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href="#Eastern_European_Jewish_humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern European Jewish humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_European_Jewish_humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chełm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chełm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Chełm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chełm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hershele_Ostropoler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hershele_Ostropoler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Hershele Ostropoler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hershele_Ostropoler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humor_about_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humor_about_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Humor about antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humor_about_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Jewish_humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Jewish_humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>American Jewish humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Jewish_humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-About_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>About religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-About_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>About Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-About_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#About_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>About Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-About_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_humor_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_humor_in_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Jewish humor in the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_humor_in_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_humor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_humor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Israeli humor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_humor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Yiddish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Yiddish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role of Yiddish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Yiddish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دعابة يهودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دعابة يهودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovsk%C3%BD_humor" title="Židovský humor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židovský humor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCdischer_Witz" title="Jüdischer Witz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jüdischer Witz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AE%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="شوخی یهودی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوخی یهودی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humour_juif" title="Humour juif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Humour juif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8_%EC%9C%A0%EB%A8%B8" title="유대인 유머 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유대인 유머" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storiella_ebraica" title="Storiella ebraica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storiella ebraica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="הומור בתרבות היהודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומור בתרבות היהודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joodse_humor" title="Joodse humor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joodse humor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_%C5%BCydowski" title="Humor żydowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Humor żydowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humor_judaico" title="Humor judaico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humor judaico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Еврейский юмор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейский юмор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal:Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_culture" title="Category:Jewish culture">Category:Jewish culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_culture" title="Template talk:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor">humor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> dates back to the compilation of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> in the ancient Middle East, but the most famous form of Jewish humor consists of the more recent stream of verbal and frequently anecdotal humor of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> which took root in the United States during the last one hundred years, it even took root in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">secular Jewish culture</a>. In its early form, European <b>Jewish humor</b> was developed in the Jewish community of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, with theological satire becoming a traditional way to clandestinely express opposition to <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the nineteenth century, modern Jewish humor emerged among German-speaking Jewish proponents of the <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i> (Jewish Enlightenment), it matured in the <a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, and then, it flourished in twentieth-century America, arriving with the millions of Jews who emigrated from Eastern Europe between the 1880s and the early 1920s. Beginning on <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> and continuing on radio, stand-up, film, and television, a disproportionately high percentage of American comedians have been Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)"><i>Time</i></a> estimated in 1978 that 80 percent of professional American comics were Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish humor is diverse, but most frequently, it consists of <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, and the themes of it are highly <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a>, mocking religious and secular life alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Attardo2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attardo2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> considered Jewish humor unique in that its humor is primarily derived from mocking the in-group (Jews) rather than the "other". However, rather than simply being <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecation" title="Self-deprecation">self-deprecating</a>, it also contains an element of self-praise. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish humor is rooted in several traditions. Jewish humor can be found in one of history's earliest recorded documents, the Hebrew Bible, as well as the Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the intellectual and legal methods of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, which uses elaborate legal arguments and situations often seen as <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">so absurd as to be humorous</a>, in order to tease out the meaning of religious law.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Mishnah states: If a fledgling bird is found within fifty cubits of a <a href="/wiki/Dovecote" title="Dovecote">dovecote</a>, it belongs to the owner of the dovecote. If it is found outside the limit of fifty cubits, it belongs to the person who finds it. </p><p>Rabbi Jeremiah asked: If one foot of the fledgling is within fifty cubits and one foot is outside of it, what is the law? </p><p>It was for this question that Rabbi Jeremiah was thrown out of the House of Study </p><p> -- Talmud (Bava Batra 23b)</p></blockquote> <p>A Sephardic tradition is centered on a <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Nasreddin</a>-derived folk character who is known as <a href="/wiki/Djoha" class="mw-redirect" title="Djoha">Djoha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A more recent tradition which originated in the Jewish communities of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> is an egalitarian tradition in which the powerful were frequently mocked subtly, rather than attacked overtly—as <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> once put it, "Oppressed people tend to be witty." Jesters known as <a href="/wiki/Badchen" title="Badchen">badchens</a> used to poke fun at prominent members of the community during weddings, creating a good-natured tradition of humor as a levelling device. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Waldoks" title="Moshe Waldoks">Moshe Waldoks</a>, a scholar of Jewish humor, argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You have a lot of shtoch, or jab humor, which is usually meant to deflate pomposity or ego, and to deflate people who consider themselves high and mighty. But Jewish humor was also a device for self-criticism within the community, and I think that's where it really was the most powerful. The humorist, like the prophet, would basically take people to task for their failings. The humor of Eastern Europe especially was centered on defending the poor against the exploitation of the upper classes or other authority figures, so rabbis were made fun of, authority figures were made fun of and rich people were made fun of. It really served as a social catharsis.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After Jews began to migrate to America in large numbers, they, like other minority groups, found it difficult to gain mainstream acceptance and obtain <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">upward mobility</a>. The development of the entertainment industry, combined with the tradition of Jewish humor, provided a potential route where Jews could succeed. One of the first successful radio "<a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldbergs_(broadcast_series)" title="The Goldbergs (broadcast series)">The Goldbergs</a></i>, featured a Jewish family. As radio and television matured, many of its most famous comedians, including <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Benny" title="Jack Benny">Jack Benny</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Burns" title="George Burns">George Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henny_Youngman" title="Henny Youngman">Henny Youngman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Diller" title="Phyllis Diller">Phyllis Diller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Carter_(comedian)" title="Jack Carter (comedian)">Jack Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sid_Caesar" title="Sid Caesar">Sid Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Rivers" title="Joan Rivers">Joan Rivers</a>, were Jewish. The Jewish comedy tradition continues today, with Jewish humor much entwined with mainstream humor, as comedies like <i><a href="/wiki/Seinfeld" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a> films indicate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In his essay which is titled <i><a href="/wiki/Humour_in_Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Humour in Freud">Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> analyzes the nature of Jewish jokes, among other things. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jewish_humor" title="Special:EditPage/Jewish humor">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_humor">Religious humor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because religion was such an important part of life in Jewish communities, much of the humor which was developed in them is centered on the relationship between Judaism, the individual Jew and the Jewish community as a whole. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two Rabbis argued late into the night about the existence of God, and, using strong arguments from the scriptures, ended up indisputably disproving His existence. The next day, one Rabbi was surprised to see the other walking into the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">shul</a> for morning services. </p><p>"I thought we had agreed there was no God," he said. </p><p>"Yes, what does that have to do with it?" replied the other. </p> </blockquote> <p>The part left out is the fact that it was traditional to go to services, regardless of what one believed, and the rabbi was merely following that tradition. This is like the story of the boy who tells his rabbi he can't <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">daven</a> (pray), because he no longer believes in God. The rabbi merely tells him, "Yes God, no God: doesn't matter! Three times a day, you DAVEN!" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilation">Assimilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Assimilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="American Jewish">American Jewish</a> community has been lamenting <a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">the rate of assimilation</a> among its children and it has also been lamenting the absence of them as they grow into adulthood. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two Rabbis were discussing their problems with squirrels in their synagogue attic. One Rabbi said, "We simply called an exterminator and we never saw the squirrels again." The other Rabbi said, "We just gave the squirrels a <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvah</a>, and we never saw them again."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-deprecating">Self-deprecating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Self-deprecating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jews often mock their own negative stereotypes. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Question: How can you always spot a convert to Judaism?<br /> Answer: That's easy. They're the only normal ones in the congregation.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wit">Wit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the tradition of the legal arguments of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, one prominent type of Jewish humor involves clever, often legalistic, solutions to Talmudic problems, such as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Q: Is one permitted to ride in an airplane on the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>?<br /> </p><p> A: Yes, as long as your seat belt remains fastened. In this case, it is considered that you are not riding, you are wearing the plane.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tales_of_the_Rebbes">Tales of the Rebbes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tales of the Rebbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some jokes make fun of the "<a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a> miracle stories" and involve different <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a> bragging about their teachers' miraculous abilities: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Three <i>Hasidim</i> are bragging about their <i>Rebbes</i>: "My <i>rebbe</i> is very powerful. He was walking once, and there was a big lake in his path. He waved his handkerchief, and there was lake on the right, lake on the left, but no lake in the middle." To which the second retorted, "That's nothing. My <i>rebbe</i> is even more powerful. He was walking once, and there was a huge mountain in his path. He waved his handkerchief, and there was mountain on the right, mountain on the left, but no mountain in the middle!" Said the third, "Ha! That is still nothing! My <i>rebbe</i> is the most powerful. He was walking once on <i><a href="/wiki/Shabbos" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabbos">Shabbos</a></i> (Saturday, the holy day in Judaism, on which it is forbidden to handle money), and there was a wallet crammed full of cash in his path. He waved his handkerchief, and it was <i>Shabbos</i> on the right, <i>Shabbos</i> on the left, but not <i>Shabbos</i> in the middle!"</p></blockquote> <p>Or </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Caesar said to <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Hananiah" title="Joshua ben Hananiah">Joshua ben Hananiah</a> "Why does the Sabbath dish have such a fragrant odor?" Joshua said "We have a certain spice called Shabbat (<a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">shevet</a>), that we put in it." "Let me have some", he requested. Joshua replied, "For those who observe Shabbat, it works; for those who don't, it doesn't."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat</a> 119a.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The lives of the early <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidim</a>, while not funny in and of themselves, are rich in humorous incidents. The dealings between <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzadikim</a>, and peasants form a rich tapestry of lore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_European_Jewish_humor">Eastern European Jewish humor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern European Jewish humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of traditions in Jewish humor date back to stories and anecdotes from the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chełm"><span id="Che.C5.82m"></span>Chełm</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chełm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wise_Men_of_Chelm" title="Wise Men of Chelm">Wise Men of Chelm</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a> makes fun of the Jewish residents of <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m" title="Chełm">Chełm</a> (Yiddish: כעלעם, Hebrew: חלם; often transcribed as <i>Helm</i>) in eastern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> for their foolishness. These stories often center on the "wise" men and their silly decisions, similarly to the English <a href="/wiki/Wise_Men_of_Gotham" title="Wise Men of Gotham">Wise Men of Gotham</a> or the German <a href="/wiki/Schildb%C3%BCrger" title="Schildbürger">Schildbürger</a>. The jokes were almost always about silly solutions to problems. Some of these solutions display "foolish wisdom" (reaching the correct answer by the wrong train of reasoning), while others are simply wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Gottesman2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gottesman2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of these stories have become well-known thanks to storytellers and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning Jewish writer in the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> language, who wrote <i>The Fools of Chełm and Their History</i> (published in English translation in 1973), and the great Soviet Yiddish poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ovsey_Driz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ovsey Driz (page does not exist)">Ovsey Driz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" class="extiw" title="yi:שיקע דריז">yi</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7,_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Дриз, Овсей Овсеевич">ru</a>]</span> who wrote stories in verse. The latter achieved great popularity in the Soviet Union in Russian and Ukrainian translations, and were made into several animated films. </p><p>Other notable adaptations of folklore Chełm stories into the mainstream culture are the comedy <i>Chelmer Chachomim</i> ("The Wise Men of Chelm") by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Zeitlin" title="Aaron Zeitlin">Aaron Zeitlin</a>, <i>The Heroes of Chelm</i> (1942) by <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Simon" title="Solomon Simon">Shlomo Simon</a>, published in English translation as <i>The Wise Men of Helm</i> (Solomon Simon, 1945) and <i>More Wise Men of Helm</i> (Solomon Simon, 1965), and the book <i>Chelmer Chachomim</i> by <a href="/wiki/Y._Y._Trunk" title="Y. Y. Trunk">Y. Y. Trunk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animated short film comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Idiots" title="Village of Idiots">Village of Idiots</a></i> also recounts Chełm tales. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allen_Mandelbaum" title="Allen Mandelbaum">Allen Mandelbaum</a>'s "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chelmaxioms_:_The_Maxims,_Axioms,_Maxioms_of_Chelm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chelmaxioms : The Maxims, Axioms, Maxioms of Chelm (page does not exist)">Chelmaxioms : The Maxims, Axioms, Maxioms of Chelm</a>" (David R. Godine, 1978) treats the wise men less as fools than as an "echt Chelm" of true scholars who in their narrow specialized knowledge are nonetheless knowledgeable but lacking sense. The poetry of [Chelmaxioms] is supposedly the discovered lost manuscripts of the wise men of Chelm. </p><p>Here are a few examples of a Chełm tale:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is said that after God made the world, he filled it with people. He sent off an angel with two sacks, one full of wisdom and one full of foolishness. The second sack was much heavier. So after a time it started to drag. Soon it got caught on a mountaintop and so all the foolishness spilled out and fell into Chełm.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One Jewish Chełm resident bought a fish on Friday in order to cook it for <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>. He put the live fish underneath his coat and the fish slapped his face with its tail. He went to the Chełm court to <a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">submit a charge</a> and the court sentenced the fish to death by drowning.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Chełm, the <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shammes" class="extiw" title="wikt:shammes">shammes</a></i> used to go around waking everyone up for <i><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i> (communal prayer) in the morning. Every time it snowed, the people would complain that, although the snow was beautiful, they could not see it in its pristine state because by the time they got up in the morning, the <i>shammes</i> had already trekked through the snow. The townspeople decided that they had to find a way to be woken up for <i>minyan</i> without having the <i>shammes</i> making tracks in the snow.<br /> The people of Chełm hit on a solution: they got four volunteers to carry the <i>shammes</i> around on a table when there was fresh snow in the morning. That way, the <i>shammes</i> could make his wake up calls, but <i>he</i> would not leave tracks in the snow.</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The town of Chełm decided to build a new synagogue. So, some strong, able-bodied men were sent to a mountaintop to gather heavy stones for the foundation. The men put the stones on their shoulders and trudged down the mountain to the town below. When they arrived, the town constable yelled, "Foolish men! You should have rolled the stones down the mountain!" The men agreed this was an excellent idea. So they turned around, and with the stones still on their shoulders, trudged back up the mountain, and rolled the stones back down again.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hershele_Ostropoler">Hershele Ostropoler</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hershele Ostropoler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hershele_Ostropoler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hershele Ostropoler">Hershele Ostropoler</a>, also known as Hershel of Ostropol, was a legendary prankster who was based on a historic figure. Thought to have come from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, he lived in the small village of <a href="/wiki/Ostropol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostropol">Ostropol</a>, working as <i><a href="/wiki/Shochet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shochet">shochet</a></i>, a ritual slaughterer. According to legend he lost his job because of his constant joking, which offended the leaders of the village. </p><p>In his subsequent wanderings throughout Ukraine, he became a familiar figure at restaurants and inns. </p><p>Eventually he settled down at the court of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Boruch_of_Medzhybizh" title="Boruch of Medzhybizh">Boruch of Medzhybizh</a>, grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>. The rabbi was plagued by frequent depressions, and Hershele served as a sort of court jester, mocking the rabbi and his cronies, to the delight of the common folk. </p><p>After his death he was remembered in a series of pamphlets recording his tales and witty remarks. </p><p>He was the subject of several epic poems, a novel, a comedy performed in 1930 by the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Troupe" title="Vilna Troupe">Vilna Troupe</a>, and a U.S. television programme in the 1950s. Two illustrated children's books, <i>The Adventures of Hershel of Ostropol</i>, and <i>Hershel and the Hanukkah Goblins</i>, have been published. Both books were written by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kimmel" title="Eric Kimmel">Eric Kimmel</a> and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Trina_Schart_Hyman" title="Trina Schart Hyman">Trina Schart Hyman</a>. In 2002, a play entitled <i>Hershele the Storyteller</i> was performed in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the protagonist in a new series of comics for children with the titles The Adventures of Hershele, Hershele Rescues the Captives, Hershele and the Treasure in Yerushalayim, Hershele makes the Grade, and Hershele Discovers America. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motke_Chabad" title="Motke Chabad">Motke Chabad</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humor_about_antisemitism">Humor about antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Humor about antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much Jewish humor takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Self-deprecation" title="Self-deprecation">self-deprecating</a> comments on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a>, acting as a shield against <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">antisemitic stereotypes</a> by exploiting them first: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rabbi Altmann and his secretary were sitting in a <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouse</a> in Berlin in 1935. "Herr Altmann," said his secretary, "I notice you're reading <i><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i>! I can't understand why. A Nazi libel sheet! Are you some kind of <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochism" title="Sadomasochism">masochist</a>, or, God forbid, a <a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">self-hating Jew</a>?"<br /> "On the contrary, Frau Epstein. When I used to read the Jewish papers, all I learned about were <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>, riots in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> in America. But now that I read <i>Der Stürmer</i>, I see so much more: that the Jews control all the banks, that we dominate in the arts, and that we're on the verge of taking over the entire world. You know – it makes me feel a whole lot better!"</p></blockquote> <p>Or, on a similar note: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the assassination of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a>, a government official in Ukraine menacingly addressed the local rabbi, "I suppose you know in full detail who was behind it."<br /> </p><p>"Ach," the rabbi replied, "I have no idea, but the government's conclusion will be the same as always: they will blame the Jews and the chimneysweeps."<br /> "Why the chimneysweeps?" asked the befuddled official.<br /> </p><p> "Why the Jews?" responded the rabbi.</p></blockquote> <p>And another example, a direct slice of <i>galgenhumor</i> (<a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">gallows humor</a>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During the days of oppression and poverty of the Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a></i>, one village had a rumor going around: a Christian girl was found murdered near their village. Fearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a></i>, they gathered at the synagogue. Suddenly, the rabbi came running up, and cried, "Wonderful news! The murdered girl was Jewish!"</p></blockquote> <p>This one combines accusations of the lack of patriotism, and avarice: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Post-Soviet Russia. <a href="/wiki/Russian_jokes#Rabinovich" title="Russian jokes">Rabinovich</a> calls the <a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a> headquarters: "Is it true that we Jews sold out <a href="/wiki/Mother_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Russia">Mother Russia</a>?" "Damn right, you filthy <a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">kike</a>!" "Oh good. Could you tell me where I might get my share?"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Jewish_humor">American Jewish humor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: American Jewish humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2013 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 42 percent of American Jews rated humor as essential to their Jewish identity.<sup id="cite_ref-USA_Today_survey_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USA_Today_survey-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="About_religion">About religion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: About religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One common strain of Jewish humor examines the role of religion in contemporary life, often gently mocking the religious hypocrite. For example: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Reform Rabbi was so compulsive a golfer that once, on Yom Kippur, he left the house early and went out for a quick nine holes by himself. An angel who happened to be looking on immediately notified his superiors that a grievous sin was being committed. On the sixth hole, God caused a mighty wind to take the ball directly from the tee to the cup – a miraculous shot.<br /> </p><p>The angel was horrified. "A hole in one!" he exclaimed, "You call this a punishment, Lord?!"<br /> </p><p> Answered God with a sly smile, "So who can he tell?"</p></blockquote> <p>Or, on differences between <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> movements: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An Orthodox, a Conservative, and a Reform rabbi are each asked whether one is supposed to say a <i><a href="/wiki/Berakhah" title="Berakhah">beracha</a></i> (blessing) over a lobster (non-<a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> food, normally not eaten by religious Jews).<br /> The Orthodox rabbi asks, "What is this...'lobster'...thing?" The Conservative rabbi doesn't know what to say, muttering about <i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_responsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative responsa">responsa</a></i>. The Reform rabbi says, "What's a <i>beracha</i>?"</p></blockquote> <p>In particular, Reform Jews may be lampooned for their rejection of traditional Jewish beliefs. An example, from one of <a href="/wiki/Woody_Allen" title="Woody Allen">Woody Allen</a>'s early stand-up routines: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We were married by a Reform rabbi in Long Island. A <i>very</i> Reform rabbi. A <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>Jokes have been made about the shifting of gender roles (in the more traditional Orthodox movement, women marry at a young age and have many children, while the more liberal Conservative and Reform movements make gender roles more <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>, even ordaining women as <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbis</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a> movement was the first to ordain <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a>, all of which leads to this joke: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At an Orthodox wedding, the bride's mother is pregnant. At a Conservative wedding, the bride is pregnant. At a Reform wedding, the rabbi is pregnant. At a Reconstructionist wedding, the rabbi and her wife are both pregnant.</p></blockquote> <p>Often jokes revolve around the <i>social</i> practice of the Jewish religion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A man is rescued from a desert island after 20 years. The news media, amazed at this feat of survival, ask him to show them his home.<br /> </p><p>"How did you survive? How did you keep sane?" they ask him, as he shows them around the small island.<br /> "I had my faith. My faith as a Jew kept me strong. Come." He leads them to a small glen, where stands an opulent temple, made entirely from palm fronds, coconut shells and woven grass. The news cameras take pictures of everything – even a <i>torah</i> made from banana leaves and written in octopus ink. "This took me five years to complete."<br /> "Amazing! And what did you do for the next fifteen years?"<br /> "Come with me." He leads them around to the far side of the island. There, in a shady grove, is an even <i>more</i> beautiful temple. "This one took me twelve years to complete!"<br /> "But sir" asks the reporter, "Why did you build <i>two</i> temples?"<br /> </p><p> "This is the temple <i>I</i> attend. That other place? Hah! I wouldn't set foot in that other temple if you PAID me!"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="About_Jews">About Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: About Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish humor continues to exploit stereotypes of Jews, both as a sort of "in-joke", and as a form of self-defence. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mother_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish mother stereotype">Jewish mothers</a>, "cheapness"/frugality, <i><a href="/wiki/Kvetching" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvetching">kvetching</a></i>, and other stereotyped habits are all common subjects. Frugality has been frequently singled out: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An old Jewish beggar was out on the street in New York City with his tin cup.<br /> </p><p>"Please, sir," he pleaded to a passerby, "could you spare seventy-three cents for a cup of coffee and some pie?"<br /> The man asked, "Where do you get coffee and pie for seventy-three cents in New York? It costs at least a dollar!"<br /> </p><p> The beggar replied, "Who buys retail?" </p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What did the waiter ask the group of dining <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish mother">Jewish mothers</a>? "Pardon me ladies, but is ANYTHING all right?"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Catholic priest, a Reverend, and a Rabbi are discussing their income. <br /> </p><p>The Priest says: "I draw a circle on the ground, take the offering, and throw it up into the air. Any money that falls outside the circle is for the Lord, and the money that falls inside the circle is for me." <br /> The Reverend says: "I do things almost the same, except the money that falls outside the circle is my salary, and the money that falls inside the circle is for the Lord." <br /> </p><p> The Rabbi says: "I do things quite different. I take the offering, throw it up into the air, and pray: "Lord take whatever You need, and feel free to send back the rest."</p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Did you hear they built the first Starbucks in Israel? There's a fork in the sugar bowl.</p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Buddhist monk goes to a barber to have his head shaved. "What should I pay you?" the monk asks. "No price, for a holy man such as yourself," the barber replies. And what do you know, the next day the barber comes to open his shop, and finds on his doorstep a dozen gemstones.<br /> </p><p>Later that day, a priest comes in to have his hair cut. "What shall I pay you, my son?" "No price, for a man of the cloth such as yourself." And what do you know, the next day the barber comes to open his shop, and finds on his doorstep a dozen roses.<br /> </p><p> Later that day, Rabbi Finklestein comes in to get his <i><a href="/wiki/Payot" title="Payot">payot</a></i> trimmed. "What do you want I should pay you?" "Nothing, for a man of God such as yourself." And the next morning, what do you know? The barber finds on his doorstep – a dozen rabbis!</p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Jewish man lies on his deathbed, surrounded by his children. "Ah," he says, "I can smell your mother's <a href="/wiki/Brisket" title="Brisket">brisket</a> – how I would love to taste it one last time before I die." So one of his sons hurries down to the kitchen, but he returns empty-handed.<br /> "Sorry, papa. She says it's for the <a href="/wiki/Shiva_(Judaism)" title="Shiva (Judaism)">shiva</a> (mourning period)."</p></blockquote> <p>Or, about traditional roles of men and women in Jewish families: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A boy comes home from school and tells his mother he got a part in the school play.<br /> </p><p>"That's wonderful!" says the mother, "Which part?"<br /> "The part of a Jewish husband," says the boy, proudly.<br /> </p><p> Frowning, the mother says, "Go back and tell them you want a <i>speaking</i> role!"</p></blockquote> <p>Or, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Jewish girl bemoans, "Finally, I meet a nice, rich Jewish boy! He's just like papa. He looks like him. He acts like him. Oy vey, mama hates him!"</p></blockquote> <p>Or, on parenting (from <a href="/wiki/David_M._Bader" class="mw-redirect" title="David M. Bader">David Bader</a>'s <i>Haikus for Jews</i>): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Is one Nobel Prize<br /> </p><p>so much to ask from a child<br /> </p><p> after all I've done?</p></blockquote> <p>Or </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Sarah, how's that boy of yours?"<br /> </p><p>"David? Ach, don't ask – he's living in Miami with a man named Miguel."<br /> "That's terrible!"<br /> </p><p> "I know – why couldn't he find a <a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy">nice Jewish boy</a>?"</p></blockquote> <p>Or </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Miriam and Sharon, long-time friends, are catching up on one another's lives by telephone.<br /> </p><p>"But that's enough about me," says Miriam. "I hear your son Isaac has a very successful neurology practice in Brooklyn!"<br /> "Yes, yes," says Sharon. "I could <i><a href="/wiki/Kvell" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvell">kvell</a></i> for days."<br /> Continues Miriam, "And that's to say nothing of Reuven. Our first Jewish President of the United States... and he's <i>your son!!</i>"<br /> </p><p> "Ah yes," replies Sharon, disappointment creeping into her voice. "Reuven... the one who's <i>not</i> a doctor."</p></blockquote> <p>Or, on <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Yiddish_origin#K" title="List of English words of Yiddish origin">kvetching</a> (complaining), </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> A Jewish man in a hospital tells the doctor he wants to be transferred to a different hospital. <br /> </p><p>The doctor says "What's wrong? Is it the food?" <br /> "No, the food is fine. I can't kvetch." <br /> "Is it the room?" <br /> "No, the room is fine. I can't kvetch." <br /> "Is it the staff?" <br /> "No, everyone on the staff is fine. I can't kvetch." <br /> "Then why do you want to be transferred?" <br /> </p><p> "I can't kvetch!"</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An old Jewish man riding on a train begins to moan: "<a href="/wiki/Oy_vey" title="Oy vey">Oy</a>, am I thirsty; oy, am I thirsty", to the annoyance of the other passengers. Finally, another passenger gets a cup of water from the drinking fountain and gives it to the old man, who thanks him profusely and gulps it down. Feeling satisfied, the other passenger sits down again, only to hear "Oy, was I thirsty; oy, was I thirsty".</p></blockquote> <p>A version of that joke is quoted in <i><a href="/wiki/Born_To_Kvetch" class="mw-redirect" title="Born To Kvetch">Born To Kvetch</a>: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wex" title="Michael Wex">Michael Wex</a>, who writes, </p> <blockquote><p> "It contains virtually every important element of the Yiddish-speaking mind-set in easily accessible form: the constant tension between the Jewish and the non-Jewish; the faux naivete that allows the old man to pretend that he isn't disturbing anyone; the deflation of the other passenger's hopes, the disappointment of all his expectations after he has watered the Jew; and most importantly of all, the underlying assumption, the fundamental idea that kvetching—complaining—is not only a pastime, not only a response to adverse or imperfect circumstance, but a way of life that has nothing to do with the fulfillment or frustration of desire."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="About_Christianity">About Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: About Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Jewish jokes involve a rabbi and a Christian clergyman, exploiting different interpretations of a shared environment. Often they start with something like "A rabbi and a priest..." and make fun of either the rabbi's interpretation of Christianity or (seeming) differences between Christian and Jewish interpretation of some areas. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Catholic priest says to a rabbi, "It seems to me that, since the Creator made pork, He must have made it for some purpose. Therefore, it must be a sin not to <i>use</i> it, don't you think? So, will you finally eat some pork?"<br /> The rabbi replies, "I <i>will</i> try some, Father – at <i>your</i> wedding."</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A rabbi, a minister, and a priest were playing poker when the police raided the game. </p><p>Turning to the priest, the lead police officer said, "Father Murphy, were you gambling?" Turning his eyes to heaven, the priest whispered, "Lord, forgive me for what I am about to do." To the police officer, he then said, "No, officer; I was not gambling." The officer then asked the minister, "Pastor Johnson, were you gambling?" Again, after an appeal to heaven, the minister replied, "No, officer; I was not gambling." Turning to the rabbi, the officer again asked, "Rabbi Goldstein, were you gambling?" </p><p> Shrugging his shoulders, the rabbi replied, "With whom?"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_humor_in_the_Soviet_Union">Jewish humor in the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jewish humor in the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jewish_humor" title="Special:EditPage/Jewish humor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>See <a href="/wiki/Russian_jokes" title="Russian jokes">Russian jokes</a> in general, or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Russian_joke#Rabinovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian joke">Rabinovich jokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_joke#Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian joke">Russian Jewish jokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_joke#Political_jokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian joke">Russian political jokes</a>; also <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union">History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union</a>.</i> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Q:</i> Rabinovich, what is a fortune?<br /> <i>A:</i> A fortune is to live in our <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">Socialist</a> motherland.<br /> <i>Q:</i> And what's a misfortune?<br /> <i>A:</i> A misfortune is to have such a "fortune". </p> </blockquote> <p>Or, in the last years of the Soviet Union: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p><i>Q:</i> Comrade Lev, why now, just when things are getting better for your people, are you applying for an exit visa to make <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i> to Israel?<br /> <i>A:</i> Well, comrade, there are two reasons. One is that my next-door neighbor is <i><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></i> and he tells me that after they get rid of you communists, they are coming next after the Jews.<br /> <i>Q:</i> But they will never get rid of us communists!<br /> <i>A:</i> I know, I know, of course you are right! And that's the <i>other</i> reason. </p> </blockquote> <p>Or </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An old Jewish man was finally allowed to leave the Soviet Union, to emigrate to Israel. When he was searched at the Moscow airport, the customs official found a bust of Lenin.<br /> </p><p><i>Customs:</i> What is that?<br /> <i>Old man:</i> What is that? What is that?! Don't say "<i>What</i> is that?" say "<i>Who</i> is that?" That is Lenin! The genius who thought up this worker's paradise!<br /> The official laughed and let the old man through.<br /> The old man arrived at Tel Aviv airport, where an Israeli customs official found the bust of Lenin.<br /> <i>Customs:</i> What is that?<br /> <i>Old man:</i> What is that? What is that?! Don't say "<i>What</i> is that?" say "<i>Who</i> is that?" That is Lenin! The sonofabitch! I will put him on display in my toilet for all the years he prevented an old man from coming home.<br /> The official laughed and let him through.<br /> When he arrived at his family's house in Jerusalem, his grandson saw him unpack the bust.<br /> <i>Grandson:</i> Who is that?<br /> <i>Old man:</i> Who is that? Who is that?! Don't say "<i>Who</i> is that?" say "<i>What</i> is that?" <i>That</i>, my child, is eight pounds of gold! </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_humor">Israeli humor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Israeli humor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jewish_humor" title="Special:EditPage/Jewish humor">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> humor featured many of the same themes as Jewish humor elsewhere, making fun of the country and its habits, while containing a fair bit of <a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">gallows humor</a> as well, as a joke from a 1950 Israeli joke book indicates: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An elderly man refuses to leave for the air raid shelter until he can find his dentures. His wife yells at him, "What, you think they are dropping <a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwiches</a>?"</p></blockquote> <p>Israelis' view of themselves: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>A man dies and comes up to the heavenly court to be judged. An angel informs him that he has to serve some time in hell, but not to worry, he can choose between three different hells: French hell, American hell and Israeli hell. Asks the man: "What's the difference?" Answers the angel: "Well, in French hell, everyone spends the day walking along the boulevards and feasting in bistros. Then, at midnight, everyone is placed in the most boiling-hot water until morning." The man: "Oy, sounds terrible." The angel: "It is." The man: "So what's American hell?" The angel: "Well, in American hell, everyone spends the day watching movies and eating fast-food. Then, at midnight, everyone is placed in the most boiling-hot water until morning." The man: "Oy, sounds terrible." The angel: "It is." The man: "So what's Israeli hell?" The angel: "Well, in Israeli hell, you live on a kibbutz: you wake up at dawn to work all day in the fields, at lunch you get some bread and cheese. Then, at midnight, everyone is placed in the most boiling-hot water until morning." The man: "That sounds horrible, why would anyone want Israeli hell?" </p><p> The angel: "'Midnight' isn't exactly midnight...the water isn't exactly hot...we could probably work out some sort of deal and maybe get you a schnitzel..."</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_Yiddish">Role of Yiddish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Role of Yiddish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefiltefish.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gefiltefish.JPG/220px-Gefiltefish.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gefiltefish.JPG/330px-Gefiltefish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gefiltefish.JPG/440px-Gefiltefish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a>" on a car, a humorous parody of the <a href="/wiki/Variations_of_the_ichthys_symbol" title="Variations of the ichthys symbol">fish symbol</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> words may sound comical to an English speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms like <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Yiddish_origin" title="List of English words of Yiddish origin">shnook and shmendrik, shlemiel and shlimazel</a> (often considered <a href="/wiki/Inherently_funny_word" title="Inherently funny word">inherently funny words</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) were exploited for their humorous sounds, as were "<a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a>" <a href="/wiki/Shm-reduplication" title="Shm-reduplication">shm-reduplication</a> constructs, such as "fancy-schmancy". Yiddish constructions—such as ending sentences with questions—became part of the verbal <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a> of Jewish comedians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_in_Judaism" title="Happiness in Judaism">Happiness in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_show_business_figures#Comedians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish American show business figures">List of American Jewish comedians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_humor" title="The Bible and humor">The Bible and humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Holocaust humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Purim_humor" title="Category:Purim humor">Category:Purim humor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTanny2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tanny, Jarrod (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024231928/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+anti-gospel+of+Lenny,+Larry+and+Sarah:+Jewish+humor+and+the+...-a0411333834">"The Anti-Gospel of Lenny, Larry and Sarah: Jewish Humor and the Desecration of Christendom"</a>. <i>American Jewish History</i>. <b>99</b> (2): 167–193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fajh.2015.0023">10.1353/ajh.2015.0023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162195868">162195868</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+anti-gospel+of+Lenny%2C+Larry+and+Sarah%3A+Jewish+humor+and+the+...-a0411333834">the original</a> on 2018-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Gospel+of+Lenny%2C+Larry+and+Sarah%3A+Jewish+Humor+and+the+Desecration+of+Christendom&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-193&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fajh.2015.0023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162195868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tanny&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FThe%2Banti-gospel%2Bof%2BLenny%252C%2BLarry%2Band%2BSarah%253A%2BJewish%2Bhumor%2Band%2Bthe%2B...-a0411333834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While numbers are inevitably fuzzy, Paul Chance, reviewing Lawrence Epstein's <i>The Haunted Smile: The Story of Jewish Comedians in America</i> (<i>Psychology Today</i>, Jan-Feb, 2002) wrote, "While Jews make up only about 3 percent of the U.S. population, 80 percent of professional comics are Jewish." Accessed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1175/is_1_35/ai_82261813">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314020526/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1175/is_1_35/ai_82261813">Archived</a> 2007-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 25 March 2007. Comedian Mark Schiff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jewlariousFeatures/jewlariousFeaturesDefault/Why_Are_Jews_Funny$.asp">reviewing the same book on Jewlarious.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032132/http://www.aish.com/jewlariousFeatures/jewlariousFeaturesDefault/Why_Are_Jews_Funny$.asp">Archived</a> 2020-10-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, writes, "Most of the comedians that made us all laugh in the 1950s, '60s and '70s were Jewish." Similarly, Drew Friedman (author of <i>Old Jewish Comedians</i>), in a March 22, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrmedia.com/2007/03/fridays-with-mr-media-drew-friedman.html">interview on Fridays with Mr. Media</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621003827/http://www.mrmedia.com/2007/03/fridays-with-mr-media-drew-friedman.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Somebody said, 'You could do an Old Protestant Comedian book,' and I said, 'Well, that would be a pamphlet, wouldn't it?'"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948701,00.html">"Behavior: Analyzing Jewish Comics"</a>. October 2, 1978<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Behavior%3A+Analyzing+Jewish+Comics&rft.date=1978-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C948701%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attardo2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attardo2014_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvatore_Attardo2014" class="citation book cs1">Salvatore Attardo (25 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjRzAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA542"><i>Encyclopedia of Humor Studies</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 542. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4617-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4617-5"><bdi>978-1-4833-4617-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Humor+Studies&rft.pages=542&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-4617-5&rft.au=Salvatore+Attardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjRzAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hershey H. Friedman and <a href="/wiki/Linda_Weiser_Friedman" title="Linda Weiser Friedman">Linda Weiser Friedman</a>, <i>God Laughed: Sources of Jewish Humor</i>, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a> 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHershey_H._Friedman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hershey H. Friedman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160523082732/http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/HUMOROUSCASESTALMUD.htm">"Talmudic Humor and the Establishment of Legal Principles: Strange Questions, Impossible Scenarios, and Legalistic Brainteasers"</a>. <i>Thalia: Studies in Literary Humor</i>. <b>21</b> (1). fn1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/HUMOROUSCASESTALMUD.htm">the original</a> on May 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thalia%3A+Studies+in+Literary+Humor&rft.atitle=Talmudic+Humor+and+the+Establishment+of+Legal+Principles%3A+Strange+Questions%2C+Impossible+Scenarios%2C+and+Legalistic+Brainteasers&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=fn1&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Hershey+H.+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.brooklyn.cuny.edu%2Feconomic%2Ffriedman%2FHUMOROUSCASESTALMUD.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fazıla Derya AGİŞ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/395663">Judeo-Spanish and Turkish Proverbs and Idioms with Djoha and HodjaNasrettin: Questioning Wittiness via Conceptual Metaphors</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_Berkwits2004" class="citation news cs1">Jeff Berkwits (Aug 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511151852/http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/cover_aug04.html">"What's with Jewish comedy?"</a>. <i>San Diego Jewish Journal</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/cover_aug04.html">the original</a> on May 11, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Jewish+Journal&rft.atitle=What%27s+with+Jewish+comedy%3F&rft.date=2004-08&rft.au=Jeff+Berkwits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdjewishjournal.com%2Fstories%2Fcover_aug04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/schmooze/383886/curb-your-enthusiasm-epitome-of-jewish-humor/">"Curb Your Enthusiasm: The Most Jewish Comedy Show Ever"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a>. 29 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curb+Your+Enthusiasm%3A+The+Most+Jewish+Comedy+Show+Ever&rft.pub=The+Forward&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fschmooze%2F383886%2Fcurb-your-enthusiasm-epitome-of-jewish-humor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2007" class="citation web cs1">Service, David Briggs, Religion News (19 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-01-19-0701190253-story.html">"Jewish humor pushes limits on stereotypes"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Jewish+humor+pushes+limits+on+stereotypes&rft.date=2007-01-19&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=David+Briggs%2C+Religion+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-2007-01-19-0701190253-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Roberta (September 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=02719274&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA343947494&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Larry David's "Dark Talmud"; or Kafka in prime time"</a>. <i>Studies in American Jewish Literature</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 167–186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fstudamerjewilite.32.2.0167">10.5325/studamerjewilite.32.2.0167</a> – via go.gale.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+American+Jewish+Literature&rft.atitle=Larry+David%27s+%26quot%3BDark+Talmud%26quot%3B%3B+or+Kafka+in+prime+time&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-186&rft.date=2013-09-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fstudamerjewilite.32.2.0167&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Roberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D02719274%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA343947494%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gottesman2003-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gottesman2003_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzik_Nakhmen_Gottesman2003" class="citation book cs1">Itzik Nakhmen Gottesman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fptXhc0-hYC&pg=PA64"><i>Defining the Yiddish nation: the Jewish folklorists of Poland</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. pp. 13, 49, 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2669-5"><bdi>978-0-8143-2669-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defining+the+Yiddish+nation%3A+the+Jewish+folklorists+of+Poland&rft.pages=13%2C+49%2C+64-65&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2669-5&rft.au=Itzik+Nakhmen+Gottesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0fptXhc0-hYC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/chelm/che045.html">"Chelm, Poland (45- 60)"</a>. <i>www.jewishgen.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishgen.org&rft.atitle=Chelm%2C+Poland+%2845-+60%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2Fyizkor%2Fchelm%2Fche045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027000107/http://geocities.com/hershele_the_storyteller/">"Hershele the Storyteller"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/hershele_the_storyteller/">the original</a> on October 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hershele+the+Storyteller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fhershele_the_storyteller%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USA_Today_survey-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USA_Today_survey_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosman2013" class="citation news cs1">Grosman, Cathy Lynn (October 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/10/01/survey-jewish-religion-humor/2902147/">"Survey: Being Jewish means being funny, and that's no joke"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+Being+Jewish+means+being+funny%2C+and+that%27s+no+joke&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Grosman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fsurvey-jewish-religion-humor%2F2902147%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Singer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/schmooze/421730/the-10-best-most-classic-jewish-jokes/?gclid=CjwKCAiAvOeQBhBkEiwAxutUVGzjnQYjCfIj4s1EPzCr5esCBvKM3miZsALJCjpnwiBzjIwHZMi5-RoCJ74QAvD_BwE">"The 10 Best, Most Classic Jewish Jokes"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWex2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wex" title="Michael Wex">Wex, Michael</a> (August 25, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borntokvetchyidd00wexm"><i>Born To Kvetch: Yiddish Language and Culture in All Its Moods</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30741-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30741-1"><bdi>0-312-30741-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+To+Kvetch%3A+Yiddish+Language+and+Culture+in+All+Its+Moods&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005-08-25&rft.isbn=0-312-30741-1&rft.aulast=Wex&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborntokvetchyidd00wexm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJewish+humor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rosten" title="Leo Rosten">Leo Rosten</a>, <i>The Joys of Yinglish</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-5275-6447-3">Sover, Arie. 2021. Jewish Humor: An outcome of Historical Experience, Survival, and Wisdom. London: Cambridge Scholars</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511151852/http://www.sdjewishjournal.com/stories/cover_aug04.html">San Diego Jewish Chronicle on Jewish Humor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305103029/http://www.agiftforlaughter.com/description.htm">Funny People - A Film About Jewish Humor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haruth.com/jhumor/">Harry Liechter's Jewish Humor site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Novak" title="William Novak">William Novak</a> (father of <a href="/wiki/B.J._Novak" class="mw-redirect" title="B.J. Novak">B.J. Novak</a>) & Moshe Waldoks. <i>Big Book of Jewish Humor</i>, originally published by Harper Perennial (1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090917-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090917-X">0-06-090917-X</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awordinyoureye.com">The Jewish jokes of a word in your eye</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oyvey.co.il">Jewish Jokes Comedy Comics and Humor at Oy Vey</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_humor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jay Allen (1990). <i>500 Great Jewish Jokes.</i> Signet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-16585-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-16585-3">0-451-16585-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morey_Amsterdam" title="Morey Amsterdam">Morey Amsterdam</a> (1959). <i>Keep Laughing.</i> Citadel.</li> <li>Elliot Beier (1968). <i>Wit and Wisdon of Israel.</i> Peter Pauper.</li> <li>Noah BenShea (1993). <i>Great Jewish Quotes.</i> Ballantine Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-38345-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-38345-1">0-345-38345-1</a>.</li> <li>Arthur Berger (1997). <i>The Genius of the Jewish Joke.</i> Jason Aronson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56821-997-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56821-997-0">1-56821-997-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a> (1996). <i>More of the Best of Milton Berle's Private Joke File.</i> Castle Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7858-0719-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7858-0719-5">0-7858-0719-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Berle" title="Milton Berle">Milton Berle</a> (1945). <i>Out of my Trunk.</i> Bantam.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207081355/http://www.hagshama.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=2180">"Why Jews Laugh at Themselves"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Commentary Magazine">Commentary Magazine</a></i>, Vol 121, April 2006, No 4, pp. 47–54</li> <li>Sam Hoffman (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Old_Jews_Telling_Jokes" title="Old Jews Telling Jokes">Old Jews Telling Jokes</a>.</i> Villard.</li> <li>David Minkoff (2006). <i>Oy! The Ultimate Book of Jewish Jokes.</i> Thomas Dunne Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-37434-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-37434-8">0-312-37434-8</a>.</li> <li>David Minkoff (2008). <i>Oy! The Great Jewish Joke Book.</i> JR Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906217-62-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906217-62-4">978-1-906217-62-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Oring" title="Elliott Oring">Elliott Oring</a> (1984). <i>The Jokes of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.</i> Univ. of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-7910-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-7910-7">0-8122-7910-7</a>.</li> <li>Richard Raskin (1992). <i>Life Is Like a Glass of Tea. Studies of Classic Jewish Jokes</i>. Aarhus University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7288-409-6" title="Special:BookSources/87-7288-409-6">87-7288-409-6</a>.</li> <li>Sandor Schuman (2012). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chelmspond.com">Adirondack Mendel's Aufruf: Welcome to Chelm's Pond</a></i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9886285-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9886285-0-2">978-0-9886285-0-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Telushkin" title="Joseph Telushkin">Joseph Telushkin</a> (1998). <i>Jewish Humor: What the Best Jewish Jokes Say About the Jews.</i> Harper Paperbacks. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-16351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-16351-3">0-688-16351-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Weinstein" title="Simcha Weinstein">Simcha Weinstein</a> (2008). <i> <a href="/wiki/Shtick_Shift" title="Shtick Shift">Shtick Shift: Jewish Humor in the 21st Century</a></i>. Barricade Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56980-352-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56980-352-8">1-56980-352-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wisse" title="Ruth Wisse">Ruth R. Wisse</a> (2013). <i>No Joke: Making Jewish Humor.</i> Princeton Univ. Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14946-2">978-0-691-14946-2</a>.</li> <li>Ralph Woods (1969). <i>The Joy of Jewish Humor.</i> Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-10355-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-10355-5">0-671-10355-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alter_Druyanov" title="Alter Druyanov">Alter Druyanov</a> (1969, Tel Aviv). "Sefer Habdikhah ve-hakhidud," 3 vols. ( <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Book_of_Jokes_and_Wit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Book of Jokes and Wit (page does not exist)">The Book of Jokes and Wit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%97%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93" class="extiw" title="he:ספר הבדיחה והחידוד">he</a>]</span>) - in Hebrew).</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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