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title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT500502_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT500502_0"></i><p> Reliant à la mer rivières et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les fleuves, et les cours d'eau en général, ont toujours tenu une grande place dans la vie des hommes et leurs préoccupations. Les civilisations anciennes, désarmées devant leur puissance de destruction et ne pouvant ni expliquer ni prévoir leur comportement, les ont divinisés et implorés. L'homme moderne a entrepris de les étudier (potamologie), de comprendre les lois de leur écoulement..." title="Article : FLEUVES" href="/encyclopedie/fleuves/">fleuves</a>, les estuaires représentent la forme la plus classique de transition entre le domaine continental et le domaine marin. L'origine latine de ce terme est très significative : <em>aestus</em> (la marée) est le substantif du verbe <em>aesto</em> (je bouillonne), ce qui suggère bien l'effet bouillonnant de la marée montante à l'embouchure du fleuve au moment du mélange des eaux. Les règlements maritimes sont restés conformes à cette étymologie : l'estuaire forme la partie océanique externe du système. La zone continentale située en amont étant appelée « rivière maritime ».</p><p>En géographie, on oppose classiquement la notion d'estuaire à celle de delta. En 1907, de Lapparent considère que seules les mers à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot marée désigne, dans son acception la plus courante, le mouvement oscillatoire du niveau de la mer résultant des attractions de la Lune et du Soleil sur les particules liquides ; le phénomène est donc une conséquence de la gravitation universelle. Les divers bassins océaniques, en raison de leur constitution, ne réagissent pas de la même manière à ces actions, et l'o..." title="Article : MARÉES" href="/encyclopedie/marees/">marées</a> possèdent un estuaire, alors que les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les deltas, dont la morphologie et la structure deviennent de mieux en mieux connues grâce aux images fournies par les satellites d'observation de la Terre et aux forages pétroliers, ne se limitent pas aux constructions sédimentaires littorales classiques. Il existe en effet d'autres types de deltas, liés à des constructions sédimentaires sous-marines profondes, beaucoup plus étendus ..." title="Article : DELTAS" href="/encyclopedie/deltas/">deltas</a> n'existent que dans les mers sans marées. De nombreux exemples contredisent cette affirmation.</p><p>En 1964, l'océanographe F. P. Shepard propose comme critère de reconnaissance la présence en zone deltaïque de fibres de bois et l'abondance d'huîtres en milieu estuarien. Mais ce critère est aussi peu efficace que ceux que l'on peut tirer des propriétés dynamiques ou de la morphologie de l'environnement pour faire une séparation tranchée entre estuaire et delta. La meilleure définition semblerait être celle de C. Francis Bœuf (1947), pour lequel l'estuaire correspond au cours inférieur du fleuve remonté sur une certaine distance par la marée.</p><p>Pour les géologues, le phénomène estuarien est particulier au Quaternaire. La transgression flandrienne, due à la fonte des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot glacier réunit deux ensembles de nature différente mais qui sont indissociables. Il désigne, d'une part, une masse de glace d'un seul tenant, avec le névé et la neige qui la recouvrent en partie, et, d'autre part, les moraines mouvantes qu'il transporte. La définition ne prend pas la taille en compte puisqu'elle englobe aussi bien les minuscules glaciers de cône d'avalanche d..." title="Article : GLACIERS" href="/encyclopedie/glaciers/">glaciers</a>, correspond à une remontée brutale du niveau de la mer dont l'équivalent n'a pas été reconnu au cours des temps géologiques, à tel point que l'on ne connaît pas de forme estuarienne fossile.</p><p>En <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Étymologiquement, l'hydrologie est la science de l'eau. Molécule, gaz, liquide ou solide, l' eau voit son étude ressortir à la physique et à la chimie. C'est à l'étude de l'eau dans la nature, où s'expriment évidemment ses propriétés physico-chimiques, qu'est consacrée l'hydrologie. L'eau apparaît dans la nature sous des formes et selon des rythmes extraordinairement diversifiés, ma..." title="Article : HYDROLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/hydrologie/">hydrologie</a>, l'estuaire correspond à une zone de mélange entre les eaux marines salées et les eaux douces fluviales. C'est ainsi que l'on définit dans ce milieu mixte une marée de salinité et une marée dynamique.</p><p>Fairbridge (1968), dans son <em>Encyclopédie</em>, propose d'opposer les estuaires en forme d'entonnoir aux estuaires « barrés ». Les premiers, entièrement ouverts à la mer, ressentent fortement les effets de la marée (hautes vagues, forte salinité et grandes profondeurs). C'est l'exemple de la baie de Fundy, de nombreux fjords et rias. Les autres, isolés de l'océan par un promontoire rocheux, par des bancs de sable ou par quelque barrière d'îles, ont une hydrologie beaucoup plus fluviatile : les effets de la marée sont réduits, l'action des vagues négligeable. L'obstacle peut même fermer temporairement l'estuaire et la stagnation s'installe avec production de H<sub>2</sub>S et formation de concrétions pyriteuses.</p><p>Dionne, en 1963, propose de subdiviser longitudinalement les estuaires sur la base des études de l'estuaire du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Saint-Laurent est le plus grand fleuve d’Amérique du Nord qui se jette dans l’océan Atlantique. Orienté selon un axe sud-ouest–nord-est, ce corridor est relié aux Grands Lacs , dont il est le seul émissaire, par la voie maritime du Saint-Laurent. Renforcé par un important réseau routier et ferroviaire, le fleuve est au cœur d’une région très fortement industrialisée, o..." title="Article : SAINT-LAURENT" href="/encyclopedie/saint-laurent/">Saint-Laurent</a> (l'un des plus longs). On définirait ainsi un estuaire marin ou inférieur (salinité supérieure à 10 p. 100 et forte inversion de courant), un estuaire moyen (salinité de l'ordre de 2 à 5 p. 100 et inversion sensible des courants) et un estuaire fluviatile ou supérieur, zone à pulsation de niveau sans inversion de courant.</p><p>Les estuaires sont des zones d'accumulations sédimentaires privilégiées. L'origine des sédiments est souvent matière à controverse : chaque fleuve reste en fait un cas particulier. Graviers et sables n'occupent qu'une place réduite (dans les chenaux, sous forme de bancs, de flèches, de pouliers) et le sédiment essentiel est la vase (J. Bourcart et C. Francis Bœuf, 1942). En théorie, le dépôt de vase se fait quand la mer est étale.</p><p>La rencontre de la marée montante et de l'eau du fleuve conduit souvent à la formation d'un « bouchon vaseux », capable de se déplacer longitudinalement au rythme<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" 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btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ESTUAIRES" href="/carte-mentale/estuaires/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500502_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la Terre" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/"> Sciences de la Terre </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Océanographie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/oceanographie/"> Océanographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géologie marine" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/oceanographie/geologie-marine/"> Géologie marine </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Géologie du littoral"> <a title="Classification : Géologie du littoral" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/oceanographie/geologie-marine/geologie-du-littoral/"> Géologie du littoral </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la Terre" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/"> Sciences de la Terre </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Hydrologie continentale" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/hydrologie-continentale/"> Hydrologie continentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Hydrologie fluviale ou potamologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/hydrologie-continentale/hydrologie-fluviale-ou-potamologie/"> Hydrologie fluviale ou 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href="/classification/geographie/geographie-physique/hydrographie/hydrographie-continentale/"> Hydrographie continentale </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Fleuves et rivières"> <a title="Classification : Fleuves et rivières" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-physique/hydrographie/hydrographie-continentale/fleuves-et-rivieres/"> Fleuves et rivières </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 4"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la Terre" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/"> Sciences de la Terre </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/"> Géologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géomorphologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/geomorphologie/"> Géomorphologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Géomorphologie du littoral"> <a title="Classification : Géomorphologie du littoral" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/geomorphologie/geomorphologie-du-littoral/"> Géomorphologie du littoral </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT500502_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/#c23348"> <span class="rg">ACCUMULATIONS </span><span class="rm">(géologie) - Accumulations marines</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 916 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">26 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACCUMULATIONS (g&eacute;ologie) - Accumulations marines" href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Plage de sable avec galets - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v010126a_2655c52a21.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Lorsqu'une flèche s'avance en travers d'un estuaire, surtout dans les mers à marée où un courant vigoureux parcourt régulièrement la passe, toute avancée de la flèche est compensée par une érosion de la berge opposée. On désigne alors la flèche qui progresse sous le nom de <em>poulier...</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/barre-oceanographie/#c23348"> <span class="rg">BARRE, </span><em class="it">océanographie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 388 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les barres d'estuaires, et leurs homologues du précontinent, sont façonnées, non par les houles seules, mais, surtout, par les courants. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/conservatoire-du-littoral/#c23348"> <span class="rg">CONSERVATOIRE DU LITTORAL</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">François LETOURNEUX</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 239 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : CONSERVATOIRE DU LITTORAL" href="/encyclopedie/conservatoire-du-littoral/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les garennes de Lornel - crédits : A. Ceccaroli/ Conservatoire du littoral " width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/c/a/csm_ph140443_de90801c79.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...essentielles, et qui sont très menacées, le Conservatoire peut jouer également un rôle majeur : ses compétences ont été élargies aux communes riveraines des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Reliant à la mer rivières et fleuves , les estuaires représentent la forme la plus classique de transition entre le domaine continental et le domaine marin. L'origine latine de ce terme est très significative : aestus (la marée) est le substantif du verbe aesto (je bouillonne), ce qui suggère bien l'effet bouillonnant de la marée montante à l'embouchure du fleuve au moment du mélang..." title="Article : ESTUAIRES" href="/encyclopedie/estuaires/">estuaires</a> et <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les deltas, dont la morphologie et la structure deviennent de mieux en mieux connues grâce aux images fournies par les satellites d'observation de la Terre et aux forages pétroliers, ne se limitent pas aux constructions sédimentaires littorales classiques. Il existe en effet d'autres types de deltas, liés à des constructions sédimentaires sous-marines profondes, beaucoup plus étendus ..." title="Article : DELTAS" href="/encyclopedie/deltas/">deltas</a>, et il peut ainsi, en continuité des cantons et communes littorales, s’intéresser à des ensembles naturels plus cohérents.... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/cotes-geomorphologie/#c23348"> <span class="rg">CÔTES, </span><em class="it">géomorphologie et géographie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">6 700 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">13 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : C&Ocirc;TES, g&eacute;omorphologie et g&eacute;ographie" href="/encyclopedie/cotes-geomorphologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Falaises de l'Algarve - crédits : Hans Peter Merten/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/8/c/csm_ph995786_c59830b71d.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...barrage et des marais qui leur sont associés, puisque leur présence ne s'explique que par la construction, par la mer, du cordon qui les ferme à l'aval. Les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Reliant à la mer rivières et fleuves , les estuaires représentent la forme la plus classique de transition entre le domaine continental et le domaine marin. L'origine latine de ce terme est très significative : aestus (la marée) est le substantif du verbe aesto (je bouillonne), ce qui suggère bien l'effet bouillonnant de la marée montante à l'embouchure du fleuve au moment du mélang..." title="Article : ESTUAIRES" href="/encyclopedie/estuaires/">estuaires</a> aussi en font partie, non seulement jusqu'à la limite d'action des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot marée désigne, dans son acception la plus courante, le mouvement oscillatoire du niveau de la mer résultant des attractions de la Lune et du Soleil sur les particules liquides ; le phénomène est donc une conséquence de la gravitation universelle. Les divers bassins océaniques, en raison de leur constitution, ne réagissent pas de la même manière à ces actions, et l'o..." title="Article : MARÉES" href="/encyclopedie/marees/">marées</a>, mais même au-delà lorsque la diminution de pente... </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/estuaires/"> Afficher les 7 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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