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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous civilization in present-day Southern Plains</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/300px-Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/450px-Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Caddoan Mississippian culture and some important sites</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/250px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/375px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg/500px-Mississippian_cultures_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>A map showing approximate areas of various Mississippian and related cultures. Cahokia is located near the center of this map in the upper part of the <i>Middle Mississippi</i> area.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Caddoan Mississippian culture</b> was a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> culture considered by archaeologists as a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caddoan Mississippians covered a large territory, including what is now Eastern <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, Western <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, Northeast <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">Texas</a>, Southwest <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and Northwest <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> of the United States. </p><p>Archaeological evidence has established that the cultural continuity is unbroken from prehistory to the present. The speakers of <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan languages</a> in prehistoric times and at first European contact have been proved to be the direct ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Nation_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Nation of Oklahoma">Caddo Nation of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasLinguistics_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasLinguistics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Caddoan Mississippians are thought to be descendants of <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> groups, the <a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline culture</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossy_Grove_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossy Grove culture (page does not exist)">Mossy Grove culture</a> peoples who were living in the area around 200 BCE to 800 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were linked to other peoples across much of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Eastern Woodlands</a> through expansive <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">trade networks</a>. During this time period, pottery making was introduced to them by peoples to their East, and by 500 CE the bow and arrow from peoples of the Southwest. </p><p>By 800 CE early Caddoan society began to coalesce into one of the earlier Mississippian cultures. Some villages began to gain prominence as ritual centers. Workers were organized to build earthwork <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>, often used for temples, in addition to building elite residences and constructions. The mounds were arranged around large, constructed, open and level <a href="/wiki/Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaza">plazas</a>. These were usually kept swept clean and were often used for ceremonial occasions involving large groups of people. As complex religious and social ideas developed, some people and family lineages gained prominence over others. This hierarchical structure is marked in the archaeological record by the appearance of large tombs with exotic grave offerings of obvious symbols of authority and prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/225px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/338px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/450px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Caddoan <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Mississippian culture pottery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 1000 CE a society now known as "Caddoan" had emerged. This included the increased prominence of ritual centers and the development of a more stratified social hierarchy, with some lineage and kin groups exerting more control over the community. The tomb burials of people thought to be leaders were accompanied by elaborate grave goods, as noted above. In addition, there were sacrificial "retainer" deaths and burials of both family members and followers at the death of such leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major sites such as <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle Mound Site</a> were constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> Valley and the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> Valley, respectively. As the largest and most fertile areas in the Caddoan region, these areas could support the most productive maize agriculture. Agricultural surpluses supported the growth of the dense populations of such major centers.<sup id="cite_ref-Tejas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tejas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1200 CE, the numerous villages, hamlets, and farmsteads established throughout the Caddo world had begun extensive <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caddoans also developed a distinct type of pottery making. It was described in 1540 by members of the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto#De_Soto's_exploration_of_North_America" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto expedition</a> as some of the finest they had seen, even in their homeland of Spain. </p><p>Since the late 20th century, recent excavations have revealed more cultural diversity within the region than had been expected by scholars, particularly in sites along the Arkansas River. Caddoan Mississippian towns had a more irregular layout of earthen mounds and associated villages than did towns in the Middle Mississippian heartland to the East, along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. They also lacked the wooden <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> defensive fortifications often found in the major Middle Mississippian towns. </p><p>Living on the western edge of the Mississippian world, the Caddoans may have faced fewer military threats from other peoples. Their societies may also have had a somewhat lower level of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>. Their location at the western edge of the Eastern Woodlands may account for these differences. Because the climate west of the woodlands was drier, it hindered maize production and related populations. The lower population on the plains to the West may have meant the Caddoans did not have to compete with many neighboring chiefdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Tejas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tejas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Caddoan populations peaked around 1400 CE, for reasons that are still unclear. After this point, many ritual centers begin to decline in population. A more dispersed settlement system developed, with the bulk of the people living on scattered homesteads and small farms rather than in large villages. The earlier broad cultural unity of the area also began to break down, with many distinct local variations developing.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/338px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/450px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Engraved whelk shell from the Craig Mound showing a tattooed figure</figcaption></figure> <p>Caddoan Mississippian peoples were connected to the larger Mississippian world to the East and other cultures to the Southwest by trade networks that spanned the North American continent. Artifacts found in "The Great Mortuary" (Craig Mound) at the Spiro site included colored <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> from New Mexico, copper from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area, conch (or <a href="/wiki/Lightning_whelk" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning whelk">lightning whelk</a>) shells from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a> from the Carolinas.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other materials from trade included wood, <a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">basketry</a>, woven fabric, lace, fur, feathers, and carved <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">stone statues</a>. Some artifacts came from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. Many featured the elaborate symbolism of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a>, a multiregional and pan-linguistic trade and religious network. </p><p>Archaeological finds, as well as later Spanish records, also indicate that Caddoan peoples had contact with southwestern groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Jumanos" title="Jumanos">Jumanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a>, with whom they traded for <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a> and cotton fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spiro site is the only Mississippian site where an artifact from <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> has been found. This is a piece of black <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, which likely reached this site through Caddoan Mississippian trade with peoples to the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using these valued materials, Mississippian artists created exquisite works of art expressing their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> and their complex spiritual beliefs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan languages</a></div> <p>The Caddoan Mississippians were speakers of many Caddoan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-TejasLinguistics_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejasLinguistics-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caddoan languages once had a broad geographic distribution, but many are now extinct. The modern languages in the Caddoan family include <a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a>, which were spoken by historic tribes of the area. Both are now spoken mainly by tribal elders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sites">Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Site</th> <th>Image</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle Mound Site</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SAU-D-DSC_0016_(4443784612).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle Mound"><img alt="Battle Mound" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg/125px-SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg/188px-SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg/250px-SAU-D-DSC_0016_%284443784612%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span> </td> <td>Located in <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_County,_Arkansas" title="Lafayette County, Arkansas">Lafayette County, Arkansas</a> in the Great Bend region of the Red River basin and has the largest <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">mound</a> of the Caddoan Mississippian culture </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher Mound Site</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Located in <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Caddo Parish, Louisiana">Caddo Parish, Louisiana</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Red River Valley 20 miles north of <a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport</a><sup id="cite_ref-BOSSIER_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOSSIER-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about one-half mile east of the town of <a href="/wiki/Belcher,_Louisiana" title="Belcher, Louisiana">Belcher, Louisiana</a><sup id="cite_ref-HISTORICAL_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HISTORICAL-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluffton Mound Site">Bluffton Mound Site</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Located in <a href="/wiki/Yell_County,_Arkansas" title="Yell County, Arkansas">Yell County, Arkansas</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Fourche_La_Fave_River" title="Fourche La Fave River">Fourche La Fave River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caddoan Mounds"><img alt="Caddoan Mounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg/125px-Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg/188px-Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg/250px-Caddo_Mound_TX.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="538" /></a></span> </td> <td>Also known as the George C. Davis Site (41CE19), located in <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Texas" title="Cherokee County, Texas">Cherokee County, Texas</a> 26 miles west of <a href="/wiki/Nacogdoches,_Texas" title="Nacogdoches, Texas">Nacogdoches</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Piney_Woods" title="Piney Woods">Piney Woods</a> region of east Texas. <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_21" title="Texas State Highway 21">Texas State Highway 21</a> passes nearby and intersects with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_69" title="U.S. Route 69">U.S. Route 69</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan Mounds Site</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Located in <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Red River Parish, Louisiana">Red River Parish, Louisiana</a><sup id="cite_ref-NAGRRA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAGRRA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Red River Valley </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spiro Mounds"><img alt="Spiro Mounds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/125px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/188px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg/250px-Spiro_Aerial_HRoe_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267" /></a></span> </td> <td>One of the best-studied archaeological centers of Mississippian culture; located in Eastern Oklahoma in <a href="/wiki/Le_Flore_County,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Flore County, Oklahoma">Le Flore County</a> near the modern town of <a href="/wiki/Spiro,_Oklahoma" title="Spiro, Oklahoma">Spiro</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_contact_and_relations_with_United_States">European contact and relations with United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: European contact and relations with United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/290px-Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/435px-Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg/580px-Caddoan_Phases_in_the_1520s_map_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>de Soto route through the Caddo area, with known archaeological phases marked</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> led an expedition into the southeastern region of North America in the 1540s, his party <a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">encountered Native American groups</a> recorded as the <i>Naguatex</i>, <i>Nishone</i>, <i>Hacanac</i>, and <i>Nondacao</i>. These names are now believed to have referred to <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> villages. </p><p>It is estimated that in 1520, the many tribes of people numbered about 250,000.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next 250 years the population of these Caddoan-speaking peoples was severely reduced by epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diseases">infectious diseases</a> inadvertently brought by Spanish and French colonists and spread by indigenous trading networks. Sometime after the coming of the Europeans, the Caddo organized into three confederacies—the <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchitoches (tribe)">Natchitoches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadacho</a>. All Caddoans were linked together by a common language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, under the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a> the United States forced the Caddo to cede their lands and move to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. European Americans were eager to settle in the fertile river valleys of their territory. Later they were required to accept allotment of their communal lands, prior to the admission of Oklahoma as a state in 1907. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caddo_today">Caddo today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Caddo today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caddo_Nation_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Caddo Nation of Oklahoma">Caddo Nation of Oklahoma</a></div> <p>The Caddo Nation of Oklahoma (previously known as the Caddo Tribe of Oklahoma) reorganized and set up a constitutional government in the 20th century and is a <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribes">federally recognized tribe</a>. A tribal constitution provides for an elected tribal council of eight members with a chairperson. The tribe is based in <a href="/wiki/Binger,_Oklahoma" title="Binger, Oklahoma">Binger, Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-con_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-con-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribal complex, dance grounds, and the Caddo Heritage Museum are located south of Binger. </p><p>In 2008, a total of 5000 people were enrolled in the tribe, and 2500 of these live in the state of Oklahoma. The tribe operates its own housing authority and issues its own tribal vehicle tags.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They maintain administrative centers, dance grounds, several community centers, and an active <a href="/wiki/NAGPRA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAGPRA">NAGPRA</a> office. </p><p>The Caddo have established several programs to invigorate Caddo traditions. The tribe sponsors a summer culture camp for children.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hasinai Society<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Caddo Culture Club.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both keep Caddo songs and dances alive. The Kiwat Hasinay Foundation is dedicated to preserving the Caddo language.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeregrine,_Peter_N.1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_N._Peregrine" title="Peter N. Peregrine">Peregrine, Peter N.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofmis0000pere/page/165"><i>Archaeology of the Mississippian culture: a research guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Garland_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Garland Publishing">Garland Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofmis0000pere/page/165">165</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0336-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-0336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Mississippian+culture%3A+a+research+guide&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0336-7&rft.au=Peregrine%2C+Peter+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologyofmis0000pere%2Fpage%2F165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TejasLinguistics-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TejasLinguistics_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TejasLinguistics_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614185831/https://texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/languages.html">"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddoan Languages and Peoples"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/languages.html">the original</a> on 2020-06-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tejas-Caddo+Fundamentals-Caddoan+Languages+and+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Ftejas%2Ffundamentals%2Flanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TejasTimeline-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TejasTimeline_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/timeline.html">"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Caddo Timeline"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tejas-Caddo+Fundamentals-Caddo+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Ftejas%2Ffundamentals%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tejas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tejas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tejas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100121073127/http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/miss.html">"Tejas-Caddo Fundamentals-Mississippian World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/miss.html">the original</a> on 2010-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tejas-Caddo+Fundamentals-Mississippian+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Ftejas%2Ffundamentals%2Fmiss.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611094044/http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologicals4/a/spiro.htm">"Spiro Mounds-A Ceremonial Center of the Southern Cult"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologicals4/a/spiro.htm">the original</a> on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spiro+Mounds-A+Ceremonial+Center+of+the+Southern+Cult&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fod%2Farchaeologicals4%2Fa%2Fspiro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster,_William_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Foster, William C. (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1289763912"><i>Historic Native Peoples of Texas</i></a>. Univ of TX + ORM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79461-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-79461-0"><bdi>978-0-292-79461-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1289763912">1289763912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Native+Peoples+of+Texas&rft.pub=Univ+of+TX+%2B+ORM&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1289763912&rft.isbn=978-0-292-79461-0&rft.au=Foster%2C+William+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1289763912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauketat2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pauketat" title="Timothy Pauketat">Pauketat, Timothy R.</a> (2004). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Cahokia_and_the_Mississippians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians (page does not exist)">Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cahokia+and+the+Mississippians&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52066-9&rft.aulast=Pauketat&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820151242/http://mapserver.museum.state.il.us/faunmapweb/onesite.php?siteID=735">"Locality information for Faunmap locality Belcher Mound, LA"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mapserver.museum.state.il.us/faunmapweb/onesite.php?siteID=735">the original</a> on 2011-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locality+information+for+Faunmap+locality+Belcher+Mound%2C+LA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmapserver.museum.state.il.us%2Ffaunmapweb%2Fonesite.php%3FsiteID%3D735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BOSSIER-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BOSSIER_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091109132306/http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/CADDO/bossier.htm">"The Caddo Indians of Louisiana"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crt.state.la.us/archaeology/CADDO/bossier.htm">the original</a> on 2009-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Caddo+Indians+of+Louisiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crt.state.la.us%2Farchaeology%2FCADDO%2Fbossier.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HISTORICAL-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HISTORICAL_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220154016/http://www.caddohistory.com/belcher.html=">"Historical-Belcher"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caddohistory.com/belcher.html=">the original</a> on February 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical-Belcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.caddohistory.com%2Fbelcher.html%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628195715/http://www.ouachitarocks.com/Information/History/history.html">"History of the Ouachita Mountains"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouachitarocks.com/Information/History/history.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ouachita+Mountains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouachitarocks.com%2FInformation%2FHistory%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAGRRA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAGRRA_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nagpra/fed_notices/nagpradir/nic0419.html">"Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects in the Possession of the Louisiana State University Museum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notice+of+Inventory+Completion+for+Native+American+Human+Remains+and+Associated+Funerary+Objects+in+the+Possession+of+the+Louisiana+State+University+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fnagpra%2Ffed_notices%2Fnagpradir%2Fnic0419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaddoan+Mississippian+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliana Barr, <i>Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands</i> (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-con-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-con_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/caddoconst.htm">Constitution and By-Laws of the Caddo Indian Tribe of Oklahoma.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130630212057/http://www.tribalresourcecenter.org/ccfolder/caddoconst.htm">Archived</a> 2013-06-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <i>National Tribal Justice Resource Center</i>. (retrieved 13 September 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oia_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/"><i>2008 Pocket Pictorial</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100406044653/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/Publications/">Archived</a> April 6, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Page 5 (retrieved 13 Sept 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hasinaisociety.com/Camp.html">Hasinai Summer Youth Camp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105161000/http://www.hasinaisociety.com/Camp.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Hasinai Society.</i> 2008 (retrieved 13 Sept 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hasinaisociety.com/Intro.html">General Information.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105163145/http://www.hasinaisociety.com/Intro.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Hasinai Society.</i> 2008 (retrieved 13 Sept 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edge, Donald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caddonation-nsn.gov/history/CCC.htm">Caddo Culture Club.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090704223537/http://www.caddonation-nsn.gov/history/CCC.htm">Archived</a> 2009-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Caddo Nation: Heritage and Culture.</i> (retrieved 13 Sept 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahalenia.com/kiwat/">Background.</a> <i>Kiwat Hasinay Foundation.</i>(retrieved 13 Sept 2009)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Caddo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Caddo">Caddo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thc.state.tx.us/hsites/hs_caddo.aspx?Site=Caddo">Caddoan Mounds State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=548">The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture</a> (The Caddo Indians)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=573">The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture</a> (Indian Mounds)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203102431/http://ops.tamu.edu/x075bb/caddo/Indians.html">A History of the Caddo Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caddopottery.com/mounds.9.0.php">THE CADDO MOUNDBUILDER'S LEGACY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607230156/http://www.caddopottery.com/mounds.9.0.php">Archived</a> 2011-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524104556/http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/counties/wagoner.htm">The Norman Mound Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130524104325/http://www.ou.edu/cas/archsur/counties/cherokee.htm">The Harlan Mound Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caddoconference.org/archeology.html">Caddo Archaeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:ndU2IAwKKyMJ:caddoarchaeology.net/journals/can/can_v4_n2.pdf+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiaGVUAvmaMkWAtDbfF6yxUIYk4okxoRzps-eoSdLrOtVvhRq7T3ZrbM9uvRLohEa75RSzjFJ5Ahb8NnQIVS-2GBZqWZWx9t-uB9cuK2x-_oP6Tm29B5xIR-ABlKDV4x94chAnD&sig=AHIEtbTpu0wNGoLWx0SxLobmqkb4hHbmaQ">Caddoan Archaeology Newsletter</a></li></ul> <div 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style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian and related cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)#Culture,_phase,_and_chronological_table_for_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Timeline of Mississippi valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle<br />Mississippian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a><br />and Upper Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Eddy_Site" title="Big Eddy Site">Big Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_34" title="Mound 34">Mound 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_72" title="Mound 72">Mound 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramey state">Ramey state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Emerald Mound and Village Site">Emerald Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_Cemetery_Site" title="Emmons Cemetery Site">Emmons Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Horseshoe Lake Mound and Village Site">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_Village_Site" title="John Chapman Village Site">John Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_Station_Site" title="Kuhn Station Site">Kuhn Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larson_Site" title="Larson Site">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford-Pulcher_Archeological_Site" title="Lunsford-Pulcher Archeological Site">Lunsford-Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="McCune Mound and Village Site">McCune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Archaeological_Site_(Mitchell,_Illinois)" title="Mitchell Archaeological Site (Mitchell, Illinois)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orendorf_Site" title="Orendorf Site">Orendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeth_Site" title="Sleeth Site">Sleeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Village_and_Mound_Group" title="Starr Village and Mound Group">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mound" title="Sugarloaf Mound">Sugarloaf Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Lower Ohio River and<br /> Confluence area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_site" title="Adams site">Adams site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site">Dogtooth Bend Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Site" title="Marshall Site">Marshall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Bluff" title="Millstone Bluff">Millstone Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orr-Herl_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site">Orr-Herl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlandton_Mound_Site" title="Rowlandton Mound Site">Rowlandton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towosahgy_State_Historic_Site" title="Towosahgy State Historic Site">Towosahgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Site" title="Turk Site">Turk Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Site" title="Twin Mounds Site">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Ware Mounds and Village Site">Ware Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle Ohio River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_phase" title="Angel phase">Angel phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annis_Mound_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Annis Mound and Village Site">Annis Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Bank_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Bank site (page does not exist)">Bone Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerbusch_site" title="Ellerbusch site">Ellerbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake-Klein_Archeological_Site" title="Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site">Hovey Lake-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake_Archaeological_District" title="Hovey Lake Archaeological District">Hovey Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Archaeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Archaeological Site (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prather_Site" title="Prather Site">Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm" title="Slack Farm">Slack Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu_Site" title="Tolu Site">Tolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welborn_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Welborn Village Archeological Site">Welborn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Tennessee and<br />Cumberland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backusburg_Mounds" title="Backusburg Mounds">Backusburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley_Mounds_Site" title="Beasley Mounds Site">Beasley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Library_Site" title="Brentwood Library Site">Brentwood Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Brick Church Mound and Village Site">Brick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewkes_Group_Archaeological_Site" title="Fewkes Group Archaeological Site">Fewkes Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Farm_State_Archaeological_Area" title="Link Farm State Archaeological Area">Link Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bottom" title="Mound Bottom">Mound Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Mounds_Archaeological_Site" title="Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellars_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellars Farm Site">Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_Mounds" title="Obion Mounds">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Archaeological Site">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow_Bluff_Island_Mounds" title="Swallow Bluff Island Mounds">Swallow Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Central and Lower<br /> Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_Meade_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle Meade phase (page does not exist)">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Mounds_Site" title="Boyd Mounds Site">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Archeological_Site" title="Campbell Archeological Site">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Mounds" title="Carson Mounds">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa" title="Chucalissa">Chucalissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Mound_Group" title="Denmark Mound Group">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet%27s_Mound" title="Janet's Mound">Janet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard%E2%80%93Hodges_site" title="Menard–Hodges site">Menard-Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Murphy Mound Archeological Site">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_phase" title="Nodena phase">Nodena phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mounds" title="Owl Creek Mounds">Owl Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkin phase">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quigualtam" title="Quigualtam">Quigualtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_phase" title="Tipton phase">Tipton phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_people" title="Tunica people">Tunica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroa" title="Koroa">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_people" title="Yazoo people">Yazoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Mounds_Site" title="Adamson Mounds Site">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_site" title="Avery site">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site">Beaverdam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Field_Mound_Site" title="Bell Field Mound Site">Bell Field Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Site" title="Bessemer Site">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Mound" title="Biltmore Mound">Biltmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Mound" title="Blair Mound">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauga_Mound" title="Chauga Mound">Chauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_phase" title="Dallas phase">Dallas phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyar_site" title="Dyar site">Dyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Creek_site" title="Garden Creek site">Garden Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoojah_Branch_Site" title="Hoojah Branch Site">Hoojah Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mound_site" title="Irene Mound site">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Shine_site" title="Jere Shine site">Jere Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bell_site" title="Joe Bell site">Joe Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Archaeological_Site" title="King Archaeological Site">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Mounds_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Mounds and Village Site">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Archeological_Site" title="Liddell Archeological Site">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Egypt_(archaeological_site)" title="Little Egypt (archaeological site)">Little Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahan_Mound_Site" title="McMahan Mound Site">McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Creek_phase" title="Mouse Creek phase">Mouse Creek phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulberry site (page does not exist)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Mound" title="Park Mound">Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_Shelter" title="Punk Rock Shelter">Punk Rock Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Mounds" title="Rembert Mounds">Rembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roods_Landing_site" title="Roods Landing site">Roods Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker%27s_Bottom_site" title="Rucker's Bottom site">Rucker's Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Archaeological_Site" title="Savannah Archaeological Site">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Indian_Mounds_Site" title="Shiloh Indian Mounds Site">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtoe_Mound" title="Sixtoe Mound">Sixtoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerour_Mound_site" title="Summerour Mound site">Summerour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskigi_Mound" title="Taskigi Mound">Taskigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corbin%E2%80%93Tucker_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corbin–Tucker site (page does not exist)">Corbin–Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Creek_Indian_Mounds" title="Bottle Creek Indian Mounds">Bottle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Park_(Dauphin_Island,_Alabama)" title="Indian Mound Park (Dauphin Island, Alabama)">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Mound" title="Foster's Mound">Fosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_site" title="Glass site">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaketown_Site" title="Jaketown Site">Jaketown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mounds" title="Jordan Mounds">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julice_Mound" title="Julice Mound">Julice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Mounds" title="Pocahontas Mounds">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routh_Mounds" title="Routh Mounds">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caddoan<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_site" title="Bluffton Mound site">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Mound_Site" title="Hughes Mound Site">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Do-Ha_Indian_Village" title="Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village">Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Site_(Calion,_Arkansas)" title="Keller Site (Calion, Arkansas)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian_culture" title="Upper Mississippian culture">Upper Mississippian<br />cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Site" title="Anker Site">Anker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcajou_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcajou Point Site">Carcajou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifield_Site" title="Fifield Site">Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Mound_Group" title="Fisher Mound Group">Fisher Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Farm_site" title="Gentleman Farm site">Gentleman Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Illinois" title="Grand Village of the Illinois">Grand Village of the Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesmer_site" title="Griesmer site">Griesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Fort_State_Preserve" title="Hartley Fort State Preserve">Hartley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park#Hotel_Plaza" title="Starved Rock State Park">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxie_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxie Farm Site">Hoxie Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Site" title="Huber Site">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntunen_site" title="Juntunen site">Juntunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_Spring_site" title="Knoll Spring site">Knoll Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero_site" title="Mero site">Mero site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bluff_site" title="Moccasin Bluff site">Moccasin Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest_Site" title="Oak Forest Site">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palos_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Site">Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Island Site">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-a-Cri_Petroglyphs" title="Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs">Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerdt_site" title="Schwerdt site">Schwerdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Island_site" title="Summer Island site">Summer Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Site" title="Dodge Site">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Little barley">Little barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">Marshelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmons mask">Emmons mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Copper plates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plates">Rogan plates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiro_plates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiro plates (page does not exist)">Spiro plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god maskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">Mill Creek chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">Shell gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Stone statuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Ballgame (Southeastern)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus#United_States" title="Tumulus">Burial mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">Earth/fertility cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horn" title="Red Horn">Red Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred bundle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Village bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarksdale_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarksdale bell (page does not exist)">Clarksdale bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">de Soto Expedition</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Caddo_Confederacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ddcbfa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Caddo" title="Template:Caddo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Caddo" title="Template talk:Caddo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Caddo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Caddo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Caddo_Confederacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddcbfa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainai" title="Hainai">Hainai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabedache" title="Nabedache">Nabedache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabiti" title="Nabiti">Nabiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacogdoche" title="Nacogdoche">Nacogdoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacono" title="Nacono">Nacono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadaco" title="Nadaco">Nadaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasoni" title="Nasoni">Nasoni (Lower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechaui" title="Nechaui">Nechaui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neche_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neche tribe">Neche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddcbfa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadacho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadohadacho" title="Kadohadacho">Kadohadacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanatsoho" title="Nanatsoho">Nanatsoho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasoni" title="Nasoni">Nasoni (Upper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Natchitoches (tribe)">Natchitoches (Upper)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddcbfa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_people" title="Natchitoches people">Natchitoches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doustioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Doustioni">Doustioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchitoches_people" title="Natchitoches people">Natchitoches (Lower)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ddcbfa;;width:1%">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adai_people" title="Adai people">Adai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahinnio" title="Cahinnio">Cahinnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyeish" title="Eyeish">Eyeish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouachita_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouachita tribe">Ouachita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tula tribe">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatasi" title="Yatasi">Yatasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#ddcbfa;"><div> <ul><li>Related topics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Caddoan village bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dush-toh" title="Dush-toh">Dush-toh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_dance" title="Turkey dance">Turkey dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&oldid=1252503588">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caddoan_Mississippian_culture&oldid=1252503588</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Category:Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian 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