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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">议会共和制</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。73种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarische_Republik" title="Parlamentarische Republik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parlamentarische Republik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جمهورية برلمانية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جمهورية برلمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parllamentaria" title="República parllamentaria – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República parllamentaria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentli_respublika" title="Parlamentli respublika – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parlamentli respublika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенцкая рэспубліка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парламенцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парлямэнцкая рэспубліка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парлямэнцкая рэспубліка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সংসদীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংসদীয় প্রজাতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlament%C3%A0ria" title="República parlamentària – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="República parlamentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentn%C3%AD_republika" title="Parlamentní republika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parlamentní republika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republik" title="Parlamentarisk republik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parlamentarisk republik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisches_Regierungssystem#Parlamentarische_Republik" title="Parlamentarisches Regierungssystem – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parlamentarisches Regierungssystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumhuriyeto_parlamenter" title="Cumhuriyeto parlamenter – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cumhuriyeto parlamenter" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινοβουλευτική δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parliamentary republic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenta_respubliko" title="Parlamenta respubliko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamenta respubliko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentaria" title="República parlamentaria – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="República parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentaarne_vabariik" title="Parlamentaarne vabariik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parlamentaarne vabariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errepublika_parlamentario" title="Errepublika parlamentario – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errepublika parlamentario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جمهوری پارلمانی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جمهوری پارلمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentaarinen_tasavalta" title="Parlamentaarinen tasavalta – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parlamentaarinen tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_parlementaire" title="République parlementaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="République parlementaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republiche_parlament%C3%A2r" title="Republiche parlamentâr – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Republiche parlamentâr" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemint%C3%AAre_republyk" title="Parlemintêre republyk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Parlemintêre republyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentaria" title="República parlamentaria – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંસદીય ગણતંત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobblaght_pharlamaidagh" title="Pobblaght pharlamaidagh – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Pobblaght pharlamaidagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפובליקה פרלמנטרית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפובליקה פרלמנטרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="संसदीय गणतंत्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संसदीय गणतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarna_republika" title="Parlamentarna republika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parlamentarna republika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament%C3%A1ris_k%C3%B6zt%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g" title="Parlamentáris köztársaság – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parlamentáris köztársaság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդարանական հանրապետություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդարանական հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_parlementer" title="Republik parlementer – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Republik parlementer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentario_a_republika" title="Parlamentario a republika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Parlamentario a republika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubblica_parlamentare" title="Repubblica parlamentare – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Repubblica parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="議会共和制 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="議会共和制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенттік республика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Парламенттік республика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EC%A0%9C" title="의회공화제 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의회공화제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламенттик республика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Парламенттик республика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respublica_parlamentaria" title="Respublica parlamentaria – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Respublica parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repuvlika_parlamentaria" title="Repuvlika parlamentaria – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Repuvlika parlamentaria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Parlament%C3%A2" title="Repubbrica Parlamentâ – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Parlamentâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republega_parlamentar" title="Republega parlamentar – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Republega parlamentar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republ%C3%ADki_ya_palem%C3%A1" title="Republíki ya palemá – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Republíki ya palemá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentin%C4%97_respublika" title="Parlamentinė respublika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parlamentinė respublika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlament%C4%81ra_republika" title="Parlamentāra republika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parlamentāra republika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Парламентонь республикась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Парламентонь республикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbreca_parlamentare" title="Repubbreca parlamentare – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Repubbreca parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlementaire_republiek" title="Parlementaire republiek – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parlementaire republiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republikk" title="Parlamentarisk republikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parlamentarisk republikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸੰਸਦੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਸਦੀ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_parlamentarna" title="Republika parlamentarna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika parlamentarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_parlamentarista" title="República parlamentarista – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="República parlamentarista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83" title="Republică parlamentară – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Republică parlamentară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентская республика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламентская республика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairlamentary_republic" title="Pairlamentary republic – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pairlamentary republic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarna_republika" title="Parlamentarna republika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parlamentarna republika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parliamentary republic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentn%C3%A1_republika" title="Parlamentná republika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parlamentná republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Kuvendore" title="Republika Kuvendore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Republika Kuvendore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентарна република – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парламентарна република" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamentarisk_republik" title="Parlamentarisk republik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parlamentarisk republik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Ҷумҳурии порлумонӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии порлумонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2" title="สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐระบบรัฐสภา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenter_cumhuriyet" title="Parlamenter cumhuriyet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parlamenter cumhuriyet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Парламентська республіка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парламентська республіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blega_parlamentare" title="Repùblega parlamentare – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Repùblega parlamentare" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ngh%E1%BB%8B" title="Cộng hòa đại nghị – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng hòa đại nghị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="议会共和制 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="议会共和制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საპარლამენტო რესპუბლიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="議會共和制 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="議會共和制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4198907#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;">核心概念</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%9F%E9%99%A4%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="废除君主制（页面不存在）">反君主主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="人民主权">人民主权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%97%E4%BA%8B%E7%89%A9" title="公众事物">公众事物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" title="社會契約">社會契約</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; text-align: center; padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 2.4em;">共和制的类型</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="自治共和国">自治</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="资本主义共和国（页面不存在）">资本主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督教共和国（页面不存在）">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="企業共和國">企业</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="民主共和制">民主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="聯邦共和國">联邦</a></li> <li><a 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data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#CEDAF2"> <th>政府体制 </th></tr> <tr> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93" title="政体">政体</a>： </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1965b0; color:white;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统制</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>：行政总统独立于立法机关</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f7f057; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>：既有行政总统，又有独立的政府首脑领导其他行政部门，但政府首脑由总统任命并对立法机关负责</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4db264; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">实权总统的议会共和制：国家元首和政府首脑由立法机关提名或选举，可以接受或不受立法机关信任</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a637; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">虚位总统的<a class="mw-selflink selflink">议会共和制</a>：有虚位总统（儀典性且不具行政權），由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7bb0df; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="委员会制">委员会制</a>：由议会选举出一定数量的委员组成委员会行使国家元首和政府首脑的职权，可不受议会信任</span></div> <hr /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="君主制">君主制</a>政体： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#db060B; color:white;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="议会制君主立宪制">议会制君主立宪制</a>：有虚位君主（儀典性且不具行政權），由独立且受立法机关信任的政府首脑领导行政部门</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AE76A3; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="二元制君主立宪制">二元制君主立宪制</a>：有作為儀典代表的君主，由政府首脑领导行政部门，但君主拥有重要的行政权或立法权</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#882e72; color:white;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">绝对君主制</a>：由君主直接领导行政部门</span></div> <hr /> <p>特殊政体： </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#90c886; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="伊朗政治">神权共和国</a>：最高领袖拥有重大的行政和立法权力</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#71190e; color:white;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党制</a>：名义上为<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a>政体，但国家的政权在相当长的时期内只由一个政党所把握，领导人和执政党的地位相对稳定</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#cae1ac; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="军政府">军政府</a>：由軍人組成軍事委員會或军事执政团來控制政府、行使治權，且由軍人擔任大多政府部門要職</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#777777; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;">不符合上述任何体制：如临时政府和政治局势不明朗的国家</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;"> </span> <span style="font-size:92%;line-height:1.30em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">无政府</a>：无政府的附属领土或地方</span></div> <hr /> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">总统既是国家元首又是政府首脑。通常不设总理，即使设置总理，其任免也完全由总统决定。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">半总统制可细分为</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>半总统半总理制</b>：总统提名总理和内阁须咨询议会、得到议会的同意或依惯例任命议会最大<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A%E9%A2%86%E8%A2%96" title="政党领袖">政党领袖</a>为总理，内阁与总统互不隶属，当两者分属不同政党时总统将丧失部分权力。只有议会有权撤换总理和内阁，但总统有权解散议会。<br /> <b>半总统半议会制</b>：总统拥有最高的行政权力，总理可以不经议会同意直接任命，再由总理组成内阁。总统可随时任命、免除、替换总理，无须征询议会同意，总理代表总统接受议会的质询，向议会负责，其职位更类似于一个超级部长。</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Form_of_government_parliamentary.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png/265px-Form_of_government_parliamentary.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png/398px-Form_of_government_parliamentary.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Form_of_government_parliamentary.png/530px-Form_of_government_parliamentary.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>世界各地的议会共和国，橘色（非执行总统的议会共和国）和绿色（链接到与执行总统议会的共和国议会）。君主立宪制都显示为红色。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治主題</a>的一部分</b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccc;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="政体形式列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of forms of government"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政体形式列表（页面不存在）">政体基本形式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" class="extiw" title="en:List of forms of government"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of forms of government</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会权力基础" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French and Raven's bases of power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会权力基础（页面不存在）">权力基础</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Raven%27s_bases_of_power" class="extiw" title="en:French and Raven's bases of power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French and Raven's bases of power</span></a></span>）</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主政体</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>多数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E7%AD%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="抽签式民主">抽签民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="自由民主制">自由民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="代議民主">代议民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="社會民主主義">社会民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="社会主义民主制">社会主义民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="贵族民主制">貴族民主政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="民主制度分类">其他民主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E5%A4%B4%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="寡头政治">寡头政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>少数人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" title="無支配體制">无体制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="贵族政治">贵族制政体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳工统治" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ergatocracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳工统治（页面不存在）">劳工制政体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergatocracy" class="extiw" title="en:Ergatocracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ergatocracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="老人政治">老人制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8A%E7%9B%9C%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB" title="竊盜統治">盗贼制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="判官统治">判官制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="神權政治">宗教制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="心智政權">智主制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政黨政治">政党制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%AC%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="金權政治">财阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF_(%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94)" title="軍政 (政體)">军阀制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家制政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81" title="独裁">独裁政治</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>一个人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81%E6%94%BF%E9%AB%94" title="獨裁政體">獨裁政體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">军事独裁政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>没有人的权力</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="無政府狀態">无政府政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="自由人联合体">自由人政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="無國家社會">无国家政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力思想</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共和主义">共和制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会政治意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主专制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="君主立宪制">君主立宪政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="委員會制">委员会制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家制度政体</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">议会共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="总统制">总统共和政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%88%B6" title="半总统制">半总统制政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="社会主义国家">社会主义政体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="公司王国">金權政体</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="威权主义">威权制</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="自由意志主義">自由制</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>社会经济意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="殖民主义">殖民主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="专制主义">专制主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分产主义">分产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6_(%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2)" title="封建制度 (歐洲)">封建主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="極權主義">極權主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="部落主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tribalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="部落主义（页面不存在）">部落主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribalism" class="extiw" title="en:Tribalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tribalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="全球治理">全球</a> 对 <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="地方政府">本地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><small><b>地缘文化意识形态</b></small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="公社">公社</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%97%B4%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="政府间组织">政府间组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="民族國家">民族政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="世界政府">世界政府</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="国际主义">国际主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全球主義">全球主義</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddd;"> 权力结构</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em; text-align:left;"> <table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center">单一主义</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%88%B6" title="单一制">单一制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="帝国">帝国制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="親王國">封国制</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%9E%E5%B1%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="從屬國">从属主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E7%B9%AB%E9%82%A6" title="聯繫邦">聯繫邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E5%9C%B0" title="属地">属地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E9%A0%98" title="自治領">自治領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国">保护国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%80%E5%84%A1%E6%94%BF%E6%AC%8A" title="傀儡政權">傀儡国</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%93%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="政治花瓶（页面不存在）">傀儡君主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BD" title="卫星国">卫星国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="自治殖民地">自治殖民地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2" title="朝貢">朝贡国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%93%E5%86%B2%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="缓冲国">缓冲国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B" title="附庸國">附庸國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="副王领" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Viceroyalty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B%E9%A2%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副王领（页面不存在）">副王领</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty" class="extiw" title="en:Viceroyalty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Viceroyalty</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="領地">領地</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="联邦主义">联邦主义</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E8%81%94%E5%88%B6" title="邦联制">邦联制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B%E4%B8%8B%E6%94%BE" title="权力下放">权力下放制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" title="联邦制">联邦制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超国家" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Superstate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超国家（页面不存在）">超国家制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstate" class="extiw" title="en:Superstate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Superstate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82)" title="超國家主義 (國際關係)">超国家联盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="政合国">政合國</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%83%E5%8A%9B_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB)" title="权力 (国际关系)">国家权力</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="小國">小國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="地域大国">地域大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%89%E5%BC%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="中等強國">中等強國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="大国">大国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%9B%BD" title="超级大国">超级大国</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92" title="行政区划">行政区划</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E6%88%90%E5%9C%8B" title="構成國">構成國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自治共和國">自治共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%B8%E4%BE%AF%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="諸侯國">諸侯國</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" title="公國">公國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%88%B6%E5%9C%8B" title="令制國">令制國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="酋长国">酋长国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="邦國">邦國</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%9E" title="州">州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1" title="郡">郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81" title="省">省</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="邦">邦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="縣">縣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82" title="市">市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%85_(%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%92)" title="厅 (行政区划)">廳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%89" class="mw-redirect" title="鄉">鄉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鎮">鎮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="區">區</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="自治區">自治區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%80" class="mw-disambig" title="特區">特區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%96%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辖区">轄區</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Politics">政治主題頁</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Template talk:政体基本形式"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:政体基本形式"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>议会共和制</b>（英語：<span lang="en">parliamentary republic</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a>的一种，它的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>型態屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a>，在這種政府中，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="行政机构">行政機構</a>的權力來源於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%B3%95%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="立法機構">立法機構</a>（也就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="議會">議會</a>）。议会共和制指议会掌握国家的最高权力，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="总理">总理</a>为首的内阁由议会选举产生并对议会负责，<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="总统">总统</a>只是<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96" title="虚位元首">虚位元首</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現行議會共和制國家列表"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E8.A1.8C.E8.AD.B0.E6.9C.83.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.88.B6.E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>現行議會共和制國家列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：現行議會共和制國家列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a> </th> <th>改制前政治體制 </th> <th>採行年分 </th> <th>總統選舉 </th> <th>院制 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔巴尼亚">阿尔巴尼亚</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨專政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞">亞美尼亞</a> </td> <td>半總統制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2018年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利">奥地利</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1955年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E8%BC%AA%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="兩輪選舉制">兩輪選舉制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/22px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/33px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Barbados.svg/44px-Flag_of_Barbados.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯">巴巴多斯</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2021年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%BB%B4%E9%82%A3" title="波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那">波黑</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一黨專政</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%92%8C%E9%BB%91%E5%A1%9E%E5%93%A5%E7%B6%AD%E9%82%A3%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那社會主義共和國">波斯尼亞和黑塞哥維那社會主義共和國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" title="波札那">博茨瓦纳</a> </td> <td>英國保護國（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%88%E7%B4%8D%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="貝專納保護國">貝專納保護國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="保加利亚">保加利亚</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一黨專政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1989年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%BE%97%E8%A7%92" title="佛得角">佛得角</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="克罗地亚">克罗地亚</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2000年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B" title="捷克">捷克</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克斯洛伐克社會主義共和國">捷克斯洛伐克社會主義共和國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制（2013起；舊採議會選舉，多數決） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/22px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/33px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Dominica.svg/44px-Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="多米尼克">多米尼克</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%9F" title="英國海外領土">英國海外領土</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/22px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/33px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/44px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6" title="东帝汶">东帝汶</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼">印尼</a>占領） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="爱沙尼亚">爱沙尼亚</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，三分之二多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">衣索比亞</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，三分之二多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="芬兰">芬兰</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a>（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯帝國">俄羅斯帝國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1919年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1949年<sup id="cite_ref-C_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">聯邦議會（議院與國家立法機構），絕對多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="軍政府">軍政府</a>；君主立憲制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1975年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B2%9B" title="冰岛">冰島</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B3%B6%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="冰島王國">冰島王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1944年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E8%A4%87%E9%81%B8%E5%88%B6" title="排序複選制">可讓渡投票制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1950年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議院與國家立法機構，單記可讓渡投票制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2005年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議院，三分之二多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="爱尔兰">愛爾蘭</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1937年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，單記可讓渡投票制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="保護國">保護國</a>（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="巴勒斯坦託管地">巴勒斯坦託管地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF" title="基里巴斯">基里巴斯</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="吉尔伯特群岛">吉尔伯特群岛</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%84%AB%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="拉脫維亞">拉脫維亞</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a> </td> <td>保護國（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">法國委任統治地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1941年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="利比亚">利比亞</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a>混合（2011年之後）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a>（2011年以前） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2012年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" title="北馬其頓">北馬其頓</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%B3%E4%BB%96" title="马耳他">馬爾他</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1974年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島">马绍尔群岛</a> </td> <td>聯合國託管領土（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="太平洋群島託管地">太平洋群島託管地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">模里西斯</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="密克罗尼西亚联邦">密克羅尼西亞聯邦</a> </td> <td>聯合國託管領土（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E8%A8%97%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="太平洋群島託管地">太平洋群島託管地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1986年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/33px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/44px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A%E7%93%A6" title="摩尔多瓦">摩尔多瓦</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>，至1990年）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="臨時政府">臨時政府</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="共和國">共和國</a>（1991年-1994年） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1994年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="蒙古国">蒙古国</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1949年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%85%A7%E5%93%A5%E7%BE%85" title="蒙特內哥羅">蒙特內哥羅</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E9%AD%AF" title="諾魯">瑙鲁</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1968年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%86%B2%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="君主立憲制">君主立憲制</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008年<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議院與國家立法機構，單記可讓渡投票制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰">波蘭</a> </td> <td>一黨專政 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1990年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（軍政府轉型） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1976年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/22px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/33px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/44px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="萨摩亚">萨摩亚</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2007年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/22px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/33px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/44px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA" title="圣马力诺">圣马力诺</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6" title="共和制">共和制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1243年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="塞尔维亚">塞爾維亞</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國">南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="塞爾維亞社會主義共和國">塞爾維亞社會主義共和國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a> </td> <td>议会制（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E5%B7%9E" title="新加坡州">新加坡州</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1965年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="斯洛伐克">斯洛伐克</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克">捷克斯洛伐克</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1993年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會（1999年之前）<br />人民直選，兩輪選舉制（自1999年起） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="斯洛文尼亚">斯洛維尼亞</a> </td> <td>一黨專政（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB" title="南斯拉夫">南斯拉夫</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1991年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C" title="索马里">索马里</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="臨時政府">臨時政府</a>（1991年之後）<br />一黨專政（1991年之後） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2012年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/22px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/33px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/44px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達及托巴哥">千里達及托巴哥</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1976年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">兩院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/22px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/33px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/44px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%9B%BE" title="瓦努阿图">瓦努阿圖</a> </td> <td>英法<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%AE%A1_(%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95)" title="共管 (國際法)">共管</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%95%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%B1%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" title="新赫布里底群島共管地">新赫布里底群島共管地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1980年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議院與國家立法機構，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃">科索沃</a> </td> <td>議會制（舊屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞">塞爾維亞</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2008年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">人民直選，兩輪選舉制 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">議會共和制中為混合議會共和制的國家<br />（議會選舉產生行政總統） </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a> </th> <th>改制前政治體制 </th> <th>採行年分 </th> <th>元首選制 </th> <th>院制 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Botswana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Botswana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9C%AD%E9%82%A3" title="波札那">博茨瓦纳</a> </td> <td>英國保護國（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%B0%88%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="貝專納">貝專納保護國</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF" title="基里巴斯">基里巴斯</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="保護國">保護國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">直接選舉，通過首先通過投票 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島">马绍尔群岛</a> </td> <td>聯合國托管領土（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E6%89%98%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="太平洋群岛托管地">太平洋群島托管地</a>的一部分） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1979年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">两院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E9%AD%AF" title="諾魯">瑙鲁</a> </td> <td>澳大利亞托管領土 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1968年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a> </td> <td>君主立憲制（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%94%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大英國協王國">大英國協王國</a>境域<sup id="cite_ref-ZARealm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZARealm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZAReturn_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZAReturn-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZASecessionTalk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZASecessionTalk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">两院制 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">議會共和制下總統由議會選舉產生的國家 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a> </th> <th>改制前政治體制 </th> <th>採行年分 </th> <th>元首選制 </th> <th>院制 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6" title="密克罗尼西亚联邦">密克羅尼西亞聯邦</a> </td> <td>聯合國托管領土（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E6%89%98%E7%AE%A1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="太平洋群岛托管地">太平洋群岛托管地</a>的一部分） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1986年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/22px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/33px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/44px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">緬甸</a> </td> <td>軍事獨裁統治（<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E5%BC%8F%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="緬甸式社會主義">緬甸聯邦社會主義共和國</a>和<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Myanmar_%281974%E2%80%932010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="国家和平与发展委员会">緬甸聯邦</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2010年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決，由選舉團選舉 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">两院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/22px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/33px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/44px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%A9%AC%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%BA" title="圣马力诺">圣马力诺</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B0%88%E5%88%B6" title="君主專制">君主專制</a>（羅馬帝國的一部分） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">301年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/22px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/33px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/44px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97" title="蘇利南">苏里南</a> </td> <td>軍事獨裁統治 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1987年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會間選，多數決 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">一院制 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">委員會制下議會共和制國家 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主權國家">主權國家</a> </th> <th>改制前政治體制 </th> <th>採行年分 </th> <th>元首選制 </th> <th>院制 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a></span> </td> <td>邦聯、臨時邦聯 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1848年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">聯邦會議（議會和州議員），絕對多數 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">两院制 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="前議會共和國列表"><span id=".E5.89.8D.E8.AD.B0.E6.9C.83.E5.85.B1.E5.92.8C.E5.9C.8B.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>前議會共和國列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：前議會共和國列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>國家政權 </th> <th>成為議會制共和國年份 </th> <th>更改議會共和政體年份 </th> <th>更改後政體 </th> <th>更改協議 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="北洋政府">中华民国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B4%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="北洋政府">北洋政府</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1913年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1928年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%90" title="國民革命軍北伐">國民革命軍北伐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E6%98%93%E5%B9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="東北易幟">東北易幟</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克"><img alt="捷克斯洛伐克" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克斯洛伐克第一共和國">捷克斯洛伐克第一共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1920年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1939年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="慕尼黑协议">慕尼黑協議</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克"><img alt="捷克斯洛伐克" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克第三共和國">捷克斯洛伐克第三共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B1948%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="捷克斯洛伐克1948年二月事件">政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B" title="捷克斯洛伐克"><img alt="捷克斯洛伐克" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%92%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="捷克和斯洛伐克聯邦共和國">捷克和斯洛伐克聯邦共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1989年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1992年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">議會共和制、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="聯邦制">聯邦制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E7%B5%A8%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="天鵝絨分離">天鵝絨分離</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="奥地利"><img alt="奥地利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="奥地利第一共和国">奥地利第一共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1920年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1929年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">憲法修正案 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1963年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963年巴西憲法公投（页面不存在）">公投</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Burma_%281948%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6_(1948%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%8D1962%E5%B9%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸聯邦 (1948年－1962年)">緬甸聯邦</a> <small><i>（今屬<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸聯邦共和國">緬甸聯邦共和國</a>）</i></small> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1962年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1962%E5%B9%B4%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="1962年缅甸政变">1962年緬甸政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法蘭西第三共和國">法蘭西第三共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1870年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1940年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="维希法国">第二次世界大戰被德國占領</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國"><img alt="法國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="法兰西第四共和国">法蘭西第四共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1958年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">政治格局動盪不安 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1970年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1980年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">憲法修正案 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利"><img alt="匈牙利" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary_%281946-1949%2C_1956-1957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9" title="匈牙利">匈牙利</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1946年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1949年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨执政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">改制創建<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%88%E7%89%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="匈牙利人民共和國">匈牙利人民共和國</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亞</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1945年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1959年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%BA%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F1959%E5%B9%B4%E9%A2%81%E5%B8%83%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏加诺总统1959年颁布的法令（页面不存在）">憲法修正案</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1948年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1996年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半议会制">半議會制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">憲法修正案 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国"><img alt="大韩民国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B_(%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B)" title="第二共和國 (大韓民國)">大韓民國第二共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1960年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5月16日政變（页面不存在）">5月16日政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2010年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2021年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%94%BF%E4%BD%93%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2021年吉尔吉斯斯坦政体公投">公投</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="立陶宛"><img alt="立陶宛" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="立陶宛歷史">立陶宛第一共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1920年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1926年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%9F%B7%E6%94%BF" title="一黨執政">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1926%E5%B9%B4%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1926年立陶宛政變">1926年立陶宛政變</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="奈及利亞">奈及利亞</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1963年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a><br />（這導致了1979年<br />建立了聯邦民主體制和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制度</a>。 <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二尼日利亚共和国（页面不存在）">第二尼日利亚共和国</a>）</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31979%E5%B9%B4%E5%92%8C1983%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31998%E5%B9%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%97%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966年至1979年和1983年至1998年尼日利亚軍事政變（页面不存在）">軍事政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦"><img alt="巴基斯坦" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国">巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1956年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1958年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958年巴基斯坦政變（页面不存在）">1958年巴基斯坦政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1973</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977年巴基斯坦政变（页面不存在）">1977年巴基斯坦政变</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1988</td> <td style="text-align:center;">1999</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1999年巴基斯坦政變">1999年巴基斯坦政变</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" title="波兰"><img alt="波兰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波蘭第二共和國">波蘭第二共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1919年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1939年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇德戰爭">蘇德戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E5%88%86%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="瓜分波兰">瓜分波兰</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙"><img alt="葡萄牙" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="葡萄牙第一共和國">葡萄牙第一共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1911%E5%B9%B4%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1911年葡萄牙憲法（页面不存在）">1911年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1926年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a><br />（這導致了1933年的<i><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="新國家 (葡萄牙)">新國家體制</a></i> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙国家联盟">葡萄牙國家聯盟</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%9A%E5%88%B6" title="一党制">一党执政</a>）</span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1926%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="1926年5月28日政變">5月28日政變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="全國獨裁">全國獨裁</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE" title="菲律宾"><img alt="菲律宾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="菲律宾第一共和国">菲律賓第一共和國</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%9B%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="马洛洛斯共和国">马洛洛斯共和国</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1899年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1901年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a><br />（事實上的美國<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="埃米利奥·阿奎纳多">埃米利奥·阿奎纳多</a>在美國部隊中被<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="美軍">美軍</a>捕獲。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="刚果民主共和国"><img alt="刚果民主共和国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo_%28L%C3%A9opoldville%29_%281960%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="剛果民主共和國">剛果共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1960年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1965年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E7%8D%A8%E8%A3%81" title="軍事獨裁">軍事獨裁</a><br />（事實上<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a>） </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1964年8月1日改國名為<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="剛果民主共和國">剛果民主共和國</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-loc_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1965年刚果政变。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Rhodesia_%281968%E2%80%931979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="羅德西亞">羅德西亞</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969%E5%B9%B4%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969年罗得西亚宪法公投（页面不存在）">1970年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E9%A7%90%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%E8%99%95" title="羅德西亞駐葡萄牙代表處">1979年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">改制為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="津巴布韦罗德西亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="津巴布韋羅德西亞">津巴布韦罗德西亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="en:Zimbabwe Rhodesia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain_%281931%E2%80%931939%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="西班牙第二共和国">西班牙第二共和国</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931%E5%B9%B4%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931年西班牙憲法（页面不存在）">1931年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙內戰">1939年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="法西斯主義">法西斯獨裁統治</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%93%A5%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="佛朗哥時期">佛朗哥時期</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">終結於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%85%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙內戰">西班牙內戰</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1972年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1978年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="半總統制">半總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">憲法修正案 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><img alt="叙利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">敘利亞共和國</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1930年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1958年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">改制創建<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="阿拉伯聯合共和國">阿拉伯聯合共和國</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚"><img alt="叙利亚" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria_%281930%E2%80%931958%2C_1961%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯叙利亚共和国">阿拉伯叙利亚共和国</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1961年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1963年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1963%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%98" title="1963年叙利亚政变">1963年敘利亞政變</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1923年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%B8" title="2018年土耳其大選">2018年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/2017%E5%B9%B4%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BF%AE%E6%86%B2%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%95" title="2017年土耳其修憲公投">2017年土耳其修憲公投</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1963年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1966年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="一黨制">一黨執政</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">暫停憲法實施 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe_Rhodesia_%281979%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="津巴布韦罗德西亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zimbabwe Rhodesia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="津巴布韋羅德西亞">津巴布韦罗德西亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_Rhodesia" class="extiw" title="en:Zimbabwe Rhodesia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zimbabwe Rhodesia</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="津巴布韦历史">1979年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B0%E5%BC%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%8F%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兰开斯特宫协议（页面不存在）">1979年</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">恢復<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="南羅德西亞">南羅德西亞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/22px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/33px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg/44px-Flag_of_Zimbabwe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E5%B7%B4%E5%A8%81" title="辛巴威">辛巴威</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1980年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1987年 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="總統制">總統制</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">憲法修正案 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">孟加拉於1971年至1975年間原已為議會制共和國。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">愛沙尼亞於1919年至1934年間原已為議會制共和國，但政府遭<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E8%AE%8A" title="政變">政變</a>推翻。1938年愛沙尼亞採行總統制，1940年6月遭<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>占領併吞。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德">西德</a>（包括原<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="西柏林">西柏林</a>部分）的原一黨專政政權為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="納粹德國">納粹德國</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B0%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E5%B7%9E" title="德国新联邦州">德國新聯邦州</a>（包括原<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="東柏林">東柏林</a>）的原一黨專政政權則為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="東德">東德</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">伊拉克聯邦憲法曾規定為两院制，實質為一院制。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">拉脫維亞於1921年至1934年間原已為議會制共和國，總理<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔利斯·乌尔马尼斯">卡爾利斯·烏爾馬尼斯</a>透過政變取得政權。1940年6月拉脫維亞遭<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>占領併吞。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1940年6月，立陶宛被<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>占領并吞并。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《歷史教學》第69页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">By Kiran Khalid, CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/">Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers</a>. CNN.com. 2010-04-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819104743/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/04/09/pakistan.constitution/">存档</a>于2017-08-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&rft.atitle=Pakistan+lawmakers+approve+weakening+of+presidential+powers&rft.au=By+Kiran+Khalid%2C+CNN&rft.date=2010-04-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2010%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F04%2F09%2Fpakistan.constitution%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100414123429/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/11-Apr-2010/18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>18th Amendment to restore Constitution' | Pakistan | News | Newspaper | Daily | English | Online</a>. Nation.com.pk. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/11-Apr-2010/18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&rft.atitle=%2718th+Amendment+to+restore+Constitution%27+%26%23124%3B+Pakistan+%26%23124%3B+News+%26%23124%3B+Newspaper+%26%23124%3B+Daily+%26%23124%3B+English+%26%23124%3B+Online&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.com.pk%2Fpakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online%2FRegional%2FLahore%2F11-Apr-2010%2F18th-Amendment-to-restore-Constitution&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZARealm-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZARealm_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/00_1910_1961_s.php">South Africa: Heads of State: 1910-1961</a>. Archontology.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-02-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829081506/http://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/00_1910_1961_s.php">存档</a>于2019-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&rft.atitle=South+Africa%3A+Heads+of+State%3A+1910-1961&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archontology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archontology.org%2Fnations%2Fsouth_africa%2F00_1910_1961_s.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZAReturn-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZAReturn_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Carlin, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/south-africa-returns-to-the-commonwealth-fold-1419686.html">South Africa returns to the Commonwealth fold</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="獨立">獨立</a>. 1994-05-31 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-02-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829083009/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/south-africa-returns-to-the-commonwealth-fold-1419686.html">存档</a>于2019-08-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&rft.atitle=South+Africa+returns+to+the+Commonwealth+fold&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Carlin&rft.date=1994-05-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fsouth-africa-returns-to-the-commonwealth-fold-1419686.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZASecessionTalk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZASecessionTalk_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUVkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2W8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504,1422353">Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saskatoon_Star-Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saskatoon Star-Phoenix（页面不存在）">Saskatoon Star-Phoenix</a>. 1960-10-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-02-18</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319130846/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WUVkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2W8NAAAAIBAJ&pg=5504%2C1422353">存档</a>于2020-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&rft.atitle=Secession+Talked+by+Some+Anti-Republicans&rft.date=1960-10-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saskatoon+Star-Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DWUVkAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D2W8NAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5504%2C1422353&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loc_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0146)">"Zaire: Post-Independent Political Development"</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205035514/lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0146)">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-12-05, Library of Congress</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%88%B6" title="议会制君主立宪制">议会制君主立宪制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B0%E6%9C%83%E5%88%B6" title="議會制">議會制</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a 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