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warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_blackmail" title="Nuclear blackmail">Blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disarmament" title="Nuclear disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dispute_resolution" title="Alternative dispute resolution">Alternative dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_avoidance" title="Conflict avoidance">Conflict avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_continuum" title="Conflict continuum">Conflict continuum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_style_inventory" title="Conflict style inventory">Conflict style inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_therapy" title="Family therapy">Family therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(alternative_dispute_resolution)" title="Forum (alternative dispute resolution)">Forum (alternative dispute resolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner%27s_dilemma" title="Prisoner's dilemma">Prisoner's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox_of_tolerance" title="Paradox of tolerance">Paradox of tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">Liaison officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_principle" title="Non-aggression principle">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">Peace and conflict studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_process" title="Peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking" title="Peacemaking">Peacemaking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_II_diplomacy" title="Track II diplomacy">Track II diplomacy</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_resolution_sidebar" title="Template:Conflict resolution sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflict_resolution_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conflict resolution sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict_resolution_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict resolution sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rule of man</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where "man" is used in a genderless manner<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a type of <i>personal rule</i> in an unaccountable rebounded<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> society where rules change from ruler to ruler. It is a society in which <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">one person</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">group of persons</a>, rules arbitrarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018338_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowder2018338-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rule of man can be explained as the absence of <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, this theoretical understanding results in a paradox. Realism dictates that man and law do not stand apart and that the rules of each are not opposites. Rather law depends deeply on a state composed of men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, as a positive concept, the rule of man, "a man capable of ruling better than the best laws", was championed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy and thinking</a> as early as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20188_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20188-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate between rule of man versus rule of law extends to Plato's student <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negative_associations">Negative associations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Negative associations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rule of man is associated with numerous negative concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyranny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>, and their variations that have taken the form of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Tyrants" title="Thirty Tyrants">Thirty Tyrants</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin dictatorship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>) during the French Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">spiritual gift</a> politics (also known as <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic power">charismatic power</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Regimes">regimes</a> like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero201811_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero201811-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bad government is considered inherent to personal rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20187_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20187-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite theoretical associations of what constitutes a bad or good government, political realism dictates that rules will be established irrespective of the rulers being dictatorial or democratic, one or many.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20187_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20187-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule_of_man_vs._rule_of_law">Rule of man vs. rule of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rule of man vs. rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_independent_and_oppositional_notions">As independent and oppositional notions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: As independent and oppositional notions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg/220px-Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg/330px-Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg/440px-Federico_Halbherr_Gortyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Archeologist <i><a href="/wiki/Federico_Halbherr" title="Federico Halbherr">Federico Halbherr</a></i> at Gortyn (Crete, Greece), deciphering <i><a href="/wiki/Gortyn_code" title="Gortyn code">Gortys law code</a></i> (inscription on the circular wall). As opposed to the <i>rule of man</i>, the rule of law, is "the principle whereby all members of a society (including those in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a><sup id="cite_ref-OED_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> associated individual rule to the absence of reason, to be animal-like, "to invest law then with authority is, it seems, to invest God and reason only; to invest a man is to introduce a beast, as desire is something bestial, and even the best of men in authority are liable to be corrupted by passion. We may conclude then that the law is reason without passion and is therefore preferable to any individual."<sup id="cite_ref-:Shah_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Shah-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Plato, Aristotle's teacher, had championed the rule of man, "an exceptional figure, capable of ruling better than the best laws".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20188_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20188-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sovereign exercises absolute authority and is <a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">not bound by any law</a>, he as a person exists outside law; the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> advocated such a society (including in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i>), saying that a society would be better if it had one absolute <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> as he would be free to choose and do what he thinks is best for the society without taking into account the opinions of others.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a> would go on to pen the phrase "a government of laws and not of men" in 1656,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn found its way into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">Constitution of Massachusetts</a> where <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> was the principal author.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1803 <i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> U.S Supreme Court case, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> wrote "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, a former <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> judge, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a>, stated in a speech,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ever since the beginning of civilisation, two conflicting viewpoints, rule of men or rule of law, have competed for acceptance. Although each school of thought has not lacked in its votaries, in the aggregate the thinking has been in favour of the rule of law. On occasions we have slipped back into government by will only to return again sadder and wiser to the rule of law when hard facts of human nature demonstrated the selfishness and egotism of man and the truth of the dictum that power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Rule of law is now the accepted norm in all civilised societies. Even if there have been deviations from the rule of law, such deviations have been covert and disguised, for no government in a civilised country is prepared to accept the ignominy of governing without the rule of law.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Justice <a href="/wiki/Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a>, 1977</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Countries such as China have developed and transitioned from 'rule of man' to 'rule by law', and finally to 'rule of law' from the 1970s onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101,_12_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101,_12-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">cultural revolution</a> in China <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> was quoted as saying "Depend on the rule of man, not the rule of law"; however by the 1970s Mao started advocating a law-based society in theory.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However similar concepts had their own origins in China as early as 536 BC, when <a href="/wiki/Zichan" title="Zichan">Zi Chan</a> attempted to make law less arbitrary and more permanent by getting it inscribed and put on public display.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Renzhi</span></i>, translated by western scholars as 'rule of man', could be better explained as 'rule of people'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Absence of rule of law implies the absence of a legislature, judiciary, and a legal administrative and enforcement system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand rule of man is associated with the lack of a legal system, that is, lawlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_dependent_and_overlapping_notions">As dependent and overlapping notions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As dependent and overlapping notions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laws, and the rule of law, is not isolated from man and the rule of man. There are a number of overlaps between the rule of man and the rule of law. Considering the rule of law and rule of man as independent opposites results in a paradox as law occurs within a state, and not independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Central to the operation of the rule of law ... was a conceptual framing of the 'rule of law' and the 'rule of man' as oppositional notions, a paradoxical framing suggesting in both India and China that law somehow stood apart from the realm of everyday power. Yet law was deeply dependent on the state (staffed by men), and on the operation of state power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200957_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200957-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-rule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also <i>rule of men</i>; differentiated from <i>rule by man</i> or <i>rule by men</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenco20101_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenco20101-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider "rule of persons" or "rule by person";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang201011_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang201011-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider "rule of an individual" or "rule of individuals";<sup id="cite_ref-:Shah_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Shah-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consider "government of men" as opposed to "government of laws";<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to be confused with "rule of people" in relation to a democracy or China.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>References</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenco20101-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenco20101_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenco2010">Jenco 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang201011-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang201011_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenguang2010">Chenguang 2010</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Shah-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Shah_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Shah_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShah2021" class="citation web cs1">Shah, Syed Akhtar Ali (2021-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/2316116/rule-of-law-or-rule-of-men">"Rule of law or rule of men?"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Rule+of+law+or+rule+of+men%3F&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Syed+Akhtar+Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F2316116%2Frule-of-law-or-rule-of-men&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1979" class="citation journal cs1">Cotton, James (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/190946">"James Harrington as Aristotelian"</a>. <i>Political Theory</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009059177900700305">10.1177/009059177900700305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5917">0090-5917</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/190946">190946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145229391">145229391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theory&rft.atitle=James+Harrington+as+Aristotelian&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0090-5917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145229391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F190946%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009059177900700305&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F190946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chew, Pat K (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/159560352.pdf">"The Rule of Law: China's Skepticism and the Rule of People"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46, <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49 – via core.ac.uk. <q>...what the West has sometimes labeled as a rule of man but is more accurately translated as the rule of people from the Chinese word renzhi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Journal+on+Dispute+Resolution&rft.atitle=The+Rule+of+Law%3A+China%27s+Skepticism+and+the+Rule+of+People&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chew&rft.aufirst=Pat+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F159560352.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018336_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowder2018">Gowder 2018</a>, p. 336. (...henceforth use the traditional term "the rule of men" to contrast "the rule of law," but the reader is asked to interpret "men" in a non-gendered fashion.) [...] "I will say that we have "the rule of men" or "personal rule" when those who wield the power of the state are not obliged to give reasons to those over whom that power is being wielded—from the standpoint of the ruled, the rulers may simply act on their brute desires."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowder2018338-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowder2018338_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGowder2018">Gowder 2018</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOckoGilmartin2009">Ocko & Gilmartin 2009</a>, p. 55. ...the rule of law and the rule of man as oppositional yet paradoxically intertwined notions... <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200955" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200959,_70_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOckoGilmartin2009">Ocko & Gilmartin 2009</a>, pp. 59, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20188-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20188_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20188_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBovero2018">Bovero 2018</a>, 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldron2020" class="citation cs2">Waldron, Jeremy (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2020/entries/rule-of-law/">"The Rule of Law"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Summer 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rule+of+Law&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2020&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Waldron&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2020%2Fentries%2Frule-of-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2015vii_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang2015">Chang 2015</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero201811-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero201811_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBovero2018">Bovero 2018</a>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSempill2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sempill, Julian (December 2020). "The Rule of Law and the Rule of Men: History, Legacy, Obscurity". <i>Hague Journal on the Rule of Law</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">511–</span>540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40803-020-00149-9">10.1007/s40803-020-00149-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hague+Journal+on+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.atitle=The+Rule+of+Law+and+the+Rule+of+Men%3A+History%2C+Legacy%2C+Obscurity&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E511-%3C%2Fspan%3E540&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40803-020-00149-9&rft.aulast=Sempill&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBovero20187-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20187_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBovero20187_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBovero2018">Bovero 2018</a>, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OED_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> online. The phrase "the rule of law" is also sometimes used in other senses. <i>See</i> Garner, Bryan A. (Editor in Chief). <i>Black's Law Dictionary</i>, 9th ed., p. 1448. (Thomson Reuters, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-26578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-26578-4">978-0-314-26578-4</a>. <i>Black's</i> provides five definitions of "rule of law": the lead definition is "A substantive legal principle"; the second is the "supremacy of regular as opposed to arbitrary power".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/hobbes/themes/">"Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679): Themes, Arguments, and Ideas"</a>. <i>SparkNotes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SparkNotes&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hobbes+%281588%E2%80%931679%29%3A+Themes%2C+Arguments%2C+and+Ideas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Fphilosophy%2Fhobbes%2Fthemes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes1651" class="citation book cs1">Hobbes, Thomas (1651). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Leviathan"><i>Leviathan</i></a> – via Wikisource. <q>...to confer all their power and strength upon one man, or upon one assembly of men, [...] This is more than consent, or concord... I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou give up, thy right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner. This done, the multitude so united in one person is called a COMMONWEALTH; in Latin, CIVITAS. This is the generation of that great LEVIATHAN, or rather, to speak more reverently, of that mortal god to which we owe, under the immortal God, our peace and defence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leviathan&rft.date=1651&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FLeviathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1656" class="citation web cs1">Harrington, James (1656). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/harrington-james/1656/oceana/ch01.htm">"The Commonwealth of Oceana"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101,_12-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101,_12_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenguang2010">Chenguang 2010</a>, pp. 1, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeng1977" class="citation journal cs1">Leng, Shao-Chuan (Fall 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6029&context=jclc">"The Role of Law in the People's Republic of China as Reflecting Mao Tse-Tung's Influence"</a>. <i>Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology</i>. <b>68</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">356–</span>373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1142585">10.2307/1142585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1142585">1142585</a> – via Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Criminal+Law+and+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Law+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China+as+Reflecting+Mao+Tse-Tung%27s+Influence&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E373&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1142585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1142585%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leng&rft.aufirst=Shao-Chuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D6029%26context%3Djclc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenguang20101_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenguang2010">Chenguang 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200957-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOckoGilmartin200957_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOckoGilmartin2009">Ocko & Gilmartin 2009</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowder2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gowder, Paul (Winter 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/lj/vol62/iss2/8">"Resisting the Rule of Men"</a>. <i>Saint Louis University Law Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saint+Louis+University+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Resisting+the+Rule+of+Men&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gowder&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.slu.edu%2Flj%2Fvol62%2Fiss2%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovero2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bovero, Michelangelo (2018-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/tp/282">"This issue. Next issues. Call for papers"</a>. <i>Teoria Politica</i> (8): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0394-1248">0394-1248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teoria+Politica&rft.atitle=This+issue.+Next+issues.+Call+for+papers&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.issn=0394-1248&rft.aulast=Bovero&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Ftp%2F282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenguang2010" class="citation book cs1">Chenguang, Wang (2010). "Chapter One: From the Rule of Law to the Rule of Man". In Dingjian, Cai; Chenguang, Wang (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nj-EjS0xyN4C"><i>China's Journey Toward the Rule of Law: Legal Reform, 1978–2008</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18419-0"><bdi>978-90-04-18419-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+One%3A+From+the+Rule+of+Law+to+the+Rule+of+Man&rft.btitle=China%27s+Journey+Toward+the+Rule+of+Law%3A+Legal+Reform%2C+1978%E2%80%932008&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18419-0&rft.aulast=Chenguang&rft.aufirst=Wang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnj-EjS0xyN4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenco2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jenco, Leigh K. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911809991562">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rule by Man' and 'Rule by Law' in Early Republican China: Contributions to a Theoretical Debate"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>69</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">181–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911809991562">10.1017/S0021911809991562</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20721775">20721775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Rule+by+Man%27+and+%27Rule+by+Law%27+in+Early+Republican+China%3A+Contributions+to+a+Theoretical+Debate&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20721775%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911809991562&rft.aulast=Jenco&rft.aufirst=Leigh+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911809991562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerFeinermanGuy2015" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Karen G.; Feinerman, James V.; Guy, R. Kent, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_kUCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Limits of the Rule of Law in China</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0"><bdi>978-0-295-80389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80389-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_kUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2015" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Wejen (2015). "Foreword". In Turner, Karen G.; Feinerman, James V.; Guy, R. Kent (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_kUCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Limits of the Rule of Law in China</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0"><bdi>978-0-295-80389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80389-0&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Wejen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_kUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>— <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2015" class="citation book cs1">Guy, R. Kent (2015). "Rule of Man and the Rule of Law in China: Punishing Provincial Governors during the Qing". In Turner, Karen G.; Feinerman, James V.; Guy, R. Kent (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_kUCgAAQBAJ"><i>The Limits of the Rule of Law in China</i></a>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-80389-0"><bdi>978-0-295-80389-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rule+of+Man+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China%3A+Punishing+Provincial+Governors+during+the+Qing&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+the+Rule+of+Law+in+China&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-295-80389-0&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=R.+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_kUCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOckoGilmartin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ocko, Jonathan K.; Gilmartin, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911809000084">"State, Sovereignty, and the People: A Comparison of the 'Rule of Law' in China and India"</a>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021911809000084">10.1017/S0021911809000084</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20619670">20619670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=State%2C+Sovereignty%2C+and+the+People%3A+A+Comparison+of+the+%27Rule+of+Law%27+in+China+and+India&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20619670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021911809000084&rft.aulast=Ocko&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+K.&rft.au=Gilmartin%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0021911809000084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rule_of_man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeisey2000" class="citation book cs1">Heisey, D. Ray, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NTG7ZkdmC5sC"><i>Chinese Perspectives in Rhetoric and Communication</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-494-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56750-494-1"><bdi>978-1-56750-494-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Perspectives+in+Rhetoric+and+Communication&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56750-494-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNTG7ZkdmC5sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1946" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Henry (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULVCAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Living World of Philosophy</i></a>. Blakiston Company. p. xiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+World+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Blakiston+Company&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULVCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARule+of+man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Audio</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0375db5">The Rule of Law v the Rule of Man</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law519" style="padding:3px"><table 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style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">International law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_obligations" title="Law of obligations">Law of obligations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">Private law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">Procedure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_procedure" title="Criminal procedure">Criminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">Public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restitution_and_unjust_enrichment" title="Restitution and unjust enrichment">Restitution and unjust enrichment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory 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title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" 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American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span 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