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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Experiments_on_plant_hybridization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_on_plant_hybridization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Experiments on plant hybridization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiments_on_plant_hybridization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_reception_of_Mendel's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_reception_of_Mendel's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Initial reception of Mendel's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_reception_of_Mendel's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_of_Mendel's_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_of_Mendel's_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Rediscovery of Mendel's work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_of_Mendel's_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Other experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mendelian_paradox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mendelian_paradox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mendelian paradox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mendelian_paradox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregor Mendel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%AC%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="ግሬጎር መንደል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ግሬጎር መንደል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="غريغور يوهان مندل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غريغور يوهان مندل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qreqor_Mendel" title="Qreqor Mendel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qreqor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="قرقور مندل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قرقور مندل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="গ্রেগর ইয়োহান মেন্ডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রেগর ইয়োহান মেন্ডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грэгар Іаган Мендэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэгар Іаган Мендэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грэгар Мэндэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэгар Мэндэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Грегор Мендел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грегор Мендел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Мендель Грегор Иоганн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мендель Грегор Иоганн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81_%CE%9C%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Γκρέγκορ Μέντελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρέγκορ Μέντελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gregor_Mendel" title="Johann Gregor Mendel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johann Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="گرگور مندل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرگور مندل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2" title="ગ્રેગોર જોન મેન્ડેલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગ્રેગોર જોન મેન્ડેલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%B4_%EB%A9%98%EB%8D%B8" title="그레고어 멘델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레고어 멘델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Գրեգոր Մենդել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրեգոր Մենդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="ग्रेगर जॉन मेंडल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेगर जॉन मेंडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="גרגור מנדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגור מנדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರೆಗರ್ ಮೆಂಡೆಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೆಗರ್ ಮೆಂಡೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გრეგორ მენდელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრეგორ მენდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грегор Иоганн Мендель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грегор Иоганн Мендель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Грегор Мендел – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Грегор Мендел" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_Mendel" title="Gregorius Mendel – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gregorius Mendel" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregors_Mendelis" title="Gregors Mendelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gregors Mendelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Грегор Мендел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грегор Мендел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="ഗ്രിഗർ മെൻഡൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രിഗർ മെൻഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="ग्रेगोर मेंडेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रेगोर मेंडेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გრეგორ მენდელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრეგორ მენდელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جريجور مندل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريجور مندل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA" title="မင်ဒယ်၊ ဂရီဂေါ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မင်ဒယ်၊ ဂရီဂေါ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="ग्रेगर जोहान मेन्डल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ग्रेगर जोहान मेन्डल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="グレゴール・ヨハン・メンデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレゴール・ヨハン・メンデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਗਰੈਗਰ ਮੈਂਡਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੈਗਰ ਮੈਂਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%84" title="گریگر مینڈل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریگر مینڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86%DA%89%DB%90%D9%84" title="ګرېګور منډېل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرېګور منډېل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A_%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F" title="ក្រេគ័រ មេនដែស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រេគ័រ មេនដែស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Мендель, Грегор Иоганн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мендель, Грегор Иоганн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грегор Иоганн Мендель – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Грегор Иоганн Мендель" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke-lye-kaw-al.Mung-te-al" title="Ke-lye-kaw-al.Mung-te-al – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ke-lye-kaw-al.Mung-te-al" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D" title="ग्रिगोर् जान् मेण्डेल् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ग्रिगोर् जान् मेण्डेल्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendeli" title="Gregor Mendeli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gregor Mendeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grig%C3%B2riu_Mendel" title="Grigòriu Mendel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grigòriu Mendel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="ග්‍රෙගර් මෙන්ඩල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රෙගර් මෙන්ඩල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%84" title="گريگور مينڊل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گريگور مينڊل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="گریگۆر مەندل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گریگۆر مەندل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Грегор Мендел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грегор Мендел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரிகோர் மெண்டல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிகோர் மெண்டல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="గ్రెగర్ జోహన్ మెండల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రెగర్ జోహన్ మెండల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="เกรกอร์ เม็นเดิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกรกอร์ เม็นเดิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Грегор Мендель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грегор Мендель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%84" title="گریگور مینڈل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گریگور مینڈل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="孟德尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孟德尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="孟德爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孟德爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="格雷戈爾·孟德爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格雷戈爾·孟德爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Gregor Mendel" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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(1822–1884)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/220px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/330px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg/440px-Gregor_Mendel_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1357" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Johann Mendel</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1822-07-20</span>)</span>20 July 1822<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hyn%C4%8Dice_(Vra%C5%BEn%C3%A9)" title="Hynčice (Vražné)">Heinzendorf bei Odrau (Hynčice)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 January 1884<span style="display:none">(1884-01-06)</span> (aged 61)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Moravia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University_Olomouc" title="Palacký University Olomouc">University of Olomouc</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founder of 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career</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained</th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1846<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregor_Mendel_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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!important;color:inherit;font-size:175%;font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/150px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/225px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg/300px-Hybridogenesis_in_water_frogs_gametes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="111" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Key components</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">Genome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">Heredity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">Nucleotide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Genetic variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">Allele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acid</a></li></ul></div></div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genetics" title="Outline of genetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles" title="Index of genetics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">History and topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_genetics" title="Introduction to genetics">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">molecular</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular genetics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">Geneticist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genomics" title="Genomics">Genomics</a> (<span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/12px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/18px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/24px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Genomics" title="Template:Genomics">template</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genetics#Branches_of_genetics" title="Outline of genetics">Branches of genetics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_genetics" title="Classical genetics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_genetics" title="Conservation genetics">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunogenetics" title="Immunogenetics">Immunogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_genetics" title="Microbial genetics">Microbial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_genetics" title="Molecular genetics">Molecular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="background:light-dark(#e7f4e7,#243124);color:inherit;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0;background:light-dark(#90db90,#024c02) !important;color:inherit;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Personalized medicine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Genetics" title="Category:Genetics">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gregor Johann Mendel</b> <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians"><small>OSA</small></a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Řehoř Jan Mendel</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-card_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-card-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 July 1822<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 6 January 1884) was an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> biologist, meteorologist,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mathematician, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Abbey,_Brno" title="St Thomas's Abbey, Brno">St. Thomas' Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> (Brünn), <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia" title="Margraviate of Moravia">Margraviate of Moravia</a>. Mendel was born in a <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">German-speaking</a> family in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Silesian</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>) and gained posthumous recognition as the founder of the modern science of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though farmers had known for millennia that crossbreeding of animals and plants could favor certain desirable <a href="/wiki/Trait_(biological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trait (biological)">traits</a>, Mendel's <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> plant experiments conducted between 1856 and 1863 established many of the rules of <a href="/wiki/Biological_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological inheritance">heredity</a>, now referred to as the laws of <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. Taking seed color as an example, Mendel showed that when a true-breeding yellow pea and a true-breeding green pea were cross-bred, their offspring always produced yellow seeds. However, in the next generation, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1 green to 3 yellow. To explain this phenomenon, Mendel coined the terms "<a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">dominant</a>" in reference to certain traits. In the preceding example, the green trait, which seems to have vanished in the first filial generation, is recessive, and the yellow is dominant. He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible "factors"—now called <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>—in predictably determining the traits of an organism. </p><p>The profound significance of Mendel's work was not recognized until the turn of the 20th century (more than three decades later) with the rediscovery of his laws. <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Tschermak" title="Erich von Tschermak">Erich von Tschermak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Correns" title="Carl Correns">Carl Correns</a> independently verified several of Mendel's experimental findings in 1900, ushering in the modern age of genetics.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Mendel was born into a <a href="/wiki/Sudeten_Germans" title="Sudeten Germans">German-speaking</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Hyn%C4%8Dice_(Vra%C5%BEn%C3%A9)" title="Hynčice (Vražné)">Heinzendorf bei Odrau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-card_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-card-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Silesia" title="Austrian Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> (now Hynčice in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Anton and Rosine (Schwirtlich) Mendel and had one older sister, Veronika, and one younger, Theresia. They lived and worked on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for at least 130 years<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the house where Mendel was born is now a museum devoted to Mendel).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied <a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">beekeeping</a>. As a young man, he attended <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Troppau" class="mw-redirect" title="Troppau">Troppau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Opava</i>). Due to illness, he had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1840 to 1843, he studied practical and theoretical philosophy and physics at the Philosophical Institute of the <a href="/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University_Olomouc" title="Palacký University Olomouc">University of Olomouc</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Olmütz</i>), taking another year off because of illness. He also struggled financially to pay for his studies, and Theresia gave him her dowry. Later he helped support her three sons, two of whom became doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became a monk partly because it enabled him to obtain an education without paying for it himself.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the son of a struggling farmer, the monastic life, in his words, spared him the "perpetual anxiety about a means of livelihood."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born Johann Mendel, he was given the name "Gregor" (<span title="Czech-language text"><i lang="cs">Řehoř</i></span> in Czech)<sup id="cite_ref-card_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-card-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he joined the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Augustine" title="Order of Saint Augustine">Order of Saint Augustine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200024_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg/220px-Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg/330px-Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg/440px-Zawadzki_and_Mendel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Mendel (seated second from right and numbered "2") with other faculty at the Brno Realschule in 1864 (<a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki_(naturalist)" title="Aleksander Zawadzki (naturalist)">Alexander Zawadzki</a> is labelled "1".)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Mendel entered the Faculty of Philosophy, the Department of Natural History and Agriculture was headed by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Karl_Nestler" title="Johann Karl Nestler">Johann Karl Nestler</a>, who conducted extensive research on hereditary traits of plants and animals, especially sheep. Upon recommendation of his <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> teacher <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz" title="Friedrich Franz">Friedrich Franz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hasan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel entered the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27s_Abbey,_Brno" title="St Thomas's Abbey, Brno">St Thomas's Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a> and began his training as a priest. Mendel worked as a substitute high school teacher. In 1850, he failed his exams' oral part, the last of three parts, to become a certified high school teacher. In 1851, he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> to study under the sponsorship of <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Franti%C5%A1ek_Napp" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril František Napp">Cyril František Napp</a> so that he could get a more formal education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200024_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200024-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Vienna, his professor of physics was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Doppler" title="Christian Doppler">Christian Doppler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathofinheritance_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathofinheritance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel returned to his abbey in 1853 as a teacher, principally of physics. In 1854 he met <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Zawadzki_(naturalist)" title="Aleksander Zawadzki (naturalist)">Aleksander Zawadzki</a> who encouraged his research in Brno. In 1856, he took the exam to become a certified teacher and again failed the oral part.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200047–62_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200047–62-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1867, he replaced Napp as abbot of the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-MENDELMUSEUM_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MENDELMUSEUM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he was elevated as abbot in 1868, his scientific work largely ended, as Mendel became overburdened with administrative responsibilities, especially a dispute with the civil government over its attempt to impose special taxes on religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel died on 6 January 1884, at the age of 61, in <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-card_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-card-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from chronic <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>. Czech composer <a href="/wiki/Leo%C5%A1_Jan%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" title="Leoš Janáček">Leoš Janáček</a> played the organ at his funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-Soudek_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soudek-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, the succeeding abbot burned all papers in Mendel's collection, to mark an end to the disputes over taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Exhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhumation">exhumation</a> of Mendel's corpse in 2021 delivered some <a href="/wiki/Physiognomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiognomic">physiognomic</a> details like body height (168 cm (66 in)). His <a href="/wiki/Genome_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome analysis">genome was analysed</a>, revealing that Mendel was predisposed to heart problems.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiments_on_plant_hybridization">Experiments on plant hybridization</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mendelian_inheritance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mendelian_inheritance.svg/220px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mendelian_inheritance.svg/330px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mendelian_inheritance.svg/440px-Mendelian_inheritance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Dominant and recessive phenotypes. (1) Parental generation. (2) F1 generation. (3) F2 generation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mendel, known as the "father of modern genetics," chose to study variation in plants in his monastery's 2 hectares (4.9 acres) experimental garden.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel was assisted in his experimental design by Aleksander Zawadzki while his superior abbot <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Napp" title="Cyril Napp">Napp</a> wrote to discourage him, saying that the Bishop giggled when informed of the detailed genealogies of peas.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After initial experiments with pea plants, Mendel settled on studying seven traits that seemed to be inherited independently of other traits: seed shape, flower color, seed coat tint, pod shape, unripe pod color, flower location, and plant height. He first focused on seed shape, which was either angular or round.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200078–80_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200078–80-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1856 and 1863 Mendel cultivated and tested some 28,000 plants, the majority of which were <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> plants (<i><a href="/wiki/Pisum_sativum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisum sativum">Pisum sativum</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study showed that, when true-breeding different varieties were crossed to each other (e.g., tall plants fertilized by short plants), in the second generation, one in four pea plants had <a href="/wiki/Purebred" title="Purebred">purebred</a> <a href="/wiki/Recessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Recessive">recessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_trait" title="Phenotypic trait">traits</a>, two out of four were <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>, and one out of four were purebred <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">dominant</a>. His experiments led him to make two generalizations, the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Segregation">Law of Segregation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_independent_assortment" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of independent assortment">Law of Independent Assortment</a>, which later came to be known as Mendel's Laws of Inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_reception_of_Mendel's_work"><span id="Initial_reception_of_Mendel.27s_work"></span>Initial reception of Mendel's work</h4></div> <p>Mendel presented his paper, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden</i></span> ("<a href="/wiki/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization" title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization">Experiments on Plant Hybridization</a>"), at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brno in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a> on 8 February and 8 March 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig2000134–138_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig2000134–138-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It generated a few favorable reports in local newspapers,<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was ignored by the scientific community. When Mendel's paper was published in 1866 in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Natural_History_Society_of_Br%C3%BCnn" title="Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brünn">Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brünn</a></i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was seen as essentially about hybridization rather than inheritance, had little impact, and was cited only about three times over the next thirty-five years. His paper was criticized then but is now considered a seminal work.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> was not aware of Mendel's paper, and it is envisaged that if he had been aware of it, genetics as it exists now might have taken hold much earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel's scientific biography thus provides an example of the failure of obscure, highly original innovators to receive the attention they deserve.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rediscovery_of_Mendel's_work"><span id="Rediscovery_of_Mendel.27s_work"></span>Rediscovery of Mendel's work</h4></div> <p>About forty scientists listened to Mendel's two groundbreaking lectures, but it would appear that they failed to understand the implications of his work. Later, he also carried on a correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Carl_N%C3%A4geli" title="Carl Nägeli">Carl Nägeli</a>, one of the leading biologists of the time, but Nägeli also failed to appreciate Mendel's discoveries. At times, Mendel must have entertained doubts about his work, but not always: "My time will come," he reportedly told a friend,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gustav von Niessl.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Mendel's lifetime, most biologists held the idea that all characteristics were passed to the next generation through <a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">blending inheritance</a> (indeed, many effectively are), in which the traits from each parent are averaged.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instances of this phenomenon are now explained by the action of multiple genes with <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">quantitative effects</a>. Charles Darwin tried unsuccessfully to explain inheritance through a theory of <a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">pangenesis</a>. It was not until the early 20th century that the importance of Mendel's ideas was realized.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2003_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1900, research aimed at finding a successful theory of discontinuous inheritance rather than <a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">blending inheritance</a> led to independent duplication of his work by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_de_Vries" title="Hugo de Vries">Hugo de Vries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Correns" title="Carl Correns">Carl Correns</a> and the rediscovery of Mendel's writings and laws. Both acknowledged Mendel's priority, and it is thought probable that de Vries did not understand the results he had found until after reading Mendel.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore-2003_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Tschermak" title="Erich von Tschermak">Erich von Tschermak</a> was originally also credited with rediscovery, this is no longer accepted because he did not understand <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendel's laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though de Vries later lost interest in Mendelism, other biologists started to establish modern genetics as a science. All three of these researchers, each from a different country, published their rediscovery of Mendel's work within a two-month span in the spring of 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig20001–9_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig20001–9-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mendel's results were quickly replicated, and genetic linkage quickly worked out. Biologists flocked to the theory; even though it was not yet applicable to many phenomena, it sought to give a <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotypic</a> understanding of heredity, which they felt was lacking in previous studies of heredity, which had focused on <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most prominent of these previous approaches was the <a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">biometric</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._F._R._Weldon" class="mw-redirect" title="W. F. R. Weldon">W. F. R. Weldon</a>, which was based heavily on statistical studies of phenotype variation. The strongest opposition to this school came from <a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a>, who perhaps did the most in the early days of publicising the benefits of Mendel's theory (the word "<a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>", and much of the discipline's other terminology, originated with Bateson). This debate between the biometricians and the Mendelians was extremely vigorous in the first two decades of the 20th century, with the biometricians claiming statistical and mathematical rigor,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the Mendelians claimed a better understanding of biology.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern genetics shows that Mendelian heredity is, in fact, an inherently biological process, though not all genes of Mendel's experiments are yet understood.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, the two approaches were combined, especially by work conducted by <a href="/wiki/R._A._Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Fisher">R. A. Fisher</a> as early as 1918. The combination, in the 1930s and 1940s, of Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern synthesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China, Mendelian genetics was rejected in favor of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a>, leading to imprisonment and even execution of Mendelian geneticists (see <a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_experiments">Other experiments</h3></div> <p>Mendel also experimented with <a href="/wiki/Hawkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawkweed">hawkweed</a> (<i>Hieracium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nogler2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nogler2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He published a report on his work with hawkweed,<sup id="cite_ref-Mendel1869_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendel1869-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group of plants of great interest to scientists at the time because of their diversity. However, the results of Mendel's inheritance study in hawkweeds were unlike those for peas; the first generation was very variable, and many of their offspring were identical to the maternal parent. In his correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Carl_N%C3%A4geli" title="Carl Nägeli">Carl Nägeli</a> he discussed his results but was unable to explain them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nogler2006_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nogler2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not appreciated until the end of the nineteenth century that many hawkweed species were <a href="/wiki/Apomictic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apomictic">apomictic</a>, producing most of their seeds through an asexual process.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mendel appears to have kept animals at the monastery, breeding bees in custom-designed <a href="/wiki/Bee_hive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bee hive">bee hives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of his results on bees survived, except for a passing mention in the reports of the Moravian Apiculture Society.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All that is known definitely is that he used Cyprian and Carniolan bees,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were particularly aggressive, to the annoyance of other monks and visitors of the monastery, such that he was asked to get rid of them.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel, on the other hand, was fond of his bees and referred to them as "my dearest little animals".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his death, Mendel's colleagues remembered that he bred mice, crossing varieties of different size, although Mendel has left no record of any such work. A persistent myth has developed that Mendel turned his attention to plants only after Napp declared it unseemly for a celibate priest to closely observe rodent sex. In a 2022 biography, Daniel Fairbanks argued that Napp could hardly have given such a pronouncement, as Napp personally oversaw sheep breeding on the monastery's extensive agricultural estate.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mendel also studied <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MENDELMUSEUM_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MENDELMUSEUM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding the 'Austrian Meteorological Society' in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathofinheritance_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathofinheritance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of his published works were related to meteorology.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathofinheritance_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathofinheritance-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also described novel plant <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, and these are denoted with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation">botanical author abbreviation</a> "Mendel".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mendelian_paradox">Mendelian paradox</h2></div> <p>In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a>, a prominent statistician and population geneticist, reconstructed Mendel's experiments, analyzed results from the F<sub>2</sub> (second filial) generation, and found the ratio of dominant to recessive phenotypes (e.g., yellow versus green peas; round versus wrinkled peas) to be implausibly and consistently too close to the expected ratio of 3 to 1.<sup id="cite_ref-fisher36_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher36-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher asserted that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified to agree closely with Mendel's expectations".<sup id="cite_ref-fisher36_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher36-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel's alleged observations, according to Fisher, were "abominable," "shocking," <sup id="cite_ref-hartl_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartl-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "cooked."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other scholars agree with Fisher that Mendel's various observations come uncomfortably close to Mendel's expectations. <a href="/wiki/A._W._F._Edwards" title="A. W. F. Edwards">A. W. F. Edwards</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for instance, remarks: "One can applaud the lucky gambler; but when he is lucky again tomorrow, and the next day, and the following day, one is entitled to become a little suspicious". Three other lines of evidence likewise lend support to the assertion that Mendel's results are indeed too good to be true.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fisher's analysis gave rise to the <b>Mendelian paradox</b>: Mendel's reported data are, statistically speaking, too good to be true, yet "everything we know about Mendel suggests that he was unlikely to engage in either deliberate fraud or in an unconscious adjustment of his observations".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several writers have attempted to resolve this paradox. </p><p>One attempted explanation invokes <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">confirmation bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher accused Mendel's experiments as "biased strongly in the direction of agreement with expectation<span class="nowrap"> </span>[...] to give the theory the benefit of the doubt".<sup id="cite_ref-fisher36_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher36-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2004 article, J.W. Porteous concluded that Mendel's observations were indeed implausible.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An explanation for Mendel's results based on <a href="/wiki/Tetrad_(meiosis)" title="Tetrad (meiosis)">tetrad</a> pollen has been proposed, but reproduction of the experiments showed no evidence that the tetrad-pollen model explains any of the bias.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another attempt<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to resolve the Mendelian paradox notes that a conflict may sometimes arise between the moral imperative of a bias-free recounting of one's factual observations and the even more important imperative of advancing scientific knowledge. Mendel might have felt compelled "to simplify his data to meet real, or feared editorial objections."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an action could be justified on moral grounds (and hence provide a resolution to the Mendelian paradox) since the alternative—refusing to comply—might have hindered the growth of scientific knowledge. Similarly, like so many other obscure innovators of science,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mendel, a little-known innovator of working-class background, had to "break through the cognitive paradigms and social prejudices" of his audience.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such a breakthrough "could be best achieved by deliberately omitting some observations from his report and adjusting others to make them more palatable to his audience, such actions could be justified on moral grounds."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hartl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dan Hartl">Daniel L. Hartl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Fairbanks" title="Daniel J. Fairbanks">Daniel J. Fairbanks</a> reject outright Fisher's statistical argument, suggesting that Fisher incorrectly interpreted Mendel's experiments. They find it likely that Mendel scored more than ten progeny and that the results matched the expectation. They conclude: "Fisher's allegation of deliberate falsification can finally be put to rest, because on closer analysis it has proved to be unsupported by convincing evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-hartl_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hartl-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 Hartl and Fairbanks (with Allan Franklin and AWF Edwards) wrote a comprehensive book in which they concluded that there were no reasons to assert Mendel fabricated his results, nor that Fisher deliberately tried to diminish Mendel's legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reassessment of Fisher's statistical analysis, according to these authors, also disproves the notion of confirmation bias in Mendel's results.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2></div> <p>Mount Mendel in New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/Paparoa_Range" title="Paparoa Range">Paparoa Range</a> was named after him in 1970 by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In celebration of his 200th birthday, Mendel's body was exhumed and his DNA sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Catholic_cleric%E2%80%93scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Catholic cleric–scientists">List of Roman Catholic cleric–scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Museum_of_Masaryk_University" title="Mendel Museum of Masaryk University">Mendel Museum of Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_Polar_Station" title="Mendel Polar Station">Mendel Polar Station</a> in Antarctica</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_University_in_Brno" title="Mendel University in Brno">Mendel University in Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_error" title="Mendelian error">Mendelian error</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gardener_of_God" title="The Gardener of God">The Gardener of God</a></i>, an Italian docudrama about the life and works of Gregor Mendel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFr._Richter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fr. Richter, Clemens OSA (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694133">"Remembering Johann Gregor Mendel: a human, a Catholic priest, an Augustinian monk, and abbot"</a>. <i>Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">483–</span>485. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmgg3.186">10.1002/mgg3.186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4694133">4694133</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26740939">26740939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Genetics+%26+Genomic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Remembering+Johann+Gregor+Mendel%3A+a+human%2C+a+Catholic+priest%2C+an+Augustinian+monk%2C+and+abbot&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E483-%3C%2Fspan%3E485&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4694133%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26740939&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmgg3.186&rft.aulast=Fr.+Richter&rft.aufirst=Clemens+OSA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4694133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-card-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-card_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-card_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-card_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-card_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.radio.cz/pictures/r/vystavy/mendel_190/umrtni_oznameni.jpg">Funeral card in Czech (Brno, 6. January 1884)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">20 July is his birthday, often mentioned as 22 July, the date of his baptism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410150755/https://mendelmuseum.muni.cz/en/g-j-mendel/zivotopis">"CV"</a>. <i>Mendel Museum</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Gregor-Johann-Mendel">the original</a> on 22 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=genome.gov&rft.atitle=Mendel%2C+Johann+%28Gregor%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.gov%2Fgenetics-glossary%2FGregor-Johann-Mendel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Czech J. Genet. 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Berlin: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">91–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-35254-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-35254-6"><bdi>978-3-642-35254-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857364787">857364787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solitude+of+a+Humble+Genius+%E2%80%93+Gregor+Johann+Mendel.+Volume+1%2C+Formative+years&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857364787&rft.isbn=978-3-642-35254-6&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Klein%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F857364787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchacherer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schacherer, Joseph (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.04.006">"Beyond the simplicity of Mendelian inheritance"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus Biologies</i>. <b>339</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.04.006">10.1016/j.crvi.2016.04.006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27344551">27344551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Biologies&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+simplicity+of+Mendelian+inheritance&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.04.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27344551&rft.aulast=Schacherer&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crvi.2016.04.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gayon, Jean (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.05.009">"From Mendel to epigenetics: History of genetics"</a>. <i>Comptes Rendus Biologies</i>. <b>339</b> (<span class="nowrap">7–</span>8): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.05.009">10.1016/j.crvi.2016.05.009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27263362">27263362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+Rendus+Biologies&rft.atitle=From+Mendel+to+epigenetics%3A+History+of+genetics&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.crvi.2016.05.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27263362&rft.aulast=Gayon&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.crvi.2016.05.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorcosMonaghan1990" class="citation journal cs1">Corcos, Alain F.; Monaghan, Floyd V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07352689009382287">"Mendel's work and its rediscovery: A new perspective"</a>. <i>Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990CRvPS...9..197C">1990CRvPS...9..197C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07352689009382287">10.1080/07352689009382287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Plant+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mendel%27s+work+and+its+rediscovery%3A+A+new+perspective&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07352689009382287&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990CRvPS...9..197C&rft.aulast=Corcos&rft.aufirst=Alain+F.&rft.au=Monaghan%2C+Floyd+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F07352689009382287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Mendel, Alain F. 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Weber "Gregor Mendel's Experiments on Plant Hybrids: A Guided Study", Rutgers University Press, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendel-rodnydum.vrazne.cz/index.php?lang=cs">"Úvod – Rodný dům Johanna Gregora Mendela"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%9Avod+%E2%80%93+Rodn%C3%BD+d%C5%AFm+Johanna+Gregora+Mendela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mendel-rodnydum.vrazne.cz%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Dcs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamarena2018" class="citation web cs1">Camarena, Belia (20 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmuscholars.org/gregor-mendel-the-father-of-modern-genetics-brilliant-scientist-or-complete-failure/">"Gregor Mendel, the Father of Modern Genetics: Brilliant Scientist or Complete Failure?"</a>. <i>StMU Research Scholars</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-97765-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-97765-7"><bdi>0-395-97765-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43648512">43648512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monk+in+the+Garden%3A+The+Lost+and+Found+Genius+of+Gregor+Mendel%2C+the+Father+of+Genetics&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43648512&rft.isbn=0-395-97765-7&rft.aulast=Henig&rft.aufirst=Robin+Marantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonkingardenlost00heni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIltis1943" class="citation journal cs1">Iltis, Hugo (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/17803">"Gregor Mendel and His Work"</a>. <i>The Scientific Monthly</i>. <b>56</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>423. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943SciMo..56..414I">1943SciMo..56..414I</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/17803">17803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Monthly&rft.atitle=Gregor+Mendel+and+His+Work&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F17803%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1943SciMo..56..414I&rft.aulast=Iltis&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F17803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200024-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200024_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200024_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenig2000">Henig 2000</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hasan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2004" class="citation book cs1">Hasan, Heather (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lXcRCag4rR8C&q=gregor+mendel+friedrich+franza&pg=PA1842"><i>Mendel and The Laws Of Genetics</i></a>. 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The Masaryk University Mendel Museum: 1012. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Natur.132.1012F">1933Natur.132.1012F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F1321012a0">10.1038/1321012a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Museum+Exhibition&rft.atitle=The+Mathematics+of+Inheritance&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=3348&rft.pages=1012&rft.date=1933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F1321012a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933Natur.132.1012F&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F1321012a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig200047–62-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenig200047–62_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenig2000">Henig 2000</a>, pp. 47–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MENDELMUSEUM-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MENDELMUSEUM_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MENDELMUSEUM_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021181034/http://www.mendel-museum.com/eng/1online/">"Online Museum Exhibition"</a>. 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J.; Schaalje, G. B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219470">"The tetrad-pollen model fails to explain the bias in Mendel's pea (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) experiments"</a>. <i>Genetics</i>. <b>177</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">2531–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1534%2Fgenetics.107.079970">10.1534/genetics.107.079970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2219470">2219470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18073445">18073445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+tetrad-pollen+model+fails+to+explain+the+bias+in+Mendel%27s+pea+%28Pisum+sativum%29+experiments&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2531-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2219470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18073445&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.107.079970&rft.aulast=Fairbanks&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Schaalje%2C+G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2219470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovitski2004" class="citation journal cs1">Novitski, Charles E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2010</span>. <q>In conclusion, Fisher's criticism of Mendel's data—that Mendel was obtaining data too close to false expectations in the two sets of experiments involving the determination of segregation ratios—is undoubtedly unfounded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=On+Fisher%27s+criticism+of+Mendel%27s+results+with+the+garden+pea&rft.volume=166&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1133-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1470775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15082533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1534%2Fgenetics.166.3.1133&rft.aulast=Novitski&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F166%2F3%2F1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklinEdwardsFairbanksHartl2008" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, Allan; Edwards, AWF; Fairbanks, Daniel J; Hartl, Daniel L (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4m6NlmGhjgC"><i>Ending the Mendel-Fisher controversy</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Gazetteer&rft.atitle=Place+name+detail%3A+Mount+Mendel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazetteer.linz.govt.nz%2Fplace%2F3770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2022/12/30/1142202365/gregor-mendel-genetics-dna-analyzed">Why scientists dug up the father of genetics, Gregor Mendel, and analyzed his DNA</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel,_GregorBateson,_William2009" class="citation book cs1">Mendel, Gregor; Bateson, William (2009). <i>Mendel's Principles of Heredity: A Defence, with a Translation of Mendel's Original Papers on Hybridisation (Cambridge Library Collection – Life Sciences)</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00613-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-00613-2"><bdi>978-1-108-00613-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendel%27s+Principles+of+Heredity%3A+A+Defence%2C+with+a+Translation+of+Mendel%27s+Original+Papers+on+Hybridisation+%28Cambridge+Library+Collection+%E2%80%93+Life+Sciences%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-108-00613-2&rft.au=Mendel%2C+Gregor&rft.au=Bateson%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esp.org/books/bateson/mendel/facsimile/title3.html">On-line Facsimile Edition: Electronic Scholarly Publishing, Prepared by Robert Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Iltis" title="Hugo Iltis">Hugo Iltis</a>, <i>Gregor Johann Mendel. Leben, Werk und Wirkung</i>. Berlin: J. Springer. 426 pages. (1924) <ul><li>Translated by <a href="/wiki/Eden_Paul" title="Eden Paul">Eden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Paul" title="Cedar Paul">Cedar Paul</a> as <i>Life of Mendel</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co, 1932. 336 pages. New York: Hafner, 1966: London: George Allen & Unwin, 1966. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1976.</li> <li>Translated by Zhenyao Tan as <i>Mên-tê-êrh chuan</i>. Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, 1924. 2 vols. in 1, 661 pp. Shanghai: Shang wu yin shu guan, Minguo 25 [1936].</li> <li>Translated as <i>Zasshu shokubutsu no kenkyū. Tsuketari Menderu shōden</i>. Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, Shōwa 3 [1928]. 100 pp. Translated by Yuzuru Nagashima as <i>Menderu no shōgai</i>. Tōkyō: Sōgensha, Shōwa 17 [1942]. <i>Menderu den</i>. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Sōgensha, 1960.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein,_JanKlein,_Norman2013" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Jan; Klein, Norman (2013). <i>Solitude of a Humble Genius – Gregor Johann Mendel: Volume 1</i>. Heidelberg: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-35253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-35253-9"><bdi>978-3-642-35253-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solitude+of+a+Humble+Genius+%E2%80%93+Gregor+Johann+Mendel%3A+Volume+1&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-642-35253-9&rft.au=Klein%2C+Jan&rft.au=Klein%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Lock, <i>Recent Progress in the Study of Variation, Heredity and Evolution</i>, London, 1906</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel,_Vítĕzslav1996" class="citation book cs1">Orel, Vítĕzslav (1996). <i>Gregor Mendel: the first geneticist</i>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854774-7"><bdi>978-0-19-854774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregor+Mendel%3A+the+first+geneticist&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-854774-7&rft.au=Orel%2C+V%C3%ADt%C4%95zslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunnett1922" class="citation book cs1">Punnett, Reginald Crundall (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mendelism00punn#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Mendelism</i></a>. London: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendelism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Punnett&rft.aufirst=Reginald+Crundall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmendelism00punn%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span> (1st Pub. 1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Stern_(geneticist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curt Stern (geneticist)">Curt Stern</a> and Sherwood ER (1966) <i>The Origin of Genetics</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1922" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, Monica (July–September 1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dublinreview171londuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">"Abbot Mendel"</a>. <i>Dublin Review</i>. London: W. Spooner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dublin+Review&rft.atitle=Abbot+Mendel&rft.date=1922-07%2F1922-09&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdublinreview171londuoft%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudge,_Colin2000" class="citation book cs1">Tudge, Colin (2000). <i>In Mendel's footnotes: an introduction to the science and technologies of genes and genetics from the nineteenth century to the twenty-second</i>. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-928875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-928875-6"><bdi>978-0-09-928875-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Mendel%27s+footnotes%3A+an+introduction+to+the+science+and+technologies+of+genes+and+genetics+from+the+nineteenth+century+to+the+twenty-second&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-09-928875-6&rft.au=Tudge%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaerden1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bartel_Leendert_van_der_Waerden" title="Bartel Leendert van der Waerden">Waerden, B. L. V. D.</a> (1968). "Mendel's Experiments". <i>Centaurus</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">275–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Cent...12..275V">1968Cent...12..275V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1968.tb00098.x">10.1111/j.1600-0498.1968.tb00098.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4880928">4880928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=Mendel%27s+Experiments&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E275-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4880928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1968.tb00098.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Cent...12..275V&rft.aulast=Waerden&rft.aufirst=B.+L.+V.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span> refutes allegations about "data smoothing"</li> <li>James Walsh, <i>Catholic Churchmen in Science</i>, Philadelphia: Dolphin Press, 1906</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindle1915" class="citation book cs1">Windle, Bertram C. A. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/centuryofscienti00windrich#page/106/mode/2up">"Mendel and His Theory of Heredity"</a>. <i>A Century of Scientific Thought and Other Essays</i>. Burns & Oates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mendel+and+His+Theory+of+Heredity&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Scientific+Thought+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Windle&rft.aufirst=Bertram+C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcenturyofscienti00windrich%23page%2F106%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumkellerHartmann1971" class="citation journal cs1">Zumkeller, Adolar; Hartmann, Arnulf (1971). "Recently Discovered Sermon Sketches of Gregor Mendel". <i>Folia Mendeliana</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">247–</span>52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+Mendeliana&rft.atitle=Recently+Discovered+Sermon+Sketches+of+Gregor+Mendel&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Zumkeller&rft.aufirst=Adolar&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+Arnulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregor+Mendel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mendel%2C%20Gregor%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gregor%20Mendel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mendel%2C%20Gregor%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gregor%20Mendel%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mendel%2C%20G%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gregor%20Mendel%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mendel%2C%20Gregor%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gregor%20Mendel%22%29%20OR%20%28%221822-1884%22%20AND%20Mendel%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gregor Mendel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/569">Works by Gregor Mendel</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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title="Virtual Laboratory">Virtual Laboratory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_the_History_of_Science" title="Max Planck Institute for the History of Science">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117233318/http://mendel.imp.ac.at/mendeljsp/biography/biography.jsp">Biography of Gregor Mendel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/celldivision/inheritance3.shtml">GCSE student</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Gregor_Mendel.html">Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000119/http://www.thomasmore.edu/library/mendel_collection.cfm?group%20=The%20Mendel%20Collection">Gregor Mendel Primary Sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weloennig.de/mendel.htm">Johann Gregor Mendel: Why his discoveries were ignored for 35 (72) years</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090620175253/http://brnonow.com/2009/02/university-to-rebuild-mendels-greenhouse/">Masaryk University to rebuild Mendel’s greenhouse | Brno Now</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendelmuseum.muni.cz/en/">Mendel Museum of Genetics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mendelweb.org/Mendel.html">Mendel's Paper in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM">Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080419020741/http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Travel/Berlin/for_web/Mendel_in_Brno.html">A photographic tour of St. 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href="/wiki/History_of_anatomy" title="History of anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" title="Timeline of immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" title="History of model organisms">Model organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">Molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">Plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" title="History of RNA biology">RNA biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Zoology (through 1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_since_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="History of zoology since 1859">Zoology (since 1859)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories,<br 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<li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" title="Sequence hypothesis">Sequence hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" title="History of the creation–evolution controversy">History of the creation-evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Genome_Project" title="Human Genome Project">Human Genome Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldtian_science" title="Humboldtian science">Humboldtian science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">Natural theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7455283">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12594/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtMk34yDHC98Jwjr7TT73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118580698">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036968">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12298563v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12298563v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524395">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mendel, Gregor <1822-1884>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV032649">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35346488">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jk01081221&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000090850&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX975705">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/835805">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070039542">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90203287">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000124614&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000179167&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000035906">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=99049">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000023595">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199635392">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/w5ds6bqzt0tqg1zl">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810545957505606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810614686605606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/230032">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265373505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523594806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02113755?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Mendel">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:mendel.gregor">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/1531589">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/920270">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118580698.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118580698">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028311876">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63t9mkh">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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