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aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政府組成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府組成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>政府組成</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府組成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政體分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政體分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>政體分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政體分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政體分類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政體分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-以執政者身份的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以執政者身份的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>以執政者身份的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以執政者身份的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-贵族政治類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#贵族政治類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>贵族政治類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-贵族政治類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-獨裁類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#獨裁類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>獨裁類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-獨裁類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-君主制類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#君主制類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>君主制類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-君主制類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-退化（Pejorative）類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#退化（Pejorative）類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>退化（Pejorative）類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-退化（Pejorative）類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以執政者選舉方式的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以執政者選舉方式的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>以執政者選舉方式的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以執政者選舉方式的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-威權主義類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#威權主義類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>威權主義類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-威權主義類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-民主類以及不完全民主" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#民主類以及不完全民主"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>民主類以及不完全民主</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-民主類以及不完全民主-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寡头政治類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寡头政治類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>寡头政治類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寡头政治類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>其他</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以權力分配方式的分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以權力分配方式的分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>以權力分配方式的分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以權力分配方式的分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-共和制" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共和制"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>共和制</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共和制-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-联邦主义類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#联邦主义類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>联邦主义類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-联邦主义類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他權力分配方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他權力分配方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>其他權力分配方式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他權力分配方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政府职能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府职能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>政府职能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府职能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政府与市场" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政府与市场"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>政府与市场</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-政府与市场-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地圖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地圖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>地圖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地圖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>註解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">政府</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。169种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">169种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="መንግሥት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubierno" title="Gubierno – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gubierno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حكومة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حكومة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%9B%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%90)" title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ) – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܫܘܠܛܢܘܬܐ (ܫܘܬܐܣܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9" title="حوكومة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حوكومة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87" title="حكومه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حكومه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="চৰকাৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰকাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobiernu" title="Gobiernu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gobiernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ХӀукумат – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀукумат" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6kum%C9%99t" title="Hökumət – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hökumət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A4%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حؤکومت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حؤکومت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82" title="Хөкүмәт – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Хөкүмәт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABriaus%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Vīriausībė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vīriausībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobyerno" title="Gobyerno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gobyerno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Урад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Урад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwernem%C3%A8n" title="Guwernemèn – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Guwernemèn" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правителство – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правителство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সরকার – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সরকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouarnamant" title="Gouarnamant – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouarnamant" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamerentah" title="Pamerentah – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Pamerentah" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мехкан урхалла – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мехкан урхалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagamhanan" title="Kagamhanan – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kagamhanan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobietnu" title="Gobietnu – 查莫罗语" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Gobietnu" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="查莫罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AA" title="حکوومەت – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حکوومەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_moc" title="Státní moc – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Státní moc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тӳре-шара – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӳре-шара" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywodraeth" title="Llywodraeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llywodraeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gominanti" title="Gominanti – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gominanti" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Κυβέρνηση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυβέρνηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Government" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registaro" title="Registaro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Registaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valitsus" title="Valitsus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valitsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobernu" title="Gobernu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gobernu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goviernu" title="Goviernu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Goviernu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement" title="Gouvernement – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiarang" title="Regiarang – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Regiarang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regear" title="Regear – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Regear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rialtas" title="Rialtas – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rialtas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernman" title="Gouvernman – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Gouvernman" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riaghaltas" title="Riaghaltas – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Riaghaltas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goberno" title="Goberno – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Goberno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet%C3%A3rerekua" title="Tetãrerekua – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tetãrerekua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiltys" title="Reiltys – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Reiltys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnati" title="Gwamnati – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gwamnati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aupuni" title="Aupuni – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aupuni" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ממשלה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממשלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar" title="Sarkar – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sarkar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8nman" title="Gouvènman – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gouvènman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կառավարություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կառավարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governamento" title="Governamento – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Governamento" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah" title="Pemerintah – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernament" title="Guvernament – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Guvernament" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvernerio" title="Guvernerio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Guvernerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADkisstj%C3%B3rn" title="Ríkisstjórn – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ríkisstjórn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobament" title="Gobament – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gobament" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papr%C3%A8ntahan" title="Paprèntahan – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paprèntahan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მთავრობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მთავრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Үкімет – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үкімет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naalakkersueriaaseq" title="Naalakkersueriaaseq – 格陵兰语" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Naalakkersueriaaseq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="格陵兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B" title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រដ្ឋាភិបាល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸರಕಾರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸರಕಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="정부 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hik%C3%BBmet" title="Hikûmet – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hikûmet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governans" title="Governans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Governans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Өкмөт – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Өкмөт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectio" title="Rectio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rectio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierung" title="Regierung – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Regierung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guviern" title="Guviern – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Guviern" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guv%C9%9Bn%C9%9Bm%C3%A1" title="Guvɛnɛmá – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Guvɛnɛmá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດຖະບານ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດຖະບານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyriausyb%C4%97" title="Vyriausybė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriausybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vald%C4%ABba" title="Valdība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valdība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerentahan" title="Pemerentahan – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Pemerentahan" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governemanta" title="Governemanta – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Governemanta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81wanatanga" title="Kāwanatanga – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāwanatanga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamarentah" title="Pamarentah – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pamarentah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="സർക്കാർ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സർക്കാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Засаглал – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Засаглал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan" title="Pemerintahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B" title="အစိုးရ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစိုးရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кондан – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кондан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeren" title="Regeren – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Regeren" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सरकार – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सरकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regjering" title="Regjering – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regjering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouv%C3%A8rn%C3%A9ment" title="Gouvèrnément – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gouvèrnément" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boma" title="Boma – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Boma" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gov%C3%A8rn" title="Govèrn – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Govèrn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mootummaa" title="Mootummaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mootummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸਰਕਾਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobierno" title="Gobierno – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gobierno" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rz%C4%85d_(prawo)" title="Rząd (prawo) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rząd (prawo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govern" title="Govern – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Govern" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo" title="Governo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guvern" title="Guvern – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Guvern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivernisi" title="Chivernisi – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chivernisi" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Правительство – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правительство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Влада – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Влада" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0h%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьаhалта – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьаhалта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuvernu" title="Cuvernu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cuvernu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govrenment" title="Govrenment – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Govrenment" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حڪومت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حڪومت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1%C4%91%C4%91ehus" title="Ráđđehus – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ráđđehus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlada" title="Vlada – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vlada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လူင်ပွင်ၸိုင်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="ආණ්ඩුව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආණ්ඩුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" title="Government – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Government" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladavina" title="Vladavina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vladavina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurumende" title="Hurumende – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hurumende" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qeveria" title="Qeveria – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qeveria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Државна управа – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државна управа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamar%C3%A9ntah" title="Pamaréntah – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pamaréntah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regering" title="Regering – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serikali" title="Serikali – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Serikali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/cen-hu" title="cen-hu – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="cen-hu" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசாங்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசாங்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AD%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="ప్రభుత్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రభుత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ҳукумат – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳукумат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="รัฐบาล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamahalaan" title="Pamahalaan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamahalaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavman" title="Gavman – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Gavman" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCk%C3%BBmet" title="Hükûmet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hükûmet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulumendhe" title="Hulumendhe – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Hulumendhe" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%B6k%C3%BCm%C3%A4t" title="Xökümät – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xökümät" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoafo%C9%94" title="Mansoafoɔ – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mansoafoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Уряд – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уряд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D8%AA" title="حکومت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حکومت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumat" title="Hukumat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hukumat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goerno" title="Goerno – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Goerno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Chính phủ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamunuan" title="Pamunuan – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pamunuan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhulumente" title="Rhulumente – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Rhulumente" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="თარობა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თარობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="רעגירונג – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגירונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cj%E1%BB%8Dba" title="Ìjọba – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìjọba" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cwngfuj" title="Cwngfuj – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cwngfuj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA" title="Chèng-hú – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-hú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHulumeni" title="UHulumeni – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UHulumeni" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&oldid=84367625" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&id=84367625&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Government" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7188" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>官方</b>」重定向至此。關於普通法的概念，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9_(%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA)" title="官方 (法人)">官方 (法人)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a>的一部分</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccc;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政体形式列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of forms of government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政体形式列表（页面不存在）">政体基本形式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" class="extiw" title="en:List of forms of government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of forms of government</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会权力基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French and Raven's bases of power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会权力基础（页面不存在）">权力基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Raven%27s_bases_of_power" class="extiw" title="en:French and Raven's bases of power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French and Raven's bases of power</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主政体</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>多数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主">抽签民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="代議民主">代议民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社会民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="社会主义民主制">社会主义民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="贵族民主制">貴族民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="民主制度分类">其他民主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>少数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" title="無支配體制">无体制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族制政体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳工统治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ergatocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳工统治（页面不存在）">劳工制政体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Ergatocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ergatocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老人政治">老人制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8A%E7%9B%9C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="竊盜統治">盗贼制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="判官统治">判官制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">宗教制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="心智政權">智主制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政黨政治">政党制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="金權政治">财阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF_(%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94)" title="軍政 (政體)">军阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家制政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>一个人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁政體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">军事独裁政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>没有人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">无政府政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="自由人联合体">自由人政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無國家社會">无国家政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力思想</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会政治意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="委員會制">委员会制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家制度政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制">议会共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="公司王国">金權政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会经济意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分产主义">分产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部落主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部落主义（页面不存在）">部落主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tribalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="全球治理">全球</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">本地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>地缘文化意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="政府间组织">政府间组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力结构</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">单一主义</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="親王國">封国制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="從屬國">从属主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B9%AB%E9%82%A6" title="聯繫邦">聯繫邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領">自治領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国">保护国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="傀儡政權">傀儡国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治花瓶（页面不存在）">傀儡君主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="卫星国">卫星国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="自治殖民地">自治殖民地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2" title="朝貢">朝贡国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="缓冲国">缓冲国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B" title="附庸國">附庸國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="副王领" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viceroyalty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B%E9%A2%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副王领（页面不存在）">副王领</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty" class="extiw" title="en:Viceroyalty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viceroyalty</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BE" title="权力下放">权力下放制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superstate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家（页面不存在）">超国家制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstate" class="extiw" title="en:Superstate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superstate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="政合国">政合國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="权力 (国际关系)">国家权力</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="小國">小國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="地域大国">地域大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中等強國">中等強國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="行政区划">行政区划</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E5%9C%8B" title="構成國">構成國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自治共和國">自治共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯國">諸侯國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國">公國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">令制國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="酋长国">酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="邦國">邦國</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" title="州">州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="邦">邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="縣">縣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82" title="市">市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%85_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92)" title="厅 (行政区划)">廳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鄉">鄉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮">鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="區">區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自治區">自治區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-disambig" title="特區">特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辖区">轄區</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Politics">政治主題頁</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Category:政治">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ededed;padding-bottom:0;font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="投票箱" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/70px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治学基本主题列表（页面不存在）">各国政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="政体">政治体系</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="联盟制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Federacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联盟制（页面不存在）">联盟制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federacy" class="extiw" title="en:Federacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Federacy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="独裁政体">独裁制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="委员会制">委员会制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="精英政治">精英政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%9D%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="神权政治">神权政治</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">学术门类</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="政治学">政治学</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="政治学家">政治学家</a>）</small></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學">國際關係學</a><br /><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="國際關係理論">理论</a>）</small></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="比较政治学">比较政治学</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%AD%A6" title="公共行政学">公共行政</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制">官僚制</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%B1%82%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A" title="基层官僚">基层</a>）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灵活组织机构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adhocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灵活组织机构（页面不存在）">灵活组织机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Adhocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adhocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="公共政策">公共政策</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共政策原则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public policy doctrine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共政策原则（页面不存在）">原则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" class="extiw" title="en:Public policy doctrine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public policy doctrine</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%9C%BE%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="公眾利益">公共利益</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="外交政策">外交政策</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">政府机构</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" title="權力分立">权力分立</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机构</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="司法機關">司法机构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="選舉委員會">选举机构</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">相关主题</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A" title="主權">主權</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政治行为理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of political behavior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治行为理论（页面不存在）">政治行为理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of political behavior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of political behavior</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="政治心理學">政治心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生理与政治导向" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biology and political orientation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%BC%E5%90%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生理与政治导向（页面不存在）">生理与政治导向</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" class="extiw" title="en:Biology and political orientation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biology and political orientation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="政治組織">政治組織</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:white;color:#3A5FCD;">下属系列</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">选举制度</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="选举">选举</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8" title="投票">投票</a>）</li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政府</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意識形態">意識形態</a></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党">政党</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics" title="Template:Politics"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics" title="Template talk:Politics"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Politics" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Politics"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>政府</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Government</span>）是一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>体系，於某个區域訂立、執行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="管理">管理</a>的一套<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="机构">机构</a>。广义的政府包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="立法机关">立法机关</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" title="行政机关">行政机关</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="司法机关">司法机关</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="军事">军事</a>机关，狭义的政府仅指行政机关；在<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%98%81%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="内阁制">内阁制</a>国家，“政府”一词也用來指代表国家最高行政机构的核心，即“<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E9%98%81" class="mw-redirect" title="内阁">内阁</a>”。政府的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="一般化">一般化</a>形式稱之為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94)" title="國 (政治實體)">國家</a>（State）。 </p><p>政府也是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="权力">权力</a>分配的格局。不仅是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="司法权">司法权</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="立法权">立法权</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="行政權">行政权</a>之间的关系，也是中央政府与地方政府之间的关系，甚至包括政府各部门单位之间以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8A%A1%E5%91%98" class="mw-redirect" title="公务员">公务员</a>之间的权力分配。 </p><p>政府是组成国家整体的一个重要部分，政府隶属于国家。因此执政政府的倒台或<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%9D%83" title="政权">政权</a>更替并不意味着国家的灭亡，而如果国家灭亡了，政府就不可能存在。公民对于国家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="合法性">合法性</a>存在认同性高于对政府的认同性。 </p><p>政府也是一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (社会科学)">组织</a>，区别于一般的社会组织，政府权力的取得必须具有合法性，同时具有强制性和权威性。权力只为权力来源负责，政府也不例外。如果政府的权力来源恰好是国民或公民，政府就对国民公民负责，为公共利益服务。 </p><p>政府應依法行政。如果政府行使職權時超出法律限制的范围，就是“濫權”；若政府並未完全行使法律所賦予的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B" title="公权力">公權力</a>，就是“不作为”或“失職”。两者都是政府施政的疏失。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuGongRichyLi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GuGongRichyLi.jpg/230px-GuGongRichyLi.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GuGongRichyLi.jpg/345px-GuGongRichyLi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/GuGongRichyLi.jpg/460px-GuGongRichyLi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a>於1421年將<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>京城遷至北京，建<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E7%A6%81%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="紫禁城">紫禁城</a>。此後直至清末，長達五百餘年的時間，紫禁城皆為中國皇帝的統治中心。直至今日，北京仍為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>的首都，紫禁城則改建為<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="故宮博物院">故宮博物院</a>。</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg/230px-Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg/345px-Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg/460px-Nagoya_City_Hall_2011-10-28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2189" /></a><figcaption>日本<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="名古屋">名古屋</a>市政府</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg/230px-Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg/345px-Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg/460px-Taipei_Taiwan_Presidential-Office-Building-01a_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4382" data-file-height="2921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="臺灣地區">臺灣</a>）總統府</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle,_portal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg/230px-00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg/345px-00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg/460px-00_1742_Oslo_Royal_Castle%2C_portal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="4815" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>奧斯陸王宮</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="国家">国家</a>都有自己的政府。政府是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8E%E6%94%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="税收">税收</a>的主体，可以实现<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="公民福利">福利</a>的合理利用。政府的服務對象依其國家體制而不同。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>國家中，政府服務的對象是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91" title="人民">人民</a>，政府是由人民委任，代為管理國家的機構，如18世紀時法國學者<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="盧梭">盧梭</a>曾提出《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="社會契約論">社會契約論</a>》，主張「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%A8%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="主權在民">主權在民</a>」，政府與人民簽訂所謂的「契約」，政府權力來自於人民授權，若政府違法侵害民權，則人民有權推翻政府；在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="專制">專制</a>國家中，政府服務的對象是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E9%98%B6%E7%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="统治阶级">统治阶级</a>，協助统治阶级維持治理的權力。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%AC%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="分權">分權</a>制度中，狭义的政府只是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="行政">行政</a>權的代表，受<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="立法">立法</a>機關訂立的法律約束，且需執行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="司法">司法</a>機關的判決。也有些政府受到权力机关授权进行<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="行政行为">行政行为</a>，其权力机关通常为通过选举或名义上的选举产生，本身拥有立法权、司法解释权（或立法解释权）、对政府的审核信任权等，对部分重大影响或干系的事务，进行权利干涉，如干涉司法部门判决、干涉行政部门施政等，本身利用选举使之可以凌驾于其他常务机构而体现民意和实现民主。 </p><p>在专制国家中，政府使用不同的方法维持统治，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察">警察</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="军队">军队</a>（参看<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="警察国家">警察国家</a>）、宣稱政府職權由神賦予或統治者為神的代理人（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E6%AC%8A%E7%A5%9E%E6%8E%88%E8%AA%AA" title="君權神授說">君權神授說</a>）、与其他国家签订协议，赢取国家内部的支持。典型的赢取支持的方法包括提供<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="司法体系">司法体系</a>、管理機構和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社会福利">社会福利</a>，声明国家受到神的支持，为大多数群体提供利益，在国内的重要部门举行<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E4%B8%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="选举">选举</a>，通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>限制国家权力以及使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a>。反对政府控制的群体包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="自由意志主义">自由意志主义者</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="无政府主义者">无政府主义者</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政府組成"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E7.B5.84.E6.88.90"></span>政府組成</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：政府組成"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在古代的封建社會，國政大權掌握在<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>手中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="宰相">宰相</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大臣">大臣</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="代議士">代議士</a>，在理论上都只能協助君主理政，但是在实际中，在特定领域会有一些实权，或者有掌握朝政的情況，但這都是出於個案而非通例。 </p><p>现代政府的构成原理主要是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="人民主权">國民主权</a>原则和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議制">代议制</a>原则。政府体系由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="国家元首">国家元首</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="行政机构">行政机构</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="立法机构">立法机构</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="司法機構">司法机构</a>组成。它们之间的力量对比决定了一个政府的组织类型。 </p><p>主要有<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>167-172</span></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9D%83%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="三权分立">三权分立</a>结构：国家的立法权、司法权和行政权分别由<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="议会">议会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="法院">法院</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="總理">總理</a>（或國家元首）分别行使，相互制衡。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>是全世界第一個實施三權分立體制的國家，同時亦為首個擁有成文憲法的國家。依《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%88%A9%E5%A0%85%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="美利堅合眾國憲法">美利堅合眾國憲法</a>》規定，行政權屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="美國總統">總統</a>、立法權屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="美國國會">國會</a>、司法權屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="美國最高法院">最高法院</a>，三者之間互相制衡監督，達到分散政府權力的目的。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%9D%83%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="五权分立">五权分立</a>结构：在三權分立的學理基礎上，除了原先的立法权、司法权和行政权，另將行政機關的人事任命權獨立為<b>考試權</b>，以防政府濫用私人；另將立法機關對政府的監督權獨立為<b>監察權</b>，以防議會專權獨大。在五權分立的理論設計中，五權個別行使職權，相互制衡。首位提出五權分立思想的政治家為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>國父<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1" title="孫中山">孫中山</a>，後《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" title="中華民國憲法">中華民國憲法</a>》在制訂時採用了此一制度，因此中華民國被視為是典型的五權分立國家。而也有另一派的見解認為中華民國的五院制實際上是由五個機關行使國家的三權，實質上是三權分立國家。例如：一般不認為立法權採兩院制的國家是四權分立國家。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会制">议会制</a>结构：行使立法权的议会是最高权力机构，内阁和法院都由议会产生，并对其负责。起源于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>，为大多数<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="英联邦">英联邦</a>国家采用，<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="瑞典">瑞典</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威">挪威</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>也采用这种结构。</li> <li>元首集权结构：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="国家元首">国家元首</a>的权力凌驾于其他政府机构之上，而立法、司法和行政机构则在国家元首之下保持平衡。例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="五權分立">五院制</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯">俄罗斯</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="一党执政">一党执政</a>结构：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="执政党">执政党</a>的权力机关作最高决策，政府负责执行执政党制定的政策，执政党的地位和权力凌驾于行政、立法和司法机关之上。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义国家</a>都是这种结构，例如前<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="越南">越南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝">老挝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B7%B4" title="古巴">古巴</a>等。</li></ul> <p>为了便于治理，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a>由不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%BA%E5%85%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="政府机关">政府机关</a>组成。这包括了政府部门之间的各级机关以及依据地理区域划分的行政区域的各级政府。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">地方政府</a>之间的权力关系可以分为<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a>：中央政府掌握所有的权力，地方政府的权力只是中央政府为了管理需要而授予的，中央政府具有最终决定权。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a>：中央政府的权力来自于地方政府的让予，地方政府的权力是固有的。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="联邦政府">联邦政府</a>无权干涉联邦成员政府独立的职权范围。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%87%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="均權制（页面不存在）">均權制</a>：由孫中山首先提出，結合單一制與聯邦制的特點，以事務性質劃分權限，具有「全國一致性」者由中央政府處理、具有「因地制宜性」者由地方政府處理。若中央與地方發生權限爭議，則送交<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國會">國會</a>進行裁決，對地方法規是否牴觸上級法令有疑義者則請司法機關解釋。目前主要使用這種權限劃分方式的國家為中華民國。</li></ul> <p>一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="发达国家">发达国家</a>的政府通常包括诸如办公室、部（省）、局、处、科（课）等的机构，其中的负责人被称为“部长”（“大臣”或“卿”）。在很多现代<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>国家，虽然国家元首有很大的权力組織政府，但是由选举产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="立法机构">立法机构</a>也有权解散政府（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AD%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="不信任動議">不信任動議</a>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政體分類"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E9.AB.94.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>政體分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：政體分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>提出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柏拉圖的五種政體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plato's five regimes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%94%E7%A8%AE%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏拉圖的五種政體（页面不存在）">柏拉圖的五種政體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_five_regimes" class="extiw" title="en:Plato's five regimes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plato's five regimes</span></a></span>）</span></span>，分為<sup id="cite_ref-曾仰如1995_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-曾仰如1995-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族政治</a>：統治權由某個階級中的少數人共有，以公利為出發點來統治。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%8B%E9%98%80%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="勋阀政治">勋阀政治</a>（Timocracy）：由荣誉为原则所进行的统治。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E9%A0%AD%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="寡頭政治">寡頭政治</a>：統治權由某個階級中的少數人共有，統治階級自身利益為出發。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主政治</a>：国家权力由公民直接或间接行使，民主有时被称为“多数的统治”。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">暴君政治</a>：不通過世襲、傳統或是合法民主選舉程序，憑藉個人的聲望與影響力，獲得權力所進行的統治。</li></ul> <p>以下還有其他的分類 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以執政者身份的分類"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.9F.B7.E6.94.BF.E8.80.85.E8.BA.AB.E4.BB.BD.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>以執政者身份的分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：以執政者身份的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="贵族政治類"><span id=".E8.B4.B5.E6.97.8F.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族政治</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：贵族政治類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天才政治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geniocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%89%8D%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天才政治（页面不存在）">天才政治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Geniocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geniocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="強力政治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kratocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B7%E5%8A%9B%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="強力政治（页面不存在）">強力政治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Kratocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kratocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%8B%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="精英政治">精英政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%8B%E9%98%80%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="勋阀政治">勋阀政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="獨裁類"><span id=".E7.8D.A8.E8.A3.81.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="獨裁">獨裁</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：獨裁類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁政體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯">法西斯</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="君主制類"><span id=".E5.90.9B.E4.B8.BB.E5.88.B6.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：君主制類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="二头政治">二头政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="選舉君主制">選舉君主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="酋長國">酋長國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="聯邦君主制">聯邦君主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E8%A5%B2%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="世襲君主制">世襲君主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="退化（Pejorative）類"><span id=".E9.80.80.E5.8C.96.EF.BC.88Pejorative.EF.BC.89.E9.A1.9E"></span>退化（Pejorative）類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：退化（Pejorative）類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E5%B0%88%E6%94%BF" title="銀行專政">銀行專政</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="公司王国">公司王国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%99%E5%B8%A6%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="裙带资本主义">裙带资本主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8A%E7%9B%9C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="竊盜統治">竊盜統治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BE%E6%84%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="眾愚政治">眾愚政治</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以執政者選舉方式的分類"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.9F.B7.E6.94.BF.E8.80.85.E9.81.B8.E8.88.89.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>以執政者選舉方式的分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：以執政者選舉方式的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="威權主義類"><span id=".E5.A8.81.E6.AC.8A.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="威權主義">威權主義</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：威權主義類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="斯大林主义">斯大林主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="日本法西斯主義">日本法西斯主义</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="民主類以及不完全民主"><span id=".E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB.E9.A1.9E.E4.BB.A5.E5.8F.8A.E4.B8.8D.E5.AE.8C.E5.85.A8.E6.B0.91.E4.B8.BB"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>類以及不完全民主</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：民主類以及不完全民主"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主">抽签式民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="直接民主制">直接民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議民主制">代議民主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社會民主主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="极权民主">极权民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="集中式民主">集中式民主</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="寡头政治類"><span id=".E5.AF.A1.E5.A4.B4.E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：寡头政治類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="判官统治">判官统治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="金權政治">金權政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="軍政府">軍政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">神權政治</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96"></span>其他</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：其他"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">無政府狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="半民主狀態">半民主狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E8%95%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="香蕉共和國">香蕉共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%BE%A4%E6%9D%B1%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="毛澤東思想">毛澤東思想</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以權力分配方式的分類"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E6.AC.8A.E5.8A.9B.E5.88.86.E9.85.8D.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F.E7.9A.84.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>以權力分配方式的分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：以權力分配方式的分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="共和制"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.88.B6"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：共和制"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" title="共和立憲制">共和立憲制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制">议会共和制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦共和制">聯邦共和制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="伊斯兰共和国">伊斯兰共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義國家">社會主義國家</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="联邦主义類"><span id=".E8.81.94.E9.82.A6.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E9.A1.9E"></span><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a>類</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：联邦主义類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="聯邦君主制">联邦君主制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦共和制">聯邦共和制</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他權力分配方式"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E6.AC.8A.E5.8A.9B.E5.88.86.E9.85.8D.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>其他權力分配方式</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：其他權力分配方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="灵活组织机构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adhocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%B5%E6%B4%BB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灵活组织机构（页面不存在）">灵活组织机构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Adhocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adhocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乐队社会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Band society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%90%E9%98%9F%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乐队社会（页面不存在）">乐队社会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_society" class="extiw" title="en:Band society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Band society</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E5%88%B6" title="官僚制">官僚制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%82%A6" title="酋邦">酋邦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cybersyn项目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Project Cybersyn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyber%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bsyn%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cybersyn项目（页面不存在）">Cybersyn项目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" class="extiw" title="en:Project Cybersyn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Project Cybersyn</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%B2%BB" title="法治">法治</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政府职能"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E8.81.8C.E8.83.BD"></span>政府职能</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：政府职能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/220px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/330px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/440px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>明朝軍隊</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg/220px-Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg/330px-Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg/440px-Rajavartijoita_passintarkastuksessa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>芬蘭公務員</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg/220px-NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg/330px-NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg/440px-NYPD-Motorcycles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>紐約警察</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bank_of_China_(0176).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG/220px-Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG/330px-Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG/440px-Central_Bank_of_China_%280176%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>中華民國中央銀行</figcaption></figure> <p>政府作为社会中最大的公共组织，不仅负有价值导向、安全保卫、维持秩序的责任，也肩负了政治统治、经济管理、社会协调的社会寄托。政府具有公共属性，政府的职能是为公众服务，并以公众的利益为依归。同时政府也具有一定的阶级性，它往往为某个特定的阶级服务，成为该阶级管理其他阶级的工具。政府具有价值导向责任，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>所说的追求“最高而最广的善业。”<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>政府职能也涵盖了社会公众生活的全方位，并且随着社会的改变不断适应与发展。政府也同时为公众福利提供方便，创造条件，甚至通过直接提供<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%89%A9%E5%93%81" title="公共物品">公共物品</a>提高公众的生活水平。从程序的角度，政府的职能包括了决策、计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制等。决策是政府的核心职能，决策水平的高低反映了政府的能力和水平<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>197-199</span></sup>。 </p><p>从任务范围角度，政府的职能可以分为政治职能、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="经济">经济</a>职能和社会职能。其中政治职能是政府最主要的职能，这主要体现在维护现存的政治秩序上。政府的首要任务是维护社会的正常运转，其次就是指定有利于国家与社会的政策，推动社会的进步。为了保证政府职能顺利发挥作用，<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="军队">军队</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察">警察</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%8B%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="监狱">监狱</a>等暴力机关对外保卫国家主权，对内维护政府统治，打击犯罪。政府也需要建立和维护从中央到地方政府的结构系统，并保障工作人员的权益<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>199-204</span></sup>。 </p><p>在经济方面政府通过财政和货币政策调节经济发展，保证宏观经济的稳定增长。经济低迷时期，通过减免<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="税">税</a>收、调节<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8E%E7%8E%87" title="税率">税率</a>、加大支出等手段，促进<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84" title="投资">投资</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="生产">生产</a>；经济过热时，减少政府支出，减少<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A7%E5%B8%81" class="mw-redirect" title="货币">货币</a>供应量、提高<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%87" title="利率">利率</a>，抑制需求，降低物价。同时政府通过税收和政府支出等手段，对社会财富进行再分配，以保证社会<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%B9%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="公平">公平</a>与稳定。为了控制<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">垄断</a>和外部不经济行为，政府通过提高资源配置手段來保证企业间的公平竞争。政府还需要提供充分的政策和资金的支持，积极创造条件，促进经济结构的优化和转型，鼓励新兴产业的成长。政府还提供<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="国防">国防</a>安全、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="公共工程">公共工程</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社会福利">社会福利</a>等公共产品为社会公众服务<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>199-204</span></sup>。 </p><p>政府作为社会公共组织，负有维护社会治安和秩序的职责，减少各种<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="社会问题">社会问题</a>。牵涉到社会公共利益的事务，例如交通、卫生、教育、文化、环境保护等，也往往是政府的责任<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>204-205</span></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政府与市场"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E5.BA.9C.E4.B8.8E.E5.B8.82.E5.9C.BA"></span>政府与市场</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：政府与市场"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA" title="市场">市场</a>为了保持其平等与开放的特性，促进竞争，对政府的干扰有本能的排斥；另一方面，市场为了维持秩序又需要政府调停。尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%BA%E5%A4%B1%E7%81%B5" title="市场失灵">市场失灵</a>时，更需要政府的介入。政府对市场的干预包括开展公益服务，发展公共事业，解决<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E6%80%A7" title="外部性">外部性</a>问题（例如环境污染）；控制<a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%84%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="垄断">垄断</a>的出现，维护市场的稳定和机会公平；解决<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="信息不对称">信息不对称</a>问题等。 </p><p>政府由于在政策和工作上的低效率，对市场的干预也可能导致<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="政府失败">政府失败</a>的发生。现实中政府的干预或多或少难免存在失误，关键是如何将政府失败控制在最小限度之内。 </p><p>政府干预市场的模型按照最小政府到最大政府可以分成<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="无政府社会">无政府社会</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="最低限度国家">最低限度国家</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%88%E5%A4%9C%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="守夜人国家">守夜人国家</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="混合政治经济国家">混合政治经济国家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="福利国家">福利国家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="全能主义国家">全能主义国家</a><sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>216-219</span></sup>。 </p><p>无政府社会理论上没有政府干预，完全依靠市场规则，但是实际中的无政府状态常常表现为混乱无序，根本无法建立有效的市场规则。在守夜人国家模式下，政府除了国家安全和维持秩序外，基本不干涉经济。混合政治经济国家则主张在自由市场经济的基础上实行国家适度干预，现代国家大多属于这种类型。福利国家为公民提供详尽的福利政策，政府对经济有很强的控制。全能主义国家则不主张市场经济，政府不仅占有大量经济资源，而且控制其配置，经济完全依附于政治<sup id="cite_ref-孙关宏_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">:<span>216-219</span></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地圖"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.9C.96"></span>地圖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：地圖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forms_of_government_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/600px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/900px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Forms_of_government_2021.svg/1200px-Forms_of_government_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>依政體分類的世界地圖，完整的列表在閱<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國政體列表">各國政體列表</a><hr /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="议会民主制">議會民主制</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲</a>國家，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>不行使任何權力</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9A33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會共和制</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和</a>國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0E400; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和</a>國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66BB66; color:black;"> </span> 議會任命行政總統的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和</a>國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6b8e23; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="宪法">宪法</a>暂停实施的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>国家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和</a>國家</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DD00FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB" title="君主">君主</a>行使個人權力的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a>國家，可能伴有弱勢議會</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#800080; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a>國家，部份實行<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="政教合一">政教合一</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AA5500; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF" title="一黨執政">一黨執政</a>國家，部份實行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE%E5%88%B6" title="公社制">公社制</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b9b9b9; color:black;"> </span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无国家社会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stateless society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無國家社會">无国家社会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateless_society" class="extiw" title="en:Stateless society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stateless society</span></a></span>）</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> 不符合上面所有敘述的國家</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_democracies.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/600px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/900px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Electoral_democracies.svg/1200px-Electoral_democracies.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption><span style="color: navy"><b>深藍色</b></span>的國家是依照<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B9%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="自由之家">自由之家</a>2014年世界自由度報告內容，列為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="代議民主制">代議民主制</a>的國家<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，世界自由度報告考慮的是民主是否有實際實施，不止是官方聲稱而已</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:3; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%AD%90%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="影子政府">影子政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%95%E9%99%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="夕陽政府">夕陽政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%B6" title="公家">公家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B3%95%E6%80%A7" title="合法性">合法性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="經濟干預主義">经济干预主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="新公共管理运动">新公共管理运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="中央政府">中央政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="公民教育">公民教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="比较政治学">比較政治學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自然权利">自然权利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國政體列表">各國政體列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治經濟學">政治經濟學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度">投票制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%8E" title="行政主導">行政主導</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94" title="行政一體">行政一體</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-孙关宏-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-5"><sup><b>1.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-孙关宏_1-6"><sup><b>1.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">孙关宏. 《政治学概论》. 上海: 复旦大学出版社. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7309036611" title="Special:网络书源/7309036611"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7309036611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.au=%E5%AD%99%E5%85%B3%E5%AE%8F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7309036611&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">林尚立. 国内政府间关系. 浙江人民出版社. 1998: 25–40. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787213011344" title="Special:网络书源/9787213011344"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787213011344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E5%B0%9A%E7%AB%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787213011344&rft.pages=25-40&rft.pub=%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-曾仰如1995-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-曾仰如1995_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">曾仰如. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Xr_b-aZGUYwC&pg=PA159">柏拉圖的哲學</a>. 臺灣商務印書館. 1995: 159– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-09-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-957-05-1211-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-957-05-1211-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-957-05-1211-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150322133040/http://books.google.com/books?id=Xr_b-aZGUYwC&pg=PA159">存档</a>于2015-03-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.au=%E6%9B%BE%E4%BB%B0%E5%A6%82&rft.btitle=%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-957-05-1211-3&rft.pages=159-&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXr_b-aZGUYwC%26pg%3DPA159&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">亚里士多德. 政治学. 北京: 商务印书馆. 1965: 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.au=%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=3&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW%202014%20Scores%20-%20Countries%20and%20Territories.pdf">Freedom in The World, 2014 scores table (PDF)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-09-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206173342/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW">存档</a>于2017-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&rft.btitle=Freedom+in+The+World%2C+2014+scores+table+%28PDF%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FFIW%25202014%2520Scores%2520-%2520Countries%2520and%2520Territories.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:政府">政府</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li>趙鼎新：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/44755.html">〈費納與政府史研究〉</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140714184504/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/44755.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）（2011年）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610025457/http://elsa.berkeley.edu/users/yqian/government%20and%20law.html">政府与法治</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phrontistery.info/govern.html">The Phrontistery Word List: Types of Government and Leadership</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140209041003/http://phrontistery.info/govern.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130323182939/http://www.lifeslittlemysteries.com/1096-what-are-the-different-types-of-governments.html">What Are the Different Types of Governments?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/politiklexikon/17990/parlamentarisches-regierungssystem">Parlamentarisches Regierungssystem</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160425003055/https://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/politiklexikon/17990/parlamentarisches-regierungssystem">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-govt.htm">Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141126012215/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/20c-govt.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm">Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150410082257/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/othergov.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html">World Affairs: Types of Government</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141022113835/http://stutzfamily.com/mrstutz/WorldAffairs/typesofgovt.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polisci.ccsu.edu/brown/regime_types.htm">Regime Types</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120426035319/http://www.polisci.ccsu.edu/brown/regime_types.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401142812/https://demokratie.geschichte-schweiz.ch/typen-systeme.html">Typen und Systeme von Demokratie</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/united_nations/types_of_government/">CBBC Newsround: types of government</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101105173805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/find_out/guides/world/united_nations/types_of_government/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://billmoyers.com/episode/full-show-plutocracy-rising/">Bill Moyers: Plutocracy Rising</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121224102041/http://billmoyers.com/episode/full-show-plutocracy-rising/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2003/libe229-20030629-03.html">Phobiocracy by Chris Claypoole</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130530055744/http://www.ncc-1776.org/tle2003/libe229-20030629-03.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註解"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A7.A3"></span>註解</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：註解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《中華民國憲法》第44條賦予<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="中華民國總統">總統</a>「<b>院際調解權</b>」，對於院與院間之爭執，除有特別規定外，得由總統召集有關各院院長會商解決之。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup 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data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Culturalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化主义（页面不存在）">文化主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Culturalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Culturalism</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="跨文化主义">跨文化主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="monoculturalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Monoculturalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoculturalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoculturalism（页面不存在）">单一文化主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoculturalism" class="extiw" title="en:Monoculturalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Monoculturalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="多元文化主义">多元文化主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="反文化">反文化</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Familialism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭主義（页面不存在）">家庭主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familialism" class="extiw" title="en:Familialism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Familialism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%A3%E8%AA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="荣誉">荣誉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%80%A7" title="人性">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E8%AE%A4%E5%90%8C" title="身份认同">身份认同</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="身份形成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Identity formation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="身份形成（页面不存在）">身份形成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_formation" class="extiw" title="en:Identity formation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Identity formation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%86%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="意识形态">意识形态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="制度">制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%8B%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%89%8B" title="看不見的手">看不見的手</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%A0%E8%AA%A0" title="忠誠">忠诚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="现代性">现代性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共道德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Public morality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共道德（页面不存在）">公共道德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_morality" class="extiw" title="en:Public morality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Public morality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会风俗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mores"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E9%A3%8E%E4%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会风俗（页面不存在）">社会风俗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mores" class="extiw" title="en:Mores"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mores</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="民族性格">民族性格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E6%B3%95" title="自然法">自然法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96" title="物化">物化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9" title="权利">权利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%95%B0%E5%8C%96" title="社會異化">社會異化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" title="社會規範">社會規範</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E7%A7%A9%E5%BA%8F" title="自发秩序">自发秩序</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="监管" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stewardship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%91%E7%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="监管（页面不存在）">监管</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship" class="extiw" title="en:Stewardship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stewardship</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F" title="传统">传统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭價值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family values"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭價值（页面不存在）">家庭價值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_values" class="extiw" title="en:Family values"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family values</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%A7%82" title="世界观">世界观</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%8D%E6%9C%8D%E4%BB%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="公民不服从">公民不服从</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%91" title="四民">四民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">正義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%91%BD" title="天命">天命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="和平">和平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A2%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83" class="mw-redirect" title="财产权">财产权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" title="社會契約">社會契約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="社会">社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ddaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:社會理論">社会理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f3e1e1;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%A8%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="权威主义">权威主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="集体主义">集体主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="冲突理论">冲突理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="保守主义">保守主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="和谐理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consensus theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E8%B0%90%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和谐理论（页面不存在）">和谐理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consensus_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Consensus theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consensus theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="契约论">契约主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="甘地主义">甘地主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="个人主义">个人主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%80%81%E9%81%93" title="黄老道">黄老道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由意志主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="進步主義">進步主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="民族自由主義">民族自由主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会达尔文主义">社会达尔文主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="社會決定論">社會決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ddaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:社会哲学家">社会</a>与<a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:政治哲學家">政治哲學家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%9C%AD%E5%88%A9" title="阿布·哈米德·加札利">加札利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="索尔·阿林斯基">阿林斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E9%A2%91%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="室利·阿罗频多">阿罗频多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">奥古斯丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joxe Azurmendi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪（页面不存在）">阿蘇爾門迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" class="extiw" title="en:Joxe Azurmendi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joxe Azurmendi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%E6%AC%A7" title="阿兰·巴迪欧">巴迪欧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%AF%E5%AE%81" class="mw-redirect" title="米哈伊尔·亚历山德罗维奇·巴枯宁">巴枯宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="尚·布希亞">鲍德里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6" title="阿兰·德·伯努瓦">伯努瓦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="杰里米·边沁">边沁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%9E%97" title="以赛亚·伯林">伯林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波納德">波納德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%A1%91%E8%91%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="伯纳德·鲍桑葵">鲍桑葵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B" title="埃德蒙·伯克">伯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%BC%AA" title="阿尔贝·加缪">加缪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶">考底利耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A1%9E%E7%BD%97" title="西塞罗">西塞罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">乔姆斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">孔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="居伊·德博">德博</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%B4%9B%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="密洛凡·德热拉斯">德热拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%87%91" title="亞歷山大·杜金">杜金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B6%82%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="爱米尔·涂尔干">涂尔干</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="弗里德里希·恩格斯">恩格斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%9F%AF" title="米歇尔·福柯">福柯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6" title="夏尔·傅立叶">傅立叶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="圣雄甘地">甘地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" title="阿爾諾德·蓋倫">盖伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A7%A6%E6%A2%AF%E5%88%A9" title="乔瓦尼·秦梯利">秦梯利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF" title="安东尼奥·葛兰西">葛兰西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%80%81%E7%A7%80%E6%96%AF" title="胡果·格老秀斯">格老秀斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%B4%9D%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="于尔根·哈贝马斯">哈贝马斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E9%9D%9E" title="韩非">韩非</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%85%8B" title="罗素·柯克">柯克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%88%97%E5%85%8B%E8%B0%A2%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="彼得·阿列克谢耶维奇·克鲁泡特金">克鲁泡特金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%BA%9E" title="古斯塔夫·勒庞">勒庞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">莱布尼茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7" title="勒·普雷">勒·普雷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="罗莎·卢森堡">卢森堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="尼可罗·马基亚维利">马基亚维利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·德·迈斯特">迈斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%AF%E6%9C%97%E5%A3%AB" title="尼古拉·马勒伯朗士">马勒伯朗士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·马尔库塞">马尔库塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="雅克·马里坦">马里坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%A9%AC%E8%A5%BF%E7%95%A5" title="帕多瓦的马西略">马西略</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">马克思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="罗伯特·米契尔斯">米契尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%B8%A0" title="孟德斯鸠">孟德斯鸠</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尤斯图斯·默泽尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Justus Möser"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尤斯图斯·默泽尔（页面不存在）">默泽尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" class="extiw" title="en:Justus Möser"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Justus Möser</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AD%90" title="墨子">墨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7" title="穆罕默德">穆罕默德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C" title="安东尼奥·奈格里">内格里</a></li> <li><a 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title="约翰·佩特罗夫·普拉门纳兹（页面不存在）">普拉门纳兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Plamenatz" class="extiw" title="en:John Plamenatz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Plamenatz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%8C%B5%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="艾茵·兰德">兰德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%8D%97" title="歐內斯特·勒南">勒南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">卢梭</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF" title="列奥·施特劳斯">施特劳斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="依波利特·阿道尔夫·丹纳">丹纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="查尔斯·泰勒 (哲学家)">查尔斯·泰勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%A2%AD%E7%BD%97" title="亨利·戴维·梭罗">梭罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9C%E8%AE%BA" title="胜论">胜论学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E9%9F%8B%E5%8D%A1%E5%8D%97%E9%81%94" title="斯瓦米·維韋卡南達">维韦卡南达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="迈克尔·沃尔泽">沃尔泽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%83%E7%86%B1%C2%B7%E9%BD%8A%E6%BE%A4%E5%85%8B" title="斯拉沃熱·齊澤克">齐泽克</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会科学的哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy_of_social_science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学的哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy_of_social_science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy_of_sex"><span class="ilh-page"><a 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class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ddaaaa;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:社会与政治哲学（页面不存在）">主题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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data-file-height="100" /></span></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:哲学专题/社会政治（页面不存在）">专题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="历史上的今天"><img alt="历史上的今天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:链出更改/Template:社会与政治哲学">历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="世界主义和世界政府" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" title="Template:世界主义和世界政府专题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" title="Template talk:世界主义和世界政府专题"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:世界主义和世界政府专题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="世界主义和世界政府" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世界主义">世界主义</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超国家主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="政府間主義">政府間主義</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反民族主义（页面不存在）">反民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">全球化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%AE%BA" title="民主和平论">民主和平论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="價值觀外交">價值觀外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="全球帝国">全球帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世界主义">世界主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家联盟（页面不存在）">超国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3" title="世界和平">世界和平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%88%B6" title="复合制">複合制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">主要<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际组织">国际组织</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国（UN）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字国际委员会">红十字国际委员会（ICRC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字会与红新月会国际联合会">红十字会与红新月会国际联合会（IFRC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E7%95%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="無國界醫生">無國界醫生（MSF）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%A6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際特赦組織">國際特赦組織（Amnesty）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="人权观察">人權觀察組織（HRW）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界贸易组织">世界贸易组织（WTO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="世界银行">世界银行（WBG）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際貨幣基金組織">国际货币基金组织（IMF）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E8%AD%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="国际刑警组织">国际刑警组织（ICPO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際標準化組織">国际标准化组织（ISO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="無代表國家和民族組織">無代表國家及民族組織（UNPO）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">国际议会组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="各国议会联盟">各国议会联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国大会">联合国大会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲议会">欧洲议会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯议会">阿拉伯议会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%9D%9E%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="泛非议会">泛非议会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A" title="拉丁美洲议会">拉美议会</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">国际司法机构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AE%BE%E4%BB%B2%E8%A3%81%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="常设仲裁法院">常设仲裁法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="国际法院">国际法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="国际刑事法院">国际刑事法院</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="特設國際刑事庭" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特設國際刑事庭</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E5%AE%A1%E5%88%A4" title="纽伦堡审判">欧洲国际军事法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9C%E4%B8%9C%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="远东国际军事法庭">远东国际军事法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭">前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%BA%E8%BE%BE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭">卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="柬埔寨法院特別法庭">柬埔寨法院特別法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="东帝汶国际法庭（页面不存在）">东帝汶国际法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联合国黎巴嫩特别法庭（页面不存在）">联合国黎巴嫩特别法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E5%88%A9%E6%98%82%E7%89%B9%E5%88%AB%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="塞拉利昂特别法庭">塞拉利昂特别法庭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="區域性法庭" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">區域性法庭</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲国家人权法庭（页面不存在）">美洲国家人权法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="欧洲法院">欧洲法院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="欧洲人权法院">欧洲人权法院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非洲法庭（页面不存在）">非洲法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加勒比法庭（页面不存在）">加勒比法庭</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">區域性组织</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%AA%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="亚太经济合作组织">亚洲太平洋经济合作组织（APEC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="东南亚国家联盟">东南亚国家联盟（ASEAN）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="太平洋共同体">太平洋共同体（SPC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%B2%9B%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%BA%E5%9D%9B" title="太平洋岛国论坛">太平洋岛国论坛（PIF）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="上海合作组织">上海合作组织（SCO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="英联邦">英联邦（The Commonwealth）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="西非国家经济共同体">西非国家经济共同体（CEDEAO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="中部非洲国家经济共同体">中部非洲国家经济共同体（CEEAC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙語國家共同體">葡萄牙語國家共同體 (CPLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="法语国家及地区国际组织">法语国家及地区国际组织（La Francophonie）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="北大西洋公约组织">北大西洋公约组织（NATO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="集体安全条约组织">集体安全条约组织（CSTO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织（OECD）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="欧洲委员会">欧洲委员会（CoE）（非欧盟机构）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧洲联盟">欧洲联盟（EU）</a></li> <li><s> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="拉丁语联盟">拉丁语联盟（LU）</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="非洲联盟">非洲联盟（AU）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="阿拉伯国家联盟">阿拉伯国家联盟（AL）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="伊斯兰合作组织">伊斯兰合作组织（OIC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作组织">经济合作组织（ECO）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="突厥國家組織">突厥國家組織（CCTS）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="欧亚经济联盟">欧亚经济联盟（EEU）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="南亚区域合作联盟">南亚区域合作联盟（SAARC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="东非共同体">东非共同体（EAC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="加勒比国家联盟">加勒比國家聯盟（ACS）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E7%B5%B1%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="中美洲統合體">中美洲统合体（SICA）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="南美洲国家联盟">南美洲国家联盟（USAN）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="拉丁美洲和加勒比国家共同体">拉丁美洲和加勒比國家共同體（CELAC）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="美洲国家组织">美洲国家组织（OAS）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="安第斯共同体">安第斯共同体（CAN）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="獨立國家聯合體">獨立國家聯合體（CIS）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" title="南方共同市場">南方共同市場（Mercosur）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AE%BE%E6%96%BD%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="亚洲基础设施投资银行">亚洲基础设施投资银行（AIIB）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="七大工業國組織">七国集团（G7）</a> <ul><li><s><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%9C%8B%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="八大工業國組織">八国集团（G8）</a></s></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9C%8B%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="二十國集團">二十国集团（G20）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%A0%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="金砖国家">金砖国家（BRICS）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BA%E5%9F%9F%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" title="区域全面经济伙伴关系协定">区域全面经济伙伴关系协定（RCEP）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%8E%E8%BF%9B%E6%AD%A5%E8%B7%A8%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E4%BC%99%E4%BC%B4%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%8D%8F%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定">全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定（CPTPP）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="薩赫勒國家聯盟">薩赫勒國家聯盟（AES）</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94" title="萨赫勒国家邦联">萨赫勒国家邦联</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">法律和条约</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%B3%95" title="国际法">国际法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E6%B3%95" title="國際人道法">國際人道法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%A7%81%E6%B3%95" title="国际私法">国际私法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%BA%E6%9D%83%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0" title="国际人权宪章">國際人權憲章</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家法（页面不存在）">超国家法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%85%E7%93%A6%E5%85%AC%E7%BA%A6" title="日内瓦公约">日内瓦公约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%88%AD%E7%AB%AF%E8%AD%B0%E5%AE%9A%E6%9B%B8" title="和平解決國際爭端議定書">和平解決國際爭端議定書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0" title="联合国宪章">联合国宪章</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%88%91%E4%BA%8B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E8%A7%84%E7%BA%A6" title="国际刑事法院罗马规约">国际刑事法院罗马规约</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E8%AE%AE%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%A6" title="京都议定书">京都议定书</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="歐洲聯盟基本條約">歐洲聯盟基本條約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="欧盟法律">欧盟法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="巴黎協定">巴黎協定</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%99%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE" title="海牙和平会议">海牙和平会议</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="国际联盟">国际联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B2%99%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="华沙条约组织">华沙条约组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="第三国际">共产国际</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="世界革命">世界革命</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E6%A6%AE%E5%9C%88" title="大東亞共榮圈">大東亞共榮圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="经济互助委员会">经济互助委员会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大英帝国">大英帝国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" title="帝國聯邦">帝國聯邦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">建议和观念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国议会大会">联合国议会大会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%90%88%E4%BC%97%E5%9B%BD" title="非洲合众国">非洲合众国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E9%9D%9E%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="东非联邦">東非聯邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" title="中亚联盟">中亚联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太平洋同盟（页面不存在）">太平洋同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美洲联盟（页面不存在）">北美洲联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%88%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B" title="歐羅巴合眾國">歐羅巴合眾國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CANZUK" title="CANZUK">CANZUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E9%AB%94" title="東亞共同體">東亞共同體（EAC）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">国际运动</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%8E%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="国际红十字与红新月运动">国际红十字与红新月运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BE%93%E5%87%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="民主输出">民主輸出</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界联邦运动（页面不存在）">世界联邦运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球公民运动（页面不存在）">全球公民运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91" class="mw-disambig" title="世界公民">世界公民</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E5%BF%83%E5%A3%AF%E5%BF%97%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="雄心壯志聯盟">雄心壯志聯盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="人文主義">人文主義</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="宗教人文主义">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="世俗人文主义">世俗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%96%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" title="普世價值">普世價值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="国际辅助语">国际辅助语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="世界语">世界语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E8%AF%AD" title="逻辑语">逻辑语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="國際手語">國際手語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%88%B6" title="公制">公制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%88%B6%E5%8C%96" title="公制化">公制化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">國際單位制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="統一碼">統一碼</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="历法改革">改革曆法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="人元紀年">人元紀年</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="第三文化兒童">第三文化兒童</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7188#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gouvernement (science politique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133191462">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gouvernement (science politique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133191462">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049012-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293766805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Government"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh00005941">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vláda"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135355&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998006494">韩国</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="government (political concept)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300055499">AAT</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="governments (administrative bodies)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300386741">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=政府&oldid=84367625">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=政府&oldid=84367625</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="Category:政府">政府</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E" title="Category:政治術語">政治術語</a></li><li><a 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