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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Modern_Breakthrough" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Modern_Breakthrough"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Modern Breakthrough</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Modern_Breakthrough-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Later authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Personal life and last years</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جورج برانديس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج برانديس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georq_Brandes" title="Georq Brandes – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Georq Brandes" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Георг Брандес – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Георг Брандес" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="گیورگ برندس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیورگ برندس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%EA%B7%B8_%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="게오르그 브라네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게오르그 브라네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Գեորգ Բրանդես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգ Բրանդես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A1" title="גאורג ברנדס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורג ברנדס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Brandes" title="Georgius Brandes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Brandes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Георг Брандес – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Георг Брандес" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جورج برانديس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج برانديس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%B9" title="ゲーオア・ブランデス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲーオア・ブランデス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Брандес, Георг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брандес, Георг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Георг Брандес – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Георг Брандес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Georg Brandes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Георг Брандес – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг Брандес" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q316045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Georg_Brandes" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/George_Brandis" title="George Brandis">George Brandis</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Georg Brandes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Georg Brandes, sketch, 1900"><img alt="Georg Brandes, sketch, 1900" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg/220px-P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg/330px-P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg/440px-P_S_Kr%C3%B8yer_1900_-_Georg_Brandes_-_Skitse_til_maleri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1324" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Georg Brandes, sketch, 1900</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Georg Morris Cohen Brandes<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1842-02-04</span>)</span>4 February 1842<br /><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">19 February 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-02-19)</span> (aged 85)<br />Copenhagen, Denmark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Critic" title="Critic">Critic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Brandes" title="Edvard Brandes">Edvard Brandes</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg/150px-Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg/225px-Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg/300px-Georg_brandes_signatur_liten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Georg Morris Cohen Brandes</b> (4 February 1842 – 19 February 1927) was a Danish critic and scholar who greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_literature" title="Scandinavian literature">Scandinavian</a> and European literature from the 1870s through the turn of the 20th century. He is seen as the theorist behind the "<a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a>" of Scandinavian culture. At the age of 30, Brandes formulated the principles of a new <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalism</a>, condemning hyper-aesthetic writing and also fantasy in literature. His literary goals were shared by some other authors, among them the Norwegian "<a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">realist</a>" playwright <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>. </p><p>When Georg Brandes held a series of lectures in 1871 with the title "Main Currents in 19th-century Literature", he defined the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a> and started the movement that would become <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Radicalism">Cultural Radicalism</a>. In 1884 <a href="/wiki/Viggo_H%C3%B8rup" title="Viggo Hørup">Viggo Hørup</a>, Georg Brandes, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Brandes" title="Edvard Brandes">Edvard Brandes</a> started the daily newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Politiken" title="Politiken">Politiken</a></i> with the motto: "The paper of greater enlightenment". The paper and their political debates led to a split of the liberal party <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> in 1905 and created the new party <a href="/wiki/Det_Radikale_Venstre" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Radikale Venstre">Det Radikale Venstre</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georg Brandes was born into a non-observant Jewish middle-class family in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, the elder brother of prominent Danes <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Immanuel_Cohen_Brandes" title="Ernst Immanuel Cohen Brandes">Ernst Brandes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Brandes" title="Edvard Brandes">Edvard Brandes</a>. He became a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> in 1859 where he first studied <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>. From this, however, his interests soon turned to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. In 1862 he won the gold medal of the university for an essay on <i>The Idea of Nemesis among the Ancients</i>. Before this, indeed since 1858, he had shown a remarkable gift for verse-writing, the results of which, however, were not abundant enough to justify separate publication. Brandes did not collect his poems until as late as 1898. At the university, which he left in 1864, Brandes was influenced by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Heiberg_(poet)" title="Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)">Heiberg</a> in criticism and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> in philosophy, influences which continued to leave traces on his work.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg/220px-Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg/330px-Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg/440px-Georg_Brandes_som_ung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Georg Brandes in his youth. 1868 drawing by <a href="/wiki/Godtfred_Rump" title="Godtfred Rump">Godtfred Rump</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1866, he contributed to the discussion of the works of Rasmus Nielsen in "Dualism in our Recent Philosophy". From 1865 to 1871 he traveled much in Europe, acquainting himself with the condition of literature in the principal centers of learning. His first important contribution to letters was his <i>Aesthetic Studies</i> (1868), where his maturer method is already foreshadowed in several brief monographs on Danish poets. In 1870 he published several important volumes, <i>The French Aesthetics of the Present Day</i>, dealing chiefly with <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Hippolyte Taine</a>, <i>Criticisms and Portraits</i>, and a translation of <i>The Subjection of Women</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, whom he had met that year during a visit to England.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Modern_Breakthrough">The Modern Breakthrough</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Modern Breakthrough"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a></div> <p>Brandes now took his place as the leading northern European critic, applying to local conditions and habits of thought the methods of Taine. He became <i>Docent</i> or reader in Aesthetics at the University of Copenhagen,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where his lectures were a great success and gathered huge audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-thellufsen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thellufsen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His famous opening lecture on 3 November 1871, <i>Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur</i> (English: <span lang="en">Main Currents in the Literature of the Nineteenth Century</span>), signalled the beginning of his lifelong struggle to modernize Danish literature.<sup id="cite_ref-gyldendal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the professorship of aesthetics became vacant in 1872, it was taken as a matter of course that Brandes would fill it. But the young critic had offended many sensibilities by his ardent advocacy of modern ideas; he was seen as a Jew (which he did not consider himself to be), his convictions were Radical, he was suspected of being an <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>. The authorities refused to appoint him, but his fitness for the post was so obvious that the chair of Aesthetics remained vacant for years, since no one else dared to place himself in comparison with Brandes.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg/220px-Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg/330px-Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg/440px-Hovedstr%C3%B8minger_1872.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="2303" /></a><figcaption>Danish first edition of Brandes' <i>Hovedstrømninger i det 19de Aarhundredes Litteratur – Emigrantlitteraturen</i> from 1872.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the middle of these polemics, Brandes began to issue volumes of the most ambitious of his works, <i>Main Currents in the Literature of the Nineteenth Century</i>, of which four volumes appeared between 1872 and 1875 (English translation,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1901–1905). The brilliant novelty of this criticism of the literature of major European countries at the beginning of the 19th century, and his description of the general revolt against the pseudo-classicism of the 18th century, at once attracted attention outside Denmark. The tumult which gathered round the person of the critic increased the success of the work, and the reputation of Brandes grew apace, especially in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877 Brandes left Copenhagen and settled in Berlin, taking a considerable part in the aesthetic life of that city. His political views, however, made <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> uncomfortable with him, and he returned in 1883 to Copenhagen, where he found a whole new school of writers and thinkers eager to receive him as their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He headed the group "Det moderne Gjennembruds Mænd" (<i>The Men of the Modern Breakthrough</i>), composed of <a href="/wiki/J._P._Jacobsen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. P. Jacobsen">J. P. Jacobsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holger_Drachmann" title="Holger Drachmann">Holger Drachmann</a>, Edvard Brandes, Erik Skram, <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Schandorph" title="Sophus Schandorph">Sophus Schandorph</a>, and Norwegians <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gyldendal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a conservative reaction against his "realistic" doctrines began around 1883, headed by Holger Drachmann.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_authorship">Later authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among his later writings must be mentioned the monographs on <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1877), <a href="/wiki/Esaias_Tegn%C3%A9r" title="Esaias Tegnér">Esaias Tegnér</a> (1878), <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> (1878), <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Ferdinand Lassalle</a> (in German, 1877), <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a> (1884), <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> (1899) and on <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a> (1905). Brandes wrote with great depth on the main contemporary poets and novelists of Denmark and Norway, and he and his disciples were for a long time the arbiters of literary success in the north. His <i>Danish Poets</i> (1877), containing studies of <a href="/wiki/Carsten_Hauch" title="Carsten Hauch">Carsten Hauch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_B%C3%B8dtcher" title="Ludvig Bødtcher">Ludvig Bødtcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Winther" title="Christian Winther">Christian Winther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Paludan-M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Paludan-Müller">Frederick Paludan-Müller</a>, his <i>Men of the Modern Transition</i> (1883), and his <i>Essays</i> (1889), are volumes essential to the proper study of modern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_literature" title="Scandinavian literature">Scandinavian literature</a>. He wrote an excellent book on <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (1888; English translation, 1903), and was one of the editors of the German version of Ibsen.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important of his later works was his study of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> (1897–1898), which was translated into English by <a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">William Archer</a> and was highly acclaimed. It was, perhaps, history's most authoritative work on Shakespeare not principally intended for an English-speaking audience.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was afterwards engaged in writing a history of modern Scandinavian literature. In his critical work, which extended over a wider field than that of any other living writer, Brandes was aided by a singularly charming style, lucid and reasonable, enthusiastic but without extravagance, brilliant and colored without affectation. In 1900 he collected his works for the first time in a complete and popular edition and began to work on a German edition, completed in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He published <i>Main Currents in Nineteenth-Century Literature</i> in 1906 (six volumes). This book was among the 100 best books for education selected in 1929 by <a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durant and Brandes were both contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_(magazine)" title="Mother Earth (magazine)"><i>Mother Earth</i></a> magazine. In Volume 2 Brandes says about Kierkegaard, "It is not merely in name that this irony bears a fundamental resemblance to Kierkegaard's, which also aristocratically 'chooses to be misunderstood'. The Ego of genius is the truth, if not in the sense in which Kierkegaard would have us understand his proposition, '<a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">Subjectivity</a> is the truth', still in the sense that the Ego has every externally valid commandment and prohibition in its power; and, to the astonishment and scandal of the world, invariably expresses itself in paradoxes. <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a> is 'divine audacity'. In audacity thus comprehended there are endless possibilities. It is freedom from prejudice, yet it suggests the possibility of the most audacious defence of all possible kinds of prejudices. It is more easily attainable, we are told, by woman than by man. 'Like the feminine garb, the feminine intellect has this advantage over the masculine, that its possessor by a single daring movement can rise above all the prejudices of civilization and bourgeois conventionality, at once transporting herself into the state of innocence and the lap of Nature'. The lap of Nature! There is an echo of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>'s voice even in this wanton tirade. We seem to hear the trumpet-call of revolution; what we really hear is only the proclamation of reaction. Rousseau desired to return to the state of nature, when men roamed naked through the pathless forests and lived upon acorns. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a> wished to turn the course of evolution back to the primeval ages, to the days before man had fallen. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Schlegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a> blows revolutionary melodies on the great romantic 'wonder-horn'."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_last_years">Personal life and last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life and last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg/170px-George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg/255px-George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg/340px-George_Brandes_cph.3b29701.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>Brandes in 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1880s, Brandes fought against what he saw as the hypocrisy of prudish sexuality, which caused a rift with Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the years of 1886 and 1888 Brandes was engaged in a relationship with the Swedish author <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Benedictsson" title="Victoria Benedictsson">Victoria Benedictsson</a>, who wrote <i>Penningar</i> and <i>Fru Marianne</i> under the male pseudonym Ernst Ahlgren. Benedictsson committed suicide in a <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> hotel room,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the relationship with Brandes has later been blamed as the cause for her death.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1880s, Brandes turned to concentrating on "great personalities" as the source of culture. In this period, he discovered <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, not only introducing him to Scandinavian culture but indirectly to the whole world.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series of lectures that he gave on Nietzsche's thought, which he described as "aristocratic radicalism", were the first to present Nietzsche as a world cultural figure in need of full intellectual notice. Of Brandes' description of his philosophy, Nietzsche himself remarked: "The expression 'aristocratic radicalism', which you employ, is very good. It is, permit me to say, the cleverest thing that I have yet read about myself".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 the lectures were edited and published as the monograph <i>Friedrich Nietzsche</i>, which included the complete Nietzsche/Brandes correspondence as well as two essays in homage to the late Nietzsche's life and thought. Translated into English by A. G. Chater, the volume was published by <a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a> in 1914 and Nietzsche's thought was thus able to reach a significant English language audience before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. It was Brandes who, in an 1888 letter,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote to Nietzsche advising him to read the works of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, with whom his thought had much in common. There is no evidence, however, that Nietzsche ever read any of Kierkegaard's works. </p><p>The key idea of "aristocratic radicalism" went on to influence most of the later works of Brandes and resulted in voluminous biographies <i>Wolfgang <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a></i> (1914–15), <i>Francois de <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></i> (1916–17), <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Cæsar</a></i> 1918 and <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (1921).<sup id="cite_ref-gyldendal_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1900s, Brandes fought the Danish political establishment on several occasions, but eventually had to curb his acidic attacks. However, his international reputation was growing.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many ways he emulated his own assessment of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, as an author against habitual thinking, hypocrisy and the thin veneer of morality.<sup id="cite_ref-gyldendal_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He condemned the maltreatment of national <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minorities</a>, the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, etc. During World War I, he condemned the national aggression and <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> on both sides and his last years were dedicated to anti-religious polemic. In this late period he made new connections to intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Henri_Barbusse" title="Henri Barbusse">Henri Barbusse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> when he was co-signer in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Clart%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarté">Clarté</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/E._D._Morel" title="E. D. Morel">E. D. Morel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brandes argued against the <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">historicity of Jesus</a> and was a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">Christ myth theory</a>. He published <i>Sagnet om Jesus</i> which was translated as <i>Jesus: A Myth</i> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an atheist.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brandes stands as one of the most influential inspirations of Danish culture, an equal of Holberg, <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ansgar" title="Ansgar">Ansgar</a>. Among his supporters, Brandes' work was seen as a liberator from repressive norms, authority and hypocrisy, and he served as an inspiration for many contemporary writers. On the other hand, conservative circles condemned him as an immoral, unpatriotic and subversive blasphemer; as he became the lynchpin of criticism against <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> in its entirety.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, some socialists criticized his elitist attitudes, while some <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminists</a> have regarded his attitude of sexual equality as being inconsequential.<sup id="cite_ref-knudsen_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His brother Edvard (1847–1931), also a well-known critic, was the author of a number of plays, and of two psychological novels: <i>A Politician</i> (1889), and <i>Young Blood</i> (1899). He became an outstanding political figure of the party <a href="/wiki/Det_Radikale_Venstre" class="mw-redirect" title="Det Radikale Venstre">Det Radikale Venstre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gyldendal_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="//archive.org/details/essayonaristocra00bran/page/n3/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:essayonaristocra00bran/page/n3/mode/2up">An Essay on the Aristocratic Radicalism of Friedrich Nietzsche.</a></i> (1889)</li> <li>Søren Kierkegaard: A Critical Presentation in Outline (Søren Kierkegaard: En kritisk Fremstilling i Grundrids) (1877)</li> <li><i>Main Currents in 19th Century Literature</i> (1872–1890)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Zelezny-Scholz" title="Helen Zelezny-Scholz">Helen Zelezny-Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_sexual_morality_debate" title="Nordic sexual morality debate">Nordic sexual morality debate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brandes,_Georg_Morris_Cohen" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen">Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 427.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brandes%2C+Georg+Morris+Cohen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=427&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thellufsen-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thellufsen_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ole Friis Thellufsen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/georg-brandes/">Artikel: Georg Brandes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807120524/http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/georg-brandes/">Archived</a> 7 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a>, 29 July 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gyldendal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gyldendal_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gyldendal_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gyldendal_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gyldendal_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gyldendal_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Dansk_litteratur/Kritikere/Georg_Morris_Cohen_Brandes?highlight=georg%20brandes">Georg Brandes</a> at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858016628277;view=1up;seq=187">"Review of <i>Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature</i>, Vol. I"</a>. <i>The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art</i>. <b>92</b> (2390): 207–208. 21 August 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.atitle=Review+of+Main+Currents+in+Nineteenth+Century+Literature%2C+Vol.+I&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2390&rft.pages=207-208&rft.date=1901-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858016628277%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Dansk_litteratur/1870-1900/Holger_Henrik_Herholdt_Drachmann">Holger Henrik Herholdt Drachmann</a> at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.listsofbests.com/list/52411-will-durant-s-100-best-books-for-an-education?page=2">"Will Durant's 100 Best Books for an Education on Lists of Bests"</a>. Listsofbests.com. 12 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Durant%27s+100+Best+Books+for+an+Education+on+Lists+of+Bests&rft.pub=Listsofbests.com&rft.date=2008-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.listsofbests.com%2Flist%2F52411-will-durant-s-100-best-books-for-an-education%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See p. 72 Main Currents in Nineteenth, Century Literature Vol. 2 Georg Brandes, 1906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knudsen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-knudsen_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adl.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/FpPdf.xsql?nnoc=adl_pub&ff_id=2">Georg Brandes – Forfatterportræt ved Jørgen Knudsen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120145/http://adl.dk/adl_pub/fportraet/cv/FpPdf.xsql?nnoc=adl_pub&ff_id=2">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Arkiv for Dansk Litteratur</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyhre1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Myhre, Reidar (1947). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digibok_2014081908117"><i>Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</i></a></span> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Ansgar. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20699747">20699747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne+Bj%C3%B8rnson&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Ansgar&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20699747&rft.aulast=Myhre&rft.aufirst=Reidar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digibok_2014081908117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Svensk_litteratur/1880-1900/Victoria_Benedictsson">Victoria Benedictsson</a> at Gyldendals Åbne Encyklopædi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Georg Brandes: A Biographical Note</i> – Edouard d'Araille / Introduction to 'Friedrich Nietzsche' (2002, LTMI)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nietzsche, Letter to Georg Brandes – December 2nd 1887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Brandes, Letter to Nietzsche – January 11th 1888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weaver, Walter P. (1999). <i>The Historical Jesus in the Twentieth Century: 1900-1950</i>. Trinity Press International. p. 300. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-280-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-280-6">1-56338-280-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2013" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Jon (1 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh_Ogtnpqc0C&q=Georg+Brandes+atheist&pg=PA17"><i>Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature, Criticism and Art: Denmark</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472412010" title="Special:BookSources/9781472412010"><bdi>9781472412010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Literature%2C+Criticism+and+Art%3A+Denmark&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=9781472412010&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNh_Ogtnpqc0C%26q%3DGeorg%2BBrandes%2Batheist%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDBIAQAAMAAJ&q=Fridtjof+Nansen+atheist&pg=PA305">"Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality"</a>. Ingram brothers. 1 January 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketch%3A+A+Journal+of+Art+and+Actuality&rft.pub=Ingram+brothers.&rft.date=1893-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDBIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DFridtjof%2BNansen%2Batheist%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Georg Brandes and Harald Høffding, edited and translated by William Banks, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/5945.htm">The Great Debate: Nietzsche, Culture, and the Scandinavian Welfare Society</a></i> (University of Wisconsin Press, 2023).</li> <li>Allen, Julie K. <i>Icons of Danish Modernity: Georg Brandes and Asta Nielsen</i> (University of Washington Press; 2012) 280 pages; explores issues of Danish cultural identity through a study of the lives and friendship of Brandes and the silent film star (1881–1972).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essaysonscandina00boye#page/198/mode/2up"><i>Essays on Scandinavian Literature</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Hjorth_Boyesen" title="Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen">Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen</a> 1895 p. 199ff</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selfculture00unkngoog#page/n444/mode/2up"><i>Some Modern History-Makers of Scandinavia III, Jonas Lie and George Brandes</i></a>, Self culture, Volume 11, by Winfred Lee Wendell pp. 434–440, Werner Co., 1900</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/currentliteratu03wheegoog#page/n667/mode/2up"><i>The Most Influential of Living Critics</i></a>, Current literature, Volume 40, edited by Edward Jewitt Wheeler, Edward Jewitt Wheeler – 1906 pp. 616–618</li> <li>Bertil Nolin: <i>Georg Brandes.</i> Gloucester, Mass., 1976.</li> <li>Hans Hertel (ed.): <i>The Activist Critic. A Symposium on the Political Ideas, Literary Methods and International Reception of Georg Brandes.</i> Copenhagen, 1980.</li> <li>Doris R. Asmundsson: <i>Georg Brandes. Aristocratic Radical.</i> N. Y., 1981.</li> <li>W. Glyn Jones (ed.): <i>Georg Brandes. Selected Letters.</i> Norvik Press, 1990.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Brandes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3635-brandes-georg-morris-cohen">"Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen"</a> by Isidore Singer & Carl Henrik Bjerregaard (1906).</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Georg_Brandes" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georg_Brandes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a 1921 <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Brandes,_Georg" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Brandes, Georg">Georg Brandes</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2674">Works by Georg Brandes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Brandes%2C%20Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%20Brandes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brandes%2C%20Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%20Brandes%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brandes%2C%20G%2E%20M%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%20Brandes%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Georg%20Morris%20Cohen%20Brandes%22%29%20OR%20%28%221842-1927%22%20AND%20Brandes%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Georg Brandes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/690">Works by Georg Brandes</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002354">Newspaper clippings about Georg Brandes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <p><b>Individual books</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>, Vol 37, 1876 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atlantic37bostuoft#page/505/mode/1up/search/brandes">"Recent Literature. Brandes pp. 505, 755–758"</a>. Boston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recent+Literature.+Brandes+pp.+505%2C+755%E2%80%93758&rft.pub=Boston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fatlantic37bostuoft%23page%2F505%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fbrandes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1880 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordbeaconsfield00braniala">"Lord Beaconsfield; a study"</a>. 1880<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Beaconsfield%3B+a+study&rft.date=1880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordbeaconsfield00braniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1886 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924027150519">"Eminent authors of the nineteenth century. Literary portraits"</a>. New York, T, Y, Crowell & co. 1886<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eminent+authors+of+the+nineteenth+century.+Literary+portraits&rft.pub=New+York%2C+T%2C+Y%2C+Crowell+%26+co&rft.date=1886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924027150519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1879 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/srenkierkegaard01brangoog">"Sören Kierkegaard: Ein literarisches Charakterbild (German translation available)"</a>. J.A. Barth<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%B6ren+Kierkegaard%3A+Ein+literarisches+Charakterbild+%28German+translation+available%29&rft.pub=J.A.+Barth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsrenkierkegaard01brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1899 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henrikibsencrit00brangoog">"Henrik Ibsen: Critical Studies"</a>. Macmillan co. 1899<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henrik+Ibsen%3A+Critical+Studies.&rft.pub=Macmillan+co.&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenrikibsencrit00brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1889 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impressionsofrus00braniala">"Impressions of Russia"</a>. 1889<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impressions+of+Russia&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpressionsofrus00braniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1898 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea01branuoft">"William Shakespeare: A Critical Study Vol. 1"</a>. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare%3A+A+Critical+Study+Vol.+1&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamshakespea01branuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamshakespe00jackgoog">"Vol. 2"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1898.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+2&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamshakespe00jackgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamshakespe00brangoog">"Vol. 3"</a>. Gyldendalske boghandels forlag (F. Hegel & søn). 1896<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+3&rft.pub=Gyldendalske+boghandels+forlag+%28F.+Hegel+%26+s%C3%B8n%29&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamshakespe00brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1906 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn07brangoog">"Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. 1"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+in+Nineteenth+Century+Literature%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn07brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn08brangoog">"Vol. 2"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+2&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn08brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn00morigoog">"Vol. 3"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+3&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn00morigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn00brangoog">"Vol. 4"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+4&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn00brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn03brangoog">"Vol. 5"</a>. W. Heinemann. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+5&rft.pub=W.+Heinemann&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn03brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn05brangoog">"Vol. 6"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn05brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1901–06 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204065033/https://sites.google.com/site/wanyword/home/englishvisitors">"Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. 1–6"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/wanyword/home/englishvisitors">the original</a> on 4 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+in+Nineteenth+Century+Literature%2C+Vol.+1%E2%80%936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fwanyword%2Fhome%2Fenglishvisitors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1906 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesmy00brangoog">"Reminiscences of my childhood and youth"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+my+childhood+and+youth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freminiscencesmy00brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1908 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatolefrance00braniala">"Anatole France"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatole+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanatolefrance00braniala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1915 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/friedrichnietzsc00branuoft">"Friedrich Nietzsche"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedrich+Nietzsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffriedrichnietzsc00branuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1915 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolfganggoethe01bran">"Wolfgang Goethe Vol. 1"</a>. 1915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wolfgang+Goethe+Vol.+1&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwolfganggoethe01bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolfganggoethe02bran">"Vol. 2"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vol.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwolfganggoethe02bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Georg Brandes, 1917 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldatwarw00bran">"The World at War"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+at+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatwarw00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Brandes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9QXAQAAIAAJ&dq=georg+brandes&pg=PA46">The Return of Georg Brandes</a> The New Republic Volume 31, The Republic Pub. Co., 1922 p. 44–47 Retrieved 2012-01-15</li> <li>Julius Moritzen 1922 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgbrandesinli00moriiala">"Georg Brandes in Life and Letters"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Denmark_Modern_Breakthrough" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Denmark Modern Breakthrough"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Breakthrough_in_Denmark_(c._1879–1910)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (c. 1879–1910)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation_of_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industrialisation of Denmark (page does not exist)">Industrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_unions_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade unions in Denmark (page does not exist)">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Denmark">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-American">Immigration to America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark" title="Architecture of Denmark">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" title="Thorvald Bindesbøll">Thorvald Bindesbøll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Dahlerup" title="Vilhelm Dahlerup">Vilhelm Dahlerup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Fenger" title="Ludvig Fenger">Ludvig Fenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Daniel_Herholdt" title="Johan Daniel Herholdt">Johan Daniel Herholdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%B8rgen_Holm" title="Hans Jørgen Holm">Hans Jørgen Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Nyrop" title="Martin Nyrop">Martin Nyrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrik_Adolph_Plesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrik Adolph Plesner">Ulrik Adolph Plesner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rosen" title="Anton Rosen">Anton Rosen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ancher" title="Anna Ancher">Anna Ancher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancher" title="Michael Ancher">Michael Ancher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Bache" title="Otto Bache">Otto Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Ballin" title="Mogens Ballin">Mogens Ballin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bloch" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gustave_Fischer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Gustave Fischer">Paul Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Hammersh%C3%B8i" title="Vilhelm Hammershøi">Vilhelm Hammershøi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Haslund" title="Otto Haslund">Otto Haslund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Henningsen" title="Erik Henningsen">Erik Henningsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frants_Henningsen" title="Frants Henningsen">Frants Henningsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Jerndorff" title="August Jerndorff">August Jerndorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peder_Severin_Kr%C3%B8yer" title="Peder Severin Krøyer">Peder Severin Krøyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Nielsen" title="Ejnar Nielsen">Ejnar Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Petersen" title="Edvard Petersen">Edvard Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Philipsen" title="Theodor Philipsen">Theodor Philipsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._A._Ring" title="L. A. Ring">L. A. Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Skovgaard" title="Joakim Skovgaard">Joakim Skovgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Slott-M%C3%B8ller" title="Agnes Slott-Møller">Agnes Slott-Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Slott-M%C3%B8ller" title="Harald Slott-Møller">Harald Slott-Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurits_Tuxen" title="Laurits Tuxen">Laurits Tuxen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Ferdinand_Willumsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jens Ferdinand Willumsen">Jens Ferdinand Willumsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristian_Zahrtmann" title="Kristian Zahrtmann">Kristian Zahrtmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Sculpture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gottlieb_Vilhelm_Bissen" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Gottlieb Vilhelm Bissen">Vilhelm Bissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Hansen_Jacobsen" title="Niels Hansen Jacobsen">Niels Hansen Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Tegner" title="Rudolph Tegner">Rudolph Tegner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Aarsleff" title="Carl Aarsleff">Carl Aarsleff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Denmark#Modern_Breakthrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Denmark">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bang" title="Herman Bang">Herman Bang</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Georg Brandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophus_Claussen" title="Sophus Claussen">Sophus Claussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Peter_Jacobsen" title="Jens Peter Jacobsen">Jens Peter Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Johannes Jørgensen">Johannes Jørgensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalie_Skram" title="Amalie Skram">Amalie Skram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viggo_Stuckenberg" title="Viggo Stuckenberg">Viggo Stuckenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark#The_Carl_Nielsen_era" title="Music of Denmark">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asger_Hamerik" title="Asger Hamerik">Asger Hamerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Carl Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Sehested" title="Hilda Sehested">Hilda Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Ryberg Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludvig_Panum" title="Peter Ludvig Panum">Peter Ludvig Panum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christen_Berg" title="Christen Berg">Christen Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Brandes" title="Edvard Brandes">Edvard Brandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Br%C3%B8nnum_Scavenius_Estrup" title="Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup">Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasmus_Frederik_Hendriksen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasmus Frederik Hendriksen (page does not exist)">Rasmus Frederik Hendriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Hude" title="Anna Hude">Anna Hude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viggo_H%C3%B8rup" title="Viggo Hørup">Viggo Hørup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jacobsen" title="Carl Jacobsen">Carl Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Jacobsen" title="J. C. Jacobsen">J. C. Jacobsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pio" title="Louis Pio">Louis Pio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_Tietgen" title="Carl Frederik Tietgen">Carl Frederik Tietgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zahle" title="Natalie Zahle">Natalie Zahle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Royal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre" title="Royal Danish Theatre">Royal Danish Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_Frie_Udstillingsbygning" class="mw-redirect" title="Den Frie Udstillingsbygning">Den Frie Udstillingsbygning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunstnernes_Frie_Studieskoler" title="Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler">Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndums_Hotel" title="Brøndums Hotel">Brøndums Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hirschsprung" title="Heinrich Hirschsprung">Heinrich Hirschsprung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509017406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/f2d2721b-214c-4106-8518-af6eb472ec08">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/688080">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118514326.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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