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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ankylopollexia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ankylopollexia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ankylopollexia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="אנקילופולקסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנקילופולקסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ankylopollexia" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="アンキロポレクシア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンキロポレクシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ankylopollexia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Анкилополлексии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Анкилополлексии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" title="Ankylopollexia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadrosauriformes&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosauriformes">Hadrosauriformes</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct clade of dinosaurs</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Ankylopollexia<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">156.3–66 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.09846153846px; width:30.563076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:167.09846153846px; width:30.563076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:168.09846153846px; width:28.563076923077px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png/290px-Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png/435px-Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png/580px-Ankylopollexia_Infobox_Panoply.png 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="2098" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Six ankylopollexian ornithopods (top left to bottom right): <i><a href="/wiki/Shantungosaurus" title="Shantungosaurus">Shantungosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tethyshadros" title="Tethyshadros">Tethyshadros</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Uteodon" title="Uteodon">Uteodon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olorotitan" title="Olorotitan">Olorotitan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gongpoquansaurus" title="Gongpoquansaurus">Gongpoquansaurus</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ankylopollexia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Neornithischia" title="Neornithischia">Neornithischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Dryomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryomorpha">Dryomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankylopollexia</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sereno" title="Paul Sereno">Sereno</a>, <a href="/wiki/1986_in_paleontology" title="1986 in paleontology">1986</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subgroups </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cumnoria" title="Cumnoria">Cumnoria</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Draconyx" title="Draconyx">Draconyx</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Oblitosaurus" title="Oblitosaurus">Oblitosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Owenodon" title="Owenodon">Owenodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Uteodon" title="Uteodon">Uteodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Styracosterna</b> <small>Sereno, 1986</small> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Batyrosaurus" title="Batyrosaurus">Batyrosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bayannurosaurus" title="Bayannurosaurus">Bayannurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Burianosaurus" title="Burianosaurus">Burianosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Calvarius" title="Calvarius">Calvarius</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrorestes" title="Cedrorestes">Cedrorestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dakotadon" title="Dakotadon">Dakotadon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuisaurus" title="Fukuisaurus">Fukuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hippodraco" title="Hippodraco">Hippodraco</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus" title="Iguanacolossus">Iguanacolossus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lanzhousaurus" title="Lanzhousaurus">Lanzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lurdusaurus" title="Lurdusaurus">Lurdusaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Magnamanus" title="Magnamanus">Magnamanus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Napaisaurus" title="Napaisaurus">Napaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Osmakasaurus" title="Osmakasaurus">Osmakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Planicoxa" title="Planicoxa">Planicoxa</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Riabininohadros" title="Riabininohadros">Riabininohadros</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Theiophytalia" title="Theiophytalia">Theiophytalia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselospinus" title="Hypselospinus">Hypselospinus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Proa_valdearinnoensis" title="Proa valdearinnoensis">Proa</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><b>Hadrosauriformes</b> <small>Sereno, 1997</small> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bolong" title="Bolong">Bolong</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brighstoneus" title="Brighstoneus">Brighstoneus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Jinzhousaurus" title="Jinzhousaurus">Jinzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranosaurus" title="Ouranosaurus">Ouranosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Morelladon" title="Morelladon">Morelladon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Iguanodontidae" title="Iguanodontidae">Iguanodontidae</a></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Ankylopollexia</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ornithischian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithischian">ornithischian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> that lived from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late Jurassic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>. It is a derived clade of <a href="/wiki/Iguanodontian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanodontian">iguanodontian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ornithopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopod">ornithopods</a> and contains the subgroup Styracosterna.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonaldUpdate_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldUpdate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name stems from the Greek word, “ankylos”, mistakenly taken to mean stiff, fused (in fact the adjective means bent or curved; used of fingers, it can mean hooked), and the Latin word, “pollex”, meaning thumb. Originally described in 1986 by Sereno, a most likely <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphic">synapomorphic</a> feature of a conical thumb spine defines the clade.<sup id="cite_ref-sereno1986_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sereno1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First appearing around 156 million years ago, in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, Ankylopollexia became an extremely successful and widespread clade during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>, and were found around the world. The group died out at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Maastrichtian" title="Maastrichtian">Maastrichtian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDonaldUpdate_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonaldUpdate-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They grew to be quite large, comparable to some carnivorous dinosaurs and they were universally <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg/220px-Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg/330px-Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg/440px-Iguanodontian_Sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4519" data-file-height="1873" /></a><figcaption>Size of three ankylopollexians (<i><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i>) compared to other ornithopods</figcaption></figure> <p>Ankylopollexians varied greatly in size over the course of their evolution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Jurassic genus <i>Camptosaurus</i> was small, no more than 5 metres (16 ft) in length and half a tonne in weight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest known ankylopollexian, dating to the late <a href="/wiki/Campanian" title="Campanian">Campanian</a> age (around 70 million years ago), belonged to the hadrosaurid family, and is named <i><a href="/wiki/Shantungosaurus" title="Shantungosaurus">Shantungosaurus</a></i>. It was around 14.7 metres (48 ft) to 16.6 metres (54 ft) in length and weighed, for the largest individuals, up to 16 tonnes (18 short tons).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg/220px-Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg/330px-Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg/440px-Life_restoration_of_Iguanacolossus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2066" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus" title="Iguanacolossus">Iguanacolossus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Primitive ankylopollexians tended to be smaller as compared to the larger, more derived <a href="/wiki/Hadrosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaur">hadrosaurs</a>. There are, however, exceptions to this trend. A single track from a large ornithopod, likely a relative of <i>Camptosaurus</i>, was reported from the <a href="/wiki/Lourinh%C3%A3_Formation" title="Lourinhã Formation">Lourinhã Formation</a>, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. The corresponding animal had an estimated hip height of around 2.8 metres (9.2 ft), much larger than the contemporary relative <i><a href="/wiki/Draconyx" title="Draconyx">Draconyx</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mateus2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mateus2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primitive styracosternan <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus" title="Iguanacolossus">Iguanacolossus</a></i> was named for its distinct robustness and large size, likely around 9 metres (30 ft) in length.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Regarding hadrosaurs, one of the more basal members of <a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bolong" title="Bolong">Bolong</a></i>, is estimated to have been around 200 kilograms (440 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another exception of this trend is <i><a href="/wiki/Tethyshadros" title="Tethyshadros">Tethyshadros</a></i>, a more derived genus of Hadrosauroidea. Estimated to have weighed 350 kilograms (770 lb), <i>Tethyshadros</i> have been found only on certain islands in Italy. Its diminutive size is explained by <a href="/wiki/Insular_dwarfism" title="Insular dwarfism">insular dwarfism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition a 44 cm scapula belonging to an ankylopollexian has been found in the lourinha formation<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the length of the scapula indicates an animal similar in size to camptosaurus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg/220px-Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg/330px-Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg/440px-Iguanodon_manus_1_NHM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>Hand of <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i>, showing the distinctive thumb of the group</figcaption></figure> <p>About 157 million years ago, Ankylopollexia and <a href="/wiki/Dryosauridae" title="Dryosauridae">Dryosauridae</a> are believed to have split into separate evolutionary branches.<sup id="cite_ref-norman1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norman1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally named and described in 1986 by Paul Sereno, Ankylopollexia would receive a phylogenetic definition in a later paper by Sereno in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-sereno1986_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sereno1986-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1986 paper, the groups Camptosauridae and Styracosterna were used to define the clade, but in the 2005 paper, a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> definition was given: the last common ancestor of the species <i>Camptosaurus dispar</i> and <i>Parasaurolophus walkeri</i> and all its descendants. Ankylopollexia would receive a formal <i><a href="/wiki/PhyloCode" title="PhyloCode">PhyloCode</a></i> definition as "the smallest clade containing <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus_dispar" class="mw-redirect" title="Camptosaurus dispar">Camptosaurus dispar</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon_bernissartensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanodon bernissartensis">Iguanodon bernissartensis</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-madziaea21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madziaea21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clade contains the two subclades Camptosauridae and Styracosterna, which are both defined using <i>Camptosaurus dispar</i> and <i>Iguanodon bernissartensis</i>, creating a node-stem triplet with Ankylopollexia.<sup id="cite_ref-madziaea21_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madziaea21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cladogram below follows the phylogenetic analysis of Bertozzo <i>et al.</i> (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-bertozzo2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bertozzo2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:85%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Ankylopollexia</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus_dispar" class="mw-redirect" title="Camptosaurus dispar">Camptosaurus dispar</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Owenodon_hoggii" class="mw-redirect" title="Owenodon hoggii">Owenodon hoggii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><b>Styracosterna</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Uteodon_aphanoecetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Uteodon aphanoecetes">Uteodon aphanoecetes</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cumnoria_prestwichii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumnoria prestwichii">Cumnoria prestwichii</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrorestes_crichtoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cedrorestes crichtoni">Cedrorestes crichtoni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Osmakasaurus_depressus" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmakasaurus depressus">Osmakasaurus depressus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hippodraco_scutodens" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippodraco scutodens">Hippodraco scutodens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Theiophytalia_kerri" class="mw-redirect" title="Theiophytalia kerri">Theiophytalia kerri</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus_fortis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanacolossus fortis">Iguanacolossus fortis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Planicoxa_venenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Planicoxa venenica">Planicoxa venenica</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dakotadon_lakotaensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakotadon lakotaensis">Dakotadon lakotaensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lurdusaurus_arenatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurdusaurus arenatus">Lurdusaurus arenatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Lanzhousaurus_magnidens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanzhousaurus magnidens">Lanzhousaurus magnidens</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/NHMUK" class="mw-redirect" title="NHMUK">NHMUK</a> R1831 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Kukufeldia_tilgatensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kukufeldia tilgatensis">Kukufeldia tilgatensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium_dawsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Barilium dawsoni">Barilium dawsoni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuisaurus_tetoriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukuisaurus tetoriensis">Fukuisaurus tetoriensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Proa_valdearinnoensis" title="Proa valdearinnoensis">Proa valdearinnoensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon_bernissartensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguanodon bernissartensis">Iguanodon bernissartensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselospinus_fittoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypselospinus fittoni">Hypselospinus fittoni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus_atherfieldensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis">Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/NHMUK" class="mw-redirect" title="NHMUK">NHMUK</a> R3741 (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouranosaurus nigeriensis">Ouranosaurus nigeriensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Altirhinus_kurzanovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Altirhinus kurzanovi">Altirhinus kurzanovi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jinzhousaurus_yangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinzhousaurus yangi">Jinzhousaurus yangi</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ratchasimasaurus_suranareae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratchasimasaurus suranareae">Ratchasimasaurus suranareae</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Penelopognathus_weishampeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Penelopognathus weishampeli">Penelopognathus weishampeli</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Equijubus_normani" class="mw-redirect" title="Equijubus normani">Equijubus normani</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Xuwulong_yueluni" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuwulong yueluni">Xuwulong yueluni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gongpoquansaurus_mazongshanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis">Gongpoquansaurus mazongshanensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jintasaurus_meniscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jintasaurus meniscus">Jintasaurus meniscus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Probactrosaurus_gobiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Probactrosaurus gobiensis">Probactrosaurus gobiensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Eolambia_caroljonesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eolambia caroljonesa">Eolambia caroljonesa</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauromorpha" title="Hadrosauromorpha">Hadrosauromorpha</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain">Brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iguanodon1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Iguanodon1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Brain endocast of an <i>Iguanodon</i>, created in 1897 from specimen NHMUK R2501</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a> of ankylopollexians has been studied as far back as 1871, when a well preserved cranium (specimen <a href="/wiki/NHMUK" class="mw-redirect" title="NHMUK">NHMUK</a> R2501<sup id="cite_ref-brasier2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brasier2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) discovered in September 1869 from the <a href="/wiki/Wealden_Group" title="Wealden Group">Wealden Group</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> and tentatively referred to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i> was described by <a href="/wiki/John_Hulke" title="John Hulke">John Hulke</a>. He noted that due to the lesser correlation of the shape of the brain and wall of cranial cavity in reptiles, any deduction of the shape of the brain of the animal would be approximate.<sup id="cite_ref-hulke1871_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hulke1871-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referral of this skull was reinforced in a later study, published in 1897. It was here inquired that the brain of the dinosaur may have been more closely associated to the cavity than that of modern reptiles, and so an <a href="/wiki/Endocast" title="Endocast">endocast</a> was created and studied.<sup id="cite_ref-andrews1897_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrews1897-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was not the first endocast of an ankylopolloxian brain, for in 1893, the skull of a <i><a href="/wiki/Claosaurus_annectens" class="mw-redirect" title="Claosaurus annectens">Claosaurus annectens</a></i> (today referred to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-BSC07_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSC07-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was used by <a href="/wiki/Othniel_Charles_Marsh" title="Othniel Charles Marsh">Othniel Charles Marsh</a> to create a cast of the brain cavity. Some basics remarks were made, including the small size of the organ, but interpreting minute features of the organ was noted to be difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-marsh1893_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marsh1893-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1897 paper noted the similarity of the two endocasts.<sup id="cite_ref-andrews1897_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andrews1897-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosaurs">Hadrosaurs</a> have been noted as having the most complex brains among ankylopollexians, and indeed among <a href="/wiki/Ornithischian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithischian">ornithischian</a> dinosaurs as a whole. The brains of a large variety of taxa have been studied. <a href="/wiki/John_Ostrom" title="John Ostrom">John Ostrom</a>, would, in 1961, provide what was then the most extensive and detailed review and work on hadrosaur neuro-anatomy. This area of hadrosaur study was in its infancy at this point, and only the species known today as <i>Edmontosaurus annectens</i>, <i>Edmontosaurus regalis</i>, and <i>Gryposaurus notabilis</i> (at that time thought to be a synonym of its relative <i><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurus" title="Kritosaurus">Kritosaurus</a></i>) had specimens suitable at the time to be examined (<i>Lambeosaurus</i> was listed as having a briefly described braincase, but this was a mistake originating in Lull and Wright (1942)).<sup id="cite_ref-evans2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ostrom1961_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostrom1961-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ostrom supported the view that the brains of hadrosaurs and other dinosaurs would've likely only filled a portion of the cranial cavity, therefore hindering the ability to learn from endocasts, but noted they were still useful. He noted, similar to Marsh, noted the small predicted size of the organ, but also that it was significantly developed. A number of similarities to the brains of modern reptiles were noted.<sup id="cite_ref-ostrom1961_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ostrom1961-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg/220px-Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg/330px-Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg/440px-Pasta_-_triceratops_brain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A 1905 diagram showing the small size of an <i>Edmontosaurus annectens</i> brain (bottom; alongside that of <i>Triceratops horridus</i>, top) commented on in early sources</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Hopson" title="James Hopson">James Hopson</a> investigated the <a href="/wiki/Encephalization_quotient" title="Encephalization quotient">encephalization quotients</a> (EQs) of various dinosaurs in 1977 study. Three ornithopods for which brain endocasts had previously been produced – <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i>, <i>Iguanodon</i>, and <i>Anatosaurus</i> (now known as <i>Edmontosaurus annectens</i><sup id="cite_ref-BSC07_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSC07-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) – were investigated. It was found that they had relatively high EQs compared to many other dinosaurs (ranging from 0.8 to 1.5), comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">carnosaurian</a> <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropods</a> and of modern <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>, but far lower than that of <a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">coelurosaurian</a> theropods. The latter two genera, which lived later than <i>Camptosaurus</i>, had somewhat higher EQs than the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> taxon, which, being at the lower end, was more comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Ceratopsian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratopsian">ceratopsian</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Protoceratops" title="Protoceratops">Protoceratops</a></i>. Reasonings suggested for their comparably high intelligence were the need for acute senses in the lack of defensive weapons, and more complex <a href="/wiki/Intraspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraspecific">intraspecific</a> behaviours as indicated by their acoustic and visual display structures.<sup id="cite_ref-hopson1977_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hopson1977-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a first for any terrestrial fossil <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>, Brasier <i>et al.</i> (2017) reported mineralized soft tissues from the brain of an iguanodontian dinosaur, from the <a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> age (around 133 million years ago) <a href="/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_Sand_Formation" title="Tunbridge Wells Sand Formation">Upper Tunbridge Wells Formation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bexhill-on-Sea" title="Bexhill-on-Sea">Bexhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>. Fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Ornithopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithopod">ornithopod</a> remains were associated with the fossil, and though assigning the specimen to any one taxon with certainty wasn't possible, <i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Hypselospinus" title="Hypselospinus">Hypselospinus</a></i> were put forward as likely candidates. The specimen compared well to endocasts of similar taxa, such as one from a <i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i> on display at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a>. Detailed observations were made with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>. Only some parts of the brain were preserved; the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebral expansions</a> were best preserved, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory lobes">olfactory lobes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a> were missing or nearly so. The <a href="/wiki/Neural_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural tissue">neural tissues</a> seemed to be very tightly packed, indicating an EC closer to five (with hadrosaurs having even higher ECs), nearly matching that of the most intelligent non-avian theropods. Though it was noted this was in-line with their complex behaviour, as had been noted by Hopson, it was cautioned the dense packing may have been an artifact of preservation, and the original lower estimates were considered more accurate. Some of the complex behaviours ascribed can be seen to some extent in modern crocodilians, who fall near the original numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-brasier2017_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brasier2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amurosaurus_endocast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amurosaurus_endocast.png/220px-Amurosaurus_endocast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amurosaurus_endocast.png/330px-Amurosaurus_endocast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Amurosaurus_endocast.png/440px-Amurosaurus_endocast.png 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>Endocast of an <i>Amurosaurus</i> brain in right lateral (A), dorsal (B), and ventral (C) views</figcaption></figure> <p>The advent of <a href="/wiki/CT_scanning" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scanning">CT scanning</a> for use in palaeontology has allowed for more widespread application of this without the need for specimen destruction. Modern research using these methods has focused largely on hadrosaurs. In a 2009 study by palaeontologist David C. Evans and colleagues, the brains of various <a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeosaurine">lambeosaurine</a> hadrosaur genera were scanned and compared to each other, related taxa, and previous predictions. Contra the early works, Evans' studies indicate that only some regions of the hadrosaur brain were loosely correlated to the brain wall. As with previous studies, EQ values were investigated; even the lowest end of the determined EQ range was still higher than that of modern reptiles and most non-<a href="/wiki/Maniraptoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoran">maniraptoran</a> dinosaurs, though fell well short of maniraptorans themselves. The size of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemispheres">cerebral hemispheres</a> was, for the first time, remarked upon, being far larger than in other ornithischians and all large <a href="/wiki/Saurischian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurischian">saurischian</a> dinosaurs; maniraptorans <i><a href="/wiki/Conchoraptor" title="Conchoraptor">Conchoraptor</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> had very similar proportions. This lends further support to the idea of complex behaviours and relatively high intelligence, for non-avian dinosaurs, in hadrosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-evans2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lambeosaurine <i><a href="/wiki/Amurosaurus" title="Amurosaurus">Amurosaurus</a></i> was the subject of a 2013 paper once again looking into a cranial endocast. A once again high EQ range was found, higher than that of living reptiles, <a href="/wiki/Sauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropod">sauropods</a> and other ornithischians, but different EQ estimates for theropods were cited, placing the hadrosaur numbers significantly below the majority of theropods. Additionally, the relative cerebral volume was only 30% in <i>Amurosaurus</i>, significantly lower than in <i>Hypacrosaurus</i>, closer to that of theropods like <i>Tyrannosaurus</i>, though still distinctly larger than previously estimated numbers for more primitive iguanodonts. This demonstrated a previously unrecognized level of variation in neuro-anatomy within Hadrosauridae.<sup id="cite_ref-lauters2013_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauters2013-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiogeography">Palaeobiogeography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palaeobiogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camptosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Camptosaurus.jpg/220px-Camptosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Camptosaurus.jpg/330px-Camptosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Camptosaurus.jpg/440px-Camptosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Life restoration of <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Ankylopollexians would in the Cretaceous become one of the most successful groups on the planet, being both widespread and numerous in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time, ankylopollexians spread to <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. An early example is the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bayannurosaurus" title="Bayannurosaurus">Bayannurosaurus</a></i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-xing2018_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xing2018-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest genus, found in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, is <i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus_dispar" class="mw-redirect" title="Camptosaurus dispar">Camptosaurus dispar</a></i>, which dates to around the <a href="/wiki/Callovian" title="Callovian">Callovian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)" title="Oxfordian (stage)">Oxfordian</a>, about 156-157 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McDonaldUpdate-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldUpdate_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDonaldUpdate_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2012" class="citation journal cs1">McDonald, A. T. (2012). 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(2008). "A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb". Annals of the Carnegie Museum 76: 227–263. doi:10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ansoco]2.0.co;2.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Iguanodontia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Iguanodontia">Iguanodontia</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ornithopoda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithopoda" title="Template:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ornithopoda" title="Template talk:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ornithopoda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ornithopoda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ornithopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Dinosauria_*_Clade:_Ornithischia_*_Clade:_Neornithischia_*_Clade:_Cerapoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Neornithischia" title="Neornithischia">Neornithischia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cerapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerapoda">Cerapoda</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithischia" title="Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Ornithischia" title="Template:Ornithischia">Ornithischia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ornithopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ornithopoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ornithopoda" title="Ornithopoda">Ornithopoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burianosaurus" title="Burianosaurus">Burianosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callovosaurus" title="Callovosaurus">Callovosaurus</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thescelosauridae" title="Thescelosauridae">Thescelosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodontidae" title="Hypsilophodontidae">Hypsilophodontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gideonmantellia" title="Gideonmantellia">Gideonmantellia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypsilophodon" title="Hypsilophodon">Hypsilophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectidromeus" title="Vectidromeus">Vectidromeus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elasmaria" title="Elasmaria">Elasmaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anabisetia" title="Anabisetia">Anabisetia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlascopcosaurus" title="Atlascopcosaurus">Atlascopcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chakisaurus" title="Chakisaurus">Chakisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diluvicursor" title="Diluvicursor">Diluvicursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fostoria_dhimbangunmal" title="Fostoria dhimbangunmal">Fostoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galleonosaurus" title="Galleonosaurus">Galleonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasparinisaura" title="Gasparinisaura">Gasparinisaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isasicursor" title="Isasicursor">Isasicursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leaellynasaura" title="Leaellynasaura">Leaellynasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrogryphosaurus" title="Macrogryphosaurus">Macrogryphosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahuidacursor" title="Mahuidacursor">Mahuidacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morrosaurus" title="Morrosaurus">Morrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus" title="Muttaburrasaurus">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notohypsilophodon" title="Notohypsilophodon">Notohypsilophodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qantassaurus" title="Qantassaurus">Qantassaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sektensaurus" title="Sektensaurus">Sektensaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talenkauen" title="Talenkauen">Talenkauen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tietasaura" title="Tietasaura">Tietasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trinisaura" title="Trinisaura">Trinisaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weewarrasaurus" title="Weewarrasaurus">Weewarrasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodontomorpha" title="Rhabdodontomorpha">Rhabdodontomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ampelognathus" title="Ampelognathus">Ampelognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emiliasaura" title="Emiliasaura">Emiliasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fostoria_dhimbangunmal" title="Fostoria dhimbangunmal">Fostoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muttaburrasaurus" title="Muttaburrasaurus">Muttaburrasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenontosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenontosauridae">Tenontosauridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Convolosaurus" title="Convolosaurus">Convolosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iani" title="Iani">Iani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tenontosaurus" title="Tenontosaurus">Tenontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodontidae" title="Rhabdodontidae">Rhabdodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Matheronodon" title="Matheronodon">Matheronodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochlodon" title="Mochlodon">Mochlodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pareisactus" title="Pareisactus">Pareisactus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodon" title="Rhabdodon">Rhabdodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Transylvanosaurus" title="Transylvanosaurus">Transylvanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxes" title="Zalmoxes">Zalmoxes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Dryomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dryomorpha">Dryomorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Draconyx" title="Draconyx">Draconyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hesperonyx" title="Hesperonyx">Hesperonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owenodon" title="Owenodon">Owenodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dryosauridae" title="Dryosauridae">Dryosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryosaurus" title="Dryosaurus">Dryosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysalotosaurus" title="Dysalotosaurus">Dysalotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elrhazosaurus" title="Elrhazosaurus">Elrhazosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eousdryosaurus" title="Eousdryosaurus">Eousdryosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iyuku" title="Iyuku">Iyuku</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangnasaurus" title="Kangnasaurus">Kangnasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdosaurus" title="Valdosaurus">Valdosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ankylopollexia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bayannurosaurus" title="Bayannurosaurus">Bayannurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calvarius" title="Calvarius">Calvarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camptosaurus" title="Camptosaurus">Camptosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cedrorestes" title="Cedrorestes">Cedrorestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumnoria" title="Cumnoria">Cumnoria</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dakotadon" title="Dakotadon">Dakotadon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuisaurus" title="Fukuisaurus">Fukuisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippodraco" title="Hippodraco">Hippodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanacolossus" title="Iguanacolossus">Iguanacolossus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lanzhousaurus" title="Lanzhousaurus">Lanzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lurdusaurus" title="Lurdusaurus">Lurdusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnamanus" title="Magnamanus">Magnamanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napaisaurus" title="Napaisaurus">Napaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oblitosaurus" title="Oblitosaurus">Oblitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osmakasaurus" title="Osmakasaurus">Osmakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planicoxa" title="Planicoxa">Planicoxa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proa_valdearinnoensis" title="Proa valdearinnoensis">Proa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratchasimasaurus" title="Ratchasimasaurus">Ratchasimasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riabininohadros" title="Riabininohadros">Riabininohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theiophytalia" title="Theiophytalia">Theiophytalia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uteodon" title="Uteodon">Uteodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadrosauriformes">Hadrosauriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolong" title="Bolong">Bolong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brighstoneus" title="Brighstoneus">Brighstoneus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypselospinus" title="Hypselospinus">Hypselospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinzhousaurus" title="Jinzhousaurus">Jinzhousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morelladon" title="Morelladon">Morelladon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ouranosaurus" title="Ouranosaurus">Ouranosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iguanodontidae" title="Iguanodontidae">Iguanodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barilium" title="Barilium">Barilium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comptonatus" title="Comptonatus">Comptonatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iguanodon" title="Iguanodon">Iguanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantellisaurus" title="Mantellisaurus">Mantellisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Notohypsilodon comodorensis"><img alt="Notohypsilodon comodorensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/100px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/150px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png/200px-Notohypsilodon_reconstruction_raingerr.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="880" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhabdodon priscus"><img alt="Rhabdodon priscus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/100px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/150px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png/200px-Rhabdodon_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="699" /></a></span></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ouranosaurus nigeriensis"><img alt="Ouranosaurus nigeriensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/100px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/150px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png/200px-Ouranosaurus_nigeriensis_restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="1958" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Hadrosauroidea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrosauroidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauroidea" title="Hadrosauroidea">Hadrosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altirhinus" title="Altirhinus">Altirhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrosaurus" title="Bactrosaurus">Bactrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Batyrosaurus" title="Batyrosaurus">Batyrosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Choyrodon" title="Choyrodon">Choyrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claosaurus" title="Claosaurus">Claosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Datonglong" title="Datonglong">Datonglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eolambia" title="Eolambia">Eolambia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Equijubus" title="Equijubus">Equijubus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fylax" title="Fylax">Fylax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilmoreosaurus" title="Gilmoreosaurus">Gilmoreosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gobihadros" title="Gobihadros">Gobihadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongpoquansaurus" title="Gongpoquansaurus">Gongpoquansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonkoken" title="Gonkoken">Gonkoken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huehuecanauhtlus" title="Huehuecanauhtlus">Huehuecanauhtlus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeyawati" title="Jeyawati">Jeyawati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jintasaurus" title="Jintasaurus">Jintasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koshisaurus" title="Koshisaurus">Koshisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levnesovia" title="Levnesovia">Levnesovia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophorhothon" title="Lophorhothon">Lophorhothon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanningosaurus" title="Nanningosaurus">Nanningosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanyangosaurus" title="Nanyangosaurus">Nanyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penelopognathus" title="Penelopognathus">Penelopognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plesiohadros" title="Plesiohadros">Plesiohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portellsaurus" title="Portellsaurus">Portellsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probactrosaurus" title="Probactrosaurus">Probactrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protohadros" title="Protohadros">Protohadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianjiangsaurus" title="Qianjiangsaurus">Qianjiangsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangmiaosaurus" title="Shuangmiaosaurus">Shuangmiaosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamodon" title="Siamodon">Siamodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sirindhorna" title="Sirindhorna">Sirindhorna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanius" title="Tanius">Tanius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telmatosaurus" title="Telmatosaurus">Telmatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tethyshadros" title="Tethyshadros">Tethyshadros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuwulong" title="Xuwulong">Xuwulong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunganglong" title="Yunganglong">Yunganglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhanghenglong" title="Zhanghenglong">Zhanghenglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuoyunlong" title="Zuoyunlong">Zuoyunlong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Hadrosauridae" title="Hadrosauridae">Hadrosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aquilarhinus" title="Aquilarhinus">Aquilarhinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotrachodon" title="Eotrachodon">Eotrachodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrosaurus" title="Hadrosaurus">Hadrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lapampasaurus" title="Lapampasaurus">Lapampasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malefica" title="Malefica">Malefica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yamatosaurus" title="Yamatosaurus">Yamatosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurinae" title="Lambeosaurinae">Lambeosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adynomosaurus" title="Adynomosaurus">Adynomosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ajnabia" title="Ajnabia">Ajnabia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angulomastacator" title="Angulomastacator">Angulomastacator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aralosaurus" title="Aralosaurus">Aralosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenysaurus" title="Arenysaurus">Arenysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blasisaurus" title="Blasisaurus">Blasisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canardia" title="Canardia">Canardia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaxartosaurus" title="Jaxartosaurus">Jaxartosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazaklambia" title="Kazaklambia">Kazaklambia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latirhinus" title="Latirhinus">Latirhinus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minqaria" title="Minqaria">Minqaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nipponosaurus" title="Nipponosaurus">Nipponosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pararhabdodon" title="Pararhabdodon">Pararhabdodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsintaosaurus" title="Tsintaosaurus">Tsintaosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasaurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasaurolophini">Parasaurolophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adelolophus" title="Adelolophus">Adelolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charonosaurus" title="Charonosaurus">Charonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parasaurolophus" title="Parasaurolophus">Parasaurolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tlatolophus" title="Tlatolophus">Tlatolophus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambeosaurini">Lambeosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amurosaurus" title="Amurosaurus">Amurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corythosaurus" title="Corythosaurus">Corythosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypacrosaurus" title="Hypacrosaurus">Hypacrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lambeosaurus" title="Lambeosaurus">Lambeosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnapaulia" title="Magnapaulia">Magnapaulia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olorotitan" title="Olorotitan">Olorotitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sahaliyania" title="Sahaliyania">Sahaliyania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velafrons" title="Velafrons">Velafrons</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saurolophinae" title="Saurolophinae">Saurolophinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barsboldia" title="Barsboldia">Barsboldia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachylophosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachylophosaurini">Brachylophosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acristavus" title="Acristavus">Acristavus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachylophosaurus" title="Brachylophosaurus">Brachylophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiasaura" title="Maiasaura">Maiasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornatops" title="Ornatops">Ornatops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probrachylophosaurus" title="Probrachylophosaurus">Probrachylophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wulagasaurus" title="Wulagasaurus">Wulagasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austrokritosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrokritosauria">Austrokritosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonapartesaurus" title="Bonapartesaurus">Bonapartesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huallasaurus" title="Huallasaurus">Huallasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelumapusaura" title="Kelumapusaura">Kelumapusaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secernosaurus" title="Secernosaurus">Secernosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritosaurini">Kritosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anasazisaurus" title="Anasazisaurus">Anasazisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coahuilasaurus" title="Coahuilasaurus">Coahuilasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gryposaurus" title="Gryposaurus">Gryposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kritosaurus" title="Kritosaurus">Kritosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naashoibitosaurus" title="Naashoibitosaurus">Naashoibitosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhinorex" title="Rhinorex">Rhinorex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saurolophini" class="mw-redirect" title="Saurolophini">Saurolophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Augustynolophus" title="Augustynolophus">Augustynolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosaurolophus" title="Prosaurolophus">Prosaurolophus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurolophus" title="Saurolophus">Saurolophus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmontosaurini">Edmontosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmontosaurus" title="Edmontosaurus">Edmontosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamuysaurus" title="Kamuysaurus">Kamuysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kerberosaurus" title="Kerberosaurus">Kerberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kundurosaurus" title="Kundurosaurus">Kundurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laiyangosaurus" title="Laiyangosaurus">Laiyangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shantungosaurus" title="Shantungosaurus">Shantungosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qianjiangsaurus changshengi"><img alt="Qianjiangsaurus changshengi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/100px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/150px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png/200px-Qianjiangsaurus_changshengi.png 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="827" /></a></span> <p><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlatolophus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tlatolophus galorum"><img alt="Tlatolophus galorum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/100px-Tlatolophus.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/150px-Tlatolophus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tlatolophus.png/200px-Tlatolophus.png 2x" data-file-width="3536" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambeosaurus lambei"><img alt="Lambeosaurus lambei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/100px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/150px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png/200px-Life_reconstruction_of_Lambeosaurus_lambei.png 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="479" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gryposaurus? alsatei"><img alt="Gryposaurus? alsatei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/100px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/150px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg/200px-Gryposaurus%3F_alstasei_profile_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shantungosaurus_life.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shantungosaurus giganteus"><img alt="Shantungosaurus giganteus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/100px-Shantungosaurus_life.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/150px-Shantungosaurus_life.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shantungosaurus_life.png/200px-Shantungosaurus_life.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="777" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichnotaxon" title="Ichnotaxon">Ichnotaxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arstanosaurus" title="Arstanosaurus">Arstanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cionodon" title="Cionodon">Cionodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claorhynchus" title="Claorhynchus">Claorhynchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diclonius" title="Diclonius">Diclonius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucercosaurus" title="Eucercosaurus">Eucercosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulgurotherium" title="Fulgurotherium">Fulgurotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glishades" title="Glishades">Glishades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koutalisaurus" title="Koutalisaurus">Koutalisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loncosaurus" title="Loncosaurus">Loncosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandschurosaurus" title="Mandschurosaurus">Mandschurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microhadrosaurus" title="Microhadrosaurus">Microhadrosaurus</a></i></li> 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R4036"><i>Edmontosaurus</i> mummy S.M. R4036</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willinakaqe" title="Willinakaqe">Willinakaqe</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ankylopollexia</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2490737" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2490737">Q2490737</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ankylopollexia" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ankylopollexia">Ankylopollexia</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=52808">52808</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&oldid=1256897804">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ankylopollexia&oldid=1256897804</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iguanodonts" title="Category:Iguanodonts">Iguanodonts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Paul_Sereno" title="Category:Taxa named by Paul Sereno">Taxa named by Paul Sereno</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 03:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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