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La notion de côte </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CÔTES, géomorphologie et géographie, Les types de côtes" href="/encyclopedie/cotes-geomorphologie/2-les-types-de-cotes/"> 2. Les types de côtes </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="CÔTES, géomorphologie et géographie, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/cotes-geomorphologie/3-bibliographie/"> 3. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>CÔTES, </strong><em>géomorphologie et géographie</em> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yE951821_0"><i class="anchor" id="yE951821_0"></i><p>Les rivages sont les lignes le long desquelles s'effectue le contact entre les masses solide, liquide et gazeuse du globe terrestre. On emploie le terme de côtes plus particulièrement pour les rivages des mers et des océans.</p><p>Si les côtes constituent, pour beaucoup de groupes humains, les limites de leur espace géographique, elles sont, pour d'autres, une ouverture vers le reste du monde. Pour les peuples industriels et commerçants, c'est une possibilité de relations avec les clients lointains ; pour les peuples pêcheurs, c'est l'accès à une part importante de leurs subsistances ; pour d'autres peuples, longtemps fermés sur eux-mêmes, c'est par là qu'ils reçoivent un nouvel élan ou un nouveau défi.</p><p>Le passage du milieu terrestre au milieu marin ne peut pas s'opérer n'importe où : la « rupture de charge » ne peut se faire qu'à la faveur de dispositions naturelles ou artificielles, de <em>ports</em> dont l'abondance et les capacités sont très variables d'une côte à l'autre : ni les côtes trop abruptes (pays de Caux), ni les côtes trop basses (Landes de Gascogne) ne sont riches en ports naturels. Les qualités des côtes sont d'ailleurs diversement appréciées selon le niveau technique du peuple qui les utilise ; certaines, propices à l'établissement de multiples petits ports (côte du Léon), se prêtent mal à l'installation de grands ports modernes ; par contre, des côtes totalement rebelles à tout aménagement modeste (côtes à barre d'Afrique occidentale) peuvent recevoir de grandes installations portuaires.</p><p>Ainsi, l'utilisation des côtes par les divers groupes humains, si elle est fonction de certaines dispositions naturelles, reflète surtout l'aptitude des hommes à en profiter. La variété typologique des côtes constitue pourtant le point de départ de l'étude de leurs aménagements.</p><p>C'est le long des côtes que les phénomènes énergétiques propres à la surface de contact (ou <em>interface</em>) entre la mer et l'air se heurtent aux terres émergées et s'y dissipent dans l'exercice d'une action morphogénétique. Selon l'énergie à dissiper et les modalités de la résistance des terres, le façonnement des côtes se fait très différemment, ce qui explique la grande variété des types de côtes, certains étant plutôt déterminés par la nature et la vigueur de l'action marine, d'autres plutôt par les particularités de l'obstacle terrestre. La variété des types de côtes se traduit par une extrême diversité des aspects que peut prendre le <em>trait de côte</em>, et le vocabulaire employé pour le décrire est à la fois complexe et précis, de sorte qu'il convient de l'utiliser à bon escient.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yE951821_1"><i class="anchor" id="yE951821_1"></i><h2>La notion de côte</h2><p>La côte n'est pas seulement le contact de la terre et de la mer : le fond de l'océan répondrait aussi à cette définition. Ce qui caractérise la côte, c'est la présence d'un troisième élément, l'atmosphère, qui joue ici un rôle fondamental parce que l'énergie de la mer est, pour l'essentiel, le fait de mouvements ondulatoires qui se produisent le long de l'interface eau-air.</p><p>Ces mouvements ondulatoires (houles ou marées) et les déplacements d'eau qui en sont la conséquence renferment en effet une énergie considérable, et c'est la dissipation brutale, quasi instantanée, de cette énergie qui façonne les côtes selon des processus qui n'ont d'équivalent ni au fond des mers ni sur le continent.</p><p>Les processus mécaniques qui agissent sur le façonnement des côtes sont variables et discontinus, et leurs effets sont parfois contradictoires. Ceux d'entre eux qui sont d'origine météorologique sont, de plus, imprévisibles. La morphogenèse côtière en tire ses caractères de discontinuité, souvent de réversibilité, parfois d'imprévisibilité, qui la rendent si déconcertante<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" 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href="/carte-mentale/cotes-geomorphologie/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yE951821_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Sciences de la Terre" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/"> Sciences de la Terre </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/"> Géologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géomorphologie" href="/classification/sciences-de-la-terre/geologie/geomorphologie/"> Géomorphologie </a> </li> <li 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href="/media/dunes-et-etangs-de-la-cote-landaise-v060667/"> <img id="V060667" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/3/csm_v060667_91979195d2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Dunes et étangs de la côte landaise - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Les dunes et les étangs de la côte des Landes, entre Arcachon et Mimizan" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="814" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Dunes et étangs de la côte landaise </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="V060668A" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Côte à fjords" href="/media/cote-a-fjords-v060668a/"> <img id="V060668A" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/6/csm_v060668a_1d13dc68ee.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Côte à fjords - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Quelques fjords de Novège" data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1164" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Côte à fjords </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996893" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Côte à fjords, Norvège" href="/media/cote-a-fjords-norvege-ph996893/"> <img id="PH996893" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/c/csm_ph996893_95d6f21564.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Côte à fjords, Norvège - crédits : Giovanni Mereghetti/ UCG/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" data-description="Les côtes à fjords (ici le fjord de Geiranger en Norvège) présentent des échancrures littorales très profondes et souvent ramifiées en roches résistantes, dues à l'ennoyage d'une auge à la suite d'une déglaciation. En dépit du relèvement isostasique parfois important du continent (côte occidentale…" data-copyright="Giovanni Mereghetti/ UCG/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="683" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Côte à fjords, Norvège </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Giovanni Mereghetti/ UCG/ Universal Images Group/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/cotes-geomorphologie/"> Afficher les 13 médias de l'article <span class="rg">CÔTES, </span><em class="it">géomorphologie et géographie</em> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yE951821_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/#c23345"> <span class="rg">ACCUMULATIONS </span><span class="rm">(géologie) - Accumulations marines</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean-Pierre PINOT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">7 917 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">26 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACCUMULATIONS (g&eacute;ologie) - Accumulations marines" href="/encyclopedie/accumulations-geologie-accumulations-marines/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Plage de sable avec galets - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/e/5/csm_v010126a_2655c52a21.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Pour l'essentiel,les mouvements des sédiments littoraux sont réglés par le rapport qui existe, du point de vue de la compétence et de celui de la direction, entre le <em>jet de rive</em>, ou translation de l'eau vers le haut de la plage au moment de l'arrivée de la vague, et le <em>retrait...</em> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/afrique-structure-et-milieu-geographie-generale/#c23345"> <span class="rg">AFRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géographie générale</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Roland POURTIER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">24 463 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">27 médias </li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Àla massivité du continent correspond une côte rectiligne, peu hospitalière en raison de la fréquence d'une barre qui en rend l'accès périlleux. La plate-forme continentale est étroite (quelques dizaines de kilomètres) ; la proximité des grandes profondeurs n'est pas sans incidences sur les ressources... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/#c23345"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géologie</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean AUBOUIN</span> , <span rel="author">René BLANCHET</span> , <span rel="author">Jacques BOURGOIS</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-Louis MANSY</span> , <span rel="author">Bernard MERCIER DE LÉPINAY</span> , <span rel="author">Jean-François STEPHAN</span> , <span rel="author">Marc TARDY</span> et <span rel="author">Jean-Claude VICENTE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">24 173 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">23 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RIQUE (Structure et milieu) - G&eacute;ologie" href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geologie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Amériques : schéma structural simplifié - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/a/4/csm_v020096_d86edcc269.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> Les <em>plaines côtières de l'Atlantique et du golfe du Mexique</em> se suivent du New Jersey au Yucatán. Leur genèse est étroitement liée à l'évolution de l'Atlantique et aux transgressions et régressions marines qui se sont succédé depuis le Jurassique. </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geographie/#c23345"> <span class="rg">AMÉRIQUE </span><span class="rm">(Structure et milieu) - Géographie</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacqueline BEAUJEU-GARNIER</span> , <span rel="author">Danièle LAVALLÉE</span> et <span rel="author">Catherine LEFORT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">18 110 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">9 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AM&Eacute;RIQUE (Structure et milieu) - G&eacute;ographie" href="/encyclopedie/amerique-structure-et-milieu-geographie/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Amérique - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/8/csm_ca050102_654d1147d9.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...nord au sud, des côtes du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Venezuela, devenu République bolivarienne du Venezuela avec la Constitution de 1999, en référence à Bolivar, héros national, est bordé par la mer des Caraïbes et par l'océan Atlantique. Il a des frontières, à l'est, avec le Guyana , au sud, avec le Brésil et, à l'ouest et au sud-ouest, avec la Colombie . Sa superficie est de 912 050 kilomètres carrés pour une population d'e..." title="Article : VENEZUELA" href="/encyclopedie/venezuela/">Venezuela</a> et de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Colombie porte le nom du découvreur des Amériques. Inscrite dans les limites territoriales de l'Audience coloniale de Nouvelle-Grenade, elle a repris le nom de la Grande-Colombie de Simon Bolivar, qui comprenait aussi le Venezuela , le Panamá et l' Équateur (1821-1830). Elle s'est successivement appelée État puis République de Nouvelle-Grenade (1830-1858), Confédération Néogre..." title="Article : COLOMBIE" href="/encyclopedie/colombie/">Colombie</a> à la pointe de la Terre de Feu. 6 000 kilomètres d'est en ouest, de Recife à Guayaquil. Mais les côtes ont peu d'ouvertures : à l'est, les bouches de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Un peu plus long que le Nil , avec les 7 025 km de son cours, l'Amazone se place au premier rang, parmi les fleuves du monde, pour l'étendue de la superficie drainée : environ 6 millions de kilomètres carrés qui se répartissent sur six États d'Amérique latine. 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