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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Champagne" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Champagne" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_to_the_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_to_the_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rights to the name</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rights_to_the_name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rights to the name subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rights_to_the_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_word_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_word_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Use of the word <i>Champagne</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_word_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bubbles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubbles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bubbles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubbles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Champagne_producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champagne_producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Champagne producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champagne_producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wine_districts,_grape_varieties_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine_districts,_grape_varieties_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wine districts, grape varieties and styles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wine_districts,_grape_varieties_and_styles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wine districts, grape varieties and styles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wine_districts,_grape_varieties_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wine-producing_districts_of_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wine-producing_districts_of_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Wine-producing districts of Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wine-producing_districts_of_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Types of Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prestige_cuvée" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prestige_cuvée"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Prestige <i><span><i>cuvée</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prestige_cuvée-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blanc_de_noirs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blanc_de_noirs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span><i><span><i>Blanc de noirs</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blanc_de_noirs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blanc_de_blancs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blanc_de_blancs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span><i><span><i>Blanc de blancs</i></span></i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blanc_de_blancs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rosé_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rosé_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Rosé Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rosé_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweetness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweetness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sweetness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweetness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bottles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bottles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bottles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bottles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Champagne_corks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champagne_corks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Champagne corks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champagne_corks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Serving</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Serving-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Serving subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Serving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opening_Champagne_bottles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_Champagne_bottles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Opening Champagne bottles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_Champagne_bottles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pouring_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pouring_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pouring Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pouring_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spraying_Champagne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spraying_Champagne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Spraying Champagne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spraying_Champagne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culinary uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Price" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Price"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Price</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Producers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Producers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Shipments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Champagne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagner" title="Champagner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Champagner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شامبانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شامبانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ%C3%A1n" title="Champán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Champán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B4%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Շամփայն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շամփայն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamp%C3%A1n" title="Xampán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xampán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Champáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Champáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eampan" title="Şampan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şampan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="শ্যাম্পেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্যাম্পেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5" title="Шампанскае – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шампанскае" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Шампанско вино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шампанско вино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤམ་ཕེན་ཆང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤམ་ཕེན་ཆང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xampany" title="Xampany – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xampany" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шампански – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шампански" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampa%C5%88sk%C3%A9_v%C3%ADno" title="Šampaňské víno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šampaňské víno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siampaen" title="Siampaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siampaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagner" title="Champagner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Champagner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanja" title="Šampanja – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šampanja" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Σαμπάνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμπάνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ%C3%A1n" title="Champán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Champán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ampano" title="Ĉampano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉampano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanpaina_(ardoa)" title="Xanpaina (ardoa) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xanpaina (ardoa)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شامپاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شامپاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjampanja" title="Sjampanja – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sjampanja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(AOC)" title="Champagne (AOC) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Champagne (AOC)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaimp%C3%A9in" title="Seaimpéin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seaimpéin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa%C3%B1a" title="Champaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Champaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="શેમ્પેન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શેમ્પેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%B4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8" title="샴페인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샴페인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Շամպայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շամպայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjenu%C5%A1ac" title="Pjenušac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjenušac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champanio" title="Champanio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Champanio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampanye" title="Sampanye – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sampanye" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampav%C3%ADn" title="Kampavín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kampavín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="שמפניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמפניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampanye" title="Sampanye – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sampanye" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შამპანური – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შამპანური" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinum_Campanicum" title="Vinum Campanicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vinum Campanicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanietis" title="Šampanietis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šampanietis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(W%C3%A4in)" title="Champagne (Wäin) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Champagne (Wäin)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanas" title="Šampanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šampanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(pezsg%C5%91)" title="Champagne (pezsgő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Champagne (pezsgő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Шампањ (вино) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шампањ (вино)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B5%BB" title="ഷാംപെയ്ൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഷാംപെയ്ൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="شامبانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شامبانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Шампанск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шампанск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wijn)" title="Champagne (wijn) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Champagne (wijn)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" title="シャンパン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャンパン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampan_vinosi" title="Shampan vinosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shampan vinosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸ਼ੈਮਪੇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੈਮਪੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szampan" title="Szampan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szampan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champanhe_(vinho)" title="Champanhe (vinho) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Champanhe (vinho)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98ampanie" title="Șampanie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șampanie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5" title="Шампанское – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шампанское" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сампааннар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сампааннар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shampanja" title="Shampanja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shampanja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" title="Champagne (wine) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Champagne (wine)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampansk%C3%A9" title="Šampanské – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šampanské" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanjec" title="Šampanjec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šampanjec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Шампањац – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Шампањац" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanjac" title="Šampanjac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šampanjac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samppanja" title="Samppanja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samppanja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne" title="Champagne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Champagne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шампан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шампан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eampanya" title="Şampanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şampanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Шампанське – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шампанське" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laeujyanghbinh" title="Laeujyanghbinh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laeujyanghbinh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ampanj" title="Šampanj – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Šampanj" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2m_panh" title="Sâm panh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sâm panh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F%E9%85%92" title="香槟酒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="香槟酒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="שאמפאניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שאמפאניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%AA%B3" title="香檳 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="香檳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eampanya" title="Şampanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şampanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%A7%9F%E9%85%92" title="香槟酒 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="香槟酒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_Sempani" title="Anggur Sempani – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Anggur Sempani" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French sparkling wine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sparkling wine from the Champagne region of France. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Champagne (disambiguation)">Champagne (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_of_champagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/220px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/330px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glass_of_champagne.jpg/440px-Glass_of_champagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A glass of Champagne exhibiting the characteristic <a href="/wiki/Liquid_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid bubble">bubbles</a> associated with the wine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Champagne</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɑ̃paɲ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b5\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-Champagne.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-Champagne.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Mathieu Kappler-Champagne.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-Champagne.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Mathieu_Kappler-Champagne.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Mathieu_Kappler-Champagne.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Mathieu Kappler-Champagne.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> originated and produced in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_wine_region" title="Champagne wine region">Champagne wine region</a> of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> under the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp._150–153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which demand specific vineyard practices, sourcing of grapes exclusively from designated places within it, specific grape-pressing methods and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_fermentation_(wine)" title="Secondary fermentation (wine)">secondary fermentation</a> of the wine in the bottle to cause <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">carbonation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne,_France_1987.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/220px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/330px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg/440px-A_village_with_vineyards_in_Champagne%2C_France_1987.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>Vineyards in the <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne region</a> of France</figcaption></figure> <p>The grapes <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_meunier" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinot meunier">Pinot meunier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a> are used to produce almost all Champagne, but small amounts of <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a> (called Fromenteau in Champagne), <a href="/wiki/Arbane" title="Arbane">Arbane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petit_Meslier" title="Petit Meslier">Petit Meslier</a> are vinified as well. </p><p>Champagne became associated with royalty in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. The leading manufacturers made efforts to associate their Champagnes with <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a> through <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and packaging, which led to its popularity among the emerging <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp._150–153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Champagne">History of Champagne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG/220px-De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG/330px-De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG/440px-De_Troy_Oyster_Lunch.PNG 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean François de Troy">Jean François de Troy</a>'s 1735 painting <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Déjeuner d'Huîtres</i></span></i> (The Oyster Luncheon) is the first known depiction of Champagne in painting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Still wines from the Champagne region were known before <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> times. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Romans</a> were the first to plant vineyards in this area of northeast France, with the region being tentatively cultivated by the 5th century. Cultivation was initially slow due to the unpopular edict by <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Emperor Domitian</a> that all colonial vines must be uprooted. When <a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Emperor Probus</a>, the son of a gardener, rescinded the edict, a temple to <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a> was erected, and the region started to produce a light, fruity, red wine that contrasted with heavier Italian brews often fortified with resin and herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">church</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a>, and monks produced wine for use in the sacrament of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">French kings</a> were traditionally anointed in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, and champagne was served as part of <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronation</a> festivities. The Champenois were envious of the reputation of the wines made by their <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundian (wine)">Burgundian</a> neighbours to the south and sought to produce wines of equal acclaim. However, the northern <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> of the region gave the Champenois a unique set of challenges in making <a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">red wine</a>. At the far extremes of sustainable <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>, the grapes would struggle to ripen fully and often would have bracing levels of <a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">acidity</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">sugar levels</a>. The wines would be <a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine tasting descriptions">lighter bodied</a> and thinner than the Burgundy wines they sought to outdo.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_pp_210-219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_pp_210-219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to legend and popular assumption, <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a> did not invent sparkling wine, though he did make important contributions to the production and quality of both still and sparkling Champagne wines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest recorded sparkling wine is <a href="/wiki/Blanquette_de_Limoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanquette de Limoux">Blanquette de Limoux</a>, which was invented by Benedictine monks in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hilaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Saint-Hilaire">Abbey of Saint-Hilaire</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Carcassonne" title="Carcassonne">Carcassonne</a>, in 1531.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They achieved this by bottling the wine before the initial fermentation had ended. Over a century later, the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> scientist and physician <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Merret" title="Christopher Merret">Christopher Merret</a> documented the addition of sugar to a finished wine to create a second fermentation six years before <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a> set foot in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hautvillers" title="Hautvillers">Hautvillers</a>. Merret presented a paper at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, in which he detailed what is now called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">méthode traditionnelle</a></i></span></i>, in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-herald_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merret's discoveries coincided also with English <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>-makers' technical developments that allowed bottles to be produced that could withstand the required internal pressures during secondary fermentation. French glass-makers at this time could not produce bottles of the required quality or strength<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As early as 1663, the poet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Butler_(poet)" title="Samuel Butler (poet)">Samuel Butler</a> referred to "brisk champagne".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the first sparkling champagne was created accidentally; the pressure in the bottle led it to be called "the devil's wine" (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le vin du diable</i></span></i>), as bottles exploded or corks popped. At the time, bubbles were considered a fault. In 1844, Adolphe Jaquesson invented the <a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">muselet</a> to prevent the corks from blowing out. Initial versions were difficult to apply and inconvenient to remove.<sup id="cite_ref-dumangin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dumangin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when it was deliberately produced as a sparkling wine, champagne was for a very long time made by the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode rurale</i></span></i>, where the wine was bottled before the initial fermentation had finished. Champagne did not use the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span></i> until the 19th century, about 200 years after Merret documented the process. The 19th century saw a dramatic growth in champagne production, going from a regional production of 300,000 bottles a year in 1800 to 20 million bottles in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._241_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._241-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, champagne sales hit a record of 338.7 million bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-Stelzer_p._34_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stelzer_p._34-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, champagne was noticeably sweeter than today's champagnes. The trend towards drier champagne began when <a href="/wiki/Perrier-Jou%C3%ABt" title="Perrier-Jouët">Perrier-Jouët</a> decided not to sweeten his 1846 vintage before exporting it to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. The designation <i>Brut</i> Champagne was created for the British in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._242_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._242-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only wines that are legally allowed to be named “Champagne” must be bottled within 100 miles of the Champagne region in France. The name is legally protected by European law and an 1891 treaty that requires true champagne to be produced in the Champagne region and made from the Pinot Meunier, Pinot Noir, or Chardonnay grapes grown in this region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rights_to_the_name">Rights to the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rights to the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine region)">Champagne (wine region)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anbau_champagner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Anbau_champagner.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>A map of French wine regions, with the Champagne appellation highlighted in red</figcaption></figure> <p>The Champagne winemaking community, under the auspices of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Interprofessionnel_du_vin_de_Champagne" title="Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne">Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne</a></i></span> (CIVC), has developed a comprehensive set of rules and regulations for all wine produced in the region to protect its economic interests. They include codification of the most suitable growing places, the most suitable grape types (most Champagne is a blend of up to three grape varieties, though other <a href="#Grape_varieties_and_styles">varieties are allowed</a>), and a lengthy set of requirements specifying most aspects of <a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">viticulture</a>. This includes pruning, vineyard yield, the degree of pressing, and the time that wine must remain on its <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> before bottling. It can also limit the release of Champagne to market to maintain prices. Only when a wine meets these requirements may it be labelled Champagne. The rules agreed upon by the CIVC are submitted for the final approval of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27origine_et_de_la_qualit%C3%A9" title="Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité">Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité</a></i></span> (formerly the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Institut National des Appellations d'Origine</i></span></i>, INAO). </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/INAO" class="mw-redirect" title="INAO">INAO</a>, the government organization that controls wine appellations in France, was preparing to make the largest revision of the region's legal boundaries since 1927 in response to economic pressures. With soaring demand and limited production of grapes, Champagne houses say the rising price could produce a consumer backlash that would harm the industry for years into the future. That and political pressure from villages that wanted to be included in the expanded boundaries led to the move. Changes are subject to significant scientific review and are said not to impact Champagne-produced grapes until 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final decision is not expected until 2023<sup id="cite_ref-France_TV_info_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-France_TV_info-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Times_expansion_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_expansion-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_the_word_Champagne">Use of the word <i>Champagne</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of the word Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape-Shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Grape-Shot.jpg/170px-Grape-Shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Grape-Shot.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>1915 English magazine illustration of a lady riding a Champagne cork (Lordprice Collection)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sparkling wines are produced worldwide, but many legal structures reserve the word <i>Champagne</i> exclusively for sparkling wines from the Champagne region, made in accordance with <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Interprofessionnel_du_vin_de_Champagne" title="Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne">Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne</a></i></span> regulations. In the European Union and many other countries, the name <i>Champagne</i> is <a href="/wiki/Protected_designation_of_origin" title="Protected designation of origin">legally protected</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid system">Madrid system</a> under an 1891 treaty, which reserved it for the sparkling wine produced in the eponymous region and adhering to the standards defined for it as an <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i></span></i>; the protection was reaffirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> after World War I. Over 70 countries have adopted similar legal protection. Most recently <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> passed laws or signed agreements with Europe that limit the use of the term "Champagne" to only those products produced in the Champagne region. The United States bans the use of all new U.S.-produced wine brands.<sup id="cite_ref-Section_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, those that had approval to use the term on labels before 2006 <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">may continue to use it</a>, provided the term is accompanied by the wine's actual origin (e.g., "California").<sup id="cite_ref-Section_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of US-produced sparkling wines do not use the term <i>Champagne</i> on their labels,<sup id="cite_ref-Champagne_Bureau_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Champagne_Bureau-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some states, such as Oregon,<sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_State_Law_471_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon_State_Law_471-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ban producers in their states from using the term. </p><p>Several key U.S. wine regions, such as those in California (<a href="/wiki/Napa_Valley_AVA" title="Napa Valley AVA">Napa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_Valley_AVA" title="Sonoma Valley AVA">Sonoma Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paso_Robles_AVA" title="Paso Robles AVA">Paso Robles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">Oregon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walla_Walla_Valley_AVA" title="Walla Walla Valley AVA">Walla Walla, Washington</a>, came to consider the remaining semi-generic labels as harmful to their reputations (cf. <a href="/wiki/Napa_Declaration_on_Place" title="Napa Declaration on Place">Napa Declaration on Place</a>). </p><p>Even the terms <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode champenoise</i></span></i> and <i>Champagne method</i> were forbidden by an EU court decision in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the description most often used for sparkling wines using the second fermentation in the bottle process, but not from the Champagne region, is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">méthode traditionnelle</i></span></i>. Sparkling wines are produced worldwide, and many producers use special terms to define them: Spain uses <i><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_Wine#Cava" class="mw-redirect" title="Sparkling Wine">Cava</a></i>, Italy designates it <i><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Spumante" class="mw-redirect" title="Spumante">spumante</a></i></span></i>, and South Africa uses <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cap classique</i></span></i>. An Italian sparkling wine made from the <a href="/wiki/Muscat_(grape)" title="Muscat (grape)">Muscat</a> grape uses the <a href="/wiki/Denominazione_di_origine_controllata" title="Denominazione di origine controllata">DOCG</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Asti_wine" title="Asti wine">Asti</a></i> and from the <a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a> grape the DOC <i><a href="/wiki/Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a></i>. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Sekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekt">Sekt</a> is a common sparkling wine. Other French wine regions cannot use the name Champagne: e.g., <a href="/wiki/Burgundy" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> produce <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crémant">Crémant</a></i></span></i>. In 2008, more than 3,000 bottles of sparkling wine produced in California labelled with the term "Champagne" were destroyed by Belgian government authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regardless of the legal requirements for labeling, extensive efforts by the Champagne region, and the use of alternative names by non-Champagne sparkling wine producers, some consumers, and wine sellers, including "Korbels California Champagne", use <i>Champagne</i> as a generic term for white sparkling wines, regardless of origin. </p><p>The village of <a href="/wiki/Champagne,_Switzerland" title="Champagne, Switzerland">Champagne, Switzerland</a> has traditionally made a still wine labelled as "Champagne": the earliest records of viticulture dated to 1657. In 1999, in an accord with the EU, the Swiss government conceded that, by 2004, the village would phase out the use of the name. Sales dropped from 110,000 bottles a year to 32,000 after the change. In April 2008, the villagers resolved to fight against the restriction following a Swiss open-air vote.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, all sparkling wines were called <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">шампанское</span></span> (<i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">shampanskoe</i></span></i>, Russian for "that, which is of Champagne"). The name is still used today for some brands of sparkling wines produced in former Soviet republics, such as <i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sovetskoye_Shampanskoye" title="Sovetskoye Shampanskoye">Sovetskoye Shampanskoye</a></i></span></i> and <i><span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Rossiyskoe Shampanskoe</i></span></i>. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> banned the use of the designation <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">шампанское</span></span> for imported sparkling wine, including sparkling wine produced in the Champagne wine region, reserving the designation for domestically produced sparkling wine only.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne-Remuer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Champagne-Remuer.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Le Remueur: 1889 engraving of the man engaged in the daily task of turning each bottle a fraction</figcaption></figure> <p>Formerly known as <i>méthode champenoise</i> or <i>méthode classique</i>, champagne is produced by a traditional method. After primary <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermentation</a> and bottling, a second alcoholic fermentation occurs in the bottle. This second fermentation is induced by adding several grams of yeast <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> and rock sugar to the bottle – although each brand has its own secret recipe.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i></span></i> a minimum of one and a half years is required to completely develop all the flavour. For years where the harvest is exceptional, a <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">millésime</i></span></i> is declared and some champagne will be made from and labelled as the products of a single vintage (<i>vintage champagne</i>) rather than a blend of multiple years' harvests. This means that the champagne will be very good and has to mature for at least three years. During this time the champagne bottle is sealed with a <a href="/wiki/Crown_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown cap">crown cap</a> similar to that used on beer bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp._150–153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After aging, the bottle is manipulated, either manually or mechanically, in a process called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">remuage</i></span></i> (or "riddling" in English), so that the <a href="/wiki/Lees_(fermentation)" title="Lees (fermentation)">lees</a> settle in the neck of the bottle. After chilling the bottles, the neck is frozen, and the cap removed. This process is called disgorgement. The six-bar (600 kPa) pressure<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the bottle forces out the ice containing the lees. Some wine from previous vintages and additional sugar (<i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">le dosage</i></span></i>) is added to maintain the level within the bottle and adjust the sweetness of the finished wine. The bottle is then quickly corked to maintain the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_pp._150–153-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubbles">Bubbles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bubbles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carbonation" title="Carbonation">Carbonation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Champagne_Bubbles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Rose_Champagne_Bubbles.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Bubbles from rosé Champagne</figcaption></figure> <p>An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the champagne contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles form on imperfections in the glass that facilitate <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> or, to a minimal extent, on cellulose fibres left over from the wiping and drying process as shown with a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after the initial rush, these naturally occurring imperfections are typically too small to consistently act as nucleation points as the surface tension of the liquid smooths out these minute irregularities. The nucleation sites that act as a source for the ongoing effervescence are not natural imperfections in the glass, but actually occur where the glass has been etched by the manufacturer or the customer. This etching is typically done with acid, a laser, or a glass etching tool from a craft shop to provide nucleation sites for continuous bubble formation (note that not all glasses are etched in this way). In 1662 this method was developed in England, as records from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> show. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(monk)" title="Dom Pérignon (monk)">Dom Pérignon</a> was originally charged by his superiors at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">Abbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hautvillers" title="Hautvillers">Hautvillers</a> to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to burst in the cellar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kladstrup_p._25_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kladstrup_p._25-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As sparkling wine production increased in the early 18th century, cellar workers had to wear a heavy iron mask to prevent injury from spontaneously bursting bottles. The disturbance caused by one bottle exploding could cause a chain reaction, with it being routine for cellars to lose 20–90% of their bottles this way. The mysterious circumstance surrounding the then unknown process of fermentation and carbonic gas caused some critics to call the sparkling creations "The Devil's Wine".<sup id="cite_ref-Kladstrup_pp._46–47_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kladstrup_pp._46–47-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg/170px-Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg/255px-Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg/340px-Champagne_uncorking_photographed_with_a_high_speed_air-gap_flash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Champagne uncorking captured via high-speed photography</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champagne_producers">Champagne producers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Champagne producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Champagne_houses" title="List of Champagne houses">List of Champagne houses</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grower_Champagne" title="Grower Champagne">Grower Champagne</a></div> <p>There are more than one hundred champagne houses and 19,000 smaller <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">vignerons</i></span></i> (vine-growing producers) in Champagne. These companies manage some 32,000 hectares of vineyards in the region. The type of champagne producer can be identified from the abbreviations followed by the official number on the bottle:<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>NM</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Négociant manipulant</i></span></i>. These companies (including the majority of the larger brands) buy grapes and make the wine</li> <li><b>CM</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Coopérative de manipulation</i></span></i>. Cooperatives that make wines from the growers who are members, with all the grapes pooled together</li> <li><b>RM</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Récoltant manipulant</i></span></i>. (Also known as <a href="/wiki/Grower_Champagne" title="Grower Champagne">Grower Champagne</a>) A grower that also makes wine from its own grapes (a maximum of 5% of purchased grapes is permitted). Note that co-operative members who take their bottles to be disgorged at the co-op can now label themselves as RM instead of RC</li> <li><b>SR</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société de récoltants</i></span></i>. An association of growers making a shared Champagne but who are not a co-operative</li> <li><b>RC</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Récoltant coopérateur</i></span></i>. A co-operative member selling champagne produced by the co-operative under its own name and label</li> <li><b>MA</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Marque auxiliaire</i></span></i> or <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Marque d'acheteur</i></span></i>. A brand name unrelated to the producer or grower; the name is owned by someone else, for example a supermarket</li> <li><b>ND</b>: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Négociant distributeur</i></span></i>. A wine merchant selling under his own name</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurent-Perrier-1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Laurent-Perrier-1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>An Edwardian English advertisement for champagne, listing honours and royal drinkers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Champagne_in_popular_culture" title="Champagne in popular culture">Champagne in popular culture</a></div> <p>In the 19th century, champagne was produced and promoted to mark contemporary political events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a> of 1893, and the <a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> to mark the centennial of <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy,_Kolleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> linking champagne to French nationalist ideology. <a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Négociants</a> also managed to market champagne by identifying it with leisure activities and sporting events. They also successfully appealed to a broader range of consumers by highlighting the different qualities of sparkling wine versus ordinary wine, associating champagne brands with royalty and nobility, and selling off-brands under the names of importers from France at a lower cost. However, selling off-brands at a lower price proved to be unsuccessful, since "there was an assumption that cheap sparkling wine was not authentic."<sup id="cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy,_Kolleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a> period, champagne has gone from a regional product serving a niche market to a national commodity which is distributed globally. </p><p>The popularity of champagne is particularly attributed to the success of champagne producers in marketing the wine's image as a royal and aristocratic drink. <a href="/wiki/Laurent-Perrier" title="Laurent-Perrier">Laurent-Perrier</a>'s advertisements in late 1890 boasted their champagne was the favourite of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cambridge,_Marchioness_of_Cambridge" title="Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge">Margaret Cambridge, Marchioness of Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_3rd_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham">John Lambton, 3rd Earl of Durham</a>, among other nobles, knights, and military officers. Despite this royal prestige, champagne houses also portrayed champagne as a luxury which could be enjoyed by anyone, and was fit for any occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._245_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._245-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This strategy worked, and, by the turn of the 20th century, the majority of champagne drinkers were <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._243_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._243-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, champagne producers made a concentrated effort to market their wine to women. This is done by having the sweeter champagne associates with female, whereas the dry champagne with male and foreign markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guy,_Kolleen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in stark contrast to the traditionally "male aura" that the wines of France had—particularly <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a>. Laurent-Perrier again took the lead in this area with advertisements touting their wine's favour with the Countess of <a href="/wiki/William_Humble_Ward,_2nd_Earl_of_Dudley" class="mw-redirect" title="William Humble Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a>, the wife of the 9th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Stamford" title="Earl of Stamford">Earl of Stamford</a>, the wife of the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Tollemache" title="Baron Tollemache">Baron Tollemache</a>, and the opera singer <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a>. Champagne labels were designed with images of romantic love and marriage as well as other special occasions that were deemed important to women, such as the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._246_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._246-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some advertisements, the champagne houses catered to political interest such as the labels that appeared on different brands on bottles commemorating the centennial anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> of 1789. On some labels there were flattering images of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a> that appealed to the conservative factions of French citizens that viewed the former queen as a martyr. On other labels there were stirring images of Revolutionary scenes that appealed to the liberal left sentiments of French citizens. As World War I loomed, champagne houses put images of soldiers and countries' flags on their bottles, customizing the image for each country to which the wine was imported. During the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, one champagne house released a <i>champagne antijuif</i> with antisemitic advertisements to take advantage of the wave of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a> that hit parts of France.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_p._244_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips_p._244-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Champagne is typically drunk during celebrations. For example, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> held a champagne reception to celebrate London winning the right to host the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also used to <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching" title="Ceremonial ship launching">launch ships</a> when a bottle is smashed over the hull during the ship's launch. If the bottle fails to break this is often thought to be bad luck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wine_districts,_grape_varieties_and_styles"><span id="Wine_districts.2C_grape_varieties_and_styles"></span>Wine districts, grape varieties and styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wine districts, grape varieties and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wine-producing_districts_of_Champagne">Wine-producing districts of Champagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wine-producing districts of Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Champagne is a single <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Appellation_d%27origine_contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e" title="Appellation d'origine contrôlée">appellation d'origine contrôlée</a></i></span></i> but the territory is divided into next sub-regions, known as wine-producing districts, and each of them has distinct characteristics. The main wine-producing districts of the Champagne wine region: Reims, Marne Valley, Côte des Blancs, Côtes des Bar, Côtes de Sezzane.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a general rule, grapes used must be the white Chardonnay, or the dark-skinned "red wine grapes" Pinot noir or Pinot meunier, which, due to the gentle <a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">pressing</a> of the grapes and absence of skin contact during fermentation, usually also yield a white base wine. Most Champagnes, including Rosé wines, are made from a blend of all three grapes, although <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">blanc de blancs</i></span></i> ("white from whites") Champagnes are made from 100% Chardonnay and <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">blanc de noirs</i></span></i> ("white from blacks") Champagnes are made solely from Pinot noir, Pinot meunier or a mix of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four other grape varieties are permitted, mostly for historical reasons, as they are rare in current usage. The 2010 version of the appellation regulations lists seven varieties as allowed, <a href="/wiki/Arbane" title="Arbane">Arbane</a>, Chardonnay, <a href="/wiki/Petit_Meslier" title="Petit Meslier">Petit Meslier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_blanc" title="Pinot blanc">Pinot blanc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinot_gris" title="Pinot gris">Pinot gris</a>, Pinot meunier, and Pinot noir.<sup id="cite_ref-AOC_2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOC_2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sparsely cultivated varieties (0.02% of the total vines planted in Champagne) of Arbanne, Petit Meslier, and Pinot blanc can still be found in modern cuvées from a few producers.<sup id="cite_ref-deca-ch6_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deca-ch6-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous directives of <a href="/wiki/Institut_National_des_Appellations_d%27Origine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut National des Appellations d'Origine">INAO</a> make conditional allowances according to the complex laws of 1927 and 1929, and plantings made before 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 2010 regulations, the complete list of the actual and theoretical varieties also included <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinot_de_Juillet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinot de Juillet (page does not exist)">Pinot de Juillet</a></i></span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinot_Ros%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinot Rosé (page does not exist)">Pinot Rosé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a> vines of the region were scheduled to be uprooted by 1942, but due to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, this was postponed until 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-ALEch_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ALEch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this variety is no longer allowed in Champagne.<sup id="cite_ref-AOC_2010_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AOC_2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dark-skinned Pinot noir and Pinot meunier give the wine its length and backbone. They are predominantly grown in two areas – the <a href="/wiki/Montagne_de_Reims" title="Montagne de Reims">Montagne de Reims</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vall%C3%A9e_de_la_Marne" title="Vallée de la Marne">Vallée de la Marne</a>. The Montagne de Reims run east–west to the south of Reims, in northern Champagne. They are notable for north-facing chalky slopes that derive heat from the warm winds rising from the valleys below. The River <a href="/wiki/Marne_(river)" title="Marne (river)">Marne</a> runs west–east through Champagne, south of the Montagne de Reims. The Vallée de la Marne contains south-facing chalky slopes. Chardonnay gives the wine its acidity and biscuit flavour. Most Chardonnay is grown in a north–south-running strip to the south of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a>, called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_des_Blancs" title="Côte des Blancs">Côte des Blancs</a></i></span>, including the villages of <a href="/wiki/Avize" title="Avize">Avize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oger,_Marne" title="Oger, Marne">Oger</a> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Mesnil-sur-Oger" title="Le Mesnil-sur-Oger">Le Mesnil-sur-Oger</a></i></span>. These are east-facing vineyards, with <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">terroir</i></span></i> similar to the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Beaune" title="Côte de Beaune">Côte de Beaune</a></i></span>. The various <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">terroirs</a></i></span></i> account for the differences in grape characteristics and explain the appropriateness of blending juice from different grape varieties and geographical areas within Champagne, to get the desired style for each Champagne house.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_Champagne">Types of Champagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types of Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vignobles_champagne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vignobles_champagne.svg/640px-Vignobles_champagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="492" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vignobles_champagne.svg/960px-Vignobles_champagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Vignobles_champagne.svg/1280px-Vignobles_champagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Champagne appellation</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the Champagne produced today is "Non-<a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">vintage</a>", meaning that it is a blended<sup id="cite_ref-Pfanner-IHT-12102011_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pfanner-IHT-12102011-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> product of grapes from multiple vintages. Most of the base will be from a single year vintage with producers blending anywhere from 10 to 15% (even as high as 40%) of wine from older vintages.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the conditions of a particular vintage are favourable, some producers will make a <i>vintage</i> wine, which must be composed entirely of grapes from that vintage year.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Champagne wine regulations, houses that make both vintage and non-vintage wines are allowed to use no more than 80% of the total vintage's harvest for the production of vintage Champagne. This allows at least 20% of the harvest from each vintage to be reserved for use in non-vintage Champagne. This ensures a consistent style that consumers can expect from non-vintage Champagne that does not alter too radically depending on the quality of the vintage. In less than ideal vintages, some producers will produce a wine from only that single vintage and still label it as non-vintage rather than as "vintage" since the wine will be of lesser quality and the producers have little desire to reserve the wine for future blending.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prestige_cuvée"><span id="Prestige_cuv.C3.A9e"></span>Prestige <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cuvée</i></span></i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prestige cuvée"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cuvée de prestige</i></span></i> is a proprietary blended wine (usually a Champagne) that is considered to be the top of a producer's range. Famous examples include <a href="/wiki/Louis_Roederer" title="Louis Roederer">Louis Roederer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cristal_(wine)" title="Cristal (wine)">Cristal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurent-Perrier" title="Laurent-Perrier">Laurent-Perrier</a>'s <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand Siècle</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon" title="Moët & Chandon">Moët & Chandon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pérignon (wine)">Dom Pérignon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duval-Leroy" title="Duval-Leroy">Duval-Leroy</a>'s <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cuvée Femme</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Brignac" title="Armand de Brignac">Armand de Brignac</a> <i>Gold Brut</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Pol_Roger" title="Pol Roger">Pol Roger</a>'s <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cuvée Sir Winston Churchill</i></span></i>. Perhaps the first publicly available prestige <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cuvée</i></span></i> was Moët & Chandon's Dom Pérignon, launched in 1936 with the 1921 vintage. Until then, Champagne houses produced different <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cuvées</i></span></i> of varying quality, but a top-of-the-range wine produced to the highest standards (and priced accordingly) was a new idea. In fact, Louis Roederer had been producing Cristal since 1876, but this was strictly for the private consumption of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a>. Cristal was made publicly available with the 1945 vintage. Then came <a href="/wiki/Taittinger" title="Taittinger">Taittinger</a>'s <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Comtes de Champagne</i></span></i> (first vintage 1952), and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Laurent-Perrier</i></span>'s <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Grand Siècle 'La Cuvée'</i></span></i> in 1960, a blend of three vintages (1952, 1953, and 1955) and Perrier Jouët's <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Belle Époque</i></span></i>. In the last three decades of the 20th century, most Champagne houses followed these with their own prestige <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cuvées</i></span></i>, often named after notable people with a link to that producer and presented in non-standard bottle shapes (following Dom Pérignon's lead with its 18th-century revival design). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blanc_de_noirs"><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Blanc de noirs</i></span></i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blanc de noirs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png/220px-Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Raisin_noir_%C3%A0_jus_blanc.png 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Most red wine grapes have their color concentrated in the skin, while the juice is much lighter in color.</figcaption></figure> <p>A French term (literally "white from blacks" or "white of blacks") for a white wine produced entirely from black grapes. The flesh of grapes described as black or red is white; grape juice obtained after minimal possible contact with the skins produces essentially white wine, with a slightly yellower colour than wine from white grapes. The colour, due to the small amount of red skin pigments present, is often described as white-yellow, white-grey, or silvery. <i>Blanc de noirs</i> is often encountered in Champagne, where a number of houses have followed the lead of <a href="/wiki/Bollinger" title="Bollinger">Bollinger</a>'s <i>prestige cuvée</i> Vieilles Vignes Françaises in introducing a <i><a href="/wiki/Cuv%C3%A9e" title="Cuvée">cuvée</a></i> made from either pinot noir, pinot meunier or a blend of the two (these being the only two black grapes permitted within the Champagne AOC <a href="/wiki/Appellation" title="Appellation">appellation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blanc_de_blancs"><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Blanc de blancs</i></span></i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Blanc de blancs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg/170px-Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg/255px-Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg/340px-Blanc_de_blanc_grand_Cru_champagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A Grand Cru blanc de blancs Champagne</figcaption></figure> <p>A French term that means "white from whites", and is used to designate Champagnes made exclusively from Chardonnay grapes or in rare occasions from Pinot blanc (such as <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La Bolorée</i></span></i> from Cedric Bouchard). The term is occasionally used in other sparkling wine-producing regions, usually to denote Chardonnay-only wines rather than any sparkling wine made from other white grape varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rosé_Champagne"><span id="Ros.C3.A9_Champagne"></span>Rosé Champagne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rosé Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Champagne Rosé" redirects here. For the song by Quavo, see <a href="/wiki/Quavo_Huncho" title="Quavo Huncho">Quavo Huncho</a>.</div> <p>Rosé Champagnes are characterized by their distinctive blush color, fruity aroma, and earthy flavor. Rosé Champagne has been produced since the late 18th century; storied French Champagne houses Rinault and Veuve Clicquot have each claimed to have shipped and sold the first bottles.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wine is produced by one of two methods. Using the <i>saignée</i> method, winemakers will leave the clear juice of dark grapes to macerate with the skins for a brief time, resulting in wine lightly colored and flavored by the skins. In the more common <i>d'assemblage</i> method, producers will blend a small amount of still red wine to a sparkling wine <i>cuvée</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champagne is light in color even when it is produced with red grapes, because the juice is extracted from the grapes using a gentle process that minimizes contact with the skins. By contrast, Rosé Champagne, especially that created by <i>d'assemblage</i>, results in the production of rosé with a predictable and reproducible color, allowing winemakers to achieve a consistent rosé appearance from year to year. </p><p>The character of rosé Champagne has varied greatly since its production began. Thought to be a sign of extravagance when originally introduced,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the early 20th century these wines were colloquially known as "Pink Champagne," and had gained a reputation of frivolousness or even dissipation. The 1939 Hollywood film <i><a href="/wiki/Love_Affair_(1939_film)" title="Love Affair (1939 film)">Love Affair</a></i> was reportedly approached to promote it by featuring the main characters bonding over enjoying the unpopular drink, and caused a sales boost after the film's release.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also cited by the <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a> as a beverage of choice in the titular "<a href="/wiki/Hotel_California" title="Hotel California">Hotel California</a>." Rosé Champagnes, particularly brut varieties, began regaining popularity in the late 20th century in many countries. Because of the complex variety of flavors it presents, rosé Champagne is often served in <a href="/wiki/Fine_dining" title="Fine dining">fine dining</a> restaurants, as a complementary element in <a href="/wiki/Food_and_wine_pairing" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and wine pairing">food and wine pairing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweetness">Sweetness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sweetness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just after disgorgement a "liqueur de dosage"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or liqueur d’expédition – a blend of, typically, cane sugar and wine (sugar amounts up to 750 g/litre) – is added to adjust the levels of sugar in the Champagne when bottled for sale, and hence the sweetness of the finished wine. Today sweetness is generally not looked for per se, and dosage is used to fine tune the perception of acidity in the wine. </p><p>For Caroline Latrive, cellar master of Ayala, a Champagne house that pioneered drier champagnes at the end of the 19th century, dosage represents the final touch in champagne making and must be as subtle as possible to bring the right balance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, dosage protects champagne from oxidation because it includes a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000052-QINU`"'</style><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a>, and sugar also acts as a preservative. Benoît Gouez, cellar master of Moët & Chandon says that sugar helps champagne recover from the oxidative shock of disgorgement, and contributes to the wine's aging potential.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wines labeled <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Brut Zero</i></span></i>, more common among smaller producers,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have no added sugar and will usually be very dry, with less than three grams of residual sugar per litre in the finished wine. The following terms are used to describe the sweetness of the bottled wine: </p> <ul><li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Extra Brut</i></span></i> (less than 6 grams of sugar per litre)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Brut</i></span></i> (less than 12 grams)</li> <li><i>Extra Dry</i> (between 12 and 17 grams)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Sec</i></span></i> (between 17 and 32 grams)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Demi-sec</i></span></i> (between 32 and 50 grams)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Doux</i></span></i> (50 grams)</li></ul> <p>The most common style today is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Brut</i></span></i>. However, throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century Champagne was generally much sweeter than it is today. Moreover, except in Britain, Champagne was drunk as <a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">dessert wines</a> (after the meal), rather than as table wines (with the meal).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Champagne sweetness was instead referred to by destination country, roughly as:<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Goût anglais</i></span></i> ("English taste", between 22 and 66 grams); note that today <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">goût anglais</i></span></i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">aged</a> vintage Champagne</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Goût américain</i></span></i> ("American taste", between 110 and 165 grams)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Goût français</i></span></i> ("French taste", between 165 and 200 grams)</li> <li><i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Goût russe</i></span></i> ("Russian taste", between 200 and 300 grams)</li></ul> <p>Of these, only the driest English is close to contemporary tastes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bottles">Bottles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bottles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg/220px-Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg/330px-Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg/440px-Veuve_clicquot_bottle_sizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Side-by-side comparison of Champagne bottles. (L to R) On ladder: <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle#Sizes" title="Wine bottle">Magnum</a> (1.5 litres), full (0.75 litre), half (0.375 litre), quarter (0.1875 litre). On floor: <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle_sizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine bottle sizes">Balthazar</a> (12 litres), <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle_sizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine bottle sizes">Salmanazar</a> (9 litres), <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle_sizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine bottle sizes">Methuselah</a> (6 litres), <a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle_sizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine bottle sizes">Jeroboam</a> (3 litres)</figcaption></figure> <p>Champagne is mostly fermented in two sizes of bottles, standard bottles (750 millilitres) and magnums (1.5 litres). In general, magnums are thought to be higher quality, as there is less oxygen in the bottle, and the volume–to–surface-area ratio favours the creation of appropriately sized bubbles. However, there is no hard evidence for this view. Other bottle sizes, mostly named for Biblical figures, are generally filled with Champagne that has been fermented in standard bottles or magnums. <a href="/wiki/Gosset" title="Gosset">Gosset</a> still bottles its Grande Réserve in Jeroboam from the beginning of its second fermentation. </p><p>Sizes larger than Jeroboam (3 L) are rare. Primat bottles (27 L)—and, as of 2002<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Melchizedek bottles (30 L)—are exclusively offered by the House <a href="/wiki/Drappier" title="Drappier">Drappier</a>. (The same names are used for bottles containing regular wine and port; however, <i>Jeroboam</i>, <i>Rehoboam</i>, and <i>Methuselah</i> refer to different bottle volumes.)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unique sizes have been made for specific markets, special occasions and people. The most notable example is perhaps the imperial pint (56.8 cL) bottle made between 1874 and 1973 for the English market by <a href="/wiki/Pol_Roger" title="Pol Roger">Pol Roger</a>, often associated with <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Sir Winston Churchill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a bottle of 1825 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Perrier-Jou%C3%ABt" title="Perrier-Jouët">Perrier-Jouët</a></i></span> Champagne was opened at a ceremony attended by twelve of the world's top wine tasters. This bottle was officially recognised by <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a></i> as the oldest bottle of Champagne in the world. The contents were found to be drinkable, with notes of <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caramel" title="Caramel">caramel</a> in the taste. There are now only two other bottles from the 1825 vintage extant.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2010, 168 bottles were found on board a shipwreck near the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> by Finnish diver Christian Ekström. Initial analyses indicated there were at least two types of bottle from two different houses: <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Veuve_Clicquot" title="Veuve Clicquot">Veuve Clicquot</a></i></span></i> in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> and the long-defunct Champagne house Juglar (absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Jacquesson" title="Jacquesson">Jacquesson</a> in 1829.)<sup id="cite_ref-deca-fresh_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deca-fresh-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shipwreck is dated between 1800 and 1830, and the bottles discovered may well predate the 1825 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Perrier-Jouët</i></span> referenced above.<sup id="cite_ref-ind200_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind200-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp-fizz_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-fizz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When experts were replacing the old corks with new ones, they discovered there were also bottles from a third house, <a href="/wiki/Heidsieck_%26_Co" title="Heidsieck & Co">Heidsieck</a>. The wreck, then, contained 95 bottles of Juglar, 46 bottles of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Veuve Clicquot</i></span>, and four bottles of Heidsieck, in addition to 23 bottles whose manufacture is still to be identified. Champagne experts <a href="/wiki/Richard_Juhlin" title="Richard Juhlin">Richard Juhlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essi_Avellan" title="Essi Avellan">Essi Avellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Wine" title="Master of Wine">MW</a><sup id="cite_ref-deca-fresh_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deca-fresh-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described the bottles' contents as being in a very good condition. It is planned that the majority of the bottles will be sold at auction, the price of each estimated to be in the region of £40,000–70,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ind200_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ind200-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wp-fizz_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-fizz-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2015, nearly five years after the bottles were first found, researchers led by Philippe Jeandet, a professor of food biochemistry, released the findings of their chemical analyses of the Champagne, and particularly noted the fact that, although the chemical composition of the 170-year-old Champagne was very similar to the composition of modern-day Champagne, there was much more sugar in this Champagne than in modern-day Champagne, and it was also less alcoholic than modern-day Champagne. The high sugar level was characteristic of people's tastes at the time, and Jeandet explained that it was common for people in the 19th century, such as Russians, to add sugar to their wine at dinner. It also contained higher concentrations of minerals such as iron, copper, and table salt than modern-day Champagne does.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champagne_corks">Champagne corks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Champagne corks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg/110px-Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg/165px-Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg/220px-Bouchon_de_champagne_neuf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>A Champagne cork before usage. Only the lower section, made of top-quality pristine cork, will be in contact with the Champagne.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne-Corking-1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Champagne-Corking-1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>Corking a Champagne Bottle: 1855 engraving of the manual method</figcaption></figure> <p>Champagne corks are mostly built from three sections and are referred to as agglomerated corks. The mushroom shape that occurs in the transition is a result of the bottom section's being composed of two stacked discs of pristine cork cemented to the upper portion, which is a conglomerate of ground cork and glue. The bottom section is in contact with the wine. Before insertion, a sparkling wine cork is almost 50% larger than the opening of the bottle. Originally, the cork starts as a cylinder and is compressed before insertion into the bottle. Over time, their compressed shape becomes more permanent and the distinctive "mushroom" shape becomes more apparent. </p><p>The aging of the Champagne post-disgorgement can to some degree be told by the cork, as, the longer it has been in the bottle, the less it returns to its original cylinder shape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Serving">Serving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Serving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Champagne_stemware" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne stemware">Champagne stemware</a></div> <p>Champagne is usually served in a <a href="/wiki/Champagne_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne flute">Champagne flute</a>, whose characteristics include a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl, thin sides and an etched bottom. The intended purpose of the shape of the flute is to reduce surface area, therefore preserving carbonation, as well as maximizing nucleation (the visible bubbles and lines of bubbles).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legend has it that the Victorian <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Champagne_stemware#Champagne_coupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne stemware">coupe</a></i></span></i>'s shape was modelled on the breast of <a href="/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour" title="Madame de Pompadour">Madame de Pompadour</a>, chief-mistress of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a>, or perhaps <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, but the glass was designed in England over a century earlier especially for <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> and champagne in 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champagne is always served cold; its ideal drinking temperature is 7 to 9 °C (45 to 48 °F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice and water, half an hour before opening, which also ensures the Champagne is less gassy and can be opened without spillage. Champagne buckets are made specifically for this purpose and often have a larger volume than standard wine-cooling buckets to accommodate the larger bottle, and more water and ice.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it comes to the etiquette behind holding a glass of Champagne, it is important to consider the type of Champagne glass used and the four main parts of any wine glass: the rim, the bowl, the stem and the base. In the case of a <a href="/wiki/Champagne_glass" title="Champagne glass">flute glass</a> or tulip glass, etiquette dictates holding by the long, narrow stem in order to avoid smudging the glass and warming up the contents with the heat of one's hand. Flute and tulip glasses can be temporarily held by the rim, although this glass hold blocks the area where the taster would take a sip. This hold can also smudge the top section of the glass. These two types of glass can also be held by the disk-shaped base without smudging or warming the liquid inside. When it comes to the coupe glass, with its short stem and shallow, wide-brimmed bowl, the only possible glass hold is by the bowl. The top-heavy nature of the glass makes holding by the base or stem impossible, while the large diameter of the top makes grabbing the glass by the rim difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opening_Champagne_bottles">Opening Champagne bottles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Opening Champagne bottles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To reduce the risk of spilling or spraying any Champagne, the bottle is opened by holding the cork and rotating the bottle at an angle in order to ease out the stopper. This method, as opposed to pulling the cork out, prevents the cork from flying out of the bottle at speed (the expanding gases are supersonic).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, holding the bottle at an angle allows air in and helps prevent the champagne from geysering out of the bottle. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a> can be used to open a Champagne bottle with great ceremony. This technique is called <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sabrage" title="Sabrage">sabrage</a></i></span></i> (the term is also used for simply breaking the head of the bottle).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pouring_Champagne">Pouring Champagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Pouring Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pouring sparkling wine while tilting the glass at an angle and gently sliding in the liquid along the side will preserve the most bubbles, as opposed to pouring directly down to create a head of "mousse", according to a study,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>On the Losses of Dissolved CO<sub>2</sub> during Champagne serving</i>, by scientists from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Reims" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Reims">University of Reims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keller_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colder bottle temperatures also result in reduced loss of gas.<sup id="cite_ref-keller_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the industry is developing Champagne glasses designed specifically to reduce the amount of gas lost.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spraying_Champagne">Spraying Champagne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spraying Champagne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg/250px-Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg/375px-Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg/500px-Champagne_celebration_-_tour_of_gippsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Champagne on the podium of the 2007 Tour of <a href="/wiki/Gippsland" title="Gippsland">Gippsland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Champagne has been an integral part of sports celebration since <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon" title="Moët & Chandon">Moët & Chandon</a></i></span> started offering their Champagne to the winners of <a href="/wiki/Formula_1_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1 Grand Prix">Formula 1 Grand Prix</a> events. At the <a href="/wiki/1967_24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="1967 24 Hours of Le Mans">1967 24 Hours of Le Mans</a>, winner <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gurney" title="Dan Gurney">Dan Gurney</a> started the tradition of drivers spraying the crowd and each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Miscellany_p._82_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miscellany_p._82-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-majority nation <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_alcohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and alcohol">banned</a> Champagne celebrations on F1 podiums in 2004, using a nonalcoholic <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_water" title="Rose water">rose water</a> drink instead.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, some Australian athletes, most notably then-Formula 1 <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull Racing</a> driver <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ricciardo" title="Daniel Ricciardo">Daniel Ricciardo</a>, began celebrating victories by drinking champagne from their shoe—a practice known as "doing a <a href="/wiki/Drinking_from_shoes" title="Drinking from shoes">shoey</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_uses">Culinary uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Culinary uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">poulet au champagne</i></span> ("chicken with Champagne") is an essentially <a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marnese</a> specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other well-known recipes using Champagne are <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">huîtres au champagne</i></span> ("oysters with Champagne") and Champagne zabaglione. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Price">Price</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Price"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several general factors influencing the price of Champagne: the limited land of the region, the prestige that Champagne has developed worldwide, and the high cost of the production process, among possible others.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Producers">Producers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Producers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Champagne_houses" title="List of Champagne houses">list of Champagne houses</a></div> <p>A list of major Champagne producers and their respective cuvées de prestige </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>House</th> <th>Founding Year</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Cuvée de prestige</th> <th>Vintage</th> <th>Company </th></tr> <tr> <th>Henri Abelé </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1757</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Sourire de Reims<br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freixenet" title="Freixenet">Freixenet</a> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gratien" title="Alfred Gratien">Alfred Gratien</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1864</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Cuvée Paradis </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henkell_%26_Co._Sektkellerei" title="Henkell & Co. Sektkellerei">Henkell & Co. Sektkellerei</a> KG </td></tr> <tr> <th>AR Lenoble </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1920</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damery,_Marne" title="Damery, Marne">Damery</a></td> <td>Les Aventures </td> <td style="text-align:center;">-</td> <td>Family owned </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ayala </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1860</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BF" title="Aÿ">Aÿ</a></td> <td>Grande Cuvée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bollinger" title="Bollinger">Bollinger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bauget-Jouette </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1822</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Cuvée Jouette/<br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">no</td> <td>Family owned </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beaumet/Jeanmaire </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1878</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Cuvée Malakoff/<br />Cuvée Elysée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laurent-Perrier" title="Laurent-Perrier">Laurent-Perrier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Beaumont des Crayères </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1953</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardeuil" title="Mardeuil">Mardeuil</a> </td> <td>Nostalgie </td> <td style="text-align:center;">dependent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> with ≈240 affiliated producers </td></tr> <tr> <th>Besserat de Bellefon </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1843</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Cuvée des Moines </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>Groupe Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Billecart-Salmon" title="Billecart-Salmon">Billecart-Salmon</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1818</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mareuil-sur-Ay" title="Mareuil-sur-Ay">Mareuil-sur-Ay</a></td> <td>Grande Cuvée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Binet </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1849</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rilly-la-Montagne" title="Rilly-la-Montagne">Rilly-la-Montagne</a></td> <td>Cuvée Sélection </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Groupe Binet, Prin et Collery </td></tr> <tr> <th>Château de Bligny </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1911</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bligny_(Aube)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bligny (Aube) (page does not exist)">Bligny (Aube)</a></td> <td>Cuvée année 2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Groupe G. H. Martel & Co. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.claudebelmont.com">Claude-&-Belmont</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1918</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertus" title="Vertus">Vertus</a></td> <td>Cuvée année 2008 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>par CP Récoltant-manipulant </td></tr> <tr> <th>Henri Blin et Cie </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1947</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vincelles_(Marne)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vincelles (Marne) (page does not exist)">Vincelles</a></td> <td>Cuvée Jahr 2000 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>cooperative with ≈34 affiliated producers </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bollinger" title="Bollinger">Bollinger</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2">1829</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BF" title="Aÿ">Aÿ</a></td> <td>Vieilles Vignes Françaises </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td rowspan="2">independent </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Grande Année, (R. D. – Récemment Dégorgé, this is the denomination for "Œnothèque" by Bollinger, meaning the crowning achievement of the Grande Année)</td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Boizel </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1834</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Joyau de France </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ferdinand Bonnet </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1922</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oger_(Marne)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oger (Marne) (page does not exist)">Oger</a> </td> <td>–</td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>EPI </td></tr> <tr> <th>Raymond Boulard </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1952</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=La-Neuville-aux-Larris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La-Neuville-aux-Larris (page does not exist)">La-Neuville-aux-Larris</a></td> <td>Vieilles Vignes </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Canard-Duch%C3%AAne" title="Canard-Duchêne">Canard-Duchêne</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1868</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludes" title="Ludes">Ludes</a></td> <td>Grande Cuvée Charles VII </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>Alain Thiénot </td></tr> <tr> <th>De Castellane </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1895</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Commodore </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Laurent-Perrier </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cattier </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1918</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chigny-les-Roses" title="Chigny-les-Roses">Chigny-les-Roses</a></td> <td>Clos du Moulin/<br /><a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Brignac" title="Armand de Brignac">Armand de Brignac</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Charles de Cazanove </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1811</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Stradivarius </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>Groupe Rapeneau </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chanoine Frères </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1730</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>gamme Tsarine<br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cheurlin </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1788</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celles-sur-Ource" title="Celles-sur-Ource">Celles-sur-Ource</a></td> <td>Brut Spéciale<br />Rosé de Saignée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent business">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cheurlin Thomas </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1788</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Celles-sur-Ource" title="Celles-sur-Ource">Celles-sur-Ource</a></td> <td>Blanc de Blanc – Célébrité<br />Blanc de Noir – Le Champion </td> <td style="text-align:center;">-</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent business">Independent</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Deutz_(wine)" title="Deutz (wine)">Deutz</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1838</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BF" title="Aÿ">Aÿ</a></td> <td>Amour de Deutz, Cuvée William Deutz </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_R%C5%93derer" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Rœderer">Louis Rœderer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Drappier" title="Drappier">Drappier</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urville_(Aube)" class="mw-redirect" title="Urville (Aube)">Urville</a></td> <td>Grande Sendrée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>family owned <p>Don perion </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Duval-Leroy" title="Duval-Leroy">Duval-Leroy</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1859</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertus" title="Vertus">Vertus</a></td> <td>Femme de Champagne </td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gauthier </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1858</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Grande Réserve Brut </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Paul Goerg </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1950</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertus" title="Vertus">Vertus</a></td> <td>Cuvée Lady C. </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gosset </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1584</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%BF" title="Aÿ">Aÿ</a></td> <td>Celebris </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Renaud Cointreau </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Heidsieck_%26_Co._Monopole" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidsieck & Co. Monopole">Heidsieck & Co. Monopole</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1785</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Diamant Bleu </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vranken-Pommery_Monopole" class="mw-redirect" title="Vranken-Pommery Monopole">Vranken-Pommery Monopole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Charles Heidsieck </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1851</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Blanc des Millénaires </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>EPI </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Henriot_(Champagne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henriot (Champagne)">Henriot</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1808</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Cuvée des Enchanteleurs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Krug_(Champagner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krug (Champagner)">Krug</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1843</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Name defined annually </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_Hennessy_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton">LVMH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Clos du Mesnil, Clos d'Ambonnay</td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent </td></tr> <tr> <th>Charles Lafitte </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1848</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Orgueil de France </td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent</td> <td>Vranken-Pommery Monopole </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanson_P%C3%A8re_%26_Fils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanson Père & Fils (page does not exist)">Lanson Père & Fils</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1760</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Noble Cuvée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th>Larmandier-Bernier </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1956</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertus" title="Vertus">Vertus</a></td> <td>Vieille Vigne de Cramant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>family owned </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Laurent-Perrier" title="Laurent-Perrier">Laurent-Perrier</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1812</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tours-sur-Marne" title="Tours-sur-Marne">Tours-sur-Marne</a></td> <td>Grand Siècle "La Cuvée" </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>Laurent-Perrier </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Mercier" title="Champagne Mercier">Mercier</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1858</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Vendange </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_Hennessy_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton">LVMH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_%26_Chandon" title="Moët & Chandon">Moët & Chandon</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1743</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dom_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Dom Pérignon">Dom Pérignon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_Hennessy_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton">LVMH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/G._H._Mumm" title="G. H. Mumm">G. H. Mumm</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1827</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Mumm de Cramant </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernod-Ricard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernod-Ricard">Pernod-Ricard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.champagne-naveau.com">Naveau</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1988</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berg%C3%A8res-l%C3%A8s-Vertus" title="Bergères-lès-Vertus">Bergères-les-Vertus</a></td> <td>Cuvée Rhapsodie </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Family-owned </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Paillard" title="Bruno Paillard">Bruno Paillard</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1981</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>N. P. U. (Nec Plus Ultra) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Perrier-Jou%C3%ABt" title="Perrier-Jouët">Perrier-Jouët</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1811</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Belle Époque </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pernod-Ricard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pernod-Ricard">Pernod-Ricard</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philipponnat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philipponnat (page does not exist)">Philipponnat</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1910</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mareuil-sur-Ay" title="Mareuil-sur-Ay">Mareuil-sur-Ay</a></td> <td>Clos des Goisses </td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Piper-Heidsieck" title="Piper-Heidsieck">Piper-Heidsieck</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1785</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Rare </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td>EPI </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pommery" title="Pommery">Pommery</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1836</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Cuvée Louise </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Vranken-Pommery Monopole </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Moncuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Moncuit (page does not exist)">Robert Moncuit</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1889</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Mesnil-sur-Oger" title="Le Mesnil-sur-Oger">Le Mesnil-sur-Oger</a></td> <td>Cuvée réservée brut, Cuvée réservée extra brut, Grande Cuvée Grand Cru Blanc de Blancs </td> <td style="text-align:center;">no</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Louis_R%C5%93derer" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Rœderer">Louis Rœderer</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1776</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cristal_(wine)" title="Cristal (wine)">Cristal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Pol_Roger" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne Pol Roger">Pol Roger</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1849</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Winston Churchill </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ruinart_(Champagne)" title="Ruinart (Champagne)">Ruinart</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1729<br />oldest still active<br />producer</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Dom Ruinart </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_Hennessy_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton">LVMH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Salon" title="Champagne Salon">Salon</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1921</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Le_Mesnil-sur-Oger" title="Le Mesnil-sur-Oger">Le Mesnil-sur-Oger</a></td> <td>S </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Laurent-Perrier </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Marie Stuart </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1867</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Cuvée de la Sommelière </td> <td style="text-align:center;">–</td> <td rowspan="2">Alain Thiénot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brut Millésimé</td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chartogne Taillet </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1515</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Fiacre </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>independent </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Taittinger" title="Taittinger">Taittinger</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1734</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Comtes de Champagne </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Taittinger </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Thiénot </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">1985</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>Grande Cuvée </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td rowspan="2">Alain Thiénot </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cuvée Stanislas</td> <td style="text-align:center;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th>de Venoge </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1837</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a></td> <td>Grand Vin des Princes </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td>Boizel Chanoine Champagne </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Veuve_Clicquot_Ponsardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin">Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin</a> </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1772</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a></td> <td>La Grande Dame </td> <td style="text-align:center;">yes</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mo%C3%ABt_Hennessy_Louis_Vuitton" class="mw-redirect" title="Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton">LVMH</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vranken </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1979</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pernay" title="Épernay">Épernay</a> </td> <td>Demoiselle followed by <br />vintage dependent names</td> <td style="text-align:center;">vintage dependent </td> <td>Vranken-Pommery Monopole </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shipments">Shipments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shipments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Champagne industry is expected to ship 314 million bottles in 2023, down 3.7% from the previous year, according to the <a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Interprofessionnel_du_vin_de_Champagne" title="Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne">Comité Champagne</a> industry trade group. Nightclub markets remain strong, but consumption of Champagne in the home is losing ground.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Champagne shipments<sup id="cite_ref-AGCC_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGCC-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Destination</th> <th>Volume<br />(bottle)</th> <th>Value<br />(EUR) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Total</th> <th>325.5 million</th> <th>6.8 Billion </th></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>42.5%</td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exports</td> <td>57.5%</td> <td>66% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Top ten external markets<sup id="cite_ref-AGCC_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AGCC-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>No.</th> <th>Country</th> <th>Volume<br />(million bottles)</th> <th>Value<br />(million EUR) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td> <td>34.1</td> <td>793.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>29.9</td> <td>503.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td> <td>13.8</td> <td>354.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>11.1</td> <td>201.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td>10.3</td> <td>200.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td> <td>9.9</td> <td>166.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>9.2</td> <td>159.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span>  </span><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>6.1</td> <td>125.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>4.4</td> <td>94.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>3.9</td> <td>79.7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/16px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/24px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg/33px-Goblet_Glass_%28Banquet%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="408" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Drink" title="Portal:Drink">Drink portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autolysis_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autolysis (wine)">Autolysis (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_breakfast" title="Champagne breakfast">Champagne breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_Riots" title="Champagne Riots">Champagne Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Champagne_vineyards" title="Classification of Champagne vineyards">Classification of Champagne vineyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Tr%C3%A9sors_de_Champagne" title="Club Trésors de Champagne">Club Trésors de Champagne</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Coteaux_Champenois_AOC" title="Coteaux Champenois AOC">Coteaux Champenois AOC</a></i></span>, term used for non-sparkling (still) wines produced in the same area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Champagne_houses" title="List of Champagne houses">List of Champagne houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bohne" title="Louis Bohne">Louis Bohne</a>, sales agent for <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Veuve_Clicquot" title="Veuve Clicquot">Veuve Clicquot</a></i></span> in the 19th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_pp._150–153-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_pp._150–153_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Robinson2006" class="citation book cs1">J. Robinson, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/150"><i>The Oxford Companion to Wine</i></a> (Third ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00janc/page/150">150–153</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860990-6"><bdi>0-19-860990-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Wine&rft.pages=150-153&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-860990-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00janc%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Not all wines with bubbles are Champagne". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_Courier-Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kentucky Courier-Journal (page does not exist)">Kentucky Courier-Journal</a></i>. 13 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kentucky+Courier-Journal&rft.atitle=Not+all+wines+with+bubbles+are+Champagne&rft.date=2011-12-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates, Clive. <i>An Encyclopedia of the Wines and Domaines of France</i>. University of California Press, 2000. pp. 539–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_pp_210-219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_pp_210-219_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Johnson1989" class="citation book cs1">H. Johnson (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/210"><i>Vintage: The Story of Wine</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vintagestoryofwi00john/page/210">210–219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-68702-6"><bdi>0-671-68702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage%3A+The+Story+of+Wine&rft.pages=210-219&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-671-68702-6&rft.au=H.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvintagestoryofwi00john%2Fpage%2F210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Merret Biographical Information. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérard_Liger-Belair2004" class="citation book cs1">Gérard Liger-Belair (2004). <i>Uncorked: The Science of Champagne</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11919-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11919-9"><bdi>978-0-691-11919-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncorked%3A+The+Science+of+Champagne&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11919-9&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Liger-Belair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Stevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Tom Stevenson (2005). <i>Sotheby's Wine Encyclopaedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4"><bdi>0-7513-3740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopaedia&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7513-3740-4&rft.au=Tom+Stevenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-herald-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-herald_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuillan" class="citation web cs1">McQuillan, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140610165239/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-23670868.html">"What's the story with ... 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Champagne+region+expansion+uncorks+grapes+of+wrath&rft.aulast=Sage&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fchampagne-region-expansion-uncorks-grapes-of-wrath-k5f6p8x9x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Werth2010" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Werth (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006104905/http://www.marketplace.org/topics/life/australia-corks-its-use-champagne">"Australia corks its use of 'champagne'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Marketplace</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketplace.org/topics/life/australia-corks-its-use-champagne">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marketplace&rft.atitle=Australia+corks+its+use+of+%27champagne%27&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.au=Christopher+Werth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketplace.org%2Ftopics%2Flife%2Faustralia-corks-its-use-champagne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Section-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Section_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Section_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">26 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/5388">§ 5388</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Champagne_Bureau-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Champagne_Bureau_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champagne.us">"United States Champagne Bureau Champagne in United States Champagne America"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+title%3D%22French-language+text%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22fr%22%3EAnnales+de+Physique%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+French-language+text&rft.atitle=La+physique+des+bulles+de+champagne&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2Fanphys%3A2002004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002AnPh...27d...1L&rft.au=G.+Liger-Belair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edpsciences.org%2Farticles%2Fanphys%2Fabs%2F2002%2F04%2Fann042002%2Fann042002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kladstrup_p._25-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kladstrup_p._25_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._&_P._Kladstrup2005" class="citation book cs1">D. & P. Kladstrup (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/champagnehowworl00klad/page/25"><i>Champagne</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/champagnehowworl00klad/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1"><bdi>0-06-073792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champagne&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005-11&rft.isbn=0-06-073792-1&rft.au=D.+%26+P.+Kladstrup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampagnehowworl00klad%2Fpage%2F25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kladstrup_pp._46–47-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kladstrup_pp._46–47_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._&_P._Kladstrup2005" class="citation book cs1">D. & P. Kladstrup (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/champagnehowworl00klad/page/46"><i>Champagne</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/champagnehowworl00klad/page/46">46–47</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-073792-1"><bdi>0-06-073792-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champagne&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005-11&rft.isbn=0-06-073792-1&rft.au=D.+%26+P.+Kladstrup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampagnehowworl00klad%2Fpage%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson_pp._169–178-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson_pp._169–178_32-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Stevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">T. 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(2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053"><i>The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia</i></a></span> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newsothebyswinee00stev_053/page/n166">169</a>–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7513-3740-4"><bdi>0-7513-3740-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sotheby%27s+Wine+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=169-178&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7513-3740-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewsothebyswinee00stev_053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guy,_Kolleen-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guy,_Kolleen_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy, Kolleen M. ""Oiling the Wheels of Social Life": Myths and Marketing in Champagne during the Belle Epoque." French Historical Studies 22.2 (1999): 211–39. Web. 28 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_p._245-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_p._245_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Phillips2000" class="citation book cs1">R. Phillips (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwi0000phil/page/245"><i>A Short History of Wine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofwi0000phil/page/245">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-621282-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-621282-0"><bdi>0-06-621282-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Wine&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-06-621282-0&rft.au=R.+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofwi0000phil%2Fpage%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips_p._243-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_p._243_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Phillips2000" class="citation book cs1">R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.winetourism.com&rft.atitle=Champagne+travel+guide+for+wine+lovers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winetourism.com%2Fwine-region%2Fchampagne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AOC_2010-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AOC_2010_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AOC_2010_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do;jsessionid=?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000023126020&dateTexte=&oldAction=rechJO&categorieLien=id">"Décret n° 2010-1441 du 22 novembre 2010 relatif à l'appellation d'origine contrôlée " Champagne "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Decree number 2010-1441 of 22 November 2010, relating to the <i>Appellation d'Origine Contôlée</i> of 'Champagne'] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Journal_officiel_de_la_R%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Journal officiel de la République française">Journal officiel de la République française</a> number 273, text number 8. 25 November 2010. p. 21013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cret+n%C2%B0+2010-1441+du+22+novembre+2010+relatif+%C3%A0+l%27appellation+d%27origine+contr%C3%B4l%C3%A9e+%22+Champagne+%22&rft.pages=21013&rft.pub=Journal+officiel+de+la+R%C3%A9publique+fran%C3%A7aise+number+273%2C+text+number+8&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legifrance.gouv.fr%2FaffichTexte.do%3Bjsessionid%3D%3FcidTexte%3DJORFTEXT000023126020%26dateTexte%3D%26oldAction%3DrechJO%26categorieLien%3Did&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deca-ch6-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deca-ch6_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2004" class="citation web cs1">Rosen, Maggie (8 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decanter.com/wine-news/champagne-house-launches-6-grape-cuvee-103313/">"Champagne house launches '6 grape' cuvée"</a>. <i>Decanter.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Decanter.com&rft.atitle=Champagne+house+launches+%276+grape%27+cuv%C3%A9e&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.decanter.com%2Fwine-news%2Fchampagne-house-launches-6-grape-cuvee-103313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inao.gouv.fr/public/produits/showTexte.php?comiteNat=1&id_txt=18">"AOC Champagne – Conditions de production"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Institut_national_de_l%27origine_et_de_la_qualit%C3%A9" title="Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité">Institut national de l'origine et de la qualité</a> (INAO).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AOC+Champagne+%E2%80%93+Conditions+de+production&rft.pub=Institut+national+de+l%27origine+et+de+la+qualit%C3%A9+%28INAO%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inao.gouv.fr%2Fpublic%2Fproduits%2FshowTexte.php%3FcomiteNat%3D1%26id_txt%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maisons-champagne.com/bonal/pages/06/06-01_1.htm">"AOC Champagne: Définition et loi"</a> [AOC Champagne: Definition and law] (in French). 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In one scene, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irene_Dunne" title="Irene Dunne">Irene Dunne</a> gazed into each others' eyes while sipping on pink champagne, and sales went up immediately afterwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turner+Classic+Movies&rft.atitle=Love+Affair+%281939%29+%E2%80%93+Love+Affair&rft.date=2003-01-21&rft.au=Andrea+Foshee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F3938%2Flove-affair%23articles-reviews%3FarticleId%3D18752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maisons-champagne.com/en/appellation/stages-in-winemaking/preparation-for-shipment-many-years-later/article/dosage">"Dosage – Union des Maisons de Champagne"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dosage+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BUnion+des+Maisons+de+Champagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaisons-champagne.com%2Fen%2Fappellation%2Fstages-in-winemaking%2Fpreparation-for-shipment-many-years-later%2Farticle%2Fdosage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestchampagne.net/glossary/dosage/">"Dosage in Champagne – Past, Present, Future"</a>. <i>BESTCHAMPAGNE</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harding (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winemiscellanyja0000hard"><i>A Wine Miscellany</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: Clarkson Potter Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/winemiscellanyja0000hard/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-34635-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-34635-8"><bdi>0-307-34635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Wine+Miscellany&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Clarkson+Potter+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-307-34635-8&rft.au=G.+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwinemiscellanyja0000hard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/motorsport/formula_one/3585731.stm">"Bahrain bans champagne"</a>. 31 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bahrain+bans+champagne&rft.date=2004-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fmotorsport%2Fformula_one%2F3585731.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArbellot1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arbellot, Simon (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HGyAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tel plat, tel vin</i></a> (in French). p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tel+plat%2C+tel+vin&rft.pages=73&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Arbellot&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4HGyAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/nickpassmore/2014/12/06/the-worlds-most-expensive-champagnes/#46377ed9820e">"The World's Most Expensive Champagnes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Most+Expensive+Champagnes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fnickpassmore%2F2014%2F12%2F06%2Fthe-worlds-most-expensive-champagnes%2F%2346377ed9820e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRascouet2023" class="citation news cs1">Rascouet, Angelina (17 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-09-17/champagne-demand-softens-after-post-covid-boom-years-lvmh-says">"Champagne Demand Softens After Post-Covid Boom Years, LVMH Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=Champagne+Demand+Softens+After+Post-Covid+Boom+Years%2C+LVMH+Says&rft.date=2023-09-17&rft.aulast=Rascouet&rft.aufirst=Angelina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-09-17%2Fchampagne-demand-softens-after-post-covid-boom-years-lvmh-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AGCC-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AGCC_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AGCC_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.champagne.fr/en/find-out-more/champagne-at-a-glance">"Champagne at a glance"</a>. Comité Champagne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champagne+at+a+glance&rft.pub=Comit%C3%A9+Champagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.champagne.fr%2Fen%2Ffind-out-more%2Fchampagne-at-a-glance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichelmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Eichelmann, Gerhard (2017). <i>Champagne – Edition 2017</i>. Heidelberg: Mondo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783938839287" title="Special:BookSources/9783938839287"><bdi>9783938839287</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champagne+%E2%80%93+Edition+2017&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Mondo&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783938839287&rft.aulast=Eichelmann&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2003" class="citation book cs1">Guy, Kolleen M. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenchampagnebec0000guyk"><i>When Champagne Became French: Wine and the Making of a National Identity</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801887475" title="Special:BookSources/9780801887475"><bdi>9780801887475</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819135515">819135515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Champagne+Became+French%3A+Wine+and+the+Making+of+a+National+Identity&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819135515&rft.isbn=9780801887475&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Kolleen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenchampagnebec0000guyk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiger-Belair2004" class="citation book cs1">Liger-Belair, Gérard (2004). <i>Uncorked: The Science of Champagne</i>. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-11919-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-11919-8"><bdi>0-691-11919-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncorked%3A+The+Science+of+Champagne&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-11919-8&rft.aulast=Liger-Belair&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2003" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Tom (2003). <i>World Encyclopedia of Champagne and Sparkling Wine</i>. Wine Appreciation Guild. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891267-61-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-891267-61-2"><bdi>1-891267-61-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia+of+Champagne+and+Sparkling+Wine&rft.pub=Wine+Appreciation+Guild&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-891267-61-2&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutcliffe1988" class="citation book cs1">Sutcliffe, Serena (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/champagnehistory0000sutc"><i>Champagne: The History and Character of the World's Most Celebrated Wine</i></a>. Mitchell Beazley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-66672-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-66672-X"><bdi>0-671-66672-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champagne%3A+The+History+and+Character+of+the+World%27s+Most+Celebrated+Wine&rft.pub=Mitchell+Beazley&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-671-66672-X&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.aufirst=Serena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchampagnehistory0000sutc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2016" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Robert (2016). <i>Bursting Bubbles: A Secret History of Champagne and the Rise of the Great Growers</i>. Abbotsford, Victoria, Australia: Bibendum Wine Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646960760" title="Special:BookSources/9780646960760"><bdi>9780646960760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bursting+Bubbles%3A+A+Secret+History+of+Champagne+and+the+Rise+of+the+Great+Growers&rft.place=Abbotsford%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Bibendum+Wine+Co&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780646960760&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChampagne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Champagne&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Champagne_(drink)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Champagne (drink)">Champagne (drink)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/champagne" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/champagne">champagne</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1913/the-history-of-champagne/">World History Encyclopedia - The History of Champagne</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.champagne.fr/en"><i>Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne</i></a> official site (<a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_Interprofessionnel_du_vin_de_Champagne" title="Comité Interprofessionnel du vin de Champagne">CIVC</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.champagne.us">Champagne Bureau U.S. official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maisons-champagne.com/en/">Union of Champagne Houses official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130327115245/http://www.france.fr/en/wines-spirits/wines-champagne">The wines of Champagne</a>, official website of France</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wines" title="Template:Wines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wines" title="Template talk:Wines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_growth_cycle_of_grapevines" title="Annual growth cycle of grapevines">Annual growth cycle of grapevines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenology" title="Oenology">Oenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitis#Species" title="Vitis">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraison" title="Veraison">Veraison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">Vineyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicians_and_wine" title="Phoenicians and wine">Phoenicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wine" title="Noah's wine">Noah's wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_wine" title="History of French wine">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight" title="Great French Wine Blight">Great French Wine Blight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine#History" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)" title="Judgment of Paris (wine)">Judgment of Paris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">Sparkling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ros%C3%A9" title="Rosé">Rosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_wine" title="Orange wine">Orange</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dessert_wine" title="Dessert wine">Dessert</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortified_wine" title="Fortified wine">Fortified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatised_wine" title="Aromatised wine">Aromatized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw_wine" title="Straw wine">Straw</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_wine" title="Table wine">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_wine" title="Natural wine">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_wine" title="Biodynamic wine">Biodynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_wine" title="Organic wine">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">Kosher</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top <a href="/wiki/List_of_grape_varieties" title="List of grape varieties">grape varieties</a><br />by acreage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_wine" title="White wine">White</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" title="Airén">Airén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligot%C3%A9" title="Aligoté">Aligoté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catarratto" title="Catarratto">Catarratto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetana_blanca" title="Cayetana blanca">Cayetana blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenin_blanc" title="Chenin blanc">Chenin blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombard" title="Colombard">Colombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glera_(grape)" title="Glera (grape)">Glera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Veltliner" title="Grüner Veltliner">Grüner Veltliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macabeo" title="Macabeo">Macabeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau" title="Müller-Thurgau">Müller-Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_Blanc_%C3%A0_Petits_Grains" title="Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains">Muscat blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_of_Alexandria" title="Muscat of Alexandria">Muscat of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomino_(grape)" title="Palomino (grape)">Palomino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesling" title="Riesling">Riesling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rkatsiteli" title="Rkatsiteli">Rkatsiteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauvignon_blanc" title="Sauvignon blanc">Sauvignon blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9millon" title="Sémillon">Sémillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebbiano" title="Trebbiano">Trebbiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welschriesling" title="Welschriesling">Welschriesling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_wine" title="Red wine">Red</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante_Bouschet" title="Alicante Bouschet">Alicante Bouschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbera" title="Barbera">Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobal" title="Bobal">Bobal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Franc" title="Cabernet Franc">Cabernet Franc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabernet_Sauvignon" title="Cabernet Sauvignon">Cabernet Sauvignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carignan" title="Carignan">Carignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinsaut" title="Cinsaut">Cinsaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douce_noir" title="Douce noir">Douce noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamay" title="Gamay">Gamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenache" title="Grenache">Grenache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(grape)" title="Isabella (grape)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbec" title="Malbec">Malbec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montepulciano_(grape)" title="Montepulciano (grape)">Montepulciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourv%C3%A8dre" title="Mourvèdre">Mourvèdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiovese" title="Sangiovese">Sangiovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrah" title="Syrah">Syrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempranillo" title="Tempranillo">Tempranillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinfandel" title="Zinfandel">Zinfandel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_regions" title="List of wine-producing regions">Major regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_World_wine" title="Old World wine">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_wine" title="New World wine">New World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Packaging, <a href="/wiki/Wine_accessory" title="Wine accessory">accessories</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Storage_of_wine" title="Storage of wine">storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corkscrew" title="Corkscrew">Corkscrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decanter" title="Decanter">Decanter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_wine" title="Jug wine">Jug wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvevri" title="Kvevri">Kvevri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muselet" title="Muselet">Muselet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_tongs" title="Port tongs">Port tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cave" title="Wine cave">Wine cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cork" title="Wine cork">Wine cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_dispenser" title="Wine dispenser">Wine dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_glass" title="Wine glass">Wine glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_rack" title="Wine rack">Wine rack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wine_chemistry" title="Wine chemistry">Wine chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_of_wine" title="Aroma of wine">Aroma of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Acids in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenolic_content_in_wine" title="Phenolic content in wine">Phenolic content in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteins_in_wine" title="Proteins in wine">Proteins in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_wine" title="Classification of wine">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenophilia" title="Oenophilia">Oenophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommelier" title="Sommelier">Sommelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_and_food_pairing" title="Wine and food pairing">Wine and food pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fault" title="Wine fault">Wine fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_fraud" title="Wine fraud">Wine fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaker" title="Winemaker">Winemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine_personalities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine personalities">Wine personalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_wine" title="Outline of wine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_wine_terms" title="Glossary of wine terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winemaking321" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Winemaking" title="Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Winemaking" title="Template talk:Winemaking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Winemaking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Winemaking321" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Winemaking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Harvest_(wine)" title="Harvest (wine)">Harvest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_harvest_wine" title="Late harvest wine">Late harvest wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_rot" title="Noble rot">Noble rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage" title="Vintage">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pressing_(wine)" title="Pressing (wine)">Pressing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acids_in_wine" title="Acids in wine">Deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destemming" class="mw-redirect" title="Destemming">Destemming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine press">Wine press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maceration_(wine)" title="Maceration (wine)">Maceration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_maceration" title="Carbonic maceration">Carbonic maceration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_winemaking" title="Fermentation in winemaking">Fermentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malolactic_fermentation" title="Malolactic fermentation">Malolactic fermentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine_production" title="Sparkling wine production">Sparkling wine production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugars_in_wine" title="Sugars in wine">Sugars in wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCssreserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Süssreserve">Süssreserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_method" title="Traditional method">Traditional method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_assimilable_nitrogen" title="Yeast assimilable nitrogen">Yeast assimilable nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeast_in_winemaking" title="Yeast in winemaking">Yeast in winemaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_wine" title="Aging of wine">Aging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oak_(wine)" title="Oak (wine)">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solera" title="Solera">Solera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_cellar" title="Wine cellar">Wine cellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other steps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarification_and_stabilization_of_wine" title="Clarification and stabilization of wine">Clarification and stabilization of wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winery" title="Winery">Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_viticulture_terms" title="Glossary of viticulture terms">Glossary of viticulture terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_winemaking_terms" title="Glossary of winemaking terms">Glossary of winemaking terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting_descriptors" title="Wine tasting descriptors">Wine tasting descriptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press" title="History of the wine press">History of the wine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">History of wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terroir" title="Terroir">Terroir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/8px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/13px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/17px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_wine64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Template:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Template talk:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_regions_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine regions in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_wine64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_wine" title="Alsace wine">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaujolais" title="Beaujolais">Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_wine" title="Bordeaux wine">Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundy_wine" title="Burgundy wine">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica wine">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_wine" title="Jura wine">Jura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedoc-Roussillon_wine" title="Languedoc-Roussillon wine">Languedoc-Roussillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley_(wine)" title="Loire Valley (wine)">Loire Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provence_wine" title="Provence wine">Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_wine" title="Rhône wine">Rhône</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_wine" title="Savoy wine">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South West France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wine_by_country101" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wine_by_country" title="Template talk:Wine by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wine_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wine by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wine_by_country101" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_wine-producing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wine-producing countries">Wine by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_wine" title="Algerian wine">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_wine" title="Egyptian wine">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_wine" title="Moroccan wine">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_wine" title="Namibian wine">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_wine" title="South African wine">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_wine" title="Tanzanian wine">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_wine" title="Tunisian wine">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_wine" title="Abkhazian wine">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_wine" title="Azerbaijani wine">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan wine">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_in_China" title="Wine in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_wine" title="Indian wine">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_wine" title="Israeli wine">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_wine" title="Jordanian wine">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_wine" title="Kazakh wine">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_wine" title="Lebanese wine">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_wine" title="Palestinian wine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_wine" title="Philippine wine">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_wine" title="Thai wine">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_wine" title="Turkish wine">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_wine" title="Vietnamese wine">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_wine" title="Austrian wine">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_wine" title="Belgian wine">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_wine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina wine">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_wine" title="Bulgarian wine">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_wine" title="Cypriot wine">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_wine" title="Czech wine">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_wine" title="Danish wine">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_wine" title="Georgian wine">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_wine" title="German wine">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_wine" title="Greek wine">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_wine" title="Irish wine">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_wine" title="Liechtenstein wine">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg wine">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_wine" title="Maltese wine">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_wine" title="Moldovan wine">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_wine" title="Montenegrin wine">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonian_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Macedonian wine">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_wine" title="Dutch wine">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_wine" title="Polish wine">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_wine" title="Portuguese wine">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_wine" title="Romanian wine">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_wine" title="Russian wine">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_wine" title="Sammarinese wine">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_wine" title="Serbian wine">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_wine" title="Slovak wine">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_wine" title="Slovenian wine">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_wine" title="Spanish wine">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_wine" title="Swedish wine">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_wine" title="Swiss wine">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_wine" title="Ukrainian wine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_wine" title="Canadian wine">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_wine" title="Australian wine">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_wine" title="Argentine wine">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_wine" title="Bolivian wine">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_wine" title="Brazilian wine">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_wine" title="Chilean wine">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_wine" title="Paraguayan wine">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_wine" title="Peruvian wine">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_wine" title="Uruguayan wine">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/10px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/15px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg/20px-A_bottle_and_glass_of_wine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="948" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wine" title="Portal:Wine">Wine</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" 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