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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Úvod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Úvod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Úvod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Úvod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hlavní_výsledky_obecné_topologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hlavní_výsledky_obecné_topologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hlavní výsledky obecné topologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hlavní_výsledky_obecné_topologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Topologie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 105 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Topologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoloch%C3%ADa" title="Topolochía – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Topolochía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="طوبولوجيا – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوبولوجيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="طوبولوجيا – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طوبولوجيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolox%C3%ADa" title="Topoloxía – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Topoloxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologiya" title="Topologiya – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Topologiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolohiya" title="Topolohiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Topolohiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалогія – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тапалогія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тапалёгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тапалёгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="টপোগণিত – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টপোগণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོ་ཕུ་རིག་པ། – tibetština" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོ་ཕུ་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologija" title="Topologija – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Topologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C" title="تۆپۆلۆژی – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆپۆلۆژی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Топологи – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Топологи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoleg" title="Topoleg – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Topoleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie_(Mathematik)" title="Topologie (Mathematik) – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Topologie (Mathematik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τοπολογία – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τοπολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Topology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologio" title="Topologio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Topologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolog%C3%ADa" title="Topología – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Topología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoloogia" title="Topoloogia – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Topoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C" title="توپولوژی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپولوژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia_(matematiikka)" title="Topologia (matematiikka) – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Topologia (matematiikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology – fidžijština" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Topology" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Topologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologii_(Matematiik)" title="Topologii (Matematiik) – fríština (severní)" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Topologii (Matematiik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="fríština (severní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologjie" title="Topologjie – furlanština" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Topologjie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toipeola%C3%ADocht" title="Toipeolaíocht – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Toipeolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="拓撲學 – čínština (dialekty Gan)" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="拓撲學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Gan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoloji" title="Topoloji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Topoloji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolox%C3%ADa" title="Topoloxía – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Topoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="טופולוגיה – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טופולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="संस्थितिविज्ञान – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संस्थितिविज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologija" title="Topologija – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Topologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoloji" title="Topoloji – haitština" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Topoloji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topol%C3%B3gia" title="Topológia – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Topológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Տոպոլոգիա – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տոպոլոգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia_(branca_de_mathematica)" title="Topologia (branca de mathematica) – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Topologia (branca de mathematica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologio" title="Topologio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Topologio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grannfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Grannfræði – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grannfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%BE%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="位相幾何学 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="位相幾何学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapalaji" title="Tapalaji – jamajská kreolština" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tapalaji" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamajská kreolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ტოპოლოგია – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოპოლოგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologiya" title="Topologiya – karakalpačtina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Topologiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="តូប៉ូវិទ្យា – khmérština" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តូប៉ូវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmérština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಸಂಸ್ಥಿತಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಸ್ಥಿತಿವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%83%81%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="위상수학 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위상수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Topologie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – lezginština" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezginština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolojia" title="Topolojia – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Topolojia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologija" title="Topologija – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Topologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolo%C4%A3ija" title="Topoloģija – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Topoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Топологий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Топологий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Топологија – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Топологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE" title="တိုပေါ်လော်ဂျီ – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တိုပေါ်လော်ဂျီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Topologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਟੌਪੌਲੌਜੀ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੌਪੌਲੌਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia" title="Topologia – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Topologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolog%C3%ACa" title="Topologìa – piemonština" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Topologìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="ٹوپولوجی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹوپولوجی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologia_(matem%C3%A1tica)" title="Topologia (matemática) – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Topologia (matemática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologie" title="Topologie – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Topologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolugg%C3%ACa" title="Topoluggìa – sicilština" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Topoluggìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologija" title="Topologija – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Topologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ස්ථල විද්‍යාව – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ථල විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology" title="Topology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Topology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topol%C3%B3gia" title="Topológia – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Topológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologija" title="Topologija – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Topologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologjia" title="Topologjia – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Topologjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Топологија – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Топологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi" title="Topologi – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Topologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolojia" title="Topolojia – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Topolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இடவியல் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Топология" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5" title="ทอพอโลยี – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอพอโลยี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologi%C3%BDa" title="Topologiýa – turkmenština" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Topologiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolohiya" title="Topolohiya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Topolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topoloji" title="Topoloji – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Topoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Топологія – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Топологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="وضعیت – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وضعیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topologiya" title="Topologiya – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Topologiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4_p%C3%B4" title="Tô pô – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tô pô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topolohiya" title="Topolohiya – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Topolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="拓扑学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Тополоҗик – kalmyčtina" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Тополоҗик" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmyčtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טאפאלאגיע – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאפאלאגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote noprint">Tento článek pojednává o oboru matematiky. Možná hledáte: <a href="/wiki/Topologie_s%C3%ADt%C3%AD" title="Topologie sítí">topologii sítí</a> nebo matematickou strukturu <a href="/wiki/Topologick%C3%BD_prostor" title="Topologický prostor">topologický prostor</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/Topografie" title="Topografie">topografii</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg/220px-M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg/330px-M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg/440px-M%C3%B6bius_strip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6biova_p%C3%A1ska" title="Möbiova páska">Möbiova páska</a>, objekt, který má jen jednu hranu a jednu stranu. Takovýmito objekty se topologie zabývá.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Topologie</b> (z <a href="/wiki/%C5%98e%C4%8Dtina" title="Řečtina">řeckého</a> <i>topos</i> – místo a <i>logos</i> – studie) je obor <a href="/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika">matematiky</a>, opírající se o velmi obecný výklad pojmu prostor (<a href="/wiki/Topologick%C3%BD_prostor" title="Topologický prostor">topologický prostor</a>). Studuje takové vlastnosti <a href="/wiki/Geometrick%C3%BD_%C3%BAtvar" title="Geometrický útvar">útvarů</a>, které se nemění při oboustranně <a href="/wiki/Spojit%C3%A9_zobrazen%C3%AD" title="Spojité zobrazení">spojitých transformacích</a> („blízké“ body se transformují opět v „blízké“ body). </p><p>V topologii nezáleží na geometrických vlastnostech, závislých na <a href="/wiki/Vzd%C3%A1lenost" title="Vzdálenost">vzdálenosti</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%99ivost" class="mw-disambig" title="Křivost">křivosti</a> a podobně. Z hlediska topologie lze například v <a href="/wiki/Rovina" title="Rovina">rovině</a> považovat <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ctverec" title="Čtverec">čtverec</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kruh_(geometrie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruh (geometrie)">kruh</a> za rovnocenné, ale <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ase%C4%8Dka" title="Úsečka">úsečku</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%BEnice" title="Kružnice">kružnici</a> nikoliv. Podle metod, kterými topologie studuje topologické útvary, se rozlišuje <a href="/wiki/Algebraick%C3%A1_topologie" title="Algebraická topologie">topologie algebraická</a> (též kombinatorická) a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mno%C5%BEinov%C3%A1_topologie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Množinová topologie (stránka neexistuje)">topologie množinová</a>. </p><p>Tento článek pojednává o vědě jménem topologie, která studuje topologické prostory. Pojmem topologie se však také označuje topologická struktura množiny: Je-li <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>X</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dede4b8004c6222d11e9b1a9802dc0496ad7e1fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.025ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X,\tau )}"></span> topologický prostor, pak se <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"></span> nazývá <b>topologie na množině <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>X</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}"></span></b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Konigsberg_bridges.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Konigsberg_bridges.png/220px-Konigsberg_bridges.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Konigsberg_bridges.png 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sedm_most%C5%AF_m%C4%9Bsta_Kr%C3%A1lovce" title="Sedm mostů města Královce">7 mostů v Königsbergu</a> je známý Eulerův problém.</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Topologie vznikla jako důsledek zkoumání některých problémů v geometrii. Článek <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonarda Eulera</a>, ve kterém je popsán problém <i> <a href="/wiki/Sedm_most%C5%AF_m%C4%9Bsta_Kr%C3%A1lovce" title="Sedm mostů města Královce">sedmi mostů v Königsbergu</a></i>, je považován za první topologický výsledek. </p><p>Termín „topologie“ vznikl v <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo">Německu</a>. V roce <a href="/wiki/1847" title="1847">1847</a> ho <a href="/wiki/Johann_Benedict_Listing" title="Johann Benedict Listing">Johann Benedict Listing</a> použil ve svém článku <i>Vorstudien zur Topologie</i> poté, co jej již 10 let používal v korespondenci. </p><p>Moderní topologie nicméně nestaví na geometrii, ale <a href="/wiki/Teorie_mno%C5%BEin" title="Teorie množin">teorii množin</a> vytvořené <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georgem Cantorem</a> na konci 19. století. Cantor totiž kromě základních pojmů teorie množin zkoumal i množiny bodů v <a href="/wiki/Eukleidovsk%C3%BD_prostor" title="Eukleidovský prostor">euklidovských prostorech</a> jako součást svého výzkumu <a href="/wiki/Fourierova_%C5%99ada" title="Fourierova řada">Fourierových řad</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Henri Poincaré</a> ve své publikaci <i>Analysis Situs</i> roku <a href="/wiki/1895" title="1895">1895</a> zavedl pojmy <a href="/wiki/Homotopie" title="Homotopie">homotopie</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spojit%C3%A1_deformace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spojitá deformace (stránka neexistuje)">spojitá deformace</a> a tím položil základy algebraické topologie. </p><p>V roce <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a> zavedl <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ren%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9chet" title="Maurice René Fréchet">Maurice Fréchet</a> ve snaze sjednotit práce Cantora a dalších pojem <a href="/wiki/Metrick%C3%BD_prostor" title="Metrický prostor">metrický prostor</a>. Metrické prostory jsou dnes považovány za speciální případ topologických prostorů. V roce <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Hausdorff" title="Felix Hausdorff">Felix Hausdorff</a> zavedl pojem „topologický prostor“ (tehdy tím však nazýval to, co se dnes nazývá <a href="/wiki/Hausdorff%C5%AFv_prostor" title="Hausdorffův prostor">Hausdorffův prostor</a>). Dnes se za „topologické prostory“ považují zobecnění Hausdorffových prostorů definované <a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Kuratowski" title="Kazimierz Kuratowski">Kazimierzem Kuratowskim</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Úvod"><span id=".C3.9Avod"></span>Úvod</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Úvod" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Úvod"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Mug_and_Torus_morph.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Mug_and_Torus_morph.gif" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Spojitá deformace (<a href="/wiki/Homotopie" title="Homotopie">homotopie</a>) hrníčku na pneumatiku (<a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Topologické prostory se vyskytují ve většině odvětví matematiky. Tím se topologie stala jednou ze sjednocujících disciplín matematiky (tak jako třeba <a href="/wiki/Teorie_kategori%C3%AD" title="Teorie kategorií">teorie kategorií</a>). <i>Obecná topologie</i> studuje některé vlastnosti prostorů, například <a href="/wiki/Souvisl%C3%A1_mno%C5%BEina" title="Souvislá množina">souvislost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%AD_mno%C5%BEina" title="Kompaktní množina">kompaktnost</a> a <a href="/wiki/Spojit%C3%A1_funkce" title="Spojitá funkce">spojitost</a>. <i>Algebraická topologie</i> potom využívá <a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">algebru</a>, především <a href="/wiki/Grupa" title="Grupa">grupy</a> ke studiu topologických prostorů a <a href="/wiki/Funkce_(matematika)" title="Funkce (matematika)">zobrazení</a> mezi nimi. </p><p>Motivací je fakt, že mnoho geometrických problémů nezávisí na přesném tvaru objektů, ale jen na vztazích, které mezi sebou objekty mají. Například <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%BEnice" title="Kružnice">kružnice</a> a <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ctverec" title="Čtverec">čtverec</a> (čtverec braný jako jeho hranice bez vnitřku) mají některé společné vlastnosti: Jsou to jednodimenzionální objekty (z topologického pohledu) a dělí plochu na dvě části. </p><p>Jeden z prvních topologických článků napsal <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>. Ukázal, že není možné najít cestu v Königsbergu, tak aby procházela přes každý z tamních sedmi mostů právě jednou. Důkaz byl nezávislý na délce mostů a na vzdálenostech mezi nimi. Důležité bylo jen to, které ostrovy mosty spojují. Zobecnění tohoto problému dalo základ dalšímu odvětví matematiky, <a href="/wiki/Teorie_graf%C5%AF" title="Teorie grafů">teorii grafů</a>. </p><p>Když chceme abstrahovat od přesných vzdáleností, nutně musíme najít vlastnosti, na kterých je řešení problému závislé. Tím dojdeme k pojmu <i>topologicky ekvivalentní</i>. Intuitivně řečeno jsou dva prostory topologicky ekvivalentní, pokud může být jeden deformován na druhý, aniž by se při tom roztrhl nebo spojil. Obrázek vpravo ukazuje, jak lze tímto způsobem deformovat hrníček na pneumatiku. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hlavní_výsledky_obecné_topologie"><span id="Hlavn.C3.AD_v.C3.BDsledky_obecn.C3.A9_topologie"></span>Hlavní výsledky obecné topologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Hlavní výsledky obecné topologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Hlavní výsledky obecné topologie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Každý konečný <a href="/wiki/Uzav%C5%99en%C3%A1_mno%C5%BEina" title="Uzavřená množina">uzavřený</a> <a href="/wiki/Interval_(matematika)" title="Interval (matematika)">interval</a> v <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/786849c765da7a84dbc3cce43e96aad58a5868dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }"></span> je <a href="/wiki/Kompaktn%C3%AD_mno%C5%BEina" title="Kompaktní množina">kompaktní</a>. Dokonce platí, že každý podprostor <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c510b63578322050121fe966f2e5770bea43308d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.897ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"></span> je kompaktní, právě když je uzavřený a omezený.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spojit%C3%A9_zobrazen%C3%AD" title="Spojité zobrazení">Spojitý</a> <a href="/wiki/Obor_hodnot" title="Obor hodnot">obraz</a> kompaktního prostoru je kompaktní.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tichonovova_v%C4%9Bta" title="Tichonovova věta">Tichonovova věta</a>: Jakýkoli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sou%C4%8Din_(topologick%C3%BD_prostor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Součin (topologický prostor) (stránka neexistuje)">součin</a> kompaktních prostorů je kompaktní.</li> <li>Urysohnova metrizační věta: Každý topologický regulární prostor se spočetnou bází je indukovaný metrikou.</li> <li>Pokud jsou otevřeně množiny <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1caefb347c86337ea7cd0c354acd2294bd7d81d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.778ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}}"></span> a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/153d82c56b46fcf352bf52b0482f840134118ec4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.239ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V\subset \mathbb {R} ^{m}}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Homeomorfismus" title="Homeomorfismus">homeomorfní</a>, tak <i>n=m</i> (t.j. dimenze je topologický pojem)</li> <li>Kompaktní podprostor Hausdorffova prostoru je uzavřený.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MUNKRES, James R. <i>Topology</i>. [s.l.]: Prentice hall, 1999. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0-13-181629-2" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0-13-181629-2"><span class="ISBN">0-13-181629-2</span></a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Topology&rft.isbn=0-13-181629-2&rft.aulast=Munkres&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.pub=Prentice+hall&rft.date=1999"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">PULTR, Aleš. <i>Úvod do topologie a geometrie</i>. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, 1982.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=%C3%9Avod+do+topologie+a+geometrie&rft.aulast=Pultr&rft.aufirst=Ale%C5%A1&rft.place=Praha&rft.pub=St%C3%A1tn%C3%AD+pedagogick%C3%A9+nakladatelstv%C3%AD&rft.date=1982"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraick%C3%A1_topologie" title="Algebraická topologie">Algebraická topologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrie" title="Geometrie">Geometrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topologick%C3%BD_prostor" title="Topologický prostor">Topologický prostor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologick%C3%A9_zobrazen%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Topologické zobrazení (stránka neexistuje)">Topologické zobrazení</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spojit%C3%A9_zobrazen%C3%AD" title="Spojité zobrazení">Spojité zobrazení</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Topologie&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Topology" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Topology">topologie</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-wiktionary"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="411" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text"><span class="sisterproject_text_prefix">Slovníkové heslo </span><span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/topologie" class="extiw" title="wikt:topologie">topologie</a></span><span class="sisterproject_text_suffix"> ve Wikislovníku</span></span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output 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