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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitional issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitional_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definitional issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definitional_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Intellectual property rights</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moral_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Moral criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Positive rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incompatibility_with_driving_and_other_civilizational_necessities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incompatibility_with_driving_and_other_civilizational_necessities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Incompatibility with driving and other civilizational necessities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incompatibility_with_driving_and_other_civilizational_necessities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-physical_aggression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-physical_aggression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Non-physical aggression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-physical_aggression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inconsistency_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inconsistency_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Inconsistency criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inconsistency_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_and_environmental_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_and_environmental_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Natural resources and environmental pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_and_environmental_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_rather_than_absolute_concept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_rather_than_absolute_concept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Relative rather than absolute concept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_rather_than_absolute_concept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A3_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="مبدأ عدم الاعتداء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مبدأ عدم الاعتداء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiu_de_non_agresi%C3%B3n" title="Principiu de non agresión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Principiu de non agresión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principi_de_no-agressi%C3%B3" title="Principi de no-agressió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Principi de no-agressió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princip_neagrese" title="Princip neagrese – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Princip neagrese" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-aggressionsprincippet" title="Non-aggressionsprincippet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Non-aggressionsprincippet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichtaggressionsprinzip" title="Nichtaggressionsprinzip – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nichtaggressionsprinzip" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principio_de_no_agresi%C3%B3n" title="Principio de no agresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principio de no agresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اصل عدم تجاوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اصل عدم تجاوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_de_non-agression" title="Principe de non-agression – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Principe de non-agression" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principio_di_non_aggressione" title="Principio di non aggressione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principio di non aggressione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99-%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עקרון האי-תוקפנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עקרון האי-תוקפנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98" title="თავდაუსხმელობის პრინციპი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თავდაუსხმელობის პრინციპი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikke-aggresjons-prinsippet" title="Ikke-aggresjons-prinsippet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ikke-aggresjons-prinsippet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princ%C3%ADpio_da_n%C3%A3o-agress%C3%A3o" title="Princípio da não-agressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Princípio da não-agressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principiul_neagresiunii" title="Principiul neagresiunii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principiul neagresiunii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Принцип ненападения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Принцип ненападения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princ%C3%ADp_neagresie" title="Princíp neagresie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Princíp neagresie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Принцип неагресивности – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Принцип неагресивности" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonaggressioperiaate" title="Nonaggressioperiaate – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nonaggressioperiaate" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icke-aggressionsprincipen" title="Icke-aggressionsprincipen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Icke-aggressionsprincipen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sald%C4%B1rmazl%C4%B1k_ilkesi" title="Saldırmazlık ilkesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saldırmazlık ilkesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Принцип ненападу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Принцип ненападу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="互不侵犯原則 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="互不侵犯原則" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1569660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/wiki/Category:Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Libertarianism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#F5DD00; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:black; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Libertarianism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Libertarianism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autarchism" title="Autarchism">Autarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism#Bleeding-Heart_Libertarians" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Bleeding-heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarianism" title="Consequentialist libertarianism">Consequentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-rights_libertarianism" title="Natural-rights libertarianism">Natural-rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-libertarianism" title="Neo-libertarianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarchy_(political_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panarchy (political philosophy)">Panarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">Paternalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technolibertarianism" title="Technolibertarianism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_politics#Libertarian_transhumanism" title="Transhumanist politics">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_libertarianism" title="Civil libertarianism">Civil libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_banking" title="Free banking">Free banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_migration" title="Free migration">Free migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Individuality">Individuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_privatization" title="Marriage privatization">Marriage privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights and legal rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">Non-interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-politics">Non-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-voting">Non-voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_border" title="Open border">Open border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Public choice theory">Public choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorative_justice" title="Restorative justice">Restorative justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_bear_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_Individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugged Individualism">Rugged Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_tax" title="Single tax">Single tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">Small government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_society" title="Voluntary society">Voluntary society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom School">Freedom School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Barnett" title="Randy Barnett">Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Boudreaux" title="Donald J. Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chartier" title="Gary Chartier">Chartier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ebeling" title="Richard Ebeling">Ebeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Epstein" title="Richard Epstein">Epstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">M. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patri_Friedman" title="Patri Friedman">P. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">R. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Joseph_Galambos" title="Andrew Joseph Galambos">Galambos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garet_Garrett" title="Garet Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin" title="G. Edward Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_(philosopher)" title="David Gordon (philosopher)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Harper" title="F. A. Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hospers" title="John Hospers">Hospers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Edward_Konkin_III" title="Samuel Edward Konkin III">Konkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Wilder_Lane" title="Rose Wilder Lane">R. Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_LeFevre" title="Robert LeFevre">LeFevre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibor_Machan" title="Tibor Machan">Machan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Menger" title="Karl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock" title="Albert Jay Nock">Nock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Paterson" title="Isabel Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Read" title="Leonard Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Robertson" title="John A. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Samuels" title="L. K. Samuels">Samuels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman" title="J. Neil Schulman">Schulman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Matthew_Sciabarra" title="Chris Matthew Sciabarra">Sciabarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Skousen" title="Mark Skousen">Skousen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Smith" title="George H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Somin" title="Ilya Somin">Somin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_C._Sutton" title="Antony C. Sutton">Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Szasz" title="Thomas Szasz">Szasz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Tuccille" title="Jerome Tuccille">Tuccille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Volokh" title="Eugene Volokh">Volokh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_N._Wilson" title="Clyde N. Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Gillespie" title="Nick Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Gutfeld" title="Greg Gutfeld">Gutfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Kauffman" title="Jeremy Kauffman">Kauffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pugsley" title="John Pugsley">Pugsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Smith_(comedian)" title="Dave Smith (comedian)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Soave" title="Robby Soave">Soave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stossel" title="John Stossel">Stossel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Welch" title="Matt Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Burt" title="Marshall Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee" title="Lincoln Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Jorgensen" title="Jo Jorgensen">Jorgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lee" title="Mike Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Massie" title="Thomas Massie">Massie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee" title="John McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nolan_(politician)" title="David Nolan (politician)">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Oliver" title="Chase Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Sanford" title="Mark Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Sarwark" title="Nicholas Sarwark">Sarwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Sununu" title="Chris Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ventura" title="Jesse Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_libertarianism" title="Criticism of libertarianism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_take_it" title="Come and take it">Come and take it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Garrison" title="Ben Garrison">Ben Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Swanson" title="Ron Swanson">Ron Swanson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_Project" title="Free State Project">Free State Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_International_(organization)" title="Liberty International (organization)">Liberty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason_Foundation" title="Reason Foundation">Reason Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reason_(magazine)" title="Reason (magazine)">Reason (magazine)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">Students for a Democratic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Liberty" title="Students for Liberty">Students for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">Young Americans for Liberty</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchy,_State,_and_Utopia" title="Anarchy, State, and Utopia">Anarchy, State, and Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betrayal_of_the_American_Right" title="The Betrayal of the American Right">The Betrayal of the American Right</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_Against_Education" title="The Case Against Education">The Case Against Education</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conceived_in_Liberty" title="Conceived in Liberty">Conceived in Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G._Edward_Griffin#The_Creature_from_Jekyll_Island" title="G. Edward Griffin">The Creature from Jekyll Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Freedom">The Discovery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/End_the_Fed" title="End the Fed">End the Fed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_to_Choose" title="Free to Choose">Free to Choose</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Future and Its Enemies">The Future and Its Enemies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_of_the_Machine" title="The God of the Machine">The God of the Machine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It_Usually_Begins_with_Ayn_Rand" title="It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand">It Usually Begins with Ayn Rand</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(1881%E2%80%931908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty (1881–1908)">Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_Economy_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Economy and State">Man, Economy and State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_is_a_Harsh_Mistress" class="mw-redirect" title="The Moon is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon is a Harsh Mistress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mainspring_of_Human_Progress" title="The Mainspring of Human Progress">The Mainspring of Human Progress</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No,_They_Can%27t" title="No, They Can't">No, They Can't</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Treason" title="No Treason">No Treason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="New Libertarian Manifesto">New Libertarian Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protection_or_Free_Trade" title="Protection or Free Trade">Protection or Free Trade</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Radicals_for_Capitalism" title="Radicals for Capitalism">Radicals for Capitalism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seeing_Like_a_State" title="Seeing Like a State">Seeing Like a State</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconstitutionality_of_Slavery" title="The Unconstitutionality of Slavery">The Unconstitutionality of Slavery</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #FED105; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">American militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_movement" title="Boogaloo movement">Boogaloo movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Cowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kane_(wrestler)" title="Kane (wrestler)">Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_Jillette" title="Penn Jillette">Jillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch" title="Charles Koch">Koch (Charles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Koch" title="David Koch">Koch (David)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Democrat" title="Libertarian Democrat">Libertarian Democrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarianism in Hong Kong">Libertarianism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarianism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Democracy_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="On Democracy in America">On Democracy in America</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_libertarianism" title="Outline of libertarianism">Outline of libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Prince" title="Erik Prince">Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Napolitano" title="Andrew Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teller_(magician)" title="Teller (magician)">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson" title="Robert Anton Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #F5DD00; border-bottom:1px solid #F5DD00"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/15px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/22px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/30px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/16px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/24px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/32px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libertarianism_US" title="Template talk:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libertarianism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Non-Aggression Principle</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>NAP</b>) is a concept in which "aggression" – defined as initiating or threatening any forceful interference with an individual, their property<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or their agreements (<a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>) – is illegitimate and should be prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zwolinski2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwolinski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretations of the NAP vary, particularly concerning issues like <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force_(law)" title="Force (law)">force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>. </p><p>The Non-Aggression Principle is considered by some to be a defining principle of <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a><sup id="cite_ref-americanlyyours_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanlyyours-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is also a prominent idea in <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">voluntaryism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minarchism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="These sources are all advocacy orgs; we should find secondary sources discussing the concept rather than advocating it. (August 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justifications">Justifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Justifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-capitalism" title="Category:Anarcho-capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom: 0; font-size: 200%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism#Anarcho-capitalism_and_other_anarchist_schools" title="Anarcho-capitalism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/100px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/150px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/200px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">Anti-statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-economics" title="Counter-economics">Counter-economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">Departurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">Evictionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_roads" title="Free-market roads">Free-market roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_arbitrage" title="Jurisdictional arbitrage">Jurisdictional arbitrage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li>Non-aggression principle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_military_contractors" title="List of private military contractors">list</a>), <a href="/wiki/Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_police" title="Private police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_security_companies" title="List of private security companies">Security</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(philosopher)" title="Gerard Casey (philosopher)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Jasay" title="Anthony de Jasay">Anthony de Jasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Malice" title="Michael Malice">Michael Malice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Tom Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voluntary_City" title="The Voluntary City">The Voluntary City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012)</span></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Issues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of anarcho-capitalism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States#Debate" title="Estate tax in the United States">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-libertarianism">Paleo-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarianism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anarcho-capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Anarcho-capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anarcho-capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anarcho-capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anarcho-capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anarcho-capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The principle has been derived through various philosophical approaches, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a>: some advocates base the non-aggression principle on <a href="/wiki/Rule_utilitarianism" title="Rule utilitarianism">rule utilitarianism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rule_egoism" title="Rule egoism">rule egoism</a>. These approaches hold that though violations of the non-aggression principle cannot be claimed to be objectively immoral, adherence to it almost always leads to the best possible results, and so it should be accepted as a moral rule. These scholars include <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> rejected natural or inborn rights theories as well as supernatural claims and instead proposed a philosophy based on "observable reality" along with a corresponding ethics based on the "factual requirements" of human life in a social context.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She stressed that the political principle of non-aggression is not a primary and that it only has validity as a consequence of a more fundamental philosophy. For this reason, many of her conclusions differ from others who hold the NAP as an axiom or arrived at it differently. She proposed that man survives by identifying and using concepts in his rational mind since "no sensations, percepts, urges or instincts can do it; only a mind can". She wrote, "since reason is man's basic means of survival, that which is proper to the life of a rational being is the good; that which negates, opposes or destroys it [i.e. initiatory force or fraud] is the evil."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentation_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumentation ethics">Argumentation ethics</a>: some modern right-libertarian thinkers ground the Non-Aggression Principle by an appeal to the necessary <a href="/wiki/Praxeology" title="Praxeology">praxeological</a> <a href="/wiki/Presuppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Presuppositions">presuppositions</a> of any ethical discourse, an argument pioneered by anarcho-capitalist scholar <a href="/wiki/Hans_Hermann_Hoppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Hermann Hoppe">Hans Hermann Hoppe</a>. They claim that the act of arguing for the initiation of aggression, as defined by the non-aggression principle, is <a href="/wiki/Performative_contradiction" title="Performative contradiction">contradictory</a>. Among its advocates are <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a><sup id="cite_ref-KinsellaNAP&PR2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KinsellaNAP&PR2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel" title="Estoppel">Estoppel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a> believes that the legal concept of estoppel implies and justifies the non-aggression principle.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitional_issues">Definitional issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definitional issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Non-aggression_principle" title="Special:EditPage/Non-aggression principle">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Non-aggression_principle" title="Talk:Non-aggression principle">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Weasel plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Weasel" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">weasel words</a>: vague phrasing that often accompanies <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">biased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">unverifiable</a> information</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Such statements should be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">clarified or removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Non-aggression_principle" title="Special:EditPage/Non-aggression principle">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abortion">Abortion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abortion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Libertarian perspectives on abortion</a></div> <p>Libertarians who are pro-life and pro-choice both justify their position on NAP grounds. One question to determine whether or not abortion is consistent with the NAP is at what stage of development a fertilized human egg cell can be considered a <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a> with the status and rights attributed to <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a>. Some supporters of the NAP argue this occurs at the moment of conception while others argue that since the fetus lacks <a href="/wiki/Sentience" title="Sentience">sentience</a> until a certain stage of development, it does not qualify as a human being and may be considered property of the mother. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Opponents_of_abortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Opponents of abortion">opponents of abortion</a> state that sentience is not a qualifying factor. They refer to the <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> discussion and point out the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_marginal_cases" title="Argument from marginal cases">argument from marginal cases</a> that concludes the NAP also applies to non-sentient (i.e. mentally handicapped) humans.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another question is whether an unwelcome fetus should be considered to be an unauthorized trespasser in its mother's body.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-aggression principle does not protect trespassers from the owners of the property on which they are trespassing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Objectivist_movement" title="Objectivist movement">Objectivist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Peikoff" title="Leonard Peikoff">Leonard Peikoff</a> has argued that a fetus has no right to life inside the womb because it is not an "independently existing, biologically formed organism, let alone a person".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">Pro-choice</a> libertarian <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> held the same stance, maintaining that abortion is justified at any time during pregnancy if the fetus is no longer welcome inside its mother.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, other pro-choice supporters base their argument on criminal trespass.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, they claim that the NAP is not violated when the fetus is forcibly removed, with deadly force if need be, from the mother's body, just as the NAP is not violated when an owner removes from the owner's property an unwanted visitor who is not willing to leave voluntarily. Libertarian theorist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> follows this line of argument with his theory of <a href="/wiki/Evictionism" title="Evictionism">evictionism</a>, but he makes a distinction between evicting the fetus prematurely so that it dies and actively killing it. On the other hand, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Departurism" title="Departurism">departurism</a> permits only the non-lethal eviction of the trespassing fetus during a normal pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pro-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-life">Pro-life</a> libertarians such as <a href="/wiki/Libertarians_for_Life" title="Libertarians for Life">Libertarians for Life</a> argue that because the parents were actively involved in creating a new human life and that life has not consented to their own existence, that life is in the womb by necessity and no parasitism or trespassing in the form of legal <a href="/wiki/Necessity_(criminal_law)" title="Necessity (criminal law)">necessity</a> is involved. They state that as the parents are responsible for that life's position, the NAP would be violated when that life is killed with abortive techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-dutton_2006_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dutton_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_rights">Intellectual property rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intellectual property rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property</a></div> <p>The NAP is applicable to any unauthorized actions towards a person's physical property. Supporters of the NAP disagree on whether it should apply to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights as well as physical property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that because intellectual concepts are non-<a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">rivalrous</a>, intellectual property rights are unnecessary<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others argue that intellectual property rights are as valid and important as physical ones.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Force_and_interventions">Force and interventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Force and interventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the NAP is meant to guarantee an individual's sovereignty, libertarians greatly differ on the conditions under which the NAP applies. Especially unsolicited intervention by others, either to prevent society from being harmed by the individual's actions or to prevent an incompetent individual from being harmed by his own actions or inactions, is an important issue.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2019)">to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate centers on topics such as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> for children,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(counseling)" title="Intervention (counseling)">intervention counseling</a> (i.e. for addicted persons, or in case of domestic violence),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">involuntary treatment</a> with regards to <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Advance_health_care_directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance health care directive">medical assistance</a> (i.e. prolonged life support vs euthanasia in general and for the senile or comatose in particular),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Organ_trade" title="Organ trade">human organ trade</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_paternalism" title="Libertarian paternalism">state paternalism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">foreign intervention</a> by states.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other discussion topics on whether intervention is in line with the NAP include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear weapons proliferation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Randian</a> author Ronald Merill states that use of force is subjective, saying: "There's no objective basis for controlling the use of force. Your belief that you're using force to protect yourself is just an opinion; what if it is my opinion that you are violating my rights?"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent libertarian thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a> considered pollution an act of aggression, mostly focusing on <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, though in absolute terms <a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">light pollution</a>, sound, and anything that crosses a boundary into someone's property or person can constitute aggression. In order to avoid having mere existence violate the non-aggression principle, Rothbard, Nozick, and others proposed less strict positions. Nozick suggested that boundary-crossing is permissible up to a certain range as long as it is socially beneficial and compensation is paid for it. Rothbard suggested that a causal connection of objective harm needs to be demonstrated beyond reasonable doubt before prohibiting pollution. These approaches <a href="#Inconsistency_criticisms">appear to contradict the non-aggression principle</a> by enabling a permissible amount of harm.<sup id="cite_ref-Zwolinski2016_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwolinski2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="States">States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some libertarians justify the existence of a <a href="/wiki/Minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarchism">minimal</a> <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> on the grounds that <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a> implies that the non-aggression principle is optional because the enforcement of laws is open to competition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalists">Anarcho-capitalists</a> usually respond to this argument that this presumed outcome of what they call "coercive competition" (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Private_military_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private military companies">private military companies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Private defense agencies">private defense agencies</a> that enforce <a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">local law</a>) is not likely because of the very high cost, in lives and economically, of war. They claim that war drains those involved and leaves non-combatant parties as the most powerful, economically and militarily, ready to take over.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanMOF1989_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanMOF1989-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, anarcho-capitalists claim that in practice, and in more advanced societies with large institutions that have a responsibility to protect their vested interests, disputes are most likely to be settled peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-MolyneuxTSS2005_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolyneuxTSS2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anarcho-capitalists also point out that a state monopoly of law enforcement does not necessarily make NAP present throughout society as <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby group</a> <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracies</a>, favor only certain people or organizations. Anarcho-capitalists aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbardian</a> philosophy generally contend that the state violates the non-aggression principle by its very nature because, it is argued, governments necessarily use force against those who have not <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">stolen private property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalized private property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assaulted anyone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">committed fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MolyneuxTSS2005_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolyneuxTSS2005-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some proponents of the NAP see <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxes</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">violation of NAP</a>, while critics of the NAP argue that because of the <a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">free-rider problem</a> in case security is a <a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">public good</a>, enough funds would not be obtainable by voluntary means to protect individuals from aggression of a greater severity. <a href="/wiki/Geolibertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Geolibertarians">Geolibertarians</a>, who following the <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgists</a> adhere to the <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Lockean</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">labor theory of property</a>, argue that private ownership of land violates the NAP, and therefore <a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">land value taxation</a> is fully compatible with the NAP. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho-capitalists</a> argue that the protection of individuals against aggression is self-sustaining like any other valuable service, and that it can be supplied without coercion by the <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> much more effectively and efficiently than by a <a href="/wiki/Government_monopoly" class="mw-redirect" title="Government monopoly">government monopoly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-libertarianpapers_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libertarianpapers-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their approach, based on <a href="/wiki/Proportional_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Proportional justice">proportionality</a> in justice and <a href="/wiki/Damages" title="Damages">damage</a> <a href="/wiki/Non-economic_damages_caps" title="Non-economic damages caps">compensation</a>, argues that full restitution is compatible with both <a href="/wiki/Retributive_justice" title="Retributive justice">retributivism</a> and a utilitarian degree of <a href="/wiki/Deterrence_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterrence (psychology)">deterrence</a> while consistently maintaining NAP in a society.<sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanMOF1989_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanMOF1989-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They extend their argument to all public goods and services traditionally funded through taxation, like security offered by dikes.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supporters of the NAP often appeal to it in order to argue for the immorality of <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">sexual assault</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assault" title="Assault">assault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>, the non-aggression principle does not preclude violence used in <a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">self-defense</a> or defense of others.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many supporters argue that NAP opposes such policies as <a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">victimless crime</a> laws, <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Military draft">military drafts</a>. NAP is the foundation of libertarian philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-KinsellaNAP&PR2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KinsellaNAP&PR2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NAP faces two kinds of criticism: the first holds that the principle is immoral, and the second argues that it is impossible to apply consistently in practice; respectively, <a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">consequentialist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">deontological</a> criticisms, and <a href="/wiki/Consistent" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistent">inconsistency</a> criticisms. Libertarian academic philosophers have noted the implausible results consistently applying the principle yields: for example, Professor Matt Zwolinski notes that, because pollution necessarily violates the NAP by encroaching (even if slightly) on other people's property, consistently applying the NAP would prohibit driving, starting a fire, and other activities necessary to the maintenance of industrial society.<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_Zwolinski_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_Zwolinski-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NAP also faces definitional issues regarding what is understood as forceful interference and property, and under which conditions it applies.<sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_1993_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_1993-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sterba_1994_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterba_1994-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patridge_2004_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patridge_2004-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fried_2009_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fried_2009-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruenig_October_2013_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruenig_October_2013-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bruenig_November_2013_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruenig_November_2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NAP has been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Circular_reasoning" title="Circular reasoning">circular reasoning</a> and a rhetorical obfuscation of the coercive nature of <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a> property law enforcement because the principle redefines aggression in their own terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Reiman_2005_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reiman_2005-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jason_Brennan" title="Jason Brennan">Jason Brennan</a> has written a critique citing Walter Block's definition of the Non-Aggression Principle, arguing that the words alone do not seem to provide libertarians with a clear argument for freedom:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The difference between libertarians and non-libertarians is not about whether aggression is permissible. Instead, it’s about what counts as aggression, or about just who has a right to what. </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moral_criticism">Moral criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Moral criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_rights">Positive rights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Positive rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics argue that the non-aggression principle is not ethical because it opposes the initiation of force even when they would consider the results of such initiation to be morally superior to the alternatives that they have identified. In arguing against the NAP, philosopher Matt Zwolinski has proposed the following scenario: "Suppose that by imposing a very, very small tax on billionaires, I could provide life-saving vaccination for tens of thousands of desperately poor children. Even if we grant that taxation is aggression, and that aggression is generally wrong, is it really so obvious that the relatively minor aggression involved in these examples is wrong, given the tremendous benefit it produces?"<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_Zwolinski_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_Zwolinski-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incompatibility_with_driving_and_other_civilizational_necessities">Incompatibility with driving and other civilizational necessities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Incompatibility with driving and other civilizational necessities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zwolinski also notes that the NAP is incompatible with any practice that produces any pollution, because pollution encroaches on the property rights of others. Therefore, the NAP prohibits both driving and starting fires. Citing <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, Zwolinski notes that the NAP is unable to place a sensible limitation on risk-creating behavior, arguing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of course, almost everything we do imposes some risk of harm on innocent persons. We run this risk when we drive on the highway (what if we suffer a heart attack, or become distracted), or when we fly airplanes over populated areas. Most of us think that some of these risks are justifiable, while others are not, and that the difference between them has something to do with the size and likelihood of the risked harm, the importance of the risky activity, and the availability and cost of less risky activities. But considerations like this carry zero weight in the NAP's absolute prohibition on aggression. That principle seems compatible with only two possible rules: either all risks are permissible (because they are not really aggression until they actually result in a harm), or none are (because they are). And neither of these seems sensible.<sup id="cite_ref-Matt_Zwolinski_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matt_Zwolinski-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Some supporters argue that no one initiates force if their only option for self-defense is to use force against a greater number of people as long as they were not responsible for being in the position they are in. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a>'s formulations of NAP avoid these objections by either specifying that the NAP applies only to a civilized context (and not "lifeboat situations") or that it applies only to legal rights (as opposed to general morality). Thus a starving man may, in consonance with general morality, break into a hunting cabin and steal food, but nevertheless he is aggressing, i.e., violating the NAP, and (by most rectification theories) should pay compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics argue that the legal rights approach might allow people who can afford to pay a <a href="/wiki/Sufficiently_large" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufficiently large">sufficiently large</a> amount of <a href="/wiki/Blood_money_(restitution)" title="Blood money (restitution)">compensation</a> to get away with murder. They point out that local law may vary from proportional compensation to capital punishment to no compensation at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanMOF1989_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanMOF1989-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-physical_aggression">Non-physical aggression</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-physical aggression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other critics state that the NAP is unethical because it does not provide for the violent prohibition of, and thereby supposedly legitimizes, several forms of aggression that do not involve intrusion on property rights such as verbal <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotting</a>, noninvasive <a href="/wiki/Labour_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour strike">striking</a> etc. If a victim thus provoked would turn to physical violence, they would be labeled an aggressor according to the NAP. However, supporters of the NAP state that boycotting<sup id="cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-FANL-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-TEOL-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defamation<sup id="cite_ref-libel_and_slander-FANL_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libel_and_slander-FANL-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-libel_and_slander-TEOL_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-libel_and_slander-TEOL-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both constitute <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedoms of speech">freedoms of speech</a> and that boycotting,<sup id="cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-FANL-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-TEOL-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noninvasive striking<sup id="cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-TEOL-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anti-strike_laws_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anti-strike_laws-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and noninvasive discrimination<sup id="cite_ref-discrimination_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discrimination-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all constitute <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_association" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedoms of association">freedoms of association</a> and that both freedoms of association and of speech are nonaggressive. Supporters also point out that prohibiting physical retaliation against an action is not itself <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/condonement" class="extiw" title="wikt:condonement">condonement</a> of said action,<sup id="cite_ref-morality_v._legality_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morality_v._legality-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that generally there are other, nonphysical means by which one can combat social ills (e.g., discrimination) that do not violate the NAP.<sup id="cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-TEOL-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-discrimination_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discrimination-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some supporters also state that while most of the time individuals choose voluntarily to engage in situations that may cause some degree of mental battering, this mental battering begins to constitute unauthorized physical overload of the senses (i.e., eardrum and retina) when it cannot be avoided and that the NAP at that point does apply.<sup id="cite_ref-dutton_2006_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dutton_2006-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many supporters consider verbal and written threats of imminent physical violence sufficient justification for a defensive response in a physical manner.<sup id="cite_ref-verbal/written_threats_of_physical_force_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verbal/written_threats_of_physical_force-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those threats would then constitute a legitimate limit to permissible speech. Because freedom of association entails the right of owners to choose who is permitted to enter or remain on their premises, legitimate property owners may also impose limitation on speech. The owner of a theatre wishing to avoid a stampede may prohibit those on her property from calling 'fire!' without just cause.<sup id="cite_ref-yelling_fire_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yelling_fire-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the owner of a bank may not prohibit anyone from urging the general public to a <a href="/wiki/Bank_run" title="Bank run">bank run</a>, except insofar as this occurs on the property of said owner.<sup id="cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boycott-FANL-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1948 interview with Donald H. Kirkley for the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a>, a writer who influenced many libertarians, puts an ethical limit on the freedom of speech: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I believe there is a limit beyond which free speech cannot go, but it's a limit that's very seldom mentioned. It's the point where free speech begins to collide with the right to privacy. I do not think there are any other conditions to free speech. I've got a right to say and believe anything I please, but I have not got a right to press it on anybody else. [...] Nobody's got a right to be a nuisance to his neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Supporters also consider physical threats of imminent physical violence (e.g. pointing a firearm at innocent people, or stocking up nuclear weapons that cannot be used discriminately against specific individual aggressors) sufficient justification for a defensive response in a physical manner. Those threats would then constitute a legitimate limit to permissible action.<sup id="cite_ref-physical_threats_of_physical_force-TEOL_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physical_threats_of_physical_force-TEOL-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-physical_threats_of_physical_force-FANL_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physical_threats_of_physical_force-FANL-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inconsistency_criticisms">Inconsistency criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Inconsistency criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_resources_and_environmental_pollution">Natural resources and environmental pollution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural resources and environmental pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics argue it is not possible to uphold NAP when protecting the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a> as most <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> can never be traced back to the party that caused it. They therefore claim that only general broad government regulations will be able to protect the environment. Supporters cite the theoretical "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of the commons</a>"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and argue that <a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">free-market environmentalism</a> will be much more effective in conserving nature.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Steiner" title="Hillel Steiner">Hillel Steiner</a> emphasizes that all things made come from natural resources and that the validity of any rights to those made things depends on the validity of the rights to the natural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If land was stolen then anyone buying produce from that land would not be the legitimate owner of the goods. Also, if natural resources cannot be privately owned but are, and always will be, the property of all of mankind then NAP would be violated if such a resource would be used without everybody's consent (see the <a href="/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">Lockean proviso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-market_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market anarchism">free-market anarchism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libertarian philosopher Roderick Long suggests that, as natural resources are required not only for the production of goods but for the production of the human body as well, the very concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a> can only exist if the land itself is privately owned.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relative_rather_than_absolute_concept">Relative rather than absolute concept</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Relative rather than absolute concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Consequentialist_libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Consequentialist libertarian">Consequentialist libertarian</a> <a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a>, who believes that the NAP should be understood as a relative rather than absolute principle, defends his view by using a <a href="/wiki/Sorites_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorites argument">sorites argument</a>. Friedman begins by stating what he considers obvious: a neighbor aiming his flashlight at someone's property is not aggression, or if it is, it is only aggression in a trivial technical sense. However, aiming at the same property with a gigawatt laser is certainly aggression by any reasonable definition. Yet both flashlight and laser shine photons onto the property, so there must be some cutoff point of how many photons one is permitted to shine upon a property before it is considered aggression. However, the cutoff point cannot be found by deduction alone because of the <a href="/wiki/Sorites_paradox" title="Sorites paradox">sorites paradox</a>, so the non-aggression principle is necessarily ambiguous. Friedman points out the difficulty of undertaking any activity that poses a certain amount of risk to third parties (e.g., flying) if the permission of thousands of people that might be affected by the activity is required.<sup id="cite_ref-FriedmanMOF1989_ii_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FriedmanMOF1989_ii-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Law of equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian pledge">Libertarian pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Primum_non_nocere" title="Primum non nocere">Primum non nocere</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_Rede" title="Wiccan Rede">Wiccan Rede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Rule">Silver Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation is theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimless_crime" title="Victimless crime">Victimless crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called the <b>Non-Aggression Axiom</b>, the <b>non-coercion principle</b>, the <b>non-initiation of force</b> and the <b>zero aggression principle</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Property is defined in this context as both personal possessions and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roderick_T._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Roderick T. Long">Long, Roderick</a> (2008). "Nonaggression Axiom". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">357–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n219">10.4135/9781412965811.n219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <q>...except in response to the initiation ... of similar forcible interference ....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nonaggression+Axiom&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n219&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zwolinski2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zwolinski2016_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zwolinski2016_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zwolinski, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/libertarian-nonaggression-principle/E8CF5446CB1D9601EFA043F7903F1CB1">THE LIBERTARIAN NONAGGRESSION PRINCIPLE</a>. Social Philosophy and Policy, 32(2), 62-90. doi:10.1017/S026505251600011X</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americanlyyours-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-americanlyyours_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhred_Barnet" class="citation web cs1">Phred Barnet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanlyyours.com/2011/04/14/the-non-aggression-principle/">"The Non-Aggression Principle (Americanly Yours, April 14, 2011)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Morality+of+Libertarianism&rft.pub=The+Future+of+Freedom+Foundation&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffff.org%2Fexplore-freedom%2Farticle%2Fthe-morality-of-libertarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">"The Non-Aggression Axiom of Libertarianism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Zimmerman, Michael; Callicott, Baird; Warren, Karen; Klaver, Irene; Clark, John. <i>Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology</i> (4th ed.), Pearson. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131126954" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131126954">978-0131126954</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wolff_2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wolff, Jonathan (22 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130112210848/http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/92/1605.pdf">"Libertarianism, Utility, and Economic Competition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Virginia Law Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginialawreview.org/content/pdfs/92/1605.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Libertarianism%2C+Utility%2C+and+Economic+Competition&rft.date=2006-10-22&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginialawreview.org%2Fcontent%2Fpdfs%2F92%2F1605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fried_2009-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fried_2009_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFried2009" class="citation book cs1">Fried, Barbara (2009). <i>The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire: Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674037304" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674037304"><bdi>978-0674037304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Progressive+Assault+on+Laissez+Faire%3A+Robert+Hale+and+the+First+Law+and+Economics+Movement&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674037304&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruenig_October_2013-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruenig_October_2013_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (28 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082051/https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">"Libertarians Are Huge Fans of Economic Coercion"</a>. Demos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demos.org/blog/10/28/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion">the original</a> on 18 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+Are+Huge+Fans+of+Economic+Coercion&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F10%2F28%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-economic-coercion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruenig_November_2013-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruenig_November_2013_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruenig2013" class="citation web cs1">Bruenig, Matt (17 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215065938/https://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">"Libertarians are Huge Fans of Initiating Force"</a>. Demos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.org/blog/11/17/13/libertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force">the original</a> on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Libertarians+are+Huge+Fans+of+Initiating+Force&rft.pub=Demos&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft.aulast=Bruenig&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.org%2Fblog%2F11%2F17%2F13%2Flibertarians-are-huge-fans-initiating-force&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiman_2005-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reiman_2005_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Reiman, Jeffrey H. (2005). "The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism". <i>Ethics</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F292300">10.1086/292300</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2380706">2380706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170927490">170927490</a>. <q>This progression of ideas must be at least temporarily embarrassed by the obvious fact that the holders of large amounts of property have great power to dictate the terms upon which others work for them and thus in effect the power to "force" others to be resources for them. I place quotation marks around the word "force" since much hinges on whether this power should count as force in the sense used above in the first principle of libertarianism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics&rft.atitle=The+Fallacy+of+Libertarian+Capitalism&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170927490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2380706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F292300&rft.aulast=Reiman&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jason Brennan (December 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250116055602/https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/the-dialectical-impotence-of-the-non-aggression-principle-redux/">"The Dialectical Impotence of the Non-Aggression Principle, Redux"</a>. Bleeding Heart Libertarians. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2013/12/the-dialectical-impotence-of-the-non-aggression-principle-redux/">the original</a> on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 29 January 2025. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_N._Rothbard2004" class="citation web cs1">Murray N. Rothbard (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/1628">"Lifeboat Situations (The Ethics of Liberty, 1982, Chapter 20)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifeboat+Situations+%28The+Ethics+of+Liberty%2C+1982%2C+Chapter+20%29&rft.date=2004-10&rft.au=Murray+N.+Rothbard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F1628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boycott-FANL-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-FANL_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Freedom of Speech," §1 of "Personal Liberty," ch. 6, in "Libertarian Applications to Current Problems," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), pp. 117–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boycott-TEOL-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boycott-TEOL_75-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "The Boycott," ch. 18, in "A Theory of Liberty," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York,_N._Y." class="mw-redirect" title="New York, N. Y.">New York, N. Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998; orig. 1982), pp. 131–32.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 77, 79, 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libel_and_slander-FANL-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libel_and_slander-FANL_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Freedom of Speech," §1 of "Personal Liberty," ch. 6, in "Libertarian Applications to Current Problems," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), pp. 116–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-libel_and_slander-TEOL-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-libel_and_slander-TEOL_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Knowledge, True and False," ch. 16, in "A Theory of Liberty," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York,_N._Y." class="mw-redirect" title="New York, N. Y.">New York, N. Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998; orig. 1982), pp. 121–122, 126–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anti-strike_laws-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anti-strike_laws_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Anti-Strike Laws," §4 of "Involuntary Servitude," ch. 5, in "Libertarian Applications to Current Problems," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), pp. 102–04.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 93, 118.  <i>Cf.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i>, pp. 77, 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discrimination-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-discrimination_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-discrimination_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Street Rules," §2 of "The Public Sector, II: Streets and Roads," ch. 11, in "Libertarian Applications to Current Problems," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), pp. 255–256.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 103, 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morality_v._legality-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morality_v._legality_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, in "Natural Law and Natural Rights," ch. 4, in "Introduction: Natural Law," pt. 1 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York,_N._Y." class="mw-redirect" title="New York, N. Y.">New York, N. Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998; orig. 1982), p. 24. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Right" has cogently and trenchantly been defined by Professor Sadowsky: </p><blockquote><p>When we say that one has the right to do certain things we mean this and only this, that it would be immoral for another, alone or in combination, to stop him from doing this by the use of physical force or the threat thereof. We do <i>not</i> mean that any use a man makes of his property within the limits set forth is necessarily a <i>moral</i> use?</p></blockquote><p> Sadowsky's definition highlights the crucial distinction we shall make throughout this work between a man's <i>right</i> and the morality or immorality of his exercise of that right. We will contend that it is a man's right to do whatever he wishes with his person; it is his right not to be molested or interfered with by violence from exercising that right. But what may be the moral or immoral ways of exercising that right is a question of personal ethics rather than of political philosophy—which is concerned solely with matters of right, and of the proper or improper exercise of physical violence in human relations. The importance of this crucial distinction cannot be overemphasized. Or, as Elisha Hurlbut concisely put it: "The exercise of a faculty by an individual is its only use. The manner of its exercise is one thing; <i>that</i> involves a question of morals. The <i>right</i> to its exercise is another thing."</p></blockquote> <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 25, 77, 79, 98 (note 2), 100–101, 107, 121, 124 (note 2), 127, 131–133, 136, 138, 142, 146, 151–153, 173–174, 220, 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verbal/written_threats_of_physical_force-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-verbal/written_threats_of_physical_force_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Self-Defense," ch. 12, in "A Theory of Liberty," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York,_N._Y." class="mw-redirect" title="New York, N. Y.">New York, N. Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998; orig. 1982), pp. 77–78, 80. <i>Cf.</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-use_of/threat_of/substitution_for_physical_force_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Linda_%26_Morris_Tannehill" class="mw-redirect" title="Linda & Morris Tannehill">Linda & Morris Tannehill</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fox_%26_Wilkes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox & Wilkes">Fox & Wilkes</a>, October 1993; orig. March 1970), pp. 4, 10.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 77, 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yelling_fire-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yelling_fire_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Property Rights and "Human Rights"," §5 of "Property and Exchange," ch. 2, in "The Libertarian Creed," pt. 1 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), pp. 52–53.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 85–86, 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen's_Blog" class="citation web cs1">Ben's Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111041922/http://blog.infinitemonkeysblog.com/?q=node%2F7319">"Fred Phelps, Freedom of Speech and "the Last Limits of the Endurable" (Ben's Blog on Infinite Monkeys, Fri, 10/08/2010)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.infinitemonkeysblog.com/?q=node/7319">the original</a> on 2012-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Phelps%2C+Freedom+of+Speech+and+%22the+Last+Limits+of+the+Endurable%22+%28Ben%27s+Blog+on+Infinite+Monkeys%2C+Fri%2C+10%2F08%2F2010%29&rft.au=Ben%27s+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.infinitemonkeysblog.com%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F7319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physical_threats_of_physical_force-TEOL-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physical_threats_of_physical_force-TEOL_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "Self-Defense," ch. 12, in "A Theory of Liberty," pt. 2 of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/New_York,_N._Y." class="mw-redirect" title="New York, N. Y.">New York, N. Y.</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>, 1998; orig. 1982), pp. 77–78, 80.  <i>Cf.</i>, pp. 81–82, 189–191, 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physical_threats_of_physical_force-FANL-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physical_threats_of_physical_force-FANL_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Murray_N._Rothbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray N. Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a>, "The Nonaggression Axiom," §1 of "Property and Exchange," ch. 2, in "The Libertarian Creed," pt. 1 of <i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty:_The_Libertarian_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto">For a New Liberty: The Libertarian Manifesto</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Auburn,_AL" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, AL">Auburn, AL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>, 2006; orig. 1973, 1978), p. 27. <i>Cf.</i>, p. 335.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_N._Rothbard" class="citation web cs1">Murray N. Rothbard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911075448/http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj2n1/cj2n1-2.pdf">"Law, Property Rights, and Air Pollution (Cato Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1, Spring 1982, pp. 55–99)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cato.org/pubs/journal/cj2n1/cj2n1-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Property+Rights%2C+and+Air+Pollution+%28Cato+Journal%2C+Vol.+2%2C+No.+1%2C+Spring+1982%2C+pp.+55%E2%80%9399%29&rft.au=Murray+N.+Rothbard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fpubs%2Fjournal%2Fcj2n1%2Fcj2n1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham_Dawson" class="citation web cs1">Graham Dawson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertarianpapers.org/articles/2011/lp-3-10.pdf">"Free Markets, Property Rights and Climate Change: How To Privatize Climate Policy (Libertarian Papers, Vol. 3, No. 10, 2011, pp. 1–29)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Markets%2C+Property+Rights+and+Climate+Change%3A+How+To+Privatize+Climate+Policy+%28Libertarian+Papers%2C+Vol.+3%2C+No.+10%2C+2011%2C+pp.+1%E2%80%9329%29&rft.au=Graham+Dawson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertarianpapers.org%2Farticles%2F2011%2Flp-3-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillel_Steiner2012" class="citation web cs1">Hillel Steiner (24 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/04/left-libertarianism-and-the-ownership-of-natural-resources/">"Left-Libertarianism and the Ownership of Natural Resources (Bleeding Heart Libertarians, April 24, 2012)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Left-Libertarianism+and+the+Ownership+of+Natural+Resources+%28Bleeding+Heart+Libertarians%2C+April+24%2C+2012%29&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft.au=Hillel+Steiner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleedingheartlibertarians.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fleft-libertarianism-and-the-ownership-of-natural-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Mack2012" class="citation web cs1">Eric Mack (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/04/natural-rights-and-natural-stuff/">"Natural Rights and Natural Stuff (Bleeding Heart Libertarians, April 23, 2012)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Rights+and+Natural+Stuff+%28Bleeding+Heart+Libertarians%2C+April+23%2C+2012%29&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.au=Eric+Mack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleedingheartlibertarians.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fnatural-rights-and-natural-stuff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Long2012" class="citation web cs1">Roderick Long (26 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleedingheartlibertarians.com/2012/04/self-ownership-and-external-property/">"Self-Ownership and External Property (Bleeding Heart Libertarians, April 25, 2012)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Self-Ownership+and+External+Property+%28Bleeding+Heart+Libertarians%2C+April+25%2C+2012%29&rft.date=2012-04-26&rft.au=Roderick+Long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleedingheartlibertarians.com%2F2012%2F04%2Fself-ownership-and-external-property%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FriedmanMOF1989_ii-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FriedmanMOF1989_ii_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_D._Friedman" class="citation web cs1">David D. Friedman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Libertarian/Machinery_of_Freedom/MofF_Chapter_41.html">"Problems (The Machinery of Freedom, 1989, Chapter 41)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Problems+%28The+Machinery+of+Freedom%2C+1989%2C+Chapter+41%29&rft.au=David+D.+Friedman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddfriedman.com%2FLibertarian%2FMachinery_of_Freedom%2FMofF_Chapter_41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANon-aggression+principle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-aggression_principle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.lewrockwell.com/block/block26.html">The Non-Aggression Axiom of Libertarianism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a> at LewRockwell.com.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050802010353/http://www.isil.org/resources/introduction.html">The Philosophy of Liberty</a>, an animated production which derives a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> philosophy from the principle of <a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">self-ownership</a>. Central to this is the non-aggression principle.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiwar.com/who.php">Antiwar.com</a>, a website devoted to opposing aggressive war, imperialism and assaults on freedom associated with both. The editors describe their political view as libertarian.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeroaggressionproject.org"><i>Zero Aggression Project</i></a>, a website devoted to teaching the concepts of the zero aggression principle with easy to use Heuristics and a project of DownsizeDC.org</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anarcho-capitalism145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_theory_of_value" title="Subjective theory of value">Subjective theory of value</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="French Liberal School">French Liberal School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">Individualist anarchism</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism#Anarcho-capitalism_and_other_anarchist_schools" title="Anarcho-capitalism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/100px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/150px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg/200px-Flag_of_Anarcho-capitalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" 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href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_roads" title="Free-market roads">Free-market roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_contract" title="Freedom of contract">Freedom of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdictional_arbitrage" title="Jurisdictional arbitrage">Jurisdictional arbitrage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Non-aggression principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycentric_law" title="Polycentric law">Polycentric law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_defense_agency" title="Private defense agency">Private defense</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_military_contractors" title="List of private military contractors">list</a>), <a href="/wiki/Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Investigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_police" title="Private police">Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_security_companies" title="List of private security companies">Security</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertarianism" title="Propertarianism">Propertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title-transfer_theory_of_contract" title="Title-transfer theory of contract">Title-transfer theory of contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntaryism" title="Voluntaryism">Voluntaryism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Anarcho-capitalists" title="Category:Anarcho-capitalists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Benson" title="Bruce L. Benson">Bruce L. Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Block" title="Walter Block">Walter Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(philosopher)" title="Gerard Casey (philosopher)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Jasay" title="Anthony de Jasay">Anthony de Jasay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Friedman" title="David D. Friedman">David D. Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hans-Hermann Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Huemer" title="Michael Huemer">Michael Huemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Kinsella" title="Stephan Kinsella">Stephan Kinsella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Nick Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Malice" title="Michael Malice">Michael Malice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Murphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert P. Murphy">Robert P. Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Rockwell" title="Lew Rockwell">Lew Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Salerno" title="Joseph T. Salerno">Joseph Salerno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Tucker" title="Jeffrey Tucker">Jeffrey Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Tom Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Curtis Yarvin</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Market_for_Liberty" title="The Market for Liberty">The Market for Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1970)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_a_New_Liberty" title="For a New Liberty">For a New Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinery_of_Freedom" title="The Machinery of Freedom">The Machinery of Freedom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_the_Undefendable" title="Defending the Undefendable">Defending the Undefendable</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1976)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1982)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Serve_and_Protect_(book)" title="To Serve and Protect (book)">To Serve and Protect</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Rational_Voter" title="The Myth of the Rational Voter">The Myth of the Rational Voter</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voluntary_City" title="The Voluntary City">The Voluntary City</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Political_Authority" title="The Problem of Political Authority">The Problem of Political Authority</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2012)</span></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_abortion" title="Libertarian perspectives on abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and anarcho-capitalism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_capital_punishment" title="Libertarian perspectives on capital punishment">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_anarcho-capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of anarcho-capitalism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_foreign_intervention" title="Libertarian perspectives on foreign intervention">Foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_immigration" title="Libertarian perspectives on immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States#Debate" title="Estate tax in the United States">Inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debates_within_libertarianism" title="Debates within libertarianism">Internal debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian perspectives on LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism_and_minarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-capitalism and minarchism">Minarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism_and_libertarianism" title="Objectivism and libertarianism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libertarian_political_parties" title="List of libertarian political parties">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_political_alliances" title="Libertarian perspectives on political alliances">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Theories of law</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Agorism">Agorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-libertarianism">Paleo-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" 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