Operation Moses: the untold story of the secret exodus of the Falasha Jews from Ethiopia</i>. Stein and Day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3059-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3059-0">978-0-8128-3059-0</a></li> <li>Claire Safran (1987). <i>Secret exodus: the story of Operation Moses</i>. Reader's Digest.</li> <li>Stephen Spector (2005). <i>Operation Solomon: The Daring Rescue of the Ethiopian Jews</i>. Oxford University Press US. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517782-4">978-0-19-517782-4</a></li> <li>Shmuel Yilma (1996). <i>From Falasha to Freedom: An Ethiopian Jew's Journey to Jerusalem</i>. Gefen Publishing. House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-169-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-169-1">978-965-229-169-1</a></li> <li>Alisa Poskanzer (2000). <i>Ethiopian exodus: a practice journal</i>. Gefen Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-217-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-217-9">978-965-229-217-9</a></li> <li>Baruch Meiri (2001). <i>The Dream Behind Bars: the Story of the Prisoners of Zion from Ethiopia</i>. Gefen Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-221-6">978-965-229-221-6</a></li> <li>Asher Naim (2003). <i>Saving the lost tribe: the rescue and redemption of the Ethiopian Jews</i>. Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45081-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-45081-4">978-0-345-45081-4</a></li> <li>Micha Odenheimer& Ricki Rosen (2006). <i>Transformations: From Ethiopia to Israel</i>. Reality Check Productions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-377-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-377-0">978-965-229-377-0</a></li> <li>Gad Shimron (2007). <i>Mossad Exodus: The Daring Undercover Rescue of the Lost Jewish Tribe</i>. Gefen Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-229-403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-229-403-6">978-965-229-403-6</a></li> <li>Gadi Ben-Ezer (2002). <i>The Ethiopian Jewish exodus: narratives of the migration journey to Israel, 1977–1985</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27363-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27363-3">978-0-415-27363-3</a></li> <li>Weil, Shalva 2012 "Longing for Jerusalem Among the Beta Israel of Ethiopia", in Edith Bruder and Tudor Parfitt (eds.) <i>African Zion: Studies in Black Judaism</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, pp. 204–17.</li></ul> <p><b>Society</b> </p> <ul><li>Marilyn Herman (2012). "Gondar's Child: Songs, Honor and Identity Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel". Red Sea Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-328-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56902-328-0">978-1-56902-328-0</a></li> <li>Hagar Salamon (1999). <i>The Hyena People: Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21901-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21901-4">978-0-520-21901-4</a></li> <li>Kay Kaufman Shelemay & Steven Kaplan (2010). "Creating the Ethiopian Diaspora". <i>Special issue of Diaspora – A Journal of Transnational Studies</i>.</li> <li>Daniel Summerfield (2003). <i>From Falashas to Ethiopian Jews: the external influences for change c. 1860–1960</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1218-2">978-0-7007-1218-2</a></li> <li>Esther Hertzog (1999). <i>Immigrants and bureaucrats: Ethiopians in an Israeli absorption center</i>. Berghahn Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-941-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-941-3">978-1-57181-941-3</a></li> <li>Ruth Karola Westheimer & Steven Kaplan (1992). <i>Surviving salvation: the Ethiopian Jewish family in transition</i>. NYU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9253-7">978-0-8147-9253-7</a></li> <li>Tanya Schwarz (2001). <i>Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel: the homeland postponed</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1238-0">978-0-7007-1238-0</a></li> <li>Girma Berhanu (2001). <i>Learning In Context: An Ethnographic Investigation of Meditated Learning Experiences Among Ethiopian Jews in Israel</i>. Goteborg University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7346-411-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7346-411-6">978-91-7346-411-6</a></li> <li>Teshome G. Wagaw (1993). <i>For our soul: Ethiopian Jews in Israel</i>. Wayne State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2458-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2458-5">978-0-8143-2458-5</a></li> <li>Michael Ashkenazi & Alex Weingrod (1987). <i>Ethiopian Jews and Israel</i>. Transaction Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-133-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-133-1">978-0-88738-133-1</a></li> <li>Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (1999). <i>The Beta Israel in Ethiopia and Israel: studies on Ethiopian Jews</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1092-8">978-0-7007-1092-8</a></li> <li>Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (2005). <i>Jews of Ethiopia: the birth of an elite</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31838-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-31838-9">978-0-415-31838-9</a></li> <li>Emanuela Trevisan Semi & Shalva Weil (2011). <i>Beta Israel: the Jews of Ethiopia and beyond History, Identity and Borders</i>. Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7543-286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7543-286-7">978-88-7543-286-7</a></li> <li>Weil, Shalva 2012 'I am a teacher and beautiful: the feminization of the teaching profession in the Ethiopian community in Israel', in Pnina Morag- Talmon and Yael Atzmon (eds) Immigrant Women in Israeli Society, Jerusalem: Bialik Institute, pp. 207–23. (Hebrew)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reading">Other reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029005914/http://wiserweb.wits.ac.za/PDF%20Files/wirs%20-%20zegeye1.PDF">Construction of Beta Israel Identity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=13&letter=F">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004070715/http://www.bh.org.il/database-articles.aspx?49536">The Jews of Ethiopia and their Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090126184648/http://www.ethioguide.com/aa-ethioguide/ethioguide/News_Archive/1299/origin%20of%20falasha_jews122399.htm">Abstract of the Lucotte-Smets article.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040628055103/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Judaism/ejhist.html">History of Ethiopian Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132352/http://tauac.convio.net/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=6169">A New Light for Ethiopian Jews at Tel Aviv University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Israel&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304033830/http://www.beteisrael.co.il/index.asp">Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304173243/http://www.yopi.co.il/">Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804143723/http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/">Israel Association for Ethiopian Jews</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chasmell.webs.com/">Chassida Shmella – Ethiopian Jewish Community of North America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202080918/http://chasmell.webs.com/">Archived</a> 2011-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/43301980">Julian Morganstern <i>The three calendars of ancient Israel</i></a> Hebrew Union College Annual <b>1</b> (1924) 13-78</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/23502522">Julian Morganstern <i>Additional notes on "the three calendars of ancient Israel</i></a> Hebrew Union College Annual <b>3</b> (1926) 77-107</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">History of the Jews in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lesotho" title="History of the Jews in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Madagascar" title="History of the Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Senegal" title="History of the Jews in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Somalia" title="History of the Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Somaliland (page does not exist)">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="History of the Jews in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size:85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Madeira" title="History of the Jews in Madeira">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demographics of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israelis by religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Israel">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahai_faith_in_israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahai faith in israel">Bahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism in Israel">Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ashkenazi Jews in Israel">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Romanian Jews in Israel">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Russian Jews in Israel">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mizrahi Jews in Israel">Mizrahim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bukharan Jews in Israel">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Georgian Jews in Israel">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iraqi Jews in Israel">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews_in_Israel" title="Mountain Jews in Israel">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews_in_Israel" title="Yemenite Jews in Israel">Yemenite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews_in_Israel" title="Moroccan Jews in Israel">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Turkish Jews in Israel">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism#Karaites_today" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Indian Jews in Israel">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Menashe" title="Bnei Menashe">Bnei Menashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Ephraim" title="Bene Ephraim">Bene Ephraim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Arab Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Settled" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Madani and Fellahin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin#Israel" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_Bedouin" title="Galilee Bedouin">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev_Bedouin" title="Negev Bedouin">Negev</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Israel" title="Lebanese people in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Semitic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Israel" title="Assyrians in Israel">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Arameans</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese in Israel">Lebanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other non-Semitic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Israel" title="Dutch people in Israel">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Israel" title="Indians in Israel">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Israel" title="Russians in Israel">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Israel" title="Circassians in Israel">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushnak" title="Bushnak">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_refugees_in_Israel" title="Vietnamese refugees in Israel">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem">African-American Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Israel" title="Chinese people in Israel">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Israel" title="Filipinos in Israel">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Israel" title="Greeks in Israel">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Israel" title="Kurds in Israel">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_workers_in_Israel" title="Palestinian workers in Israel">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doms_in_Israel" title="Doms in Israel">Doms (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_in_Israel" title="Sudanese in Israel">Sudanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Druze have a <i>status aparte</i> from Muslim Arabs in Israel, since 1957.</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Arameans have a <i>status aparte</i> from Christian Arabs in Israel, since 2014.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ark_of_the_Covenant_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Template:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Template talk:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ark of the Covenant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ark_of_the_Covenant_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levite" title="Levite">Levites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezalel" title="Bezalel">Bezalel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah" title="Tribe of Judah">Tribe of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oholiab" title="Oholiab">Oholiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehath" title="Kehath">Kehath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi" title="Tribe of Levi">Tribe of Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzzah" title="Uzzah">Uzzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik_I" title="Menelik I">Menelik I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherub" title="Cherub">Cherub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_Stone" title="Tablets of Stone">Tablets of Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manna" title="Manna">Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron%27s_rod" title="Aaron's rod">Aaron's rod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai_(bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinai (bible)">Biblical Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Horeb" title="Mount Horeb">Mount Horeb</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai_(Canaan)" title="Ai (Canaan)">Ai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_(biblical_city)" title="Shiloh (biblical city)">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibeah" title="Gibeah">Gibeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben-Ezer" title="Eben-Ezer">Eben-Ezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark" title="Philistine captivity of the Ark">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beth Shemesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriath-Jearim" title="Kiriath-Jearim">Kiriath-Jearim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Cathedral of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tana_Qirqos" title="Tana Qirqos">Tana Qirqos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_Mary_of_Zion" title="Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion">Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sign_and_the_Seal" title="The Sign and the Seal">The Sign and the Seal</a></i> (1992 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202812#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" 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