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</button> <ul id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Effigy_pots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effigy_pots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Effigy pots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effigy_pots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_pots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_pots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Head pots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_pots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hooded_bottles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hooded_bottles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Hooded bottles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hooded_bottles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pipes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_pans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_pans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Salt pans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_pans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_local_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_local_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable local traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_local_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable local traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_local_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cahokian_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cahokian_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cahokian pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cahokian_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phases_from_Cahokia_and_markers_for_pottery_changes_over_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phases_from_Cahokia_and_markers_for_pottery_changes_over_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Phases from Cahokia and markers for pottery changes over time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phases_from_Cahokia_and_markers_for_pottery_changes_over_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caddoan_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caddoan_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Caddoan pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caddoan_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moundville_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moundville_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Moundville pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moundville_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hemphill_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hemphill_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Hemphill style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hemphill_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moundville_polychrome_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moundville_polychrome_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Moundville polychrome pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moundville_polychrome_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Appalachian_pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Appalachian_pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southern Appalachian pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Appalachian_pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Looting_and_modern_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Looting_and_modern_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Looting and modern value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Looting_and_modern_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ceramics of the Mississippian culture (800 to 1600 CE)</div> <p><b>Mississippian culture pottery</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">ceramic tradition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> (800 to 1600 CE) found as <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a> in the American Midwest and Southeast. It is often characterized by the adoption and use of riverine (or more rarely marine) shell-<a href="/wiki/Temper_(pottery)" title="Temper (pottery)">tempering</a> agents in the <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> paste.<sup id="cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shell tempering is one of the hallmarks of Mississippian cultural practices. Analysis of local differences in materials, techniques, forms, and designs is a primary means for archaeologists to learn about the lifeways, religious practices, trade, and interaction among Mississippian peoples. The value of this pottery on the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal antiquities">illegal antiquities</a> market has led to extensive <a href="/wiki/Archaeology#Looting" title="Archaeology">looting of sites</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/220px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/330px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/440px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>A human head effigy pot from the Nodena site</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_and_techniques">Materials and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Materials and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Angel_Mounds_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>A diorama of a Mississippian culture potter from the <a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a> site museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Mississippian culture pottery was made from locally available clay sources, which often gives archaeologists clues as to where a specific example originated. The clay was tempered with an additive to keep it from shrinking and cracking in the drying and firing process, usually with ground <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a> shells. In some locations the older tradition of <a href="/wiki/Grog_(clay)" title="Grog (clay)">grog</a> tempering (use of crushed-up potsherds) persisted into Mississippian times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The potters used slab-built construction and the "coiling" method,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-THEMISS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THEMISS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which involved working the clay into a long string which was wound round to form a shape and then modeled to form smooth walls. The <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a> was not used by pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. Some decoration of the clay was done at this stage by incising, defenstrating, adding shapes, or stamping designs into the wet clay. After the piece had dried completely, it was fired in a wood fire. </p><p>Most pottery found at Mississippian sites is of the variety known as "Mississippian Bell Plain." It is buff colored, contains large fragments of ground mussel shell as a tempering agent, and is not as smooth and polished as finer varieties. Higher quality ceramics feature a finer ground shell as a temper – some instances being so finely ground as to look untempered.<sup id="cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorseDNodena-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extravagant fine serving wares and grave goods were also produced, with some examples exhibiting handles shaped like animal heads and tails, or in the shapes of animal or human forms.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCARKMISS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCARKMISS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were probably the makers of pottery, as they were in most other Native American cultures. Archaeologists found 11 polishing pebbles and a mushroom-shaped pottery anvil in the grave of a woman at the <a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorseDNodena-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both amateur collectors as well as professional archeologists have long known that shell-tempered pottery is characteristic of the middle and lower Mississippi Valley. "Grave diggers" and amateur collectors have plundered many Mississippian mounds for the fine funerary effigies and other vessels placed as <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> within mounds and surrounding village areas. Early professional surveys in the valley noted the preponderance of shell-tempered wares in large village sites throughout the valley alluvial plains.<sup id="cite_ref-MOORE1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOORE1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GRIFFIN1952_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRIFFIN1952-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mississippian pottery is easily distinguished from earlier <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a> pottery. Woodland vessels tend to have thicker walls, flat or conical bases and a large amount of either coarse sand or grog used as temper. Mississippian vessels generally have thinner vessel walls, obvious white flecks of shell temper, and round-bottomed pottery forms. For decades archeologists have examined, sorted, described and stored Woodland sherds from those of Mississippian vessels with relative ease. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell_tempering">Shell tempering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Shell tempering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quadrula_intermedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Quadrula_intermedia.jpg/220px-Quadrula_intermedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Quadrula_intermedia.jpg/330px-Quadrula_intermedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Quadrula_intermedia.jpg/440px-Quadrula_intermedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1801" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrula_intermedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrula intermedia">Quadrula intermedia</a></i>, a species of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater mussel">freshwater mussel</a>, endemic to the US</figcaption></figure> <p>Shell <a href="/wiki/Temper_(pottery)" title="Temper (pottery)">tempering</a> is a diagnostic criterion in the identification of Mississippian cultures and their ceramic artifacts, excavated site strata, and archeological site surveys in general. The record indicates that around 800 CE, early populations of Mississippian peoples produced shell-tempered pottery in the Central Mississippi Valley at sites, such as the Fairmont Phase at <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Early Mississippian strata excavated at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zebree_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zebree Site (page does not exist)">Zebree Site</a> (3MS20) at Big Lake in northeastern Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-MORSE1975_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MORSE1975-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, archeologists working in Northeast Arkansas for the Arkansas Archeological Survey began research into causes of Mississippi Valley potters' relatively sudden shift to shell temper.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team conducted research at the AAS Station Lab at <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_State_University" title="Arkansas State University">Arkansas State University</a> involving macroscopic, microscopic, petrographic thin-sections, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption</a> and x-ray diffraction analyses. </p><p>A member of the team, Michael G. Million, also conducted replicative experiments, perhaps the first person to do so with the exact clays, tempers and tools used by prehistoric Mississippian potters. Pastes were created using a variety of temper-to-clay percentages so that vessels as well as test-tiles could be produced for examination. Test tiles gave information about the shrinkage rates of various clay/temper combinations to the 'green' state and yielded further information upon firing. Simple, round-bottom cooking jars were built using coil construction and the Mississippian pottery tool set, including a pottery anvil, wooden paddle, mussel shell scrapers and polishing stones.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research discovered that there were very good reasons for using shell tempering for Mississippi Valley clays. The nature of clays formed by such a large meandering river system are distinctive. The huge annually flooded backswamp areas create a clay that is composed of very minute clay particles (primarily silica) and a high proportion of organic content. This is caused by the slow settling or deposition of the alluvial materials after floods. The clay particles tend to measure just a few micrometres in size and in plate-like form. Large amounts of water can be tightly held in the interspace between the clay particles. Add to this the organic ooze, and one has what is known colloquially as "gumbo" clay.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Cahokia_pottery_making_tools_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A potter smooths the inside of a vessel</figcaption></figure> <p>Such clay has a high "shrink-swell" ratio depending upon the amount of water present. As it dries from a saturated to a dry state, it shrinks greatly – as seen in the cracked clay deposits of drying flooded areas – and this characteristic presents a serious problem to the potter. As the vessel is fired, any water left in the clay will tend to quickly turn to steam and explode the vessel wall in a spawl. It takes care and time to dry these vessels before they can be fired safely. Moreover, as even a well-tempered vessel dries, shrinkage rates vary around the contours of the form and will create strains that will crack an air-drying vessel if the drying is not slowed and controlled. A high shrinkage rate probably meant much effort lost to broken pots in both the drying and firing stages for inexperienced potters and ineffective technologies. Woodland potters attempted to remedy the high shrinkage by using large amounts (up to 33%) of coarse sand and/or grog temper in their efforts to render the clay usable for vessel construction. Moreover, their vessel shapes were necessarily confined to either a flat or conical-bottomed vessel. A thick-walled construction was required in order for the vessel to stand, in an unfired state, without collapsing during the air-drying process in preparation for firing. Non-backswamp clays used in many parts of the world could use grog and/or sand and create a round-bottomed vessel, favored by the cook, but not so with the "gumbo" clays of the Mississippi Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another and perhaps even more immediate challenge to the potter using the available backswamp clay is its extreme stickiness, which is called plasticity in ceramic terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All but the coarsest of clays are somewhat plastic and malleable in the presence of water; however, the minute, clay plate-like particles of backswamp clay are so small that they are influenced by the ionic charges at their edges. The collective ionic charge acts to cause the clay plates to repel each other and thus slip and slide against each other. The shell particles, also plate-like, were produced by the Mississippian potter by collecting then burning freshwater mussel shells, which were originally most likely a byproduct of harvesting the meat for food. </p><p>The x-ray diffraction of a sample from an unfired lump of pottery clay excavated at the Zebree (3MS20) site confirmed that the shell was burned before being added to the raw clay.<sup id="cite_ref-MORSE1975_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MORSE1975-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burning the shells eliminates the organic binder and the cooled, burnt shells are easily crushed into a shell temper of fine plate-like particles, some nearly powder. The hinges of the shells are discarded. Using burned shells is logical as unburned mussel shells are hard and very durable. In terms of soil technology, the addition of shell (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>) has the effect of neutralizing the ionic charge of the clay particles. During the course of replicative pottery experiments, as the shell was added to the clay in the presence of water, distinct and immediate changes took place in the feel of the clay. With the valence neutral, the clay-temper combination produces a very satisfactory pottery clay. This modification of backswamp clay – particles now clumping instead of constantly slipping – into a well-behaved modeling clay would have been immediately noticed by the experienced prehistoric potter.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adding as little as 10–15% shell temper created an excellent pottery paste that was lighter, stronger and more able to withstand the drying process, and the clay's originally high plasticity was subdued. The calcium carbonate of the freshwater mussels also acts as a binding agent and created a stronger vessel. Thinner coils to make thinner walled vessel were a natural consequence. As the potter was probably also the cook, she was now able to construct a more effective cooking pot. Thinner walls allowed heat to transfer to the food more effectively. A round vessel bottom allows easy stirring of the contents, a more even dissipation of the cooking heat and also permits a more even dispersion of the shock of impacts reducing breakage.<sup id="cite_ref-MILLION_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefits of shell-tempered pottery vessels to the Mississippian household were much more efficient utility containers for cooking, particularly the increasing amounts of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> being grown in the valley, and thus sustaining larger and healthier populations in evidence in the archeological record. Around 800 CE, shell-tempered pottery spread widely and rapidly from the middle Mississippi River valley to become an integral part of the expanding Mississippian culture and its improved set of technologies for horticulture, hunting and crafting. The bow and arrow, improved corn domestication and shell-tempered pottery wares were major technical advances which, along with widespread trade, contributed to the formation of the advanced chiefdom societies populating the Eastern United States. These interacting chiefdoms were observed by the earliest of European contacts during the mid-16th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incised_and_engraved_decoration">Incised and engraved decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Incised and engraved decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Mississippian ceramics are decorated by <a href="/wiki/Cutting" title="Cutting">incising</a> or <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a>. Implements such as sticks, reeds, or bone fragments, were dragged through wet clay to incise it, or they were scratched into the surface of the dried but as yet unfired pieces to engrave. Sharpened reeds or fingernails were also used to punch small marks. Ornate designs and motifs are common decorative elements, which archaeologists use to track the spread of influences from one culture onto another culture. Many of the designs have symbolic meanings, usually associated with aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodhenge_motif_black_drink_beaker_HRoe_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceramic beaker from Cahokia with engraved woodhenge motif"><img alt="Ceramic beaker from Cahokia with engraved woodhenge motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Woodhenge_motif_black_drink_beaker_HRoe_2013.jpg/220px-Woodhenge_motif_black_drink_beaker_HRoe_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Woodhenge_motif_black_drink_beaker_HRoe_2013.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ceramic beaker from Cahokia with engraved <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">woodhenge</a> motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraved vessel from the Moundville site in Alabama"><img alt="Engraved vessel from the Moundville site in Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG/192px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG" decoding="async" width="192" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG/288px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG/384px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_41.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraved vessel from the Moundville site in Alabama</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Engraved beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas"><img alt="Engraved beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg/170px-Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg/255px-Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg/340px-Parkin_Site_pottery2_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Engraved beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Painted_decoration">Painted decoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Painted decoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">Slips</a> using such materials as <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> for white, <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> for red, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> for black were used to paint the pottery, with red and white spirals, <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">fylfots</a>, and stripped bottles being particularly popular at sites in the Central Mississippi valley.<sup id="cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorseDNodena-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely available <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> produced red, orange, and brown slips. Vegetal pigments included roots, barks, and berries. A technique of "negative painting" involved painting the background and allowing the natural buff or grey of the clay to create the positive image.<sup id="cite_ref-FUNDABURK_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUNDABURK-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beeswax<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or bear grease was sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Frisket" title="Frisket">resist</a> to define the image, and it would melt away in the firing process. Sometimes paint was worked into incised lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FUNDABURK_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUNDABURK-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hematite could be heated to increase its spectrum from warm red to deep violet. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Painted Underwater panther effigy bottle from Cross County, Arkansas"><img alt="Painted Underwater panther effigy bottle from Cross County, Arkansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG/220px-Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG/330px-Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG/440px-Mississippian_Underwater_Panther_ceramic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painted <a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a> effigy bottle from <a href="/wiki/Cross_County,_Arkansas" title="Cross County, Arkansas">Cross County, Arkansas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome painted beakers from the Moundville site in Alabama"><img alt="Polychrome painted beakers from the Moundville site in Alabama" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg/134px-Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg/201px-Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Moundville_painted_pottery_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychrome</a> painted beakers from the Moundville site in Alabama</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red and white painted beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas"><img alt="Red and white painted beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/212px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/319px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/425px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red and white painted beaker from the Parkin site in Arkansas</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_impressed_ceramics">Textile impressed ceramics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Textile impressed ceramics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Mississippian culture pottery was decorated with textile imprints on them. Vegetal cordage or netting was impressed sometimes over the entire external surface of a vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some archaeologists theorize that the textiles used for the imprints were older fabrics that were past their use as garments.<sup id="cite_ref-swennes_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swennes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corncobs were also used to create texture on pots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mississippian ceramics took many forms, from earplugs, beads, smoking pipes, discs,<sup id="cite_ref-s556_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s556-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to cooking pots, serving dishes, bottles or <a href="/wiki/Olla" title="Olla">ollas</a> for liquids, figurative sculpture, and uniquely Mississippian forms such as head pots or hooded vessels. Funeral urns were either crafted specifically to hold human remains or were large utilitarian jars fitted with elaborately decorated lids. </p><p>The most ubiquitous form of Mississippian pottery is the "standard Mississippi jar," or a globular jar with a recurved rim and subtle should.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, broken potsherds were rounded off and reused as discoidal game pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effigy_pots">Effigy pots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effigy pots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Effigy pots were a mainstay of many Mississippian peoples, although they come in many different varieties. Some come in <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> shapes, some <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">zoomorphic</a> shapes and others in the shape of mythological creatures associated with the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head_pots">Head pots</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Head pots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg/220px-Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg/330px-Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg/440px-Parkin_Site_head_reconstruction_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Bust showing how inhabitants of the Parkin site may have looked, based on an effigy pot</figcaption></figure> <p>Head pots are jars shaped like human heads, typical male, and the figures commonly appear to be deceased. They are typically 3–8 inches tall, with smaller vessels found in the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River_Valley" title="Arkansas River Valley">Arkansas River Valley</a>. The polychrome pots feature red, cream, and black slip on buff clay.<sup id="cite_ref-p145_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p145-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were made between 1200 and 1500 CE in the Central Mississippi Valley area of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. They are considered to be the pinnacle of the Mississippian culture ceramics and are some of the rarest and most unusual clay vessels in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880 an expedition sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology" title="Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology">Peabody Museum</a> at an archaeological dig in Cross County, Arkansas found the first reported example.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCARKHEAD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 200 whole and fragmentary head pots are in private and public collections.<sup id="cite_ref-p145_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p145-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each is unique and it is thought because of the shapes of their eyes and half opened mouths that they are representations of deceased individuals, a <a href="/wiki/Death_mask" title="Death mask">death mask</a> of sorts, although it is unclear if they are meant to be the <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">trophy heads</a> of enemies or of their own honored dead.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCARKHEAD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pots often have painted surfaces, engraved lines representing tattooing and in some cases holes representing ear and nose piercing.<sup id="cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several fine examples are on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hampson_Museum_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampson Museum State Park">Hampson Museum State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilson,_Arkansas" title="Wilson, Arkansas">Wilson, Arkansas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Archeological State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parkin,_Arkansas" title="Parkin, Arkansas">Parkin, Arkansas</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas" title="University of Arkansas">University of Arkansas</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_Arkansas" title="Fayetteville, Arkansas">Fayetteville, Arkansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ENCYCARKHEAD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hooded_bottles">Hooded bottles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hooded bottles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hooded bottles or vessels were globular containers, resembling gourds, with a rounded base and a smaller "head." One side of the head was shaped like an animal or human face, while the other side was a black, hollow opening. They were slipped on their exterior surface. A theory is that these were used to store seed grain, and unfired clay plugs, such as Kersey Clay Objects, sealed the opening.<sup id="cite_ref-s56_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another theory is that the bottles were used for liquids. Owls and opossums are often featured on hooded vessels. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head pot from Arkansas on display at the National Museum of the American Indian"><img alt="Head pot from Arkansas on display at the National Museum of the American Indian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg/221px-AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg/332px-AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg/442px-AR_ceramic_effigy_jar_1300_nmai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head pot from Arkansas on display at the National Museum of the American Indian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bird effigy serving dish from the Nodena site in Arkansas"><img alt="Bird effigy serving dish from the Nodena site in Arkansas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg/221px-Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg/332px-Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg/443px-Bird_Effigy_pot_Nodena_HRoe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bird effigy serving dish from the Nodena site in Arkansas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hooded bottle from Arkansas, collection of the Gilcrease Museum"><img alt="Hooded bottle from Arkansas, collection of the Gilcrease Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg/174px-Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg/261px-Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg/349px-Ar_hooded_bottle_gil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hooded bottle from Arkansas, collection of the <a href="/wiki/Gilcrease_Museum" title="Gilcrease Museum">Gilcrease Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipes">Pipes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pipes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceramic pipes often featured animal effigies. L-shaped elbow pipes were the most common form. A hollow reed or sourwood stem would be inserted into the pipe for smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-s556_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s556-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_pans">Salt pans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Salt pans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Used to process salt, salt pans were large, ovular, shallow clay pans that could hold from 10 to 26 liters. A heavy slip made them more waterproof. They were most likely formed from a mold, possibly a basket. They were lined with grass or textiles to keep from sticking to each other or the mold before firing.<sup id="cite_ref-swennes_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swennes-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-s56_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s56-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_local_traditions">Notable local traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable local traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cahokian_pottery">Cahokian pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cahokian pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Cahokia_diorama_of_pottery_making_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Diorama at Cahokia of a potter at work</figcaption></figure> <p>Cahokia, Pre-Columbian North Americas largest civic center north of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Mexico</a>, produced some of the finest and most widely spread ceramics. Pottery from the Cahokia site was especially fine, exhibiting smooth surfaces, very thin walls, and distinctive tempering, slips and coloring. Archaeologists have recorded how these qualities changed and evolved through time, and most examples can be pinpointed very accurately within the phases of the sites <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a>. Ramey Incised and Powell Plain are two varieties that emerged during the Stirling Phase, and are considered two of the most important local varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVERWEB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A distinctive trait of this period is the shell temper. The cores of the sherds are typically a range of greys to buffs and creams. Some have slips of liquid clay and pigment with common colors being red, grey, and black and the surfaces polished to a high sheen.<sup id="cite_ref-RAMEYPOTTERY_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAMEYPOTTERY-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although their attributes are nearly identical, there are major differences. While the Powell Plain has an unadorned surface, Ramey Incised are burnished and decorated with a series of incised motifs decorating the upper shoulders of the jar<sup id="cite_ref-AZTALAN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZTALAN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most often interpreted as having underworld or water connections.<sup id="cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVERWEB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incised decoration is added when the clay is still wet by tracing a design with a blunt-ended tool. The specific shapes and incised motifs are used to place the artifacts securely into the local chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-RAMEYPOTTERY_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAMEYPOTTERY-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most have been found in association with high status items fashioned from exotic materials and associated with specialized structures such as mortuaries and temples, and were almost certainly vessels used exclusively by the elites and for ritual purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVERWEB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the influence of the Cahokian religion, lifestyle and trade network expanded outward from its <a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a> origins, examples of its high status pottery went with it. Numerous examples have been found of local imitations of the exotic wares, albeit usually with less technical skill. Examples of Cahokian made or inspired wares have been found as far away as <a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AZTALAN_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZTALAN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient#Ceramics" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phases_from_Cahokia_and_markers_for_pottery_changes_over_time">Phases from Cahokia and markers for pottery changes over time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phases from Cahokia and markers for pottery changes over time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Phases</i></th> <th><i>Dates</i></th> <th><i>Markers</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lohmann_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lohmann Phase (page does not exist)">Lohmann Phase</a> </td> <td>1050 - 1100 CE </td> <td>Most slipped surface ceramics are the shell-tempered light red Monks Mound Red type, with black and brown ceramics with grog and grit temper still occurring. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirling_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirling Phase (page does not exist)">Stirling Phase</a> </td> <td>1100 – 1200 CE </td> <td>Powell Plain and Ramey-Incised appear for the first time, tempering is predominantly shell </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moorehead_Phase_(Cahokia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moorehead Phase (Cahokia) (page does not exist)">Moorehead Phase</a> </td> <td>1200 – 1275 CE </td> <td>Limestone tempering has all but disappeared </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sand_Prairie_Phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sand Prairie Phase (page does not exist)">Sand Prairie Phase</a> </td> <td>1275 – 1350 CE </td> <td>Nearly all tempering is shell, Powell Plain and Ramey Incised types are no longer in use </td></tr> </tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIVERWEB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caddoan_pottery">Caddoan pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Caddoan pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/220px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/330px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg/440px-Caddoan_Mississippian_pottery2_HRoe_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Caddoan Mississippian pottery on display at the <a href="/wiki/Sam_Noble_Oklahoma_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History">Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pottery produced by the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan Mississippian culture</a> is some of the finest known in North America. It is usually found in the areas of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas and Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1200 CE as the Caddoan culture emerged from local woodland cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Fourche_Maline_culture" title="Fourche Maline culture">Fourche Maline</a>, a distinctive pottery tradition emerged, unmistakable because of its designs, materials and fine execution. These early pots were often grog tempered, although sometimes finely ground bone was used. Two main forms emerged that would become Caddoan pottery standards for the next 1000 years, a long slender necked bottle and a <a href="/wiki/Carinate" title="Carinate">carinated</a> form of bottles and bowls.<sup id="cite_ref-CADDOPOTTERY_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADDOPOTTERY-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caddo pottery is considered to be some of the finest Mississippian pottery because of its thinness, symmetry, and very smooth finish, with some of its best examples being bottle forms with extensive geometric engravings. Pieces are often dark brown and black with a glossy finish achieved by the application of a fine <a href="/wiki/Slip_(ceramics)" title="Slip (ceramics)">slip</a> made from a mixture of sifted fine clay or paint and buffed to a high finish.<sup id="cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Europeans to encounter Caddoan pottery were members of the <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> Expedition in 1541, who described it as matching even the finest potters of their European homeland. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>That country is populous and abundant. Pottery is made there of clay, little differing from that of Estremoz or Montemor.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Gentleman of Elvas, 1557</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The coming of Europeans and the attendant population loss, forced moves, and changing economy saw the end of the Caddo pottery tradition in the 18th century, and by the end of the 19th century only vestiges of the tradition survived. The last of the original tradition of Caddo pottery was made in the late 19th century in Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-CADDOPOTTERY_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CADDOPOTTERY-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Jereldine_Redcorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Jereldine Redcorn">Jereldine Redcorn</a> (Caddo) single-handedly revived her tribe's ceramic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moundville_pottery">Moundville pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Moundville pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two major varieties of pottery associated with the <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a> site and the surrounding areas of Alabama. The <i>Hemphill style</i> pottery is a locally produced ware with a distinctive engraving tradition. It is found in the graves of commoners and the elite alike, as well as being found in domestic settings. The other variety consists of painted vessels, many of which were not produced locally. Unlike the engraved pottery, the negative-painted pottery only seems to have been used by the elites at the Moundville site itself, and have not been found outside of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hemphill_style">Hemphill style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hemphill style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Hemphill style</i> pottery found at the Moundville site is categorized as <i>Moundville Engraved, variety Hemphill</i>. They are usually thin-walled bottles and bowls, tempered with finely ground mussel shell, and polished to a glossy black surface. About 150 whole and restored examples of this style are known. Although most have been found as grave goods, some show the marks of domestic use. The <i>Hemphill style</i>, while similar to engraved pottery from the Tennessee Valley, the Mississippi Valley, and the Gulf Coast, reflects a distinctive local interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Motifs" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">S.E.C.C. themes</a>. Five major themes have been identified as part of the style.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>winged serpent</i>-A chimeric creature with the body of a rattlesnake, feathered wings, a mammalian head and deer antlers. A local representation of the <a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>crested bird</i>- This theme involves a pair of woodpecker like birds with sinuous necks and crests tied in multiple knots around a central medallion or knot. It has a broad banded tail projecting below the center emblem. A variation of the theme features only the central medallion knot and projecting tail.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>raptor</i>- Similar to other falcon and eagle motifs of the S.E.C.C., this variation depicts a hooked beak <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">bird of prey</a> with a serrated crest, and Forked Eye Surround Motif. But, unlike raptor images from other localities(such as the Dancing birdman copper plates or <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_shell_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian shell art">shell engravings</a>), this theme does not combine human features with the avian.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Center symbols and bands</i>- This theme usually has a central symbol such as the cross-and-circle, concentric circles, the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>, the radial T-bar, or a dimple with a number of geometric ribbon-like bands extending outward. It is believed that the designs have cosmological connections to the four quarters or quadrants of the universe. Sometimes other motifs such as three conjoined fingers radiate out from the central symbols at the semi-cardinal points.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Trophy theme</i>- These compositions combine a checklist of motifs that include the skull, human hand, the forearm bone, trophy scalps stretched on a hoop, and the head of a raptor. Depictions of skulls show what are arguably scalp marks at the back of the head. Occasionally is included in the mix of motifs. These motifs are theorized to represent the <i>Path of Souls</i>, the journey of the dead into the afterlife.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged Serpent theme"><img alt="Winged Serpent theme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG/190px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG/285px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG/380px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_52.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged Serpent theme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crested bird theme"><img alt="Crested bird theme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG/120px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG/180px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG/240px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crested bird theme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Raptor theme"><img alt="Raptor theme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG/181px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="181" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG/272px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG/363px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_50_detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="783" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Raptor theme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moore1905Fig.143,ves.1n.ofM.R(M2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Center symbols and bands theme"><img alt="Center symbols and bands theme" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg/181px-Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg/271px-Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg/362px-Moore1905Fig.143%2Cves.1n.ofM.R%28M2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1915" data-file-height="1905" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Center symbols and bands theme</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trophy theme cup"><img alt="Trophy theme cup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg/185px-Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg/277px-Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg/370px-Moundville_cup_with_S.E.C.C._motifs_HRoe_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Trophy theme cup</div> </li> </ul> <p><i>Hemphill style</i> pottery spans most of the 14th and the first half of the 15th century CE In this time period there were more than likely only a few potters working in this style at any one time and in some cases archaeologists have found signature features that suggest a specific potter made multiple known examples. Archaeologists have also dated the ceramics and found that the most expertly made pieces were done in the 14th century. These earlier pieces also show more influences from outside thematic sources, specifically early <a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a> and late <a href="/wiki/Braden_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Braden style">Braden style</a> shell engravings from the Central Mississippi Valley. As the 15th century progressed, less competency is shown by the potters, which may indicate that less importance was attached to this particular artform.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moundville_polychrome_pottery">Moundville polychrome pottery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Moundville polychrome pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of bichrome and polychrome vessels have also been found at Moundville. Stylistically they closely resemble pottery found along the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_River" title="Cumberland River">Cumberland</a>, the lower <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and the central Mississippi Valleys. This pottery was long thought to have been imported from these other areas as trade items, and modern chemical analysis has shown that much of it is. The same analysis has also proved that some of the pottery was made locally in the Moundville polity. The polychrome pottery has representational motifs painted with red, white, and black pigments. The red and white are applied as slips of colored clay, while the black was made from carbon and applied with a negative or resist technique. Similar in manufacture to the engraved ceramics, the painted pottery has thin walls, was tempered with finely ground mussel shell and was given a polished exterior. This style comes in two major shapes, a bottle with a spherical body and a narrow curving neck and a terraced rectangular bowl that is a Moundville specialty. The rectangular bowl is a vertical-sided, flat-bottomed, rectangular vessel with an eccentric rim, specifically with one side lower than the other three so as to display the containers contents. The designs painted on the rectangular vessels are similar to motifs found on other locally produced wares and include the oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif(thought to be a graphic representation of a scalp stretched on a hoop), the hand, the skull, the ogee, concentric circles, rayed concentric circles, rayed semicircles, and rayed spirals.<sup id="cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif"><img alt="Oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG/123px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="123" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG/185px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG/247px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_25_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1523" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oblong emblem with an embedded cross-in-circle motif</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome stripped vessel"><img alt="Polychrome stripped vessel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG/117px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG/175px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG/234px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_30.JPG 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1244" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polychrome stripped vessel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome stripped vessel"><img alt="Polychrome stripped vessel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG/190px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG/285px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG/380px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polychrome stripped vessel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Polychrome vessel and ceremonial axes and blades"><img alt="Polychrome vessel and ceremonial axes and blades" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG/120px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG/180px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG/240px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_54.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Polychrome vessel and ceremonial axes and blades</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rectangular, vertical-sided, flat-bottomed vessel"><img alt="Rectangular, vertical-sided, flat-bottomed vessel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG/120px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG/180px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG/240px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rectangular, vertical-sided, flat-bottomed vessel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Appalachian_pottery">Southern Appalachian pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Southern Appalachian pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pottery has been used to define phase sequences for Southern Appalachian Mississippian cultures. <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a> was initially used as a pottery temper before shell became the popular choice. Rounded bowls and spherical jars are the most common forms, sometimes with embellished rims and handles. Salt pans, platters, bottles, and effigies have also been unearthed. Cord-marked, coarse-tempered wares were for cooking, and serving wares were fine-tempered and highly polished.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pottery of the <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge</a> regions differed dramatically from surrounding traditions; potters there used crushed <a href="/wiki/Quartz_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Quartz crystal">quartz crystal</a> and grit as tempers. Peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a> in Western North Carolina used sand as a tempering agent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rim lugs and handles are absent, and vessel surfaces are either plain or decorated the "Complicated Stamped" style.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stamping paddles, made of wood or pottery, were impressed into unfired clay. Many stamps were salvaged from <a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee Mound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the southeast, samples of negative pottery can be found, featuring circles, crosses, and rings of dark slip on lighter backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moore1905Fig.78,ves.2s.ofM.D(M3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moundville vessel with frog designs, decorated rim, and rim lugs, photo by C. B. Moore, 1905"><img alt="Moundville vessel with frog designs, decorated rim, and rim lugs, photo by C. B. Moore, 1905" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg/190px-Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg/285px-Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg/380px-Moore1905Fig.78%2Cves.2s.ofM.D%28M3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moundville vessel with frog designs, decorated rim, and rim lugs, photo by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bloomfield_Moore" title="Clarence Bloomfield Moore">C. B. Moore</a>, 1905</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FortWaltonPottery1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery from the Fort Walton Culture"><img alt="Pottery from the Fort Walton Culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/FortWaltonPottery1.jpg/190px-FortWaltonPottery1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/FortWaltonPottery1.jpg/285px-FortWaltonPottery1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/FortWaltonPottery1.jpg/380px-FortWaltonPottery1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pottery from the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Walton Culture">Fort Walton Culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Human effigy Ocmulgee in Georgia"><img alt="Human effigy Ocmulgee in Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG/190px-OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG/285px-OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG/380px-OcmulgeeCeramics.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Human effigy <a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a> in Georgia </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moundville bowl with Trophy theme engravings"><img alt="Moundville bowl with Trophy theme engravings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG/190px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG/285px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG/380px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_49_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Moundville bowl with <i>Trophy theme</i> engravings</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potsherd with a stamped design, Notla Mound, North Carolina, NMAI"><img alt="Potsherd with a stamped design, Notla Mound, North Carolina, NMAI" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg/190px-Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg/285px-Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg/380px-Notla_mound_potsherd_nc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potsherd with a stamped design, Notla Mound, North Carolina, NMAI</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_archaeology">In archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg/220px-Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg/330px-Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg/440px-Moundville_pottery_HRoe_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Non-local pottery found at <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a>, showing trade with other groups</figcaption></figure> <p>Chronologies based on pottery have been essential for dating Mississippian cultures. Along with <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> study of the pottery has provided one of the best insights into the culture. Because pottery is durable and often survives long after artifacts made from less durable materials have decayed past recognition, ceramics and stone tools are often the only objects that survive in great enough quantities to establish such insights. Combined with other evidence, the study of pottery artifacts is helpful in the development of theories on organisation, economic conditions and cultural development. Although the vast majority of Mississippian pottery was produced for daily utilitarian uses, the finer varieties seem to have been made specifically for trade or for ritual use.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of this pottery has allowed inferences to be drawn about the daily life, religion, social relationships, and trade with other groups. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Looting_and_modern_value">Looting and modern value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Looting and modern value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Europeans began to settle in the lush river valleys of the Midwest and Southeast, they discovered the abandoned village sites and monumental architecture left behind by the former Mississippian culture inhabitants of the region. Many were leveled for fields or dug into by treasure hunters. In some areas exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a> became a cottage industry, as the value of the pots increased in demand on the art and antiquities markets.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many states as well as the US federal government now have laws prohibiting the looting of such sites,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the high prices these objects command on the black market has seen these laws ignored. Two of the most widely publicized sites to be looted were the <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Le_Flore_County,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Flore County, Oklahoma">Le Flore County, Oklahoma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Slack Farm site">Slack Farm site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Union_County,_Kentucky" title="Union County, Kentucky">Union County, Kentucky</a>. An actual mining company was formed (the Pocola Mining Company) to loot the Spiro site, and over a couple of years time many of the more delicate contents were destroyed as the looters dynamited the mortuary mound to gain entrance to its interior.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They dynamited the Great Mortuary of Spiro in 1934,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this destruction spurred preservationists to pass laws protecting American archaeological sites. </p><p>In 1987 ten looters paid $10,000 to dig at the Slack Farm property. After two months complaints by local people led to the arrest of the perpetrators for the <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a> of "desecrating a venerable object" (a charge which is now a <a href="/wiki/Felony" title="Felony">felony</a>, in part due to the controversy over Slack Farm). Prosecution on this charge was difficult in the late 1980s, in part because this predated the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a></i> and related state legislation, which made it clearer that such activities were illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The illegal digging of such objects destroys much of their archaeological value, as it removes its association from its surroundings. The situation in which an article is found, its level of burial, its surroundings and even its original condition are valuable in determining the history of many sites, all of which are lost when an object is removed in secret, unrecorded in its provenance, and lost to the antiquities black market.<sup id="cite_ref-MISSHISTNOW_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MISSHISTNOW-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_culture_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ancient culture pottery">Fort Ancient culture pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_pottery" title="Hopewell pottery">Hopewell pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaquemine culture pottery">Plaquemine culture pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Mississippian stone statuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MNAAMISSPER-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNAAMISSPER_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumofnativeamericanartifacts.org/mississippian.html">"Museum of Native American Artifacts-MISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD 900 AD – 1450 AD"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Native+American+Artifacts-MISSISSIPPIAN+PERIOD+900+AD+%E2%80%93+1450+AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumofnativeamericanartifacts.org%2Fmississippian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 538, 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power, 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-THEMISS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-THEMISS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/ocmu/Mississippians.htm">"THE MISSISSIPPIANS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+MISSISSIPPIANS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Focmu%2FMississippians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorseDNodena-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MorseDNodena_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Morse_(archaeologist)1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Morse_(archaeologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Morse (archaeologist)">Dan Morse (archaeologist)</a> (1973). <i>Nodena- An Account of 90 years of Archaeological Investigation in Southeast Mississippi County, Arkansas</i>. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56349-057-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56349-057-9"><bdi>1-56349-057-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nodena-+An+Account+of+90+years+of+Archaeological+Investigation+in+Southeast+Mississippi+County%2C+Arkansas&rft.pub=Arkansas+Archaeological+Survey+Research+Series&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=1-56349-057-9&rft.au=Dan+Morse+%28archaeologist%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENCYCARKMISS-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCARKMISS_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1130">"Encyclopedia of Alabama-Mississippian Period"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama-Mississippian+Period&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofalabama.org%2Fface%2FArticle.jsp%3Fid%3Dh-1130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MOORE1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOORE1911_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1911" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moore, Clarence B. (1911). "Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River". <i>Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia</i>. XIV Part III. Philadelphia: 365–476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Academy+of+Natural+Sciences+of+Philadelphia&rft.atitle=Some+Aboriginal+Sites+on+Mississippi+River&rft.volume=XIV+Part+III&rft.pages=365-476&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Clarence+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRIFFIN1952-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GRIFFIN1952_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1952" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, James B. (1952). "Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley". <i>Archeology of Eastern United States</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 226–238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Cultures+of+the+Central+Mississippi+Valley&rft.btitle=Archeology+of+Eastern+United+States&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=226-238&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowlerHall1972" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Melvin L.; Hall, Robert L. (1972). "Archeological Phases at Cahokia". <i>Papers in Anthropology</i>. <b>1</b>. Illinois State Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+in+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Archeological+Phases+at+Cahokia&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Melvin+L.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MORSE1975-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MORSE1975_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MORSE1975_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1975" class="citation cs2">Morse, Dan F. (1975), <i>Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969</i>, Research Report 4, Arkansas Archeological Survey</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+excavations+at+the+Zebree+site+1969&rft.series=Research+Report+4&rft.pub=Arkansas+Archeological+Survey&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Dan+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MILLION-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MILLION_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillion1975" class="citation book cs1">Million, Michael G. (1975). "Chapter 20-Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin". In Michael B. Schiffer; John H. House (eds.). <i>The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology</i>. Research Series No. 8. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Publications in Archeology. pp. 217–222.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20-Research+Design+for+the+Aboriginal+Ceramic+Industries+of+the+Cache+River+Basin&rft.btitle=The+Cache+River+Archeological+Project%3A+An+Experiment+in+Contract+Archeology&rft.series=Research+Series+No.+8&rft.pages=217-222&rft.pub=Arkansas+Archeological+Survey%2C+Publications+in+Archeology&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Million&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1956" class="citation book cs1">Shepard, Anna O. (1956). <i>Ceramics for the Archaeologist</i>. Vol. 609. Carnegie Institution of Washington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceramics+for+the+Archaeologist&rft.pub=Carnegie+Institution+of+Washington&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=Anna+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FUNDABURK-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FUNDABURK_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FUNDABURK_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundaburk2001" class="citation book cs1">Fundaburk, Emma Lila (2001) [1957]. Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman (ed.). <i>Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry</i>. Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1077-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-1077-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Circles+and+Human+Hands%3A+the+Southeastern+Indians+%E2%80%93+Art+and+Industry&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Tuscaloosa%3A+University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1077-6&rft.aulast=Fundaburk&rft.aufirst=Emma+Lila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant, 538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swennes-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-swennes_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-swennes_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarol" class="citation web cs1">Karol, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwlax.edu/urc/JUR-online/PDF/2009/karoll-amyARC.pdf">"A Comparative Study of the Swennes Woven Nettle Bag and Weaving Techniques"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Swennes+Woven+Nettle+Bag+and+Weaving+Techniques&rft.aulast=Karol&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwlax.edu%2Furc%2FJUR-online%2FPDF%2F2009%2Fkaroll-amyARC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s556-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s556_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s556_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 556</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p145-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p145_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p145_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ENCYCARKHEAD-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ENCYCARKHEAD_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=571">"Head pots"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas History</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Head+pots&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s56-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s56_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s56_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RIVERWEB-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RIVERWEB_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.state.il.us/RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/prehistory/mississippian/technology/ceramic-types.html">"RiverWeb:AmBot:PreHist:Technology"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RiverWeb%3AAmBot%3APreHist%3ATechnology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.state.il.us%2FRiverWeb%2Flandings%2FAmbot%2Fprehistory%2Fmississippian%2Ftechnology%2Fceramic-types.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAMEYPOTTERY-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAMEYPOTTERY_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAMEYPOTTERY_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100603155537/https://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/artifacts/rameyceramics.html">"Artifacts-Ramey pottery"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/artifacts/rameyceramics.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artifacts-Ramey+pottery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnsu.edu%2Femuseum%2Farchaeology%2Fartifacts%2Frameyceramics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZTALAN-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AZTALAN_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AZTALAN_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollerud" class="citation web cs1">Mollerud, Katy J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.state.il.us/RiverWeb/landings/Ambot/prehistory/mississippian/technology/ceramic-types.html">"Messages, Meanings and Motfis: An Analysis of Ramey Incised Ceramics at the Aztalan Site"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mississippi Department of Archives and History. pp. 69–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-938896-58-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-938896-58-X"><bdi>0-938896-58-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winterville-Late+Prehistoric+Culture+Contact+In+the+Lower+Mississippi+Valley&rft.pages=69-92&rft.pub=Mississippi+Department+of+Archives+and+History&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-938896-58-X&rft.aulast=Brain&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2007" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Robert Allen (2007). <i>Sunwatch: Fort Ancient development in the Mississippian world</i>. University of Alabama Press. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-5458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunwatch%3A+Fort+Ancient+development+in+the+Mississippian+world&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5458-9&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Robert+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CADDOPOTTERY-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CADDOPOTTERY_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CADDOPOTTERY_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/clay/tradition.html">"The Caddo Pottery Tradition"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Caddo+Pottery+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Ftejas%2Fclay%2Ftradition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.siuc.edu/muller/Elvas.htm">"Narratives of a career of a FIDALGO OF ELVAS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+a+career+of+a+FIDALGO+OF+ELVAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthro.siuc.edu%2Fmuller%2FElvas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/clay/reviving.html">"Reviving a Lost Tradition."</a> <i>Texas Beyond History.</i> (retrieved 20 July 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-STEPONAITIS-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-STEPONAITIS_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteponaitisKnight,_Vernon_J._Jr.2003" class="citation web cs1">Steponaitis, Vincas P.; Knight, Vernon J. 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University of Tennessee Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologyofapp0000unse/page/203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-142-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-142-6"><bdi>978-1-57233-142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+the+Appalachian+highlands&rft.pages=203&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2001-12-12&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-142-6&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Lynne+P.&rft.au=Prezzano%2C+Susan+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologyofapp0000unse%2Fpage%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sturtevant and Fogelson, 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkarcheology.uark.edu/indiansofarkansas/index.html?pageName=The%20Mississippi%20Period">"Indians of Arkansas:The Mississippi Period-Southeastern Chiefdoms A.D. 900 – 1541"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grave+robbers+and+academics%3AFascinating+book+recounts+the+struggle+for+rich+cache+of+Indian+artifacts&rft.pub=Illinois+Times&rft.date=2007-11-07&rft.aulast=Furry&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoistimes.com%2FSpringfield%2Farticle-4552-grave-robbers-and-academics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Power, 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/davis/sites.html">"Sites:Slack Family Farm: Uniontown, Kentucky"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sites%3ASlack+Family+Farm%3A+Uniontown%2C+Kentucky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2Fitc%2Fanthropology%2Fv1007%2Fdavis%2Fsites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MISSHISTNOW-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MISSHISTNOW_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/74/archaeology-and-prehistoric-mississippi">"Mississippi History Now:Archaeology and Prehistoric Mississippi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(article)</span>. Mississippi Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mississippi+History+Now%3AArchaeology+and+Prehistoric+Mississippi&rft.pub=Mississippi+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmshistory.k12.ms.us%2Farticles%2F74%2Farchaeology-and-prehistoric-mississippi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fowler, Melvin L. and Robert L. Hall., <i>Archeological Phases at Cahokia</i>. Illinois State Museum, Papers in Anthropology 1, 1972.</li> <li>Fundaburk, Emma Lila and Mary Douglass Fundaburk Foreman, ed. <i>Sun Circles and Human Hands: the Southeastern Indians – Art and Industry.</i> Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2001 (1957). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1077-6">978-0-8173-1077-6</a>.</li> <li>Griffin, James B., Prehistoric Cultures of the Central Mississippi Valley. In Archeology of Eastern United States, edited by James B. Griffin, pp. 226–238. University of Chicago Press, 1952, Chicago.</li> <li>Million, Michael G., <i>Research Design for the Aboriginal Ceramic Industries of the Cache River Basin</i> Chapter 20, The Cache River Archeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archeology. Assembled by Michael B. Schiffer and John H. House. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Publications in Archeology, Research Series No. 8, 1975, pages 217–222.</li> <li>Moore, Clarence B., Some Aboriginal Sites on Mississippi River, Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1911, Vol. XIV, Part III, pp. 365–476. Philadelphia.</li> <li>Morse, Dan F., <i>Report on excavations at the Zebree site 1969</i>, Arkansas Archeological Survey, Research Report 4, 1975.</li> <li>Power, Susan C. <i>Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings.</i> Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2501-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2501-5">0-8203-2501-5</a>.</li> <li>Shepard, Anna O., Ceramics for the Archaeologist, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1956, Publication 609.</li> <li>Smith, Bruce D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YrsAlkuLPg4C&dq=hooded+clay+Mississippian&pg=PA56"><i>The Mississippian Emergence.</i></a> Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5452-7">978-0-8173-5452-7</a>.</li> <li>William C. Sturtevant and Raymond D. Fogelson, eds.<i>Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast.</i> Volume 14. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-072300-0">0-16-072300-0</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippian_culture_pottery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mississippian_culture_pottery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mississippian culture pottery">Mississippian culture pottery</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein,_Richard_A.Dumas,_Ashley_A.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Richard A.; Dumas, Ashley A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425141409/http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf">"The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>. <b>27</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+spread+of+shell-tempered+ceramics+along+the+northern+coast+of+the+Gulf+of+Mexico&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Dumas%2C+Ashley+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastalenv.com%2Fsarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMississippian+culture+pottery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=311">Mississippian pottery from Arkansas and Missouri</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caddopottery.com/bibliography.php">Caddo Pottery-All the books I've read and what I've learned from them</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/0201/newsbriefs/pottery.html">Pottery Heist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artifactsetc.com/personal/pottery.htm">Pottery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Mississippian_and_related_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian and related cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)#Culture,_phase,_and_chronological_table_for_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Timeline of Mississippi valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle<br />Mississippian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a><br />and Upper Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Eddy_Site" title="Big Eddy Site">Big Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_34" title="Mound 34">Mound 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_72" title="Mound 72">Mound 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramey state">Ramey state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Emerald Mound and Village Site">Emerald Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_Cemetery_Site" title="Emmons Cemetery Site">Emmons Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Horseshoe Lake Mound and Village Site">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_Village_Site" title="John Chapman Village Site">John Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_Station_Site" title="Kuhn Station Site">Kuhn Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larson_Site" title="Larson Site">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford-Pulcher_Archeological_Site" title="Lunsford-Pulcher Archeological Site">Lunsford-Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="McCune Mound and Village Site">McCune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Archaeological_Site_(Mitchell,_Illinois)" title="Mitchell Archaeological Site (Mitchell, Illinois)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orendorf_Site" title="Orendorf Site">Orendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeth_Site" title="Sleeth Site">Sleeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Village_and_Mound_Group" title="Starr Village and Mound Group">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mound" title="Sugarloaf Mound">Sugarloaf Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Lower Ohio River and<br /> Confluence area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_site" title="Adams site">Adams site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site">Dogtooth Bend Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Site" title="Marshall Site">Marshall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Bluff" title="Millstone Bluff">Millstone Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orr-Herl_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site">Orr-Herl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlandton_Mound_Site" title="Rowlandton Mound Site">Rowlandton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towosahgy_State_Historic_Site" title="Towosahgy State Historic Site">Towosahgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Site" title="Turk Site">Turk Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Site" title="Twin Mounds Site">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Ware Mounds and Village Site">Ware Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle Ohio River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_phase" title="Angel phase">Angel phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annis_Mound_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Annis Mound and Village Site">Annis Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Bank_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Bank site (page does not exist)">Bone Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerbusch_site" title="Ellerbusch site">Ellerbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake-Klein_Archeological_Site" title="Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site">Hovey Lake-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake_Archaeological_District" title="Hovey Lake Archaeological District">Hovey Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Archaeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Archaeological Site (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prather_Site" title="Prather Site">Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm" title="Slack Farm">Slack Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu_Site" title="Tolu Site">Tolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welborn_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Welborn Village Archeological Site">Welborn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Tennessee and<br />Cumberland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backusburg_Mounds" title="Backusburg Mounds">Backusburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley_Mounds_Site" title="Beasley Mounds Site">Beasley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Library_Site" title="Brentwood Library Site">Brentwood Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Brick Church Mound and Village Site">Brick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewkes_Group_Archaeological_Site" title="Fewkes Group Archaeological Site">Fewkes Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Farm_State_Archaeological_Area" title="Link Farm State Archaeological Area">Link Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bottom" title="Mound Bottom">Mound Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Mounds_Archaeological_Site" title="Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellars_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellars Farm Site">Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_Mounds" title="Obion Mounds">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Archaeological Site">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow_Bluff_Island_Mounds" title="Swallow Bluff Island Mounds">Swallow Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Central and Lower<br /> Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_Meade_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle Meade phase (page does not exist)">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Mounds_Site" title="Boyd Mounds Site">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Archeological_Site" title="Campbell Archeological Site">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Mounds" title="Carson Mounds">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa" title="Chucalissa">Chucalissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Mound_Group" title="Denmark Mound Group">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet%27s_Mound" title="Janet's Mound">Janet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard%E2%80%93Hodges_site" title="Menard–Hodges site">Menard-Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Murphy Mound Archeological Site">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_phase" title="Nodena phase">Nodena phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mounds" title="Owl Creek Mounds">Owl Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkin phase">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quigualtam" title="Quigualtam">Quigualtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_phase" title="Tipton phase">Tipton phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_people" title="Tunica people">Tunica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroa" title="Koroa">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_people" title="Yazoo people">Yazoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Mounds_Site" title="Adamson Mounds Site">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_site" title="Avery site">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site">Beaverdam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Field_Mound_Site" title="Bell Field Mound Site">Bell Field Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Site" title="Bessemer Site">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Mound" title="Biltmore Mound">Biltmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Mound" title="Blair Mound">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauga_Mound" title="Chauga Mound">Chauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_phase" title="Dallas phase">Dallas phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyar_site" title="Dyar site">Dyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Creek_site" title="Garden Creek site">Garden Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoojah_Branch_Site" title="Hoojah Branch Site">Hoojah Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mound_site" title="Irene Mound site">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Shine_site" title="Jere Shine site">Jere Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bell_site" title="Joe Bell site">Joe Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Archaeological_Site" title="King Archaeological Site">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Mounds_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Mounds and Village Site">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Archeological_Site" title="Liddell Archeological Site">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Egypt_(archaeological_site)" title="Little Egypt (archaeological site)">Little Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahan_Mound_Site" title="McMahan Mound Site">McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Creek_phase" title="Mouse Creek phase">Mouse Creek phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulberry site (page does not exist)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Mound" title="Park Mound">Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_Shelter" title="Punk Rock Shelter">Punk Rock Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Mounds" title="Rembert Mounds">Rembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roods_Landing_site" title="Roods Landing site">Roods Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker%27s_Bottom_site" title="Rucker's Bottom site">Rucker's Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Archaeological_Site" title="Savannah Archaeological Site">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Indian_Mounds_Site" title="Shiloh Indian Mounds Site">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtoe_Mound" title="Sixtoe Mound">Sixtoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerour_Mound_site" title="Summerour Mound site">Summerour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskigi_Mound" title="Taskigi Mound">Taskigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corbin%E2%80%93Tucker_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corbin–Tucker site (page does not exist)">Corbin–Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Creek_Indian_Mounds" title="Bottle Creek Indian Mounds">Bottle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Park_(Dauphin_Island,_Alabama)" title="Indian Mound Park (Dauphin Island, Alabama)">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Mound" title="Foster's Mound">Fosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_site" title="Glass site">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaketown_Site" title="Jaketown Site">Jaketown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mounds" title="Jordan Mounds">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julice_Mound" title="Julice Mound">Julice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Mounds" title="Pocahontas Mounds">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routh_Mounds" title="Routh Mounds">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_site" title="Bluffton Mound site">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Mound_Site" title="Hughes Mound Site">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Do-Ha_Indian_Village" title="Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village">Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Site_(Calion,_Arkansas)" title="Keller Site (Calion, Arkansas)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian_culture" title="Upper Mississippian culture">Upper Mississippian<br />cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Site" title="Anker Site">Anker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcajou_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcajou Point Site">Carcajou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifield_Site" title="Fifield Site">Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Mound_Group" title="Fisher Mound Group">Fisher Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Farm_site" title="Gentleman Farm site">Gentleman Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Illinois" title="Grand Village of the Illinois">Grand Village of the Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesmer_site" title="Griesmer site">Griesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Fort_State_Preserve" title="Hartley Fort State Preserve">Hartley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park#Hotel_Plaza" title="Starved Rock State Park">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxie_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxie Farm Site">Hoxie Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Site" title="Huber Site">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntunen_site" title="Juntunen site">Juntunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_Spring_site" title="Knoll Spring site">Knoll Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero_site" title="Mero site">Mero site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bluff_site" title="Moccasin Bluff site">Moccasin Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest_Site" title="Oak Forest Site">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palos_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Site">Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Island Site">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-a-Cri_Petroglyphs" title="Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs">Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerdt_site" title="Schwerdt site">Schwerdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Island_site" title="Summer Island site">Summer Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Site" title="Dodge Site">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Little barley">Little barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">Marshelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmons mask">Emmons mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Copper plates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plates">Rogan plates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiro_plates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiro plates (page does not exist)">Spiro plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god maskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">Mill Creek chert</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">Shell gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Stone statuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Ballgame (Southeastern)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus#United_States" title="Tumulus">Burial mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">Earth/fertility cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horn" title="Red Horn">Red Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred bundle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Village bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarksdale_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarksdale bell (page does not exist)">Clarksdale bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">de Soto Expedition</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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