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Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regine_Olsen_and_graduation_(1837–1841)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regine_Olsen_and_graduation_(1837–1841)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Regine Olsen and graduation (1837–1841) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regine_Olsen_and_graduation_(1837–1841)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_(1843–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_(1843–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Authorship (1843–1846) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorship_(1843–1846)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Authorship (1843–1846) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Authorship_(1843–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Inwardness_of_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Inwardness_of_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The Inwardness of Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Inwardness_of_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pseudonyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Corsair_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Corsair_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Corsair affair </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Corsair_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_(1847–1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_(1847–1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Authorship (1847–1855) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Authorship_(1847–1855)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Authorship (1847–1855) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Authorship_(1847–1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attack_upon_the_Lutheran_State_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_upon_the_Lutheran_State_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Attack upon the Lutheran State Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_upon_the_Lutheran_State_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th-century_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 19th-century reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th-century_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th-century_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th-century_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Early 20th-century reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th-century_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_and_English_translators_of_Kierkegaard's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_and_English_translators_of_Kierkegaard's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 German and English translators of Kierkegaard's works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_and_English_translators_of_Kierkegaard's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kierkegaard's_influence_on_Karl_Barth's_early_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kierkegaard's_influence_on_Karl_Barth's_early_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Kierkegaard's influence on Karl Barth's early theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kierkegaard's_influence_on_Karl_Barth's_early_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later-20th-century_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later-20th-century_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Later-20th-century reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later-20th-century_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Philosophy and theology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophy_and_theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Philosophy and theology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophical_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Philosophical criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Selected bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works cited </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works cited subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_by_Kierkegaard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Kierkegaard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works by Kierkegaard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Kierkegaard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_by_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Works by others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Søren Kierkegaard</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" > 111 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%AC%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%A8%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ሶረን ኬርከጋርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶረን ኬርከጋርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سورين كيركغور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سورين كيركغور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorn_Kyerkeqor" title="Sorn Kyerkeqor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sorn Kyerkeqor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="সোরেন কিয়ের্কেগার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোরেন কিয়ের্কেগার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8E_%D0%9A%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сёрэн Абю К’еркегор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сёрэн Абю К’еркегор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%8E_%D0%9A%E2%80%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сёрэн Абю К’еркегор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сёрэн Абю К’еркегор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сьорен Киркегор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сьорен Киркегор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%89%CF%81" title="Σαίρεν Κίρκεγκωρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαίρεν Κίρκεγκωρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="سورن کی‌یرکگور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورن کی‌یرکگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%87%A0%EB%A0%8C_%ED%82%A4%EB%A5%B4%EC%BC%80%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4" title="쇠렌 키르케고르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쇠렌 키르케고르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Սյորեն Կիերկեգոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սյորեն Կիերկեգոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="सॉरन किअर्केगार्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉरन किअर्केगार्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סרן קירקגור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרן קירקגור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სერენ კიერკეგორი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერენ კიერკეგორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Серен Кьеркегор – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Серен Кьеркегор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сёрен Кьеркегор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сёрен Кьеркегор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severinus_Kierkegaard" title="Severinus Kierkegaard – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Severinus Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%93rens_Kirkegors" title="Sērens Kirkegors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sērens Kirkegors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Aabye_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Aabye Kierkegaard – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Søren Aabye Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Серен Кјеркегор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Серен Кјеркегор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സോറൻ കീർക്കെഗാഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോറൻ കീർക്കെഗാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="सोरेन किर्केगार्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोरेन किर्केगार्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="სერენ კიერკეგორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სერენ კიერკეგორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سورين كيركجارد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سورين كيركجارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B1%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="セーレン・キェルケゴール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セーレン・キェルケゴール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸ਼ਾਨ ਕੀਅਰਗੇਗੌਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਨ ਕੀਅਰਗੇਗੌਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="سورین کیرکیگارد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورین کیرکیگارد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="سورن کی یرکګارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سورن کی یرکګارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кьеркегор, Сёрен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кьеркегор, Сёрен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%B1_%DA%AA%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%8A" title="ڪيئر ڪيڪارڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيئر ڪيڪارڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8E%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1" title="سۆرێن کیەرکێگۆر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆرێن کیەرکێگۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Серен Киркегор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Серен Киркегор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soren_Kierkegaard" title="Soren Kierkegaard – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Soren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சோரன் கீர்க்கே கார்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோரன் கீர்க்கே கார்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сөрен Кьеркегор – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөрен Кьеркегор" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เซอร์เอิน เคียร์เกอกอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เซอร์เอิน เคียร์เกอกอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%27%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Серен К'єркегор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Серен К'єркегор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27jerkegor_S%C3%B6ren" title="K'jerkegor Sören – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="K'jerkegor Sören" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%B4%9D%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E5%87%AF%E9%83%AD%E5%B0%94" title="索伦·奥贝·克尔凯郭尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="索伦·奥贝·克尔凯郭尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Søren Kierkegaard" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E7%A5%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%9C" title="索倫·祁克果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="索倫·祁克果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%B2%9D%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%87%B1%E9%83%AD%E7%88%BE" title="索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Danish theologian, philosopher, poet and social critic (1813–1855)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kierkegaard" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard_(surname)" title="Kierkegaard (surname)">Kierkegaard (surname)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Søren Kierkegaard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_(1813-1855)_-_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A head-and-shoulders portrait sketch of a young man in his twenties that emphasizes his face, full hair, open and forward-looking eyes and a hint of a smile. He wears a formal necktie and lapel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_%281813-1855%29_-_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="796" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unfinished sketch of Kierkegaard by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Niels_Christian_Kierkegaard" title="Niels Christian Kierkegaard">Niels Christian Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Royal Library</a>, Copenhagen, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1840</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Søren Aabye Kierkegaard</div> (1813-05-05)5 May 1813 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1855(1855-11-11) (aged 42) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Copenhagen, Denmark</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a> (1840–1841)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential psychology">Existential psychology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10047599">Om Begrebet Ironi med stadigt Hensyn til Socrates (On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates)</a> (1841)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy of Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">The Absurd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential despair">Existential despair</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Existential_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential philosophy">Existential philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinction" title="Infinite qualitative distinction">Infinite qualitative distinction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_faith" title="Knight of faith">Knight of faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Present_age" title="Present age">Present age</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Kierkegaard_sig.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A signature, in a forward-slanting cursive script, which reads "S. Kierkegaard."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Kierkegaard_sig.png/150px-Kierkegaard_sig.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Kierkegaard_sig.png 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="61" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsɒrən ˈkɪərkəɡɑːrd/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SORR-ən KEER-kə-gard</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ɡɔːr/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠gor</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Danish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">[ˈsɶːɐn ˈɔˀˌpyˀ ˈkʰiɐ̯kəˌkɒˀ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6c\/Da-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.oga\/Da-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Da-S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/Da-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.oga/Da-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Da-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.oga" title="File:Da-Søren Kierkegaard.oga">ⓘ</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkLundHegerJørgensen1991-1">[1]</a> 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danish</a> theologian, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, poet, <a href="/wiki/Social_critic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social critic">social critic</a>, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialist</a> philosopher.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He wrote critical texts on <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy of religion</a>, displaying a fondness for metaphor, <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a>. Much of his philosophical work deals with the issues of how one lives as a "single individual", giving priority to concrete human reality over <a href="/wiki/Abstract_thinking" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract thinking">abstract thinking</a> and highlighting the importance of personal choice and commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzsUcmgNWVV4CpgPA289_289]-5">[5]</a> Kierkegaard's theological work focuses on <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">institution of the Church</a>, the differences between purely objective <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">proofs of Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinction" title="Infinite qualitative distinction">infinite qualitative distinction</a> between man and God, and the individual's subjective relationship to the God-Man Jesus the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Christ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> which came through faith.<a href="#cite_note-Elmer-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Much of his work deals with <a href="/wiki/Christian_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian love">Christian love</a>. He was extremely critical of the doctrine and practice of Christianity as a state-controlled religion (<a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>) like the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a>. His psychological work explored the <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">feelings</a> of individuals when faced with life choices.<a href="#cite_note-Ostenfeld-9">[9]</a> Opposite <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">atheistic existentialism</a> paradigm, Kierkegaard focused on <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a>. Kierkegaard's early work was written using pseudonyms to present distinctive viewpoints interacting in complex dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowland2006-10">[10]</a> He explored particularly complex problems from different viewpoints, each under a different pseudonym. He wrote Upbuilding Discourses under his own name and dedicated them to the "single individual" who might want to discover the meaning of his works. He wrote: "Science and <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholarship</a> want to teach that becoming objective is the way. Christianity teaches that the way is to become subjective, to become a subject."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992131-12">[12]</a> While scientists learn about the world by observation, Kierkegaard emphatically denied that observation alone could reveal the inner workings of the world of the spirit.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Some of Kierkegaard's key ideas include the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Subjectivity" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">subjective and objective truths</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_faith" title="Knight of faith">knight of faith</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(Kierkegaard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard)">recollection and repetition dichotomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinction" title="Infinite qualitative distinction">infinite qualitative distinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Theology of Søren Kierkegaard">faith as a passion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Three_stages_of_life" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">three stages on life's way</a>. Kierkegaard wrote in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and the reception of his work was initially limited to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, but by the turn of the 20th century his writings were translated into French, German, and other major European languages. By the mid-20th century, his thought exerted a substantial influence on philosophy,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> theology,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and Western culture in general.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years_(1813–1836)">Early years (1813–1836)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years (1813–1836)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tidsskriftet_Bogvennen1895-p05-Kierkegaard1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tidsskriftet_Bogvennen1895-p05-Kierkegaard1.jpg/220px-Tidsskriftet_Bogvennen1895-p05-Kierkegaard1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Tidsskriftet_Bogvennen1895-p05-Kierkegaard1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Søren Kierkegaard.<div style="float:right;">―Hand-drawn copy (1895) of a pencil drawing in the portraiture collection of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library,_Denmark" title="Royal Library, Denmark">Royal Library</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></div></figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard was born to an affluent family in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. His mother, Ane Sørensdatter Lund Kierkegaard (1768–1834), had served as a maid in the household before marrying his father, Michael Pedersen Kierkegaard (1756–1838). She was an unassuming figure: quiet, and not formally educated. They had seven children. Her granddaughter, Henriette Lund, wrote that she "wielded the sceptre with joy and protected [Søren and Peter] like a hen protecting her chicks".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996153-18">[18]</a> She also wielded influence on her children so that later <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christian_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Christian Kierkegaard">Peter Christian Kierkegaard</a> said that his brother preserved many of their mother's words in his writings.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> His father, on the other hand, was a well-to-do wool merchant from <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> He was a "very stern man, to all appearances dry and prosaic, but under his 'rustic cloak' demeanor he concealed an active imagination which not even his great age could blunt".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He was also interested in philosophy and often hosted intellectuals at his home.<a href="#cite_note-:1-21">[21]</a> He was devoted to the rationalist philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Christian Wolff</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB8JJYOysH9ECpgPA262_13]-22">[22]</a> and he eventually retired partly to pursue more of Wolff's writings.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Kierkegaard, who followed his father's beliefs as a child, was heavily influenced by Michael's devotion to Wolffian rationalism. He also enjoyed the comedies of <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson19202,_13-24">[24]</a> the writings of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Johann Georg Hamann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Young" title="Edward Young">Edward Young</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. The figure of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, whom Kierkegaard encountered in Plato's dialogues, would prove to be a phenomenal influence on the philosopher's later interest in <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a>, as well as his frequent deployment of indirect communication. Kierkegaard loved to walk along the crooked streets of 19th century Copenhagen, where carriages rarely went. In 1848, Kierkegaard wrote, "I had real Christian satisfaction in the thought that, if there were no other, there was definitely one man in Copenhagen whom every poor person could freely accost and converse with on the street; that, if there were no other, there was one man who, whatever the society he most commonly frequented, did not shun contact with the poor, but greeted every maidservant he was acquainted with, every manservant, every common laborer."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_(Copenhagen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Our Lady (Copenhagen)">Our Lady's Church</a> was at one end of the city, where <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Peter_Mynster" title="Jacob Peter Mynster">Bishop Mynster</a> preached the Gospel. At the other end was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre" title="Royal Danish Theatre">Royal Theatre</a> where <a href="/wiki/Johanne_Luise_Heiberg" title="Johanne Luise Heiberg">Fru Heiberg</a> performed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg/220px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg/330px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg/440px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_family2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>When Michael (Mikael) Kierkegaard died on 9 August 1838 Søren had lost both his parents and all his brothers and sisters except for Peter who later became Bishop of Aalborg in the Danish State Lutheran Church.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kierkegaard_influences.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kierkegaard_influences.jpg/220px-Kierkegaard_influences.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kierkegaard_influences.jpg/330px-Kierkegaard_influences.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Kierkegaard_influences.jpg/440px-Kierkegaard_influences.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Holberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></figcaption></figure> Based on a speculative interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a> in Kierkegaard's unpublished journals, especially a rough draft of a story called "The Great Earthquake", some early Kierkegaard scholars argued that Michael believed he had earned God's wrath and that none of his children would outlive him. He is said to have believed that his personal sins, perhaps indiscretions such as cursing the name of God in his youth or impregnating Ane out of wedlock, necessitated this punishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff20055,_131–138-30">[30]</a> Though five of his seven children died before he did, both Søren and his brother Peter outlived him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005136–138-31">[31]</a> Peter, who was seven years older, later became bishop in <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005808-32">[32]</a> Julia Watkin thought Michael's early interest in the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> could have led him to a deep sense of the devastating effects of sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnEutAwAAQBAJpgPA8_8–9]-33">[33]</a> From 1821 to 1830, Kierkegaard attended the School of Civic Virtue, Østre Borgerdyd Gymnasium when the school was situated in Klarebodeme, where Kierkegaard studied and learned <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> and history among other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> During his time there he was described as "very conservative"; someone who would "honour the King, love the church and respect the police".<a href="#cite_note-penguin_classics-36">[36]</a> He frequently got into altercations with fellow students and was ambivalent towards his teachers.<a href="#cite_note-penguin_classics-36">[36]</a> He went on to study theology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>. He had little interest in historical works, philosophy dissatisfied him, and he couldn't see "dedicating himself to <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Speculation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> He said, "What I really need to do is to get clear about "<a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">what am I to do</a>", not <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">what I must know</a>." He wanted to "lead a completely human life and not merely one of knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Kierkegaard didn't want to be a philosopher in the traditional or <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> sense<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and he didn't want to preach a Christianity that was an illusion.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> "But he had learned from his father that one can do what one wills, and his father's life had not discredited this theory."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> One of the first physical descriptions of Kierkegaard comes from an attendee, Hans Brøchner, at his brother Peter's wedding party in 1836: "I found [his appearance] almost comical. He was then twenty-three years old; he had something quite irregular in his entire form and had a strange coiffure. His hair rose almost six inches above his forehead into a tousled crest that gave him a strange, bewildered look."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005113-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996225-43">[43]</a> Another comes from Kierkegaard's niece, Henriette Lund (1829–1909). When Søren Kierkegaard was a little boy he "was of slender and delicate appearance, and ran about in a little coat of red-cabbage color. He used to be called 'fork' by his father, because of his tendency, developed quite early, toward satirical remarks. Although a serious, almost austere tone pervaded the Kierkegaards' house, I have the firm impression that there was a place for youthful vivacity too, even though of a more sedate and home-made kind than one is used to nowadays. The house was open for an 'old-fashioned hospitality'" he was also described "quaintly attired, slight and small".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996151-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-penguin_classics-36">[36]</a> Kierkegaard's mother "was a nice little woman with an even and happy disposition," according to a grandchild's description. She was never mentioned in Kierkegaard's works. Ane died on 31 July 1834, age 66, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> His father died on 8 August 1838, age 82. On 11 August, Kierkegaard wrote: "My father died on Wednesday (the 8th) at 2:00 a.m. I so deeply desired that he might have lived a few years more... Right now I feel there is only one person (E. Boesen) with whom I can really talk about him. He was a 'faithful friend.'"<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Troels_Frederik_Lund" title="Troels Frederik Lund">Troels Frederik Lund</a>, his nephew, was instrumental in providing biographers with much information regarding Søren Kierkegaard. Lund was a good friend of Georg Brandes and Julius Lange.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Here is an anecdote about his father from Kierkegaard's journals. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At lunch one day I overturned a salt-shaker. Passionate as he was and intense as he easily could become, he began to scold so severely that he even said that I was a prodigal and things like that. Then I made an objection, reminding him of an old episode in the family when my sister Nicoline had dropped a very expensive tureen and Father had not said a word but pretended it was nothing at all. He replied: Well, you see, it was such an expensive thing that no scolding was needed; she realized quite well that it was wrong, but precisely when it is a trifle there must be a scolding. Journals X3A78</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journals">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Bergmann" title="Hugo Bergmann">Samuel Hugo Bergmann</a>, "Kierkegaard's journals are one of the most important sources for an understanding of his philosophy".<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Kierkegaard wrote over 7,000 pages in his journals on events, musings, thoughts about his works and everyday remarks.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The entire collection of Danish journals (Journalen) was edited and published in 13 volumes consisting of 25 separate bindings including indices. The first English edition of the journals was edited by Alexander Dru in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Dru-50">[50]</a> The style is "literary and poetic [in] manner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConwayGover200225-51">[51]</a> Kierkegaard wanted to have Regine, his fiancée (see below), as his confidant but considered it an impossibility for that to happen so he left it to "my reader, that single individual" to become his confidant. His question was whether or not one can have a spiritual confidant. He wrote the following in his Concluding Postscript: "With regard to the essential truth, a direct relation between spirit and spirit is unthinkable. If such a relation is assumed, it actually means that the party has ceased to be spirit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992247-52">[52]</a> Kierkegaard's journals were the source of many <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a> credited to the philosopher. The following passage, from 1 August 1835, is perhaps his most oft-quoted aphorism and a key quote for existentialist studies: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What I really need is to get clear about what I must do, not what I must know, except insofar as knowledge must precede every act. What matters is to find a purpose, to see what it really is that God wills that I shall do; the crucial thing is to find a truth which is truth for me, to find the idea for which I am willing to live and die.</blockquote> He wrote this way about indirect communication in the same journal entry: <blockquote>One must first learn to know himself before knowing anything else (<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BD%E1%BF%B6%CE%B8%CE%B9_%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Γνῶθι σεαυτόν">γνῶθι σεαυτόν</a>). Not until a man has inwardly understood himself and then sees the course he is to take does his life gain peace and meaning; only then is he free of that irksome, sinister traveling companion—that irony of life, which manifests itself in the sphere of knowledge and invites true knowing to begin with a not-knowing (Socrates) just as God created the world from nothing. But in the waters of morality it is especially at home to those who still have not entered the tradewinds of virtue. Here it tumbles a person about in a horrible way, for a time lets him feel happy and content in his resolve to go ahead along the right path, then hurls him into the abyss of despair. Often it lulls a man to sleep with the thought, "After all, things cannot be otherwise," only to awaken him suddenly to a rigorous interrogation. Frequently it seems to let a veil of forgetfulness fall over the past, only to make every single trifle appear in a strong light again. When he struggles along the right path, rejoicing in having overcome temptation's power, there may come at almost the same time, right on the heels of perfect victory, an apparently insignificant external circumstance which pushes him down, like Sisyphus, from the height of the crag. Often when a person has concentrated on something, a minor external circumstance arises which destroys everything. (As in the case of a man who, weary of life, is about to throw himself into the Thames and at the crucial moment is halted by the sting of a mosquito.) Frequently a person feels his very best when the illness is the worst, as in tuberculosis. In vain he tries to resist it but he has not sufficient strength, and it is no help to him that he has gone through the same thing many times; the kind of practice acquired in this way does not apply here. <ul><li>(Søren Kierkegaard's Journals & Papers IA Gilleleie, 1 August 1835)</li></ul></blockquote> Although his journals clarify some aspects of his work and life, Kierkegaard took care not to reveal too much. Abrupt changes in thought, repetitive writing, and unusual turns of phrase are some among the many tactics he used to throw readers off track. Consequently, there are many varying interpretations of his journals. Kierkegaard did not doubt the importance his journals would have in the future. In December 1849, he wrote: "Were I to die now the effect of my life would be exceptional; much of what I have simply jotted down carelessly in the Journals would become of great importance and have a great effect; for then people would have grown reconciled to me and would be able to grant me what was, and is, my right."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938354-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regine_Olsen_and_graduation_(1837–1841)">Regine Olsen and graduation (1837–1841)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Regine Olsen and graduation (1837–1841)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regine_Olsen_(Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a young lady, over a black background. She is wearing a green dress, over a black coat. She is looking to the left, somewhat smiling." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg/170px-Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg/255px-Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg/340px-Regine_Olsen_%28Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Regine Olsen, a muse for Kierkegaard's writings</figcaption></figure> An important aspect of Kierkegaard's life – generally considered to have had a major influence on his work — was his broken engagement to <a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a> (1822–1904). Kierkegaard and Olsen met on 8 May 1837 and were instantly attracted to each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005176–177-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay200191-55">[55]</a> In his journals, Kierkegaard wrote idealistically about his love for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005177–178-56">[56]</a> After passing his theological examinations in July 1840, Kierkegaard formally proposed to Olsen on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001132–134-57">[57]</a> He soon felt disillusioned about his prospects. He broke off the engagement on 11 August 1841, though it is generally believed that the two were deeply in love. In his journals, Kierkegaard mentions his belief that his "melancholy" made him unsuitable for marriage, but his precise motive for ending the engagement remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005173–191-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001133,_154–158-59">[59]</a> It was also during this period that Kierkegaard dedicated himself to authoring a <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>. Upon submitting it in June 1841, a panel of faculty judged that his work demonstrated considerable intellect while criticizing its informal tone; however, Kierkegaard was granted permission to proceed with its defense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005196–197-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001147–148-61">[61]</a> He defended <a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a> over seven and a half hours on 29 September 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005198–199-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001148–149-63">[63]</a> As the title suggests, the thesis dealt with <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">irony</a> and Socrates; the influence of Kierkegaard's friend <a href="/wiki/Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller" title="Poul Martin Møller">Poul Martin Møller</a>, who had died in 1838, is evident in the subject matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff200590,_94,_193-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001139-65">[65]</a> Kierkegaard graduated from the University of Copenhagen on 20 October 1841 with a <a href="/wiki/Magister_degree#Denmark_and_Norway" title="Magister degree">Magister</a> degree in philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001149-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> His inheritance of approximately 31,000 <a href="/wiki/Danish_rigsdaler" title="Danish rigsdaler">rigsdaler</a> enabled him to fund his work and living expenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005147-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_(1843–1846)">Authorship (1843–1846)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship (1843–1846)">edit</a>]</div> Kierkegaard published some of his works using pseudonyms and for others he signed his own name as author. Whether being published under pseudonym or not, Kierkegaard's central writing on religion was <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> is considered to be his magnum opus. Pseudonyms were used often in the early 19th century as a means of representing viewpoints other than the author's own. Kierkegaard employed the same technique as a way to provide examples of indirect communication. In writing under various pseudonyms to express sometimes contradictory positions, Kierkegaard is sometimes criticized for playing with various viewpoints without ever committing to one in particular. He has been described by those opposing his writings as indeterminate in his standpoint as a writer, though he himself has testified to all his work deriving from a service to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-69">[69]</a> After <a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a>, his 1841 <a href="/wiki/PhD_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD thesis">PhD dissertation</a> under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederik_Christian_Sibbern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederik Christian Sibbern (page does not exist)">Frederik Christian Sibbern</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Christian_Sibbern" class="extiw" title="da:Frederik Christian Sibbern">da</a>],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-70">[70]</a> he wrote his first book under the pseudonym "Johannes Climacus" (after <a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a>) between 1841 and 1842. <a href="/wiki/De_omnibus_dubitandum_est" title="De omnibus dubitandum est">De omnibus dubitandum est</a> (Latin: "Everything must be doubted") was not published until after his death.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg/220px-Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg/330px-Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg/440px-Kierkegaard%27s_works.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Kierkegaard's works</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frygt_og_B%C3%A6ven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Frygt_og_B%C3%A6ven.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Fear and Trembling</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard's magnum opus <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> was published 20 February 1843; it was mostly written during Kierkegaard's stay in Berlin, where he took notes on Schelling's Philosophy of Revelation. Either/Or includes essays of literary and music criticism and a set of romantic-like aphorisms, as part of his larger theme of examining the reflective and philosophical structure of faith.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-73">[73]</a> Edited by "Victor Eremita", the book contained the papers of an unknown "A" and "B" which the pseudonymous author claimed to have discovered in a secret drawer of his <a href="/wiki/Secretary_desk" title="Secretary desk">secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Eremita had a hard time putting the papers of "A" in order because they were not straightforward. "B"'s papers were arranged in an orderly fashion.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Both of these characters are trying to become religious individuals.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Each approached the idea of first love from an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetic</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethical</a> point of view. The book is basically an argument about <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> and marriage with a short discourse at the end telling them they should stop arguing. Eremita thinks "B", a judge, makes the most sense. Kierkegaard stressed the "how" of Christianity as well as the "how" of book reading in his works rather than the "what".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Three months after the publication of Either/Or, 16 May 1843, he published <a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a> and continued to publish discourses along with his <a href="/wiki/Pseudonymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudonymous">pseudonymous</a> books. These discourses were published under Kierkegaard's own name and are available as <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Upbuilding_Discourses" title="Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses">Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses</a> today. David F. Swenson first translated the works in the 1940s and titled them the Edifying Discourses; however, in 1990, <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._and_Edna_H._Hong_Kierkegaard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library">Howard V. and Edna H. Hong</a> translated the works again but called them the Upbuilding Discourses. The word "upbuilding" was more in line with Kierkegaard's thought after 1846, when he wrote Christian <a href="/wiki/Deliberations" class="mw-redirect" title="Deliberations">deliberations</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> about <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> An upbuilding discourse or edifying discourse isn't the same as a sermon because a sermon is preached to a congregation while a discourse can be carried on between several people or even with oneself. The discourse or conversation should be "upbuilding", which means one would build up the other person, or oneself, rather than tear down to build up. Kierkegaard said: "Although this little book (which is called '<a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">discourses</a>', not <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>, because its author does not have <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">authority</a> to preach, 'upbuilding discourses', not discourses for upbuilding, because the speaker by no means claims to be a teacher) wishes to be only what it is, a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superfluity" class="extiw" title="wikt:superfluity">superfluity</a>, and desires only to remain in hiding".<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 16 October 1843, Kierkegaard published three more books about love and faith and several more discourses. <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a> was published under the pseudonym Johannes de Silentio. <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(Kierkegaard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard)">Repetition</a> is about a Young Man (Søren Kierkegaard) who has <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a> and depression because he feels he has to sacrifice his love for a girl (<a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a>) to God. He tries to see if the new science of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> can help him understand himself. Constantin Constantius, who is the pseudonymous author of that book, is the psychologist. At the same time, he published <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a> under his own name, which dealt specifically with how love can be used to hide things from yourself or others.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> These three books, all published on the same day, are an example of Kierkegaard's method of indirect communication. Kierkegaard questioned whether an individual can know if something is a good gift from God or not and concludes by saying, "it does not depend, then, merely upon what one sees, but what one sees depends upon how one sees; all observation is not just a receiving, a discovering, but also a bringing forth, and insofar as it is that, how the observer himself is <a href="/wiki/Temperament" title="Temperament">constituted</a> is indeed decisive."<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> God's love is imparted indirectly just as our own sometimes is.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> During 1844, he published <a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">two</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">three</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">four</a> more <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Upbuilding_Discourses" title="Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses">upbuilding discourses</a> just as he did in 1843, but here he discussed how an individual might come to know God. Theologians, <a href="/wiki/Philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophers">philosophers</a> and historians were all engaged in <a href="/wiki/Debating" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating">debating</a> about the existence of God. This is direct communication and Kierkegaard thinks this might be useful for theologians, philosophers, and historians (associations) but not at all useful for the "single individual" who is interested in becoming a Christian. Kierkegaard always wrote for "that single individual whom I with joy and gratitude call my reader";<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> the single individual must put what is <a href="/wiki/Understood" class="mw-redirect" title="Understood">understood</a> to use or it will be lost. <a href="/wiki/Human_self-reflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Human self-reflection">Reflection</a> can take an individual only so far before the <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagination</a> begins to change the whole content of what was being thought about. Love is won by being exercised just as much as faith and patience are. He also wrote several more pseudonymous books in 1844: <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prefaces" title="Prefaces">Prefaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a> and finished the year up with <a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a>. He used indirect communication in the first book and direct communication in the rest of them. He doesn't believe the question about God's existence should be an <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinion</a> held by one group and differently by another no matter how many <a href="/wiki/Scientific_demonstration" title="Scientific demonstration">demonstrations</a> are made. He says it's up to the single individual to make the <a href="/wiki/Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Fruit of the Holy Spirit">fruit of the Holy Spirit</a> real because love and joy are always just possibilities. <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> wanted to define God's <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">attributes</a> once and for all but Kierkegaard was against this. His love for Regine was a disaster but it helped him because of his point of view.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Kierkegaard believed "each <a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generation</a> has its own task and need not trouble itself unduly by being everything to previous and succeeding generations".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In an earlier book he had said, "to a certain degree every generation and every individual begins his life from the beginning",<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and in another, "no generation has learned to love from another, no generation is able to begin at any other point than the beginning", "no generation learns the essentially human from a previous one."<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> And, finally, in 1850 he wrote, "those true Christians who in every generation live a life contemporaneous with that of Christ have nothing whatsoever to do with Christians of the preceding generation, but all the more with their contemporary, Christ. His life here on earth attends every generation, and every generation severally, as Sacred History..."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> But in 1848, "The whole generation and every individual in the generation is a participant in one's having faith."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> He was against the <a href="/wiki/Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelian">Hegelian</a> idea of <a href="/wiki/Mediation_(Marxist_theory_and_media_studies)" title="Mediation (Marxist theory and media studies)">mediation</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> because it introduces a "third term"<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> that comes between the single individual and the object of desire. Kierkegaard wrote in 1844, 'If a person can be assured of the grace of God without needing temporal evidence as a middleman or as the dispensation advantageous to him as interpreter, then it is indeed obvious to him that the grace of God is the most glorious of all."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> He was against mediation and settled instead on the choice to be content with the grace of God or not. It's the choice between the possibility of the "temporal and the eternal", "mistrust and belief, and deception and truth",<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> "subjective and objective".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> These are the "magnitudes" of choice. He always stressed deliberation and choice in his writings and wrote against comparison.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This is how Kant put it in 1786 and Kierkegaard put it in 1847: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Thinking for one's self is to seek the chief touchstone of truth in one's self (id est, in one's own reason); and the maxim, to think for one's self at all times is Enlightening. Thereto belongs not just so much, as those may imagine who take knowledge, to be enlightening; as it is rather a negative principle in the use of one's cognoscitive faculty, and he, who is very rich in knowledge, is often the least enlightened in the use of it. To exercise one's own reason, means nothing more, than, relatively to every thing which one is to suppose, to question one's self. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Immanuel Kant, What it Means to Orient One's Self in Thinking</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Worldly worry always seeks to lead a human being into the small-minded unrest of comparisons, away from the lofty calmness of simple thoughts. To be clothed, then, means to be a human being—and therefore to be well clothed. Worldly worry is preoccupied with clothes and dissimilarity of clothes. Should not the invitation to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:28" title="Matthew 6:28">learn from the lilies</a> be welcome to everyone just as the reminder is useful to him! Alas, those great, uplifting, simple thoughts, those first thoughts, are more and more forgotten, perhaps entirely forgotten in the weekday and worldly life of comparisons. The one human being compares himself with others, the one generation compares itself with the other, and thus the heaped up pile of comparisons overwhelms a person. As the ingenuity and busyness increase, there come to be more and more in each generation who slavishly work a whole lifetime far down in the low underground regions of comparisons. Indeed, just as miners never see the light of day, so these unhappy people never come to see the light: those uplifting, simple thoughts, those first thoughts about how glorious it is to be a human being. And up there in the higher regions of comparison, smiling vanity plays its false game and deceives the happy ones so that they receive no impression from those lofty, simple thoughts, those first thoughts.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 188–189</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Inwardness_of_Christianity">The Inwardness of Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Inwardness of Christianity">edit</a>]</div> Kierkegaard believed God comes to each individual mysteriously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992243-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> He published <a href="/wiki/Three_Discourses_on_Imagined_Occasions" title="Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions">Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions</a> (first called Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life, in David F. Swenson's 1941 translation) under his own name on 29 April, and <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a> edited by Hilarius Bookbinder, 30 April 1845. The Stages is a sequel to Either/Or which Kierkegaard did not think had been adequately read by the public and in Stages he predicted "that two-thirds of the book's readers will quit before they are halfway through, out of boredom they will throw the book away."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He knew he was writing books but had no idea who was reading them. His sales were meager and he had no publicist or editor. He was writing in the dark, so to speak.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Many of his readers have been and continue to be in the dark about his intentions. He explained himself in his "Journal": "What I have understood as the task of the authorship has been done. It is one idea, this continuity from Either/Or to <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Anti-Climacus</a>, the idea of religiousness in reflection. The task has occupied me totally, for it has occupied me religiously; I have understood the completion of this authorship as my duty, as a responsibility resting upon me." He advised his reader to read his books slowly and also to read them aloud since that might aid in understanding.<a href="#cite_note-Søren_Kierkegaard_1851-104">[104]</a> He used indirect communication in his writings by, for instance, referring to the religious person as the "knight of hidden inwardness" in which he's different from everyone else, even though he looks like everyone else, because everything is hidden within him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992499-105">[105]</a> He put it this way in 1847: "You are indistinguishable from anyone else among those whom you might wish to resemble, those who in the decision are with the good—they are all clothed alike, girdled about the loins with truth, clad in the armor of righteousness, wearing the helmet of salvation!"<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Kierkegaard was aware of the hidden depths inside of each single individual. The hidden inwardness is inventive in deceiving or evading others. Much of it is afraid of being seen and entirely disclosed. "Therefore all calm and, in the intellectual sense, dispassionate observers, who eminently know how to delve searchingly and penetratingly into the inner being, these very people judge with such infinite caution or refrain from it entirely because, enriched by observation, they have a developed conception of the enigmatic world of the hidden, and because as observers they have learned to rule over their passions. Only superficial, impetuous passionate people, who do not understand themselves and for that reason naturally are unaware that they do not know others, judge precipitously. Those with insight, those who know never do this."<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Kierkegaard <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">imagined</a> hidden inwardness several ways in 1848.<blockquote> Imagine hidden in a very plain setting a secret chest in which the most precious is placed—there is a spring that must be pressed, but the spring is concealed, and the pressure must be of a certain force so that an accidental pressure cannot be sufficient. The hope of eternity is concealed within a person's innermost being in the same way, and hardship is the pressure. When the pressure is put on the concealed spring, and forcefully enough, the content appears in all its glory! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 p. 111</blockquote>Imagine a kernel of grain placed in the earth; if it is to grow, what does it need? First of all space; it must have space. Next, pressure; there must also be pressure—sprouting is making space for itself in opposition. Eternity's hope is placed in a person's innermost being in the same way. But hardship makes space by setting everything else aside, everything provisional, which is brought to despair; thus hardship's pressure is what draws forth! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 pp. 111–112<blockquote> Imagine, as indeed is the case, an animal that has a defense weapon with which it defends itself but which it uses only in mortal danger. Eternity's hope is in a person's innermost being in the same way; hardship is the mortal danger. Imagine a creeping animal that nevertheless has wings that it can use when it is brought to an extremity, but for everyday use it does not find it worth the trouble to use them. Eternity's hope is in a person's innermost being in the same way; he has wings but he must be brought to an extremity in order to discover them, or in order to develop them, or in order to use them! Søren Kierkegaard Christian Discourses 1848 Hong 1997 p. 112</blockquote> He was writing about the subjective inward nature of God's encounter with the individual in many of his books, and his goal was to get the single individual away from all the <a href="/wiki/Speculative_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative reason">speculation</a> that was going on about God and Christ. Speculation creates quantities of ways to find God and his Goods but finding faith in Christ and putting the understanding to use stops all speculation, because then one begins to actually exist as a Christian, or in an ethical/religious way. He was against an individual waiting until certain of God's love and salvation before beginning to try to become a Christian. He defined this as a "special type of religious conflict the Germans call Anfechtung" (contesting or disputing).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> In Kierkegaard's view, the Church should not try to prove Christianity or even defend it. It should help the single individual to make a <a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a>, the faith that God is love and has a task for that very same single individual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992465-111">[111]</a> He wrote the following about fear and trembling and love as early as 1839, "Fear and trembling is not the primus motor in the Christian life, for it is love; but it is what the oscillating balance wheel is to the clock—it is the oscillating balance wheel of the Christian life."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Kierkegaard identified the <a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a> as the good resolution.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Kierkegaard discussed the <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_faith" title="Knight of faith">knight of faith</a> in Works of Love, 1847 by using the story of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman" title="Jesus healing the bleeding woman">Jesus healing the bleeding woman</a> who showed the " originality of faith" by believing that if she touched Jesus' robe she would be healed. She kept that secret within herself.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <blockquote>If <a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">doubt</a> is the beginning, then God is lost long before the end, and the individual is released from always having a task, but also from always having the comfort that there is always a task. But if the <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">consciousness of guilt</a> is the beginning, then the beginning of doubt is rendered impossible, and then the joy is that there is always a task. The joy, then, is that it is eternally <a href="/wiki/Certain" class="mw-redirect" title="Certain">certain</a> that God is love; more specifically understood, the joy is that there is always a task. As long as there is life there is hope, but as long as there is a task there is life, and as long as there is life there is hope—indeed, the task itself is not merely a hope for a future time but is a joyful present. Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 277, 279–280</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard wrote his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments in 1846 and here he tried to explain the intent of the first part of his authorship.<a href="#cite_note-PtView-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> He said, "Christianity will not be content to be an evolution within the total category of human nature; an engagement such as that is too little to offer to a god. Neither does it even want to be the paradox for the believer, and then surreptitiously, little by little, provide him with understanding, because the martyrdom of faith (to crucify one's understanding) is not a martyrdom of the moment, but the martyrdom of continuance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191Kierkegaard1992496–497,_501–505,_510,_538–539,_556,_559-117">[117]</a> The second part of his authorship was summed up in <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191-118">[118]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The deification of the established order is the secularization of everything. With regard to secular matters, the established order may be entirely right: one should join the established order, be satisfied with that relativity, etc. But ultimately the relationship with God is also secularized; we want it to coincide with a certain relativity, do not want it to be something essentially different from our positions in life—rather than that it shall be the absolute for every individual human being and this, the individual person's God-relationship, shall be precisely what keeps every established order in suspense, and that God, at any moment he chooses, if he merely presses upon an individual in his relationship with God, promptly has a witness, an informer, a spy, or whatever you want to call it, one who in <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconditional obedience">unconditional obedience</a> and with unconditional obedience, by being persecuted, by suffering, by dying, keeps the established order in suspense.</blockquote> Early Kierkegaardian scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Croxall" title="Thomas Henry Croxall">Thomas Henry Croxall</a>, argue that the entire authorship should be treated as Kierkegaard's own personal and religious views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1989-119">[119]</a> This view leads to confusions and contradictions which make Kierkegaard appear philosophically incoherent.<a href="#cite_note-Marcia-120">[120]</a> Later scholars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Post-structuralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-structuralists">post-structuralists</a>, interpreted Kierkegaard's work by attributing the pseudonymous texts to their respective authors.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern Christianity">Postmodern Christians</a> present a different interpretation of Kierkegaard's works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1996-122">[122]</a> Kierkegaard used the category of "The Individual" to stop the endless Either/Or.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudonyms">Pseudonyms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pseudonyms">edit</a>]</div> Kierkegaard's most important pseudonyms,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> in chronological order, were: <ul><li>Victor Eremita, editor of <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></li> <li>A, writer of many articles in Either/Or</li> <li>Judge William, author of rebuttals to A in Either/Or</li> <li>Johannes de Silentio, author of <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a></li> <li>Constantine Constantius, author of the first half of <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(Kierkegaard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard)">Repetition</a></li> <li>Young Man, author of the second half of Repetition</li> <li>Vigilius Haufniensis, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a></li> <li>Nicolaus Notabene, author of <a href="/wiki/Prefaces" title="Prefaces">Prefaces</a></li> <li>Hilarius Bookbinder, editor of <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a></li> <li>Johannes Climacus, author of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript">Concluding Unscientific Postscript</a></li> <li>Inter et Inter, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_and_a_Crisis_in_the_Life_of_an_Actress" title="The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress">The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress</a></li> <li>H.H., author of <a href="/wiki/Two_Minor_Ethical-Religious_Essays" title="Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays">Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays</a></li> <li>Anti-Climacus, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_unto_Death" title="The Sickness unto Death">The Sickness unto Death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a></li></ul> Kierkegaard explained his pseudonyms this way in his Concluding Unscientific Postscript:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992625–626-125">[125]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In Either/Or, I am just as little, precisely just as little, the editor Victor Eremita as I am the Seducer or the Judge. He is a poetically actual subjective thinker who is found again in "In Vino Veritas". In Fear and Trembling, I am just as little, precisely just as little, Johannes de Silentio as the knight of faith he depicts, and in turn just as little the author of the preface to the book, which is the individuality—lines of a poetically actual subjective thinker. In the story of suffering ("'Guilty?'/'Not Guilty'"), I am just as remote from being Quidam of the imaginary construction as from being the imaginative constructor, just as remote, since the imaginative constructor is a poetically actual subjective thinker and what is imaginatively constructed is his psychologically consistent production.</blockquote> All of these writings analyze the concept of faith, on the supposition that if people are confused about faith, as Kierkegaard thought the inhabitants of Christendom were, they will not be in a position to develop the virtue. Faith is a matter of reflection in the sense that one cannot have the virtue unless one has the concept of virtue—or at any rate the concepts that govern faith's understanding of self, world, and God.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Corsair_affair">The Corsair affair</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Corsair affair">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_i_Corsaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A caricature; the figure is standing facing left, with a top-hat, cane, formal attire. The caricature is overemphasizing his back, by making him appear as a hunchback." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_i_Corsaren.jpg/170px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_i_Corsaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_i_Corsaren.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Kierkegaard published in <a href="/wiki/Corsaren" title="Corsaren">The Corsair</a>, a satirical journal</figcaption></figure> On 22 December 1845, <a href="/wiki/Peder_Ludvig_M%C3%B8ller" title="Peder Ludvig Møller">Peder Ludvig Møller</a>, who studied at the University of Copenhagen at the same time as Kierkegaard, published an article indirectly criticizing <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a>. The article complimented Kierkegaard for his wit and intellect, but questioned whether he would ever be able to master his talent and write coherent, complete works. Møller was also a contributor to and editor of <a href="/wiki/Corsaren" title="Corsaren">The Corsair</a>, a Danish satirical paper that lampooned everyone of notable standing. Kierkegaard published a sarcastic response, charging that Møller's article was merely an attempt to impress Copenhagen's literary elite. Kierkegaard wrote two small pieces in response to Møller, The Activity of a Traveling Esthetician and Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action. The former focused on insulting Møller's integrity while the latter was a directed assault on The Corsair, in which Kierkegaard, after criticizing the journalistic quality and reputation of the paper, openly asked The Corsair to satirize him.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Kierkegaard's response earned him the ire of the paper and its second editor, also an intellectual of Kierkegaard's own age, <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%AFr_Aron_Goldschmidt" title="Meïr Aron Goldschmidt">Meïr Aron Goldschmidt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005395–401-128">[128]</a> Over the next few months, The Corsair took Kierkegaard up on his offer to "be abused", and unleashed a series of attacks making fun of Kierkegaard's appearance, voice and habits. For months, Kierkegaard perceived himself to be the victim of harassment on the streets of Denmark. In a journal entry dated 9 March 1846, Kierkegaard made a long, detailed explanation of his attack on Møller and The Corsair, and also explained that this attack made him rethink his strategy of indirect communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005411–412-129">[129]</a> There had been much discussion in Denmark about the pseudonymous authors until the publication of <a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a>, 27 February 1846, where he openly admitted to be the author of the books because people began wondering if he was, in fact, a Christian or not.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992251ff-131">[131]</a> Several Journal entries from that year shed some light on what Kierkegaard hoped to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> This book was published under an earlier pseudonym, Johannes Climacus. On 30 March 1846 he published <a href="/wiki/Two_Ages:_A_Literary_Review" title="Two Ages: A Literary Review">Two Ages: A Literary Review</a>, under his own name. A critique of the novel Two Ages (in some translations Two Generations) written by <a href="/wiki/Thomasine_Christine_Gyllembourg-Ehrensv%C3%A4rd" title="Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd">Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd</a>, Kierkegaard made several insightful observations on what he considered the nature of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a> and its passionless attitude towards life. Kierkegaard writes that "the present age is essentially a sensible age, devoid of passion ... The trend today is in the direction of mathematical equality, so that in all classes about so and so many uniformly make one individual".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200186-136">[136]</a> In this, Kierkegaard attacked the <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a> of individuals into "the crowd" which became the standard for truth, since it was the numerical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] How can one love the neighbor if the neighbor is always regarded as the wealthy or the poor or the lame?<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A useless and perhaps futile conflict goes on often enough in the world, when the poor person says to the wealthy person, "Sure, it's easy for you—you are free from worry about making a living." Would to God that the poor person would really understand how the Gospel is much more kindly disposed to him, is treating him equally and more lovingly. Truly, the Gospel does not let itself be deceived into taking sides with anyone against someone else, with someone who is wealthy against someone who is poor, or with someone who is poor against someone who is wealthy. Among individuals in the world, the conflict of disconnected comparison is frequently carried on about dependence and independence, about the happiness of being independent and the difficulty of being dependent. And yet, yet human language has not ever, and thought has not ever, invented a more beautiful symbol of independence than the poor bird of the air. And yet, yet no speech can be more curious than to say that it must be very bad and very heavy to be—light as the bird! To be dependent on one's treasure—that is dependence and hard and heavy slavery; to be dependent on God, completely dependent—that is independence. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 180–181</blockquote> As part of his analysis of the "crowd", Kierkegaard accused newspapers of decay and decadence. Kierkegaard stated Christendom had "lost its way" by recognizing "the crowd", as the many who are moved by newspaper stories, as the court of last resort in relation to "the truth". Truth comes to a single individual, not all people at one and the same time. Just as truth comes to one individual at a time so does love. One doesn't love the crowd but does love their neighbor, who is a single individual. He says, "never have I read in the Holy Scriptures this command: You shall love the crowd; even less: You shall, ethico-religiously, recognize in the crowd the court of last resort in relation to 'the truth.'"<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authorship_(1847–1855)">Authorship (1847–1855)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Authorship (1847–1855)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Søren Kierkegaard">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Søren Kierkegaard">Wikisource</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kierkegaard began to publish under his own name again in 1847: the three-part <a href="/wiki/Edifying_Discourses_in_Diverse_Spirits" title="Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits">Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> It included Purity of Heart is to Will One Thing, What we Learn from the Lilies in the Field and from the Birds in the Air, and The Gospel of Sufferings. He asked, What does it mean to be a single individual who wants to do the good? What does it mean to be a human being? What does it mean to follow Christ? He now moves from "upbuilding (<a href="/wiki/Edification" title="Edification">Edifying</a>) discourses" to "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Christian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Christian">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">discourses</a>", however, he still maintains that these are not "<a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a>".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> A sermon is about struggle with oneself about the tasks life offers one and about repentance for not completing the tasks.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Later, in 1849, he wrote <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devotion#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:devotion">devotional</a> discourses and Godly discourses.<blockquote>Is it really hopelessness to reject the task because it is too heavy; is it really hopelessness almost to collapse under the burden because it is so heavy; is it really hopelessness to give up hope out of fear of the task? Oh no, but this is hopelessness: to will with all one's might—but there is no task. Thus, only if there is nothing to do and if the person who says it were without guilt before God—for if he is guilty, there is indeed always something to do—only if there is nothing to do and this is understood to mean that there is no task, only then is there hopelessness. Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 277</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">While the Savior of the world sighs, "My God, my God, why have you abandoned me," the <a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">repentant robber</a> humbly understands, but still also as a relief, that it is not God who has abandoned him, but it is he who has abandoned God, and, repenting, he says to the one crucified with him: Remember me when you come into your kingdom. It is a heavy human suffering to reach for God's mercy in the anxiety of death and with belated repentance at the moment of despicable death, but yet the repentant robber finds relief when he compares his suffering with the superhuman suffering of being abandoned by God. To be abandoned by God, that indeed means to be without a task. It means to be deprived of the final task that every human being always has, the task of patience, the task that has its ground in God's not having abandoned the sufferer. Hence Christ's suffering is superhuman and his patience superhuman, so that no human being can grasp either the one or the other. Although it is beneficial that we speak quite humanly of Christ's suffering, if we speak of it merely as if he were the human being who has suffered the most, it is blasphemy, because although his suffering is human, it is also superhuman, and there is an eternal chasmic abyss between his suffering and the human being's. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p.280</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> followed these discourses on (29 September 1847). Both books were authored under his own name. It was written under the themes "Love covers a multitude of sins" and "Love builds up". (<a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a> 4:8 and <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_8" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 8">1 Corinthians 8</a>:1) Kierkegaard believed that "all human speech, even divine speech of Holy Scripture, about the <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> is essentially <a href="/wiki/Metaphorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphorical">metaphorical</a> speech".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> "To build up" is a metaphorical expression. One can never be all human or all spirit, one must be both. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> When it is said, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself," this contains what is presupposed, that every person loves himself. Thus, Christianity which by no means begins, as do those high flying thinkers, without presuppositions, nor with a flattering presupposition, presupposes this. Dare we then deny that it is as Christianity presupposes? But on the other hand, it is possible for anyone to misunderstand Christianity, as if it were its intention to teach what worldly sagacity unanimously—alas, and yet contentiously—teaches, "that everyone is closest to himself." Is it possible for anyone to misunderstand this, as if it were Christianity's intention to proclaim self-love as a prescriptive right? Indeed on the contrary, it is Christianity's intention to wrest self-love away from us human beings. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong p. 17 All human speech, even the divine speech of Holy Scripture, about the spiritual is essentially metaphorical [overfot, carried over] speech. And this is quite in order or in the order of things and of existence, since a human being, even if from the moment of birth his is a spirit, still does not become conscious of himself as a spirit until later and thus has sensately-psychically acted out a certain part of his life prior to this. But this first portion is not to be cast aside when the spirit awakens any more than the awakening of the spirit in contrast to the sensate-physical announces itself in a sensate-physical way. On the contrary, the first portion is taken over—[overtage] by the spirit and, used in this way, is thus made the basis—it becomes the metaphorical. Therefore, the spiritual person and the sensate person say the same thing; yet there is an infinite difference, since the latter has no intimation of the secret of the metaphorical words although he is using the same words, but not in their metaphorical sense. There is a world of difference between the two; the one has made the transition or let himself be carried over to the other side, while the other remains on this side; yet they have the connection that both are using the same words. The person in whom the spirit has awakened does not as a consequence abandon the visible-world. Although conscious of himself as spirit, he continues to remain in the visible world and to be visible to the senses, in the same way he also remains in the language, except that his language is the metaphorical language! But the metaphorical words are of course not brand-new words but are the already given words. Just as the spirit is invisible, so also is its language a secret, and the secret lies in its using the same words as the child and the simpleminded person but using them metaphorically, whereby the spirit denies the sensate or sensate-physical way. The difference is by no means a noticeable difference. For this reason we rightfully regard it as a sign of false spirituality to parade a noticeable difference—which is merely sensate, whereas the spirit's manner is the metaphor's quiet, whispering secret—for the person who has ears to hear. Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, 1847, Hong 1995 pp. 209–210 Love builds up by <a href="/wiki/Presupposition" title="Presupposition">presupposing</a> that love is present. Have you not experienced this yourself, my listener? If anyone has ever spoken to you in such a way or treated you in such a way that you really felt built up, this was because you very vividly perceived how he presupposed love to be in you. Wisdom is a being-for-itself quality; power, talent, knowledge, etc. are likewise being-for-itself qualities. To be wise does not mean to presuppose that others are wise; on the contrary, it may be very wise and true if the truly wise person assumes that far from all people are wise. But love is not a being-for-itself quality but a quality by which or in which you are for others. Loving means to presuppose love in others. Søren Kierkegaard Works of Love, Hong pp. 222–224</blockquote> Later, in the same book, Kierkegaard deals with the question of sin and forgiveness. He uses the same text he used earlier in <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a>, Love hides a multitude of sins. (<a href="/wiki/1_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Peter">1 Peter</a> 4:8). He asks if "one who tells his neighbors faults hides or increases the multitude of sins".<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But the one who takes away the consciousness of sin and gives the consciousness of forgiveness instead—he indeed takes away the heavy burden and gives the light one in its place. Søren Kierkegaard, 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 246 The one who loves sees the sin he forgives, but he believes that forgiveness takes it away. This cannot be seen, whereas the sin can indeed be seen; on the other hand, if the sin did not exist to be seen, it could not be forgiven either. Just as one by faith believes the unseen into what is seen, so the one who loves by forgiveness believes away what is seen. Both are faith. Blessed is the believer, he believes what he cannot see; blessed is the one who loves, he believes away that which he indeed can see! Who can believe this? The one who loves can do it. But why is forgiveness so rare? Is it not because faith in the power of forgiveness is so meager and so rare? Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, 1847 Hong pp. 289–295</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg/330px-Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg/440px-Meister_des_Lehrbuchs_Kaiser_Maximilians_I._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2765" /></a><figcaption>Matthew 6</figcaption></figure> In 1848, he published <a href="/wiki/Christian_Discourses" title="Christian Discourses">Christian Discourses</a> under his own name and <a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_and_a_Crisis_in_the_Life_of_an_Actress" title="The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress">The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress</a> under the pseudonym Inter et Inter. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Discourses" title="Christian Discourses">Christian Discourses</a> deals the same theme as <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a>. The text is the Gospel of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">Matthew 6</a> verses 24–34. This was the same passage he had used in his What We Learn From the Lilies in the Field and From the Birds of the Air of 1847. He wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A man who but rarely, and then only cursorily, concerns himself with his relationship to God, hardly thinks or dreams that he has so closely to do with God, or that God is so close to him, that there exists a reciprocal relationship between him and God, the stronger a man is, the weaker God is, the weaker a man is, the stronger God is in him. Every one who assumes that a God exists naturally thinks of Him as the strongest, as He eternally is, being the Almighty who creates out of nothing, and for whom all the creation is as nothing; but such a man hardly thinks of the possibility of a reciprocal relationship. And yet for God, the infinitely strongest, there is an obstacle; He has posited it Himself, yea, He has lovingly, with incomprehensible love posited it Himself; for He posited it and posits it every time a man comes into existence, when He in His love makes to be something directly in <a href="/wiki/Apposition" title="Apposition">apposition</a> to Himself. Oh, marvelous omnipotence of love! A man cannot bear that his 'creations' should be directly in apposition to Himself, and so he speaks of them in a tone of disparagement as his 'creations'. But God who creates out of nothing, who almightily takes from nothing and says, '<a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Be</a>', lovingly adjoins, 'Be something even in apposition to me.' Marvellous love, even His omnipotence is under the sway of love! Søren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses, 1848 Lowrie 1940, 1961 p. 132</blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is actually true that Christianity requires the Christian to give up and forsake all things. This was not required in Old Testament times, God did not require Job to give up anything, and of Abraham he required expressly, as a test, only that he give up Isaac. But in fact Christianity is also the religion of freedom, it is precisely the voluntary which is the Christian. Voluntarily to give up all is to be convinced of the glory of the good which Christianity promises. There is one thing God cannot take away from a man, namely, the voluntary—and it is precisely this which Christianity requires of man. Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – For Edification 1848 pp. 187–188 (From Christian Discourses Translated by Walter Lowrie 1940, 1961)</blockquote> Kierkegaard tried to explain his prolific use of pseudonyms again in <a href="/wiki/The_Point_of_View_of_My_Work_as_an_Author" title="The Point of View of My Work as an Author">The Point of View of My Work as an Author</a>, his autobiographical explanation for his writing style. The book was finished in 1848, but not published until after his death by his brother <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christian_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Christian Kierkegaard">Peter Christian Kierkegaard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(author)" title="Walter Lowrie (author)">Walter Lowrie</a> mentioned Kierkegaard's "profound religious experience of Holy Week 1848" as a turning point from "indirect communication" to "direct communication" regarding Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> However, Kierkegaard stated that he was a religious author throughout all of his writings and that his aim was to discuss "the problem 'of becoming a Christian', with a direct <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> against the monstrous illusion we call Christendom".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> He expressed the illusion this way in his 1848 "Christian <a href="/wiki/Public_speaking" title="Public speaking">Address</a>", Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – for Edification. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Oh, in the customary course of life there is so much to lull a man to sleep, to teach him to say, 'Peace and no danger.' It is for this cause we go into the house of God, to be awakened out of sleep and to be riven away from the enchantments. But then again when there is so much in the house of God to lull us! Even that which in itself is arousing, such as thoughts, reflections, ideas, can by custom and monotony lose all their significance, just as a spring can lose the resilience which makes it what it is. So, then (to approach nearer to the subject of this discourse), it is right, reasonable, and a plain duty, to invite men, over and over again, to come to the house of the Lord, to summon them to it. But one may become so accustomed to hearing this invitation that one may lose all sense of its significance, so that at last one steps away and it ends with the invitation preaching the church empty. Or one may become so accustomed to hearing this invitation that it develops false ideas in those that come, makes us self-important in our own thoughts, that we are not as they who remain away, makes us self-satisfied, secure, because it envelops us in a delusion, as though, since we are so urgently invited, God were in need of us, as though it were not we who in fear and trembling should reflect what He may require of us, as though it were not we who should sincerely thank God that He will have dealings with us, that He will suffer and permit us to approach Him, suffer that we presume to believe that He cares for us, that without being ashamed He will be known as one who is called our God and our Father. So concerning this matter let us for once talk differently, in talking of these words of the preacher: Keep thy foot when thou goest to the house of the Lord. (Ecclesiastes 5:1) Søren Kierkegaard, Thoughts Which Wound From Behind – for Edification, Christian Address, Copenhagen 1848, Lowrie translation1961 pp. 173–174<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></blockquote> He wrote three discourses under his own name and one pseudonymous book in 1849. He wrote The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air. Three Devotional Discourses, Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays and Two Ethical–Religious Essays. The first thing any child finds in life is the external world of nature. This is where God placed his natural teachers. He's been writing about confession and now openly writes about <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> which is generally preceded by confession. This he began with the confessions of the esthete and the ethicist in <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> and the highest good <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a> in the discourse of that same book. His goal has always been to help people become religious but specifically Christian religious. He summed his position up earlier in his book, The Point of View of My Work as an Author, but this book was not published until 1859. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In the month of December 1845 the manuscript of the Concluding Postscript was completely finished, and, as my custom was, I had delivered the whole of it at once to Lune [the printer]—which the suspicious do not have to believe on my word, since Luno's account-book is there to prove it. This work constitutes the turning-point in my whole activity as an author, inasmuch as it presents the 'problem', how to become a Christian. In a Christian sense simplicity is not the point of departure from which one goes on to become interesting, witty, profound, poet, philosopher, &c. No, the very contrary. Here is where one begins (with the interesting, &c.) and becomes simpler and simpler, attaining simplicity. This, in 'Christendom' is the Christian movement: one does not reflect oneself into Christianity; but one reflects oneself out of something else and becomes, more and more simply, a Christian. I have never fought in such a way as to say: I am the true Christian, others are not Christians. No, my contention has been this: I know what Christianity is, my imperfection as a Christian I myself fully recognize—but I know what Christianity is. And to get this properly recognized must be, I should think, to every man's interest, whether he be a Christian or not, whether his intention is to accept Christianity or to reject it. But I have attacked no one as not being a Christian, I have condemned no one. And I myself have from the first clearly asserted, again and again repeated, that I am 'without authority'.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Søren Kierkegaard, The Point of View of My Work as an Author Lowrie, 53, 144, 153–155</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg/220px-The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg/330px-The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/The_Sickness_Unto_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The Sickness unto Death</figcaption></figure> The second edition of Either/Or was published early in 1849. Later that year he published <a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_unto_Death" title="The Sickness unto Death">The Sickness unto Death</a>, under the pseudonym Anti-Climacus. He's against Johannes Climacus, who kept writing books about trying to understand Christianity. Here he says, "Let others admire and praise the person who pretends to comprehend Christianity. I regard it as a plain ethical task—perhaps requiring not a little self-denial in these speculative times, when all 'the others' are busy with comprehending—to admit that one is neither able nor supposed to comprehend it."<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Sickness unto death was a familiar phrase in Kierkegaard's earlier writings.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> This sickness is <a href="/wiki/Despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Despair">despair</a> and for Kierkegaard despair is a sin. Despair is the impossibility of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/possibility" class="extiw" title="wikt:possibility">possibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Kierkegaard writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When a person who has been addicted to some sin or other but over a considerable period has now successfully resisted the temptation—when this person has a relapse and succumbs again to the temptation, then the depression that ensues is by no means always sorrow over the sin. It can be something quite different; it might also, for that matter, be resentment of divine governance, as if it were the latter that had let him fall into temptation and should not have been so hard on him, seeing that until now he had for so long successfully resisted the temptation. Such a person protests, perhaps in even stronger terms, how this relapse tortures and torments him, how it brings him to despair: he swears, 'I will never forgive myself.' He never forgives himself—but suppose God would <a href="/wiki/Forgive" class="mw-redirect" title="Forgive">forgive</a> him; then he might well have the goodness to forgive himself. The Sickness unto Death, by Anti-Climacus, Edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1849 Translation with an Introduction and notes by Alastair Hannay 1989 p. 144</blockquote> In <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a>, 25 September 1850, his last pseudonymous work, he stated, "In this book, originating in the year 1848, the requirement for being a Christian is forced up by the pseudonymous author to a supreme ideality."<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> This work was called Training in Christianity when Walter Lowrie translated it in 1941. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Christ is the truth in the sense that to be the truth is the only true explanation of what truth is. Therefore one can ask an apostle, one can ask a Christian, "What is truth?" and in answer to the question the apostle and the Christian will point to Christ and say: Look at him, learn from him, he was the truth. This means that truth in the sense in which Christ is the truth is not a sum of statements, not a definition etc., but a life. The being of truth is not the direct redoubling of being in relation to thinking, which gives only thought-being, safeguards thinking only against being a brain-figment that is not, guarantees validity to thinking, that what is thought is—that is, has validity. No, the being of truth is the redoubling of truth within yourself, within me, within him, that your life, my life, his life is approximately the being of the truth in the striving for it, just as the truth was in Christ a life, for he was the truth. And therefore, Christianly understood, truth is obviously not to know the truth but to be the truth.</blockquote><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1991205-155">[155]</a> He now pointedly referred to the acting single individual in his next three publications; <a href="/wiki/For_Self-Examination" title="For Self-Examination">For Self-Examination</a>, Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays, and in 1852 <a href="/wiki/Judge_for_Yourselves!" title="Judge for Yourselves!">Judge for Yourselves!</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Judge for Yourselves! was published posthumously in 1876. Here is an interesting quote from For Self Examination.<blockquote>If in observing the present state of the world and life in general, from a Christian point of view one had to say (and from a Christian point of view with complete justification): It is a disease. And if I were a physician and someone asked me "What do you think should be done?" I would answer, "The first thing, the unconditional condition for anything to be done, consequently the very first thing that must be done is: create silence, bring about silence; God's Word cannot be heard, and if in order to be heard in the hullabaloo it must be shouted deafeningly with noisy instruments, then it is not God's Word; create silence! Ah, everything is noisy; and just as strong drink is said to stir the blood, so everything in our day, even the most insignificant project, even the most empty communication, is designed merely to jolt the senses and to stir up the masses, the crowd, the public, noise! And man, this clever fellow, seems to have become sleepless in order to invent ever new instruments to increase noise, to spread noise and insignificance with the greatest possible haste and on the greatest possible scale. Yes, everything is soon turned upside-down: communication is indeed soon brought to its lowest point in regard to meaning, and simultaneously the means of communication are indeed brought to their highest with regard to speedy and overall circulation; for what is publicized with such hot haste and, on the other hand, what has greater circulation than—rubbish! Oh, create silence!" Søren Kierkegaard, For Self-Examination 1851 pp. 47–48 Hong 1990</blockquote> In 1851 Kierkegaard wrote his Two Discourses at the Communion on Fridays where he once more discussed sin, forgiveness, and authority using that same verse from 1 Peter 4:8 that he used twice in 1843 with his <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Would that there were a hiding place where I am so hidden that not even the consciousness of my sin can find me! Would that there were a border, however narrow, if it still makes a separation between me and my sin! Would that on the other side of a chasmic abyss there were a spot, however little, where I could stand, while the consciousness of my sin must remain on the other side. Would that there were a forgiveness, a forgiveness that does not increase my sense of guilt but truly takes the guilt from me, also the consciousness of it. Would that there were oblivion! But now this is indeed that way it is, because love (Christ's love) hides a multitude of sins. Behold, everything has become new. .... A human being has no authority, cannot command that you shall believe and just by commanding you with authority help you to believe. But if it requires authority even to teach, what authority is required, even greater, if possible, then the authority that commands the heaving sea to be still, to command the despairing person, the one who in the agony of repentance is unable and does not dare to forget, the prostrate penitent who is unable and does not dare to stop staring at his guilt, what authority is required to command him to shut his eyes, and what authority is then required to command him to open the eyes of faith so that he sees purity where he saw guilt and sin! That divine authority he alone has, Jesus Christ, whose love hides a multitude of sins. He hides it very literally. Just as when one person places himself in front of another person and covers him so completely with his body that no one, no one, can see the person hidden behind him, so Jesus Christ covers your sin with his holy body. <ul><li>Søren Kierkegaard, Two Discourses at Friday Communion, 1851 (Love Will Hide a Multitude of Sins 1 Peter 4:8) From Without Authority, Hong 1997 pp. 184–185</li></ul></blockquote> Kierkegaard began his 1843 book Either/Or with a question: "Are passions, then, the pagans of the soul? Reason alone baptized?"<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> He didn't want to devote himself to <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thought</a> or <a href="/wiki/Speculative_reason" class="mw-redirect" title="Speculative reason">Speculation</a> like Hegel did. Faith, hope, love, peace, patience, joy, self-control, vanity, kindness, humility, courage, cowardliness, pride, deceit, and selfishness. These are the inner passions that Thought knows little about. Hegel begins the process of education with Thought but Kierkegaard thinks we could begin with passion, or a balance between the two, a balance between Goethe and Hegel.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> He was against endless reflection with no <a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">passion</a> involved. But at the same time he did not want to draw more attention to the external display of passion but the internal (hidden) passion of the single individual. Kierkegaard clarified this intention in his Journals.<a href="#cite_note-Søren_Kierkegaard_1851-104">[104]</a> Schelling put Nature first and Hegel put Reason first but Kierkegaard put the human being first and the choice first in his writings. He makes an argument against Nature here and points out that most single individuals begin life as spectators of the visible world and work toward knowledge of the invisible world. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Is it a perfection on the part of the bird that in hard times it sits and dies of hunger and knows of nothing at all to do, that, dazed, it lets itself fall to the ground and dies? Usually we do not talk this way. When a sailor lies down in the boat and lets matters take their course in the storm and knows nothing to do, we do not speak of his perfection. But when a doughty sailor knows how to steer, when he works against the storm with ingenuity, with strength, and with perseverance, when he works himself out of the danger, we admire him.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, 1847, Hong p. 198</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_(Podhorce).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg/220px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg/330px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg/440px-Jacob_Jordaens_-_The_Good_Samaritan_%28Podhorce%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Parable of the Good Samaritan</a> described in works of love</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_window,_St_Nicholas,_Wallasey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg/220px-Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg/330px-Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg/440px-Parkin_window%2C_St_Nicholas%2C_Wallasey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="5172" /></a><figcaption>Matthew 6:33</figcaption></figure><blockquote>Suppose that it were not one man who traveled from <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Good_Samaritan" title="Parable of the Good Samaritan">Jericho to Jerusalem</a>, but there were two, and both of them were assaulted by robbers and maimed, and no traveler passed by. Suppose, then, that one of them did nothing but moan, while the other forgot and surmounted his own suffering to speak comfortingly, friendly words or, what involved great pain, dragged himself to some water to fetch the other a refreshing drink. Or suppose that they were both bereft of speech, but one of them in his silent prayer sighed to God also for the other—was he then not merciful? If someone has cut off my hands, then I cannot play the zither, and if someone has cut off my feet, then I cannot dance, and if I lie crippled on the shore, then I cannot throw myself into the sea to rescue another person's life, and if I myself am lying with a broken arm or leg, then I cannot plunge into the flames to save another's life—but I can still be merciful. I have often pondered how a painter might portray mercifulness, but I have decided that it cannot be done. As soon as a painter is to do it, it becomes dubious whether it is <a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">mercifulness</a> or it is something else. <ul><li>Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong 1995 p. 324</li></ul> </blockquote><blockquote>Seek Ye First God's Kingdom And His Righteousness <a href="/wiki/Matthew_6:33" title="Matthew 6:33">Matthew 6:33</a> But what does this mean, what have I to do, or what sort of effort is it that can be said to seek or pursue the kingdom of God? Shall I try to get a job suitable to my talents and powers in order thereby to exert an influence? No, thou shalt first seek God's kingdom. Shall I then give all my fortune to the poor? No, thou shalt first seek God's kingdom. Shall I then go out to proclaim this teaching to the world? No, thou shalt first seek God's kingdom. But then in a certain sense it is nothing I shall do. Yes, certainly, in a certain it is nothing, thou shalt in the deepest sense make thyself nothing, become nothing before God, learn to keep silent; in this silence is the beginning, which is, first to seek God's kingdom. In this wise, a godly wise, one gets to the beginning by going, in a sense, backwards. The beginning is not that with which one begins, but at which one arrives at the beginning backwards. The beginning is this art of becoming silent; for to be silent, as nature is, is not an art. It is man's superiority over the beasts to be able to speak; but in relation to God it can easily become the ruin of man who is able to speak that he is too willing to speak. God is love, man is (as one says to a child) a silly little thing, even so far as his own wellbeing is concerned. Only in much <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_trembling" class="mw-redirect" title="Fear and trembling">fear and trembling</a> can a man walk with God; in much fear and trembling. But to talk in much fear and trembling is difficult for as a sense of dread causes the bodily voice to fail; so also does much fear and trembling render the voice mute in silence. This the true man of prayer knows well, and he who was not the true man of prayer learned precisely this by <a href="/wiki/Praying" class="mw-redirect" title="Praying">praying</a>. <ul><li>Søren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses, 1848 Lowrie 1940, 1961 p. 322</li></ul></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> makes a related argument against reason in his 1945 book The Divine and the Human.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack_upon_the_Lutheran_State_Church">Attack upon the Lutheran State Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attack upon the Lutheran State Church">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg/220px-Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg/330px-Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg/440px-Rundet%C3%A5rn_view_2_new_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>"Vor Frue Kirke", the Lutheran cathedral in Copenhagen (completed 1829)</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard's final years were taken up with a sustained, outright attack on the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a> by means of newspaper articles published in The Fatherland (Fædrelandet) and a series of self-published pamphlets called The Moment (Øjeblikket), also translated as The Instant. These pamphlets are now included in Kierkegaard's Attack Upon Christendom.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> The Moment was translated into German and other European languages in 1861 and again in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Kierkegaard first moved to action after Professor (soon Bishop) <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Hans Lassen Martensen</a> gave a speech in church in which he called the recently deceased Bishop <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Peter_Mynster" title="Jacob Peter Mynster">Jacob Peter Mynster</a> a "truth-witness, one of the authentic truth-witnesses".<a href="#cite_note-Elmer-7">[7]</a> Kierkegaard explained, in his first article, that Mynster's death permitted him—at last—to be frank about his opinions. He later wrote that all his former output had been "preparations" for this attack, postponed for years waiting for two preconditions: 1) both his father and bishop Mynster should be dead before the attack, and 2) he should himself have acquired a name as a famous theologic writer.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Kierkegaard's father had been Mynster's close friend, but Søren had long come to see that Mynster's conception of Christianity was mistaken, demanding too little of its adherents. Kierkegaard strongly objected to the portrayal of Mynster as a 'truth-witness'. Kierkegaard described the hope the witness to the truth has in 1847 and in his Journals. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When the concepts are shaken in an upheaval that is more terrible than an earthquake, when the truth is hated and its witness persecuted—what then? Must the witness submit to the world? Yes. But does that mean all is lost? No, on the contrary. We remain convinced of this, and thus no proof is needed, for if it is not so, then such a person is not a witness to the truth either. Therefore we are reassured that even in the last moments such a person has retained a youthful recollection of what the youth expected, and he therefore has examined himself and his relationship before God to see whether the defect could lie in him, whether it was not possible for it to become, as the youth had expected, something he perhaps now desired most for the sake of the world—namely, that truth has the victory and good has its reward in the world. Woe to the one who presumptuously, precipitously, and impetuously brings the horror of confusion into more peaceable situations; but woe, also, to the one who, if it was necessary, did not have the bold confidence to turn everything around the second time when it was turned around the first time! Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong p. 330</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Relating oneself to the ideal in one's personal life is never seen. Such a life is the life of the witness to the truth. This rubric disappeared long ago, and preachers, philosophy professors, and poets have taken over the place of servants to the truth, whereby they no doubt are served very well—but they do not serve the truth. Søren Kierkegaard, Journals X 1A 11</blockquote> Kierkegaard's pamphlets and polemical books, including The Moment, criticized several aspects of church formalities and politics.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> According to Kierkegaard, the idea of congregations keeps individuals as children since Christians are disinclined from taking the initiative to take responsibility for their own relation to God. He stressed that "Christianity is the individual, here, the single individual".<a href="#cite_note-Malik-166">[166]</a> Furthermore, since the Church was controlled by the State, Kierkegaard believed the State's bureaucratic mission was to increase membership and oversee the welfare of its members. More members would mean more power for the clergymen: a corrupt ideal.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh,_2009-167">[167]</a> This mission would seem at odds with Christianity's true doctrine, which, to Kierkegaard, is to stress the importance of the individual, not the whole.<a href="#cite_note-Dru-50">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Thus, the state-church political structure is offensive and detrimental to individuals, since anyone can become "Christian" without knowing what it means to be Christian.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> It is also detrimental to the religion itself since it reduces Christianity to a mere fashionable tradition adhered to by unbelieving "believers", a "herd mentality" of the population, so to speak.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200323–24-170">[170]</a> Kierkegaard always stressed the importance of the conscience and the use of it.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> However, he showed marked elements of convergence with the medieval Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Nonetheless, Kierkegaard has been described as "profoundly <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>".<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg/180px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg/270px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg/360px-S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard%27s_grave_in_Assistens_Kirkeg%C3%A5rd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Søren Kierkegaard's grave in <a href="/wiki/Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)" title="Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)">Assistens Kirkegård</a></figcaption></figure> Before the tenth issue of his periodical The Moment could be published, Kierkegaard collapsed on the street. He stayed in the hospital for over a month<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> and refused communion. At that time he regarded pastors as mere political officials, a niche in society who were clearly not representative of the divine. He told Emil Boesen, a friend since childhood, who kept a record of his conversations with Kierkegaard, that his life had been one of immense suffering, which may have seemed like vanity to others, but he did not think it so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005788-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001414-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Kierkegaard died in <a href="/wiki/Frederiks_Hospital" title="Frederiks Hospital">Frederiks Hospital</a> after over a month, possibly from complications from a fall from a tree in his youth.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> It has been suggested by professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaare_Weismann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaare Weismann (page does not exist)">Kaare Weismann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaare_Weismann" class="extiw" title="de:Kaare Weismann">de</a>] and philosopher <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jens_Staubrand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jens Staubrand (page does not exist)">Jens Staubrand</a> [<a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Staubrand" class="extiw" title="da:Jens Staubrand">da</a>] that Kierkegaard died from <a href="/wiki/Pott_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Pott disease">Pott disease</a>, a form of tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> He was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Assistens_Cemetery_(Copenhagen)" title="Assistens Cemetery (Copenhagen)">Assistens Kirkegård</a> in the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8rrebro" title="Nørrebro">Nørrebro</a> section of Copenhagen. At Kierkegaard's funeral, his nephew Henrik Lund caused a disturbance by protesting Kierkegaard's burial by the official church. Lund maintained that Kierkegaard would never have approved, had he been alive, as he had broken from and denounced the institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005798-181">[181]</a> Lund was later fined for his disruption of the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005xix-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th-century_reception">19th-century reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th-century reception">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Fredrika Bremer</a> wrote of Kierkegaard in 1850: "While <a href="/wiki/Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Martensen</a> with his wealth of genius casts from his central position light upon every sphere of existence, upon all the phenomena of life, Søren Kierkegaard stands like another <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stylites" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Stylites">Simon Stylites</a>, upon his solitary column, with his eye unchangeably fixed upon one point."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBremer185022-183">[183]</a> In 1855, the Danish National Church published his obituary. Kierkegaard did have an impact there judging from the following quote from their article: "The fatal fruits which Dr. Kierkegaard show to arise from the union of Church and State, have strengthened the scruples of many of the believing laity, who now feel that they can remain no longer in the Church, because thereby they are in communion with unbelievers, for there is no ecclesiastical discipline."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahl1856129-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg/170px-NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg/255px-NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg/340px-NFS_Grundtvig_1820_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Nikolaj Frederik Severin Grundtvig (1783–1872)</figcaption></figure> Changes did occur in the administration of the Church and these changes were linked to Kierkegaard's writings. The Church noted that dissent was "something foreign to the national mind". On 5 April 1855, the Church enacted new policies: "every member of a congregation is free to attend the ministry of any clergyman, and is not, as formerly, bound to the one whose parishioner he is". In March 1857, compulsory infant <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> was abolished. Debates sprang up over the King's position as the head of the Church and over whether to adopt a constitution. <a href="/wiki/Grundtvig" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a> objected to having any written rules. Immediately following this announcement the "agitation occasioned by Kierkegaard" was mentioned. Kierkegaard was accused of <a href="/wiki/Weigelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Weigelianism">Weigelianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">Darbyism</a>, but the article continued to say, "One great truth has been made prominent, viz (namely): That there exists a worldly-minded clergy; that many things in the Church are rotten; that all need daily repentance; that one must never be contented with the existing state of either the Church or her pastors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalkar1858269–270-185">[185]</a> Hans Lassen Martensen addressed Kierkegaard's ideas extensively in Christian Ethics, published in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartensen1871206–236-186">[186]</a> Martensen accused Kierkegaard and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Vinet" title="Alexandre Vinet">Alexandre Vinet</a> of not giving society its due, saying both of them put the individual above society, and in so doing, above the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartensen1871227–228-187">[187]</a> Another early critic was <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%BAs_Eir%C3%ADksson" title="Magnús Eiríksson">Magnús Eiríksson</a>, who criticized Martensen and wanted Kierkegaard as his ally in his fight against speculative theology. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_August_Strindberg_by_Richard_Bergh_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>August Strindberg (1849–1912) from Sweden</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a> was deeply affected by reading Kierkegaard while a student at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer198534–35-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Edwin Björkman credited Kierkegaard, as well as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Buckle" title="Henry Thomas Buckle">Henry Thomas Buckle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Hartmann" title="Eduard von Hartmann">Eduard von Hartmann</a>, with shaping Strindberg's artistic form "until he was strong enough to stand wholly on his own feet."<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The dramatist <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> is said to have been interested in Kierkegaard, as well as the Norwegian national writer and poet <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a>, in The Philosophy of Religion On the Basis of Its History (1887), claimed that Kierkegaard presented an anti-rational view of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfleiderer1887209–213-192">[192]</a> An entry on Kierkegaard from an 1889 dictionary of religion presents an idea of how he was regarded at that time, stating: "He was the most original thinker and theological philosopher the North ever produced. His fame has been steadily growing since his death, and he bids fair to become the leading religio-philosophical light of Germany. Not only his theological but also his aesthetic works have of late become the subject of universal study in Europe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBjerregaard1889473-193">[193]</a> Although not cited by him explicitly, Kierkegaard's view of faith would influence Norwegian theologian <a href="/wiki/Gisle_Johnson" title="Gisle Johnson">Gisle Christian Johnson</a> (1822-1894). Johnson's system of <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_theology" title="Dogmatic theology">dogmatic theology</a> contained in his Grundrids af den Systematisk Theologi (published posthumously in 1897) differed starkly from those of his contemporaries in its integration of a threefold paradigm for viewing the essence of faith (Troens Væsen) as Egotistic, Legalist, and Christian, found in the first part of the work ("Pistiks"), which itself was cast in the Law/Gospel mold of confessional Lutheranism.<a href="#cite_note-:4-194">[194]</a> The final stage is marked in terms of discontinuity and radical change, and thus requires a leap to faith similar to that of Kierkegaard, what Johnson styles an irrefutable claim (uafviselig Fordring) of higher existence correlate to True Being (sande Væsen).<a href="#cite_note-:4-194">[194]</a> Johnson would have read Kierkegaard in the 1840's during his studies in continental Europe, developing his Pistiks in 1853 after his appointment to faculty at the University of Kristiana; as such, Svein Aage Christoffersen has designated Johnson to be the first Kierkegaardian in theology, fusing confessional, theological, and experiential categories of faith into a single dogmatic system.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Johnson's pietistic emphases merged with Kierkegaard's own emphases on genuineness of faith to produce a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">revivalist</a> movement that swept across Norway, known as the Johnsonian Revivals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENostbakken1962226–227-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th-century_reception">Early 20th-century reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early 20th-century reception">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg/220px-Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg/330px-Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg/440px-Soren_Kierkegaard_by_George_Brandes_1879_German_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>1879 German edition of Brandes' biography about Søren Kierkegaard</figcaption></figure> The first academic to draw attention to Kierkegaard was fellow Dane <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a>, who published in German as well as Danish. Brandes gave the first formal lectures on Kierkegaard in Copenhagen and helped bring him to the attention of the European intellectual community.<a href="#cite_note-Brandes-198">[198]</a> Brandes published the first book on Kierkegaard's philosophy and life, Søren Kierkegaard, ein literarisches Charakterbild. Autorisirte deutsche Ausg (1879)<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> which Adolf Hult said was a "misconstruction" of Kierkegaard's work and "falls far short of the truth".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Brandes compared him to <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe" title="Tycho Brahe">Tycho Brahe</a> in Reminiscences of my Childhood and Youth<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> (1906). Brandes also discussed the Corsair Affair in the same book.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> Brandes opposed Kierkegaard's ideas in the 1911 edition of the Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> Brandes compared Kierkegaard to Nietzsche as well.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> He also mentioned Kierkegaard extensively in volume 2 of his 6 volume work, Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature (1872 in German and Danish, 1906 English).<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There are two types of the artistic soul. There is the one which needs many varying experiences and constantly changing models, and which instantly gives a poetic form to every fresh incident. There is the other which requires amazingly few outside elements to fertilise it, and for which a single life circumstance, inscribed with sufficient force, can furnish a whole wealth of ever-changing thought and modes of expression. Søren Kierkegaard among writers, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Klinger" title="Max Klinger">Max Klinger</a> among painters, are both great examples of the latter type. To which did Shakespeare belong? William Shakespeare; a critical study, by George Brandes. 1898 p. 195</blockquote> Swedish author Waldemar Rudin published Sören Kierkegaards person och författarskap – ett försök in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> During the 1890s, Japanese philosophers began disseminating the works of Kierkegaard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasugata1999-209">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetsuro_Watsuji" title="Tetsuro Watsuji">Tetsuro Watsuji</a> was one of the first philosophers outside of Scandinavia to write an introduction on his philosophy, in 1915. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_James_in_1890s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_James_in_1890s.jpg/170px-William_James_in_1890s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_James_in_1890s.jpg/255px-William_James_in_1890s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/William_James_in_1890s.jpg/340px-William_James_in_1890s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1327" /></a><figcaption>William James (1890s)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a>'s work was greatly influenced by Kierkegaard, having himself stated that Kierkegaard's thought "has pursued me from my youth, [and] determined the direction of my life."<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Høffding was a friend of the American philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, and although James had not read Kierkegaard's works, as they were not yet translated into English, he attended the lectures about Kierkegaard by Høffding and agreed with much of those lectures. James' favorite quote from Kierkegaard came from Høffding: "We live forwards but we understand backwards".<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> One thing James did have in common with Kierkegaard was respect for the single individual, and their respective comments may be compared in direct sequence as follows: "A crowd is indeed made up of single individuals; it must therefore be in everyone's power to become what he is, a single individual; no one is prevented from being a single individual, no one, unless he prevents himself by becoming many. To become a crowd, to gather a crowd around oneself, is on the contrary to distinguish life from life; even the most well-meaning one who talks about that, can easily offend a single individual."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In his book A Pluralistic Universe, James stated that, "Individuality outruns all classification, yet we insist on classifying every one we meet under some general label. As these heads usually suggest prejudicial associations to some hearer or other, the life of philosophy largely consists of resentments at the classing, and complaints of being misunderstood. But there are signs of clearing up for which both Oxford and Harvard are partly to be thanked."<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics had an article about Kierkegaard in 1908. The article began:<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The life of Søren Kierkegaard has but few points of contact with the external world; but there were, in particular, three occurrences—a broken engagement, an attack by a comic paper, and the use of a word by H.L. Martensen—which must be referred to as having wrought with extraordinary effect upon his peculiarly sensitive and high-strung nature. The intensity of his inner life, again—which finds expression in his published works, and even more directly in his notebooks and diaries (also published)—cannot be properly understood without some reference to his father.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a> wrote about Kierkegaard in his 1913 book, Eternal life: a study of its implications and applications, where he said: "Kierkegaard, the deep, melancholy, strenuous, utterly uncompromising Danish religionist, is a spiritual brother of the great Frenchman, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, and of the striking English <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">Tractarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurrell_Froude" title="Hurrell Froude">Hurrell Froude</a>, who died young and still full of crudity, yet left an abiding mark upon all who knew him well."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992ch._IV,_"The_Issue_in_''Fragments'':_How_Can_an_Eternal_Happiness_Be_Built_on_Historical_Knowledge?"-215">[215]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page range too broad</a>]<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> John George Robertson<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> wrote an article called Søren Kierkegaard in 1914: "Notwithstanding the fact that during the last quarter of a century, we have devoted considerable attention to the literatures of the North, the thinker and man of letters whose name stands at the head of the present article is but little known to the English-speaking world. The Norwegians, Ibsen and Bjørnson, have exerted a very real power on our intellectual life, and for Bjørnson we have cherished even a kind of affection. But Kierkegaard, the writer who holds the indispensable key to the intellectual life of Scandinavia, to whom Denmark in particular looks up as her most original man of genius in the nineteenth century, we have wholly overlooked."<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Robertson wrote previously in <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolis:_A_Literary_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmopolis: A Literary Review">Cosmopolis</a> (1898) about Kierkegaard and Nietzsche.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Haecker" title="Theodor Haecker">Theodor Haecker</a> wrote an essay titled, Kierkegaard and the Philosophy of Inwardness in 1913 and David F. Swenson wrote a biography of Søren Kierkegaard in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson1920-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Hollander" title="Lee M. Hollander">Lee M. Hollander</a> translated parts of Either/Or, Fear and Trembling, Stages on Life's Way, and Preparations for the Christian Life (Practice in Christianity) into English in 1923,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> with little impact. Swenson wrote about Kierkegaard's idea of "armed neutrality"<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> in 1918 and a lengthy article about Søren Kierkegaard in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Swenson stated: "It would be interesting to speculate upon the reputation that Kierkegaard might have attained, and the extent of the influence he might have exerted, if he had written in one of the major European languages, instead of in the tongue of one of the smallest countries in the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson192041-226">[226]</a> Austrian psychologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stekel" title="Wilhelm Stekel">Wilhelm Stekel</a> (1868–1940) referred to Kierkegaard as the "fanatical follower of Don Juan, himself the philosopher of <a href="/wiki/Don_Juanism" title="Don Juanism">Don Juanism</a>" in his book Disguises of Love.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> German psychiatrist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> (1883–1969) stated he had been reading Kierkegaard since 1914 and compared Kierkegaard's writings with Hegel's <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_of_Mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenology of Mind">Phenomenology of Mind</a> and the writings of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>. Jaspers saw Kierkegaard as a champion of Christianity and Nietzsche as a champion for <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Later, in 1935, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> emphasized Kierkegaard's (and Nietzsche's) continuing importance for modern philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaspers1935-229">[229]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_and_English_translators_of_Kierkegaard's_works">German and English translators of Kierkegaard's works</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German and English translators of Kierkegaard's works">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg/220px-Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg/330px-Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg/440px-Heikki-Waris-Douglas-Steere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Douglas V. Steere (right) with the Finnish sociologist Heikki Waris in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> The first translation into German of Kierkegaard's work appeared in 1861, but it was Albert Bärthold who undertook the first substantial program of translating Kierkegaard into German, beginning in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELowrie19624-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Hermann Gottsche published Kierkegaard's Journals in 1905. It had taken academics 50 years to arrange his journals.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Kierkegaard's main works were translated into German by <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Schrempf" title="Christoph Schrempf">Christoph Schrempf</a> from 1909 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl12-233">[233]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Hirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmanuel Hirsch">Emmanuel Hirsch</a> released a German edition of Kierkegaard's collected works from 1950 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl12-233">[233]</a> Both Harald Hoffding's and Schrempf's books about Kierkegaard were reviewed in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> In the 1930s, the first academic English translations,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> by Alexander Dru, <a href="/wiki/David_F._Swenson" title="David F. Swenson">David F. Swenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_V._Steere" title="Douglas V. Steere">Douglas V. Steere</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(author)" title="Walter Lowrie (author)">Walter Lowrie</a> appeared, under the editorial efforts of <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> editor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(UK_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Williams (UK writer)">Charles Williams</a>,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> one of the members of <a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">the Inklings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambComp-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Croxall" title="Thomas Henry Croxall">Thomas Henry Croxall</a>, another early translator, Lowrie, and Dru all hoped that people would not just read about Kierkegaard but would actually read his works.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Dru published an English translation of Kierkegaard's Journals in 1958;<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Hannay" title="Alastair Hannay">Alastair Hannay</a> translated some of Kierkegaard's works for <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> From the 1960s to the 1990s, Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong translated his works more than once.<a href="#cite_note-stolaf-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The first volume of their first version of the Journals and Papers (Indiana, 1967–1978) won the 1968 U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#Translation" title="List of winners of the National Book Award">category Translation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stolaf-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-nba1968-245">[245]</a> They both dedicated their lives to the study of Søren Kierkegaard and his works, which are maintained at the <a href="/wiki/Howard_V._and_Edna_H._Hong_Kierkegaard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library">Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Jon Stewart</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> has written extensively about Søren Kierkegaard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kierkegaard's_influence_on_Karl_Barth's_early_theology">Kierkegaard's influence on Karl Barth's early theology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kierkegaard's influence on Karl Barth's early theology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg/220px-Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg/330px-Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Karl_Barth_Briefmarke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard's influence on <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>'s early theology is evident in <a href="/wiki/The_Epistle_to_the_Romans_(Barth)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Epistle to the Romans (Barth)">The Epistle to the Romans</a> 1918, 1921, 1933. <blockquote>"If I have a system it is limited to a recognition of what Kierkegaard called the 'infinite qualitative distinction' and to my regarding this as possessing negative as well as positive significance: 'God is in heaven. And thou art on earth.' The relation between such a God and such a man, and the relation between such a man and such a God, is for me the theme of the Bible and the essence of philosophy. Philosophers name this KRISIS of human perception—the Prime Cause: the Bible holds at the same cross-roads-the figure of Jesus Christ. When I am faced by such a document as the Epistle of Paul to the Romans, I embark on its interpretation on the assumption that he is confronted with the same unmistakable and unmeasurable significance of that relation as I myself am confronted with, and that it is this situation which moulds his thought and its expression". Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans 1919 Preface (originally published in German)</blockquote> Barth read at least three volumes of Kierkegaard's works: <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a>, The Moment, and an Anthology from his journals and diaries. Almost all key terms from Kierkegaard which had an important role in The Epistle to the Romans can be found in Practice in Christianity. The concept of the indirect communication, the paradox, and the moment of Practice in Christianity, in particular, confirmed and sharpened Barth's ideas on contemporary Christianity and the Christian life.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It was in his study of Paul that he found his first peace of mind. He was fascinated by the revelation of the power of the Holy Spirit when it once touched a man; at the completeness with which it overwhelms and keeps its chosen ones loyal. He conceived of Paul as one upon whom God had laid His hand' Barth writes: "The man Paul evidently sees and hears something which is above everything, which is absolutely beyond the range of my observation and measure of my thought." Following this observation Barth too became a "listener" and in that moment was born the "Theology of Crisis". Besides affecting Barth deeply, the philosophy of Kierkegaard has found voice in the works of Ibsen, Unamuno, and Heidegger, and its sphere of influence seems to be growing in ever widening circles. The principle contribution of Kierkegaard to Barth is the dualism of time and eternity which Kierkegaard phrases: "The infinite qualitative difference between time and eternity."<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pauck" title="Wilhelm Pauck">Wilhelm Pauck</a> wrote in 1931 (Karl Barth Prophet of a New Christianity) that Kierkegaard's use of the Latin phrase Finitum Non Capax Infiniti (the finite does not (or cannot) comprehend the infinite) summed up Barth's system.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> David G. Kingman and Adolph Keller each discussed Barth's relationship to Kierkegaard in their books, The Religious Educational Values in Karl Barth's Teachings (1934) and Karl Barth and Christian Unity (1933). Keller notes the splits that happen when a new teaching is introduced and some assume a higher knowledge from a higher source than others. Students of Kierkegaard became a "group of dissatisfied, excited radicals" when under Barthianism. Eduard Geismar (1871–1939), who gave Lectures on Kierkegaard in March 1936, was not radical enough for them. Barthianism was opposed to the objective treatment of religious questions and to the sovereignty of man in the existential meeting with the transcendent God. But just as students of Hegel broke off into <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#"Right"_vs._"Left"_Hegelianism" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Right and Left</a>, so did the German followers of Barth. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The inward distress, the tension and the preparation of Kierkegaard made them receptive to the new. A magazine entitled the Tidenverv (The Turn of the Times), has been their journal since 1926. Especially the Student Christian Movement became the port of invasion for the new thought. But this invasion has been split completely into two camps which vehemently attack each other. Indictment was launched against the old theology. The quiet work of the church was scorned as secularization of the message or as emotional smugness, which had found a place in Home Missions despite all its call to repentance.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></blockquote> Barth endorses the main theme from Kierkegaard but also reorganizes the scheme and transforms the details. He expands the theory of indirect communication to the field of Christian ethics; he applies the concept of unrecognizability to the Christian life. He coins the concept of the "paradox of faith" since the form of faith entails a contradictory encounter of God and human beings. He also portrayed the contemporaneity of the moment when in crisis a human being desperately perceives the contemporaneity of Christ. In regard to the concept of indirect communication, the paradox, and the moment, the Kierkegaard of the early Barth is a productive catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later-20th-century_reception">Later-20th-century reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Later-20th-century reception">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Over-quotation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Quotations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">too many or overly lengthy quotations</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit">summarize the quotations</a>. Consider transferring direct quotations to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Søren Kierkegaard">Wikiquote</a> or excerpts to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Søren Kierkegaard">Wikisource</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> William Hubben compared Kierkegaard to Dostoevsky in his 1952 book Four Prophets of Our Destiny, later titled Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Logic and human reasoning are inadequate to comprehend truth, and in this emphasis Dostoevsky speaks entirely the language of Kierkegaard, of whom he had never heard. Christianity is a way of life, an existential condition. Again, like Kierkegaard, who affirmed that suffering is the climate in which man's soul begins to breathe. Dostoevsky stresses the function of suffering as part of God's revelation of truth to man. Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka by William Hubben 1952 McMillan p. 83</blockquote> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Morton_White" title="Morton White">Morton White</a> wrote about the word "exists" and Kierkegaard's idea of God's is-ness. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The word "exists" is one of the most pivotal and controversial in philosophy. Some philosophers think of it as having one meaning: the sense in which we say that this book exists, that God does or does not exist, that there exist odd numbers between 8 and 20, that a characteristic like redness exists as well as things that are red, that the American government exists as well as the physical building in which the government is housed, that minds exist as well as bodies. And when the word "exists" is construed in this unambiguous way, many famous disputes in the history of philosophy and theology appear to be quite straightforward. Theists affirm that God exists while atheists deny the very same statement; materialists say that matter exists while some idealists think that it is illusory; nominalists, as they are called, deny the existence of characteristics like redness while platonic realists affirm it; some kinds of behaviorists deny that there are minds inside bodies. There is, however, a tendency among some philosophers, to insist that the word "exists" is ambiguous and therefore that some of these disputes are not disputes at all but merely the results of mutual misunderstanding, of a failure to see that certain things are said to exist in one sense while others exist in another. One of the outstanding efforts of this kind in the twentieth century occurs in the early writings of realists who maintained that only concrete things in space and time exist, while abstract characteristics of things or relations between them should be said to subsist. This is sometimes illustrated by pointing out that while Chicago and St. Louis both exist at definite places, the relation more populous than which holds between them exists neither in Chicago nor in St. Louis nor in the area between them, but is nevertheless something about which we can speak, something that is usually assigned to a timeless and spaceless realm like that of which Plato spoke. On this view, however, human minds or personalities are also said to exist in spite of being non-material. In short, the great divide is between abstract subsistents and concrete existents, but both human personalities and physical objects are existents and do not share in the spacelessness and timelessness of platonic ideas. So far as one can see, Kierkegaard too distinguishes different senses of "exists", except that he appears to need at least three distinct senses for which he should supply three distinct words. First of all he needs one for statements about God, and so he says that God is. Secondly, and by contrast, persons or personalities are said to exist. It would appear then that he needs some third term for physical objects, which on his view are very different from God and persons, but since existentialists don't seem to be very interested in physical objects or "mere" things, they appear to get along with two. The great problem for Kierkegaard is to relate God's is-ness, if I may use that term for the moment, to human existence, and this he tries to solve by appealing to the Incarnation. Christ's person is the existent outgrowth of God who is. By what is admittedly a mysterious process the abstract God enters a concrete existent. We must accept this on faith and faith alone, for clearly it cannot be like the process whereby one existent is related to another; it involves a passage from one realm to another which is not accessible to the human mind, Christians who lacked this faith and who failed to live by it were attacked by Kierkegaard; this was the theological root of his violent criticism of the Established Church of Denmark. It is one source of his powerful influence on contemporary theology. <ul><li>20th Century Philosophers, The Age of Analysis, selected with introduction and commentary by Morton White 1955 pp. 118–121 Houghton Mifflin Co</li></ul></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/John_Daniel_Wild" title="John Daniel Wild">John Daniel Wild</a> noted as early as 1959 that Kierkegaard's works had been "translated into almost every important living language including Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, and it is now fair to say that his ideas are almost as widely known and as influential in the world as those of his great opponent Hegel, still the most potent of world philosophers."<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mortimer_Adler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mortimer_Adler.jpg/220px-Mortimer_Adler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mortimer_Adler.jpg/330px-Mortimer_Adler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mortimer_Adler.jpg/440px-Mortimer_Adler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Adler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortimer Adler">Mortimer Adler</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Mortimer J. Adler</a> wrote the following about Kierkegaard in 1962: <blockquote>For Kierkegaard, man is essentially an individual, not a member of a species or race; and ethical and religious truth is known through individual existence and decision—through subjectivity, not objectivity. Systems of thought and a dialectic such as Hegel's are matters merely of thought, which cannot comprise individual existence and decision. Such systems leave out, said Kierkegaard, the unique and essential "spermatic point, the individual, ethically and religiously conceived, and existentially accentuated". Similarly in the works of the American author Henry David Thoreau, writing at the same time as Kierkegaard, there is an emphasis on the solitary individual as the bearer of ethical responsibility, who, when he is right, carries the preponderant ethical weight against the state, government, and a united public opinion, when they are wrong. The solitary individual with right on his side is always "a majority of one". Ethics, the study of moral values, by Mortimer J. Adler and Seymour Cain. Pref. by William Ernest Hocking. 1962 p. 252</blockquote> In 1964 Life Magazine traced the history of existentialism from <a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a> (500BC) and <a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a> over the argument over The Unchanging One as the real and the state of flux as the real. From there to the Old Testament Psalms and then to Jesus and later from <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Boehme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Boehme">Jacob Boehme</a> (1575–1624) to <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> (1596–1650) and <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (1623–1662) and then on to Nietzsche and Paul Tillich. Dostoevsky and Camus are attempts to rewrite Descartes according to their own lights and Descartes is the forefather of Sartre through the fact that they both used a "literary style". The article goes on to say, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> But the orthodox, textbook precursor of modern existentialism was the Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), a lonely, hunchbacked writer who denounced the established church and rejected much of the then-popular German idealism—in which thought and ideas, rather than things perceived through the senses, were held to constitute reality. He built a philosophy based in part on the idea of permanent cleavage between faith and reason. This was an existentialism which still had room for a God whom Sartre later expelled, but which started the great pendulum-swing toward the modern concepts of the absurd. Kierkegaard spent his life thinking existentially and converting remarkably few to his ideas. But when it comes to the absurdity of existence, war is a great convincer; and it was at the end of World War I that two German philosophers, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Karl Jaspers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, took up Kierkegaard's ideas, elaborated and systematized them. By the 1930s Kierkegaard's thinking made new impact on French intellectuals who, like Sartre, were nauseated by the static pre-Munich hypocrisy of the European middle class. After World War II, with the human condition more precarious than ever, with humanity facing the mushroom-shaped ultimate absurdity, existentialism and our time came together in <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>. <ul><li>"Existentialism", Life, November 6, 1964, Volume 57, No. 19 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0024-3019">0024-3019</a> Published by Time Inc. pp. 86, 102–103</li></ul></blockquote> Kierkegaard's comparatively early and manifold philosophical and theological reception in Germany was one of the decisive factors of expanding his works' influence and readership throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2009-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bösl13-253">[253]</a> Important for the first phase of his reception in Germany was the establishment of the journal Zwischen den Zeiten (Between the Ages) in 1922 by a heterogeneous circle of Protestant theologians: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Friedrich Gogarten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl14-254">[254]</a> Their thought would soon be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical theology">dialectical theology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl14-254">[254]</a> At roughly the same time, Kierkegaard was discovered by several proponents of the Jewish-Christian <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">philosophy of dialogue</a> in Germany, namely by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ebner" title="Ferdinand Ebner">Ferdinand Ebner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Franz Rosenzweig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl1617-255">[255]</a> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_dialogue" title="Philosophy of dialogue">philosophy of dialogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existential_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential philosophy">existential philosophy</a> has its point of origin in Kierkegaard and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Individuality" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">his concept of individuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bösl17-256">[256]</a> Martin Heidegger sparsely refers to Kierkegaard in <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Time" title="Being and Time">Being and Time</a> (1927),<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> obscuring how much he owes to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBösl199719-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1928-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyschogrod1954-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> discussed Sartre, Jaspers, and Heidegger in relation to Kierkegaard, and Kierkegaard in relation to the crisis of religion in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Later, Kierkegaard's <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a> (Series Two) and <a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_Unto_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sickness Unto Death">The Sickness Unto Death</a> (Series Three) were included in the <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Great_Ideas" title="Penguin Great Ideas">Penguin Great Ideas</a> Series (Two and Three).<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy_and_theology">Philosophy and theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Philosophy and theology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Theology of Søren Kierkegaard">Theology of Søren Kierkegaard</a></div> Kierkegaard has been <a href="/wiki/Philosopher_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher nicknames">called</a> a philosopher, a theologian,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKangas1998-263">[263]</a> the Father of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldn.d.-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> both <a href="/wiki/Atheist_existentialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist existentialism">atheistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">theistic</a> variations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1993202-267">[267]</a> a literary critic,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] a social theorist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphal1997-268">[268]</a> a humorist,<a href="#cite_note-Oden-269">[269]</a> a psychologist,<a href="#cite_note-Ostenfeld-9">[9]</a> and a poet.<a href="#cite_note-Mackey-270">[270]</a> Two of his influential ideas are "subjectivity",<a href="#cite_note-272">[a]</a> and the notion popularly referred to as "leap of faith".<a href="#cite_note-CambComp-238">[238]</a> However, the Danish equivalent to the English phrase "<a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a>" does not appear in the original Danish nor is the English phrase found in current English translations of Kierkegaard's works. Kierkegaard does mention the concepts of "faith" and "leap" together many times in his works.<a href="#cite_note-273">[272]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Daniel_Ernst_Schleiermacher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Franz Krüger">Franz Krüger</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">leap of faith</a> is his conception of how an individual would believe in God or how a person would act in love. Faith is not a decision based on evidence that, say, certain beliefs about God are true or a certain person is worthy of love. No such evidence could ever be enough to completely justify the kind of total commitment involved in true religious faith or romantic love. Faith involves making that commitment anyway. Kierkegaard thought that to have faith is at the same time to have doubt. So, for example, for one to truly have faith in God, one would also have to doubt one's beliefs about God; the doubt is the rational part of a person's thought involved in weighing evidence, without which the faith would have no real substance. Someone who does not realize that Christian doctrine is inherently doubtful and that there can be no objective certainty about its truth does not have faith but is merely credulous. For example, it takes no faith to believe that a pencil or a table exists, when one is looking at it and touching it. In the same way, to believe or have faith in God is to know that one has no perceptual or any other access to God, and yet still has faith in God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199221–57-274">[273]</a> Kierkegaard writes, "doubt is conquered by faith, just as it is faith which has brought doubt into the world".<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[b]</a> Kierkegaard also stresses the importance of the self, and the self's relation to the world, as being grounded in self-reflection and introspection. He argued in <a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a> that "subjectivity is truth" and "truth is subjectivity." This has to do with a distinction between what is objectively true and an individual's subjective relation (such as indifference or commitment) to that truth. People who in some sense believe the same things may relate to those beliefs quite differently. Two individuals may both believe that many of those around them are poor and deserve help, but this knowledge may lead only one of them to decide to actually help the poor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattison2005-278">[276]</a> This is how Kierkegaard put it: "What a priceless invention statistics are, what a glorious fruit of culture, what a characteristic counterpart to the de te narratur fabula [the tale is told about you] of antiquity. <a href="/wiki/Schleiermacher" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a> so enthusiastically declares that knowledge does not perturb religiousness, and that the religious person does not sit safeguarded by a lightning rod and scoff at God; yet with the help of statistical tables one laughs at all of life."<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992231–232-280">[278]</a> In other words, Kierkegaard says: "Who has the more difficult task: the teacher who lectures on earnest things a meteor's distance from everyday life—or the learner who should put it to use?"<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> This is how it was summed up in 1940: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Kierkegaard does not deny the fruitfulness or validity of abstract thinking (science, logic, and so on), but he does deny any superstition which pretends that abstract theorizing is a sufficient concluding argument for human existence. He holds it to be unforgivable pride or stupidity to think that the impersonal abstraction can answer the vital problems of human, everyday life. Logical theorems, mathematical symbols, physical-statistical laws can never become patterns of human existence. To be human means to be concrete, to be this person here and now in this particular and decisive moment, face to face with this particular challenge.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>C Svere Norborg, David F. Swenson, scholar, teacher, friend. Minneapolis, The University of Minnesota, 1940, pp. 20–21</cite></div></blockquote> Kierkegaard primarily discusses subjectivity with regard to religious matters. As already noted, he argues that doubt is an element of faith and that it is impossible to gain any objective certainty about religious doctrines such as the existence of God or the life of Christ. The most one could hope for would be the conclusion that it is probable that the Christian doctrines are true, but if a person were to believe such doctrines only to the degree they seemed likely to be true, he or she would not be genuinely religious at all. Faith consists in a subjective relation of absolute commitment to these doctrines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992-282">[280]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_criticism">Philosophical criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophical criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg/220px-Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Theodor_W._Adorno.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> in 1964</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard's famous philosophical 20th-century critics include <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a>. Non-religious philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> supported many aspects of Kierkegaard's philosophical views,<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> but rejected some of his religious views.<a href="#cite_note-Sartrehum-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyfus1998-285">[283]</a> One critic wrote that Adorno's book Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic is "the most irresponsible book ever written on Kierkegaard"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphal19969-286">[284]</a> because Adorno takes Kierkegaard's pseudonyms literally and constructs a philosophy that makes him seem incoherent and unintelligible. Another reviewer says that "Adorno is [far away] from the more credible translations and interpretations of the Collected Works of Kierkegaard we have today."<a href="#cite_note-Marcia-120">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/220px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/330px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg/440px-Emmanuel_Levinas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1171" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Emmanuel Levinas</a></figcaption></figure> Levinas' main attack on Kierkegaard focused on his ethical and religious stages, especially in <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a>. Levinas criticises the leap of faith by saying this suspension of the ethical and leap into the religious is a type of violence (the "leap of faith" of course, is presented by a pseudonym, thus not representing Kierkegaard's own view, but intending to prompt the exact kind of discussion engaged in by his critics). He states: "Kierkegaardian violence begins when existence is forced to abandon the ethical stage in order to embark on the religious stage, the domain of belief. But belief no longer sought external justification. Even internally, it combined communication and isolation, and hence violence and passion. That is the origin of the relegation of ethical phenomena to secondary status and the contempt of the ethical foundation of being which has led, through Nietzsche, to the amoralism of recent philosophies."<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Levinas pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a> belief that it was God who first commanded <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> to sacrifice <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> and that an angel commanded Abraham to stop. If Abraham were truly in the religious realm, he would not have listened to the angel's command and should have continued to kill Isaac. To Levinas, "transcending ethics" seems like a loophole to excuse would-be murderers from their crime and thus is unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-Katz-288">[286]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] One interesting consequence of Levinas' critique is that it seemed to reveal that Levinas viewed God as a projection of inner ethical desire rather than an absolute moral agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchens2004-289">[287]</a> However, one of Kierkegaard's central points in Fear and Trembling was that the religious sphere entails the ethical sphere; Abraham had faith that God is always in one way or another ethically in the right, even when He commands someone to kill. Therefore, deep down, Abraham had faith that God, as an absolute moral authority, would never allow him in the end to do something as ethically heinous as murdering his own child, and so he passed the test of blind obedience versus moral choice. He was making the point that God as well as the God-Man Christ doesn't tell people everything when sending them out on a mission and reiterated this in Stages on Life's Way. <blockquote>I conceive of God as one who approves in a calculated vigilance, I believe that he approves of intrigues, and what I have read in the sacred books of the Old Testament is not of a sort to dishearten me. The Old Testament furnishes examples abundantly of a shrewdness which is nevertheless well pleasing to God, and that at a later period Christ said to His disciples, "These things I said not unto you from the beginning—I have yet many things to say unto you, but ye cannot bear them now"—so here is a teleological suspension of the ethical rule of telling the whole truth. <dl><dd>— Søren Kierkegaard, "Quidam's Diary" from Stages on Life's Way, 1845. Lowrie translation, 1967, pp. 217–218.</dd></dl></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/220px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/330px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sartre_1967_crop.jpg/440px-Sartre_1967_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> in 1967 </figcaption></figure> Sartre objected to the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>: If existence precedes essence, it follows from the meaning of the term sentient that a sentient being cannot be complete or perfect. In <a href="/wiki/Being_and_Nothingness" title="Being and Nothingness">Being and Nothingness</a>, Sartre's phrasing is that God would be a <a href="/wiki/Pour-soi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour-soi">pour-soi</a> (a being-for-itself; a consciousness) who is also an en-soi (a being-in-itself; a thing) which is a contradiction in terms.<a href="#cite_note-Sartrehum-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre1969430-290">[288]</a> Critics of Sartre rebutted this objection by stating that it rests on a false dichotomy and a misunderstanding of the traditional Christian view of God.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> Kierkegaard has Judge Vilhelm express the Christian hope this way in Either/Or: <blockquote>Either, "the first" contains promise for the future, is the forward thrust, the endless impulse. Or, "the first" does not impel the individual; the power which is in the first does not become the impelling power but the repelling power, it becomes that which thrusts away. .... Thus—for the sake of making a little philosophical flourish, not with the pen but with thought-God only once became flesh, and it would be vain to expect this to be repeated. <dl><dd>— Søren Kierkegaard, Either – Or II, 1843. Lowrie translation 1944, 1959, 1972, pp. 40–41.</dd></dl></blockquote> Sartre agreed with Kierkegaard's analysis of Abraham undergoing anxiety (Sartre calls it anguish), but claimed that God told Abraham to do it. In his lecture, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism_is_a_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialism is a Humanism">Existentialism is a Humanism</a>, Sartre wondered whether Abraham ought to have doubted whether God actually spoke to him.<a href="#cite_note-Sartrehum-284">[282]</a> In Kierkegaard's view, Abraham's certainty had its origin in that "inner voice" which cannot be demonstrated or shown to another ("The problem comes as soon as Abraham wants to be understood").<a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a> To Kierkegaard, every external "proof" or justification is merely on the outside and external to the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1990-293">[291]</a> Kierkegaard's proof for the immortality of the soul, for example, is rooted in the extent to which one wishes to live forever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosch1996-294">[292]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg/220px-Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg/330px-Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg/440px-Nb_pinacoteca_stieler_friedrich_wilhelm_joseph_von_schelling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling</figcaption></figure> Faith was something that Kierkegaard often wrestled with throughout his writing career; under both his real name and behind pseudonyms, he explored many different aspects of faith. These various aspects include faith as a spiritual goal, the historical orientation of faith (particularly toward Jesus Christ), faith being a gift from God, faith as dependency on a historical object, faith as a passion, and faith as a resolution to personal despair. Even so, it has been argued that Kierkegaard never offers a full, explicit and systematic account of what faith is.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> was published 20 February 1843; it was mostly written during Kierkegaard's stay in Berlin, where he took notes on Schelling's Philosophy of Revelation. According to the Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Religion, Either/Or (vol. 1) consists of essays of literary and music criticism, a set of romantic-like-aphorisms, a whimsical essay on how to avoid boredom, a panegyric on the unhappiest possible human being, a diary recounting a supposed seduction, and (vol. II) two enormous didactic and hortatory ethical letters and a sermon.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-73">[73]</a> This opinion is a reminder of the type of controversy Kierkegaard tried to encourage in many of his writings both for readers in his own generation and for subsequent generations as well. Kierkegaardian scholar Paul Holmer<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> described Kierkegaard's wish in his introduction to the 1958 publication of Kierkegaard's Edifying Discourses where he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Kierkegaard's constant and lifelong wish, to which his entire literature gives expression, was to create a new and rich subjectivity in himself and his readers. Unlike any authors who believe that all subjectivity is a hindrance, Kierkegaard contends that only some kinds of subjectivity are a hindrance. He sought at once to produce subjectivity if it were lacking, to correct it if it were there and needed correction, to amplify and strengthen it when it was weak and undeveloped, and, always, to bring subjectivity of every reader to the point of eligibility for Christian inwardness and concern. But the Edifying Discourses, though paralleling the pseudonymous works, spoke a little more directly, albeit without authority. They spoke the real author's conviction and were the purpose of Kierkegaard's lifework. Whereas all the rest of his writing was designed to get the readers out of their lassitude and mistaken conceptions, the discourses, early and late, were the goal of the literature.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Edifying Discourses: A Selection, 1958. Introduction by Paul Holmer. p. xviii.<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Later, Naomi Lebowitz explained them this way: The edifying discourses are, according to Johannes Climacus, "humoristically revoked" (CUP, 244, Swenson, Lowrie 1968) for unlike sermons, they are not ordained by authority. They start where the reader finds himself, in immanent ethical possibilities and aesthetic repetitions, and are themselves vulnerable to the lure of poetic sirens. They force the dialectical movements of the making and unmaking of the self before God to undergo lyrical imitations of meditation while the clefts, rifts, abysses, are everywhere to be seen.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Political views">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Category:Conservatism in Denmark">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Denmark</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/90px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg/135px-Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Thorkild_Bj%C3%B8rnvig" title="Thorkild Bjørnvig">Bjørnvig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Bj%C3%B8rn_Kraft" title="Ole Bjørn Kraft">Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Krarup" title="Søren Krarup">Krarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Langballe" title="Jesper Langballe">Langballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ejler_L%C3%B8gstrup" title="Knud Ejler Løgstrup">Løgstrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksel_M%C3%B8ller" title="Aksel Møller">Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard" title="Pia Kjærsgaard">Kjærsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Bj%C3%B8rn_Kraft" title="Ole Bjørn Kraft">Kraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Krarup" title="Søren Krarup">Krarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesper_Langballe" title="Jesper Langballe">Langballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Mikkelsen" title="Brian Mikkelsen">Mikkelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksel_M%C3%B8ller" title="Aksel Møller">Møller (Aksel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christmas_M%C3%B8ller" title="John Christmas Møller">Møller (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Stig_M%C3%B8ller" title="Per Stig Møller">Møller (Per)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Reedtz-Thott" title="Tage Reedtz-Thott">Reedtz-Thott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Poul Schlüter">Schlüter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inger_St%C3%B8jberg" title="Inger Støjberg">Støjberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernille_Vermund" title="Pernille Vermund">Vermund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sand%C3%B8e_%C3%98rsted" 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Template:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Denmark" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Denmark"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christianviiidenmark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christianviiidenmark.jpg/170px-Christianviiidenmark.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christianviiidenmark.jpg/255px-Christianviiidenmark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Christianviiidenmark.jpg/340px-Christianviiidenmark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="3770" /></a><figcaption>Christian VIII of Denmark</figcaption></figure> Throughout retrospective analyses Kierkegaard has been viewed as an apolitical philosopher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-chigaco-299">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-UOTP-300">[298]</a> Despite this, Kierkegaard did publish works of a political nature; this includes his first published essay, criticizing the movement for "<a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman's Liberation">women's liberation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> Although Kierkegaard's earlier works might include some misogynist statements, a negative view of women is not found in his later works.<a href="#cite_note-:3-302">[300]</a> In these later works, he expressed that men and women are equal before God, showed great respect for certain women, and believed that women are also capable of being faithful.<a href="#cite_note-:3-302">[300]</a> He attacked <a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a> via elaborate parody throughout his works from Either/Or to Concluding Unscientific Postscript.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996-298">[296]</a> Despite his objections to Hegelianism, he expressed an admiration for Hegel personally and would even regard his system favourably if it was proposed as a thought experiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996-298">[296]</a> Kierkegaard leaned towards conservatism,<a href="#cite_note-UOTP-300">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> being a personal friend of Danish king <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian VIII">Christian VIII</a>, whom he viewed as the moral superior of every Danish man, woman, and child. He argued against democracy, calling it "the most tyrannical form of government," arguing in favour of monarchy saying "Is it tyranny when one person wants to rule leaving the rest of us others out? No, but it is tyranny when all want to rule."<a href="#cite_note-wsws-304">[302]</a> Kierkegaard held strong contempt for the media, describing it as "the most wretched, the most contemptible of all tyrannies".<a href="#cite_note-:2-305">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeninga2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfVgXSxln0bUCpgPA278_278]-306">[304]</a> He was critical of the Danish public at the time, labeling them as "the most dangerous of all powers and the most meaningless,"<a href="#cite_note-:2-305">[303]</a> writing further in Two Ages: A Literary Review that:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1978136-307">[305]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If I were to imagine this public as a person ... I most likely would think of one of the Roman emperors, an imposing, well-fed figure suffering from boredom and therefore craving only the sensate titillation of laughter, for the divine gift of wit is not worldly enough. So this person, more sluggish than he is evil, but negatively domineering, saunters around looking for variety.</blockquote> Some interpret Kierkegaard's thought as implying that in regards to serving God, sexuality is irrelevant "before God not only for men and women, but also for homosexuals and heterosexuals".<a href="#cite_note-Conway-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[c]</a> Kierkegaard's political philosophy has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>, despite its major influence on radical and anti-traditional thinkers, religious and secular, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Jean Paul Sartre.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE-311">[308]</a> It has also been likened to <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> thought and has been described as "a starting point for contemporary political theories".<a href="#cite_note-chigaco-299">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue. The figure is depicted as sitting and writing, with a book on his lap open. Trees and red tiled roof is in background. The statue itself is mostly green, with streaks of grey showing wear and tear. The statue's base is grey and reads "SØREN KIERKEGAARD"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg/170px-Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg/255px-Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg/340px-Royal_Library_Garden_-_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Søren Kierkegaard Statue in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_Garden,_Copenhagen" title="Royal Library Garden, Copenhagen">Royal Library Garden</a> in Copenhagen </figcaption></figure> Many <a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophers</a>, both theistic and atheistic, and theologians drew concepts from Kierkegaard, including the notions of angst, despair, and the importance of the individual. His fame as a philosopher grew tremendously in the 1930s, in large part because the ascendant existentialist movement pointed to him as a precursor, although later writers celebrated him as a highly significant and influential thinker in his own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston1994-312">[309]</a> Since Kierkegaard was raised as a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampson2001-313">[310]</a> he was commemorated as a teacher in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of Saints</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a> on 11 November. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg/220px-Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg/330px-Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg/440px-Ludwig_Wittgenstein_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="3397" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> who once stated that Kierkgaard was "by far the most profound thinker of the [nineteenth] century. Kierkegaard was a saint."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996-298">[296]</a></figcaption></figure> Philosophers and theologians influenced by Kierkegaard are numerous and include major twentieth century theologians and philosophers.<a href="#cite_note-314">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">epistemological anarchism</a> in the philosophy of science was inspired by Kierkegaard's idea of subjectivity as truth. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> was immensely influenced and humbled by Kierkegaard,<a href="#cite_note-Creegan-315">[312]</a> claiming that "Kierkegaard is far too deep for me, anyhow. He bewilders me without working the good effects which he would in deeper souls".<a href="#cite_note-Creegan-315">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> referred to Kierkegaard as "the great reformer of Christian ethics, who exposed the official Christian morality of his day as anti-Christian and anti-humanitarian hypocrisy".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper2002-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-Postmod-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre2001-319">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorty1989-320">[317]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a> admired Kierkegaard, "for his insistence on the priority of the question, 'How should I live?'".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyle199952–53-321">[318]</a> By the early 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a>'s three primary sources of inspiration were <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, Søren Kierkegaard, and Karl Barth. According to Ellul, Marx and Kierkegaard were his two greatest influences, and the only two authors of which he read all of their work.<a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a> wrote in 1945 "Kierkegaard's life was in every sense that of a saint. He is perhaps the most real saint of modern times."<a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> Kierkegaard has also had a considerable influence on <a href="/wiki/20th-century_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century literature">20th-century literature</a>. Figures deeply influenced by his work include <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kafka-324">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">David Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.D._Salinger" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Updike-325">[322]</a> What George Henry Price wrote in his 1963 book The Narrow Pass regarding the "who" and the "what" of Kierkegaard still seems to hold true today: "Kierkegaard was the sanest man of his generation....Kierkegaard was a schizophrenic....Kierkegaard was the greatest Dane....the difficult Dane....the gloomy Dane...Kierkegaard was the greatest Christian of the century....Kierkegaard's aim was the destruction of the historic Christian faith....He did not attack philosophy as such....He negated reason....He was a voluntarist....Kierkegaard was the Knight of Faith....Kierkegaard never found faith....Kierkegaard possessed the truth....Kierkegaard was one of the damned."<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_Fromm,_Viktor_Frank,_Rollo_May.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png/220px-Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png/330px-Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png/440px-Erich_Fromm%2C_Viktor_Frank%2C_Rollo_May.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Erich Fromm, Viktor Frankl and Rollo May</figcaption></figure> Kierkegaard had a profound influence on <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. He is widely regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Christian_psychology" title="Christian psychology">Christian psychology</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Existential_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential psychology">existential psychology</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Existential_therapy" title="Existential therapy">therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ostenfeld-9">[9]</a> Existentialist (often called "humanistic") psychologists and therapists include <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Binswanger" title="Ludwig Binswanger">Ludwig Binswanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a>. May based his The Meaning of Anxiety on Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety. Kierkegaard's <a href="/wiki/Sociological" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological">sociological</a> work Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age critiques <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001-137">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a> based his 1974 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> book <a href="/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death" title="The Denial of Death">The Denial of Death</a> on the writings of Kierkegaard, <a href="/wiki/Freud" class="mw-redirect" title="Freud">Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>. Kierkegaard is also seen as an important precursor of <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Postmod-318">[315]</a> Danish priest <a href="/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%B8llehave" title="Johannes Møllehave">Johannes Møllehave</a> has lectured about Kierkegaard. In popular culture, he was the subject of serious television and radio programmes; in 1984, a six-part documentary, <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Faith_(TV_series)" title="Sea of Faith (TV series)">Sea of Faith</a>, presented by <a href="/wiki/Don_Cupitt" title="Don Cupitt">Don Cupitt</a>, featured an episode on Kierkegaard, while on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a> in 2008, Kierkegaard was the subject of a discussion on the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> programme presented by <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(BBC_Radio_4)" class="mw-redirect" title="In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)">In Our Time</a>, during which it was suggested that Kierkegaard straddles the analytic/continental divide. Google honoured him with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> on his 200th anniversary.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> The novel <a href="/wiki/Therapy_(Lodge_novel)" title="Therapy (Lodge novel)">Therapy</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">David Lodge</a> details a man experiencing a <a href="/wiki/Mid-life_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-life crisis">mid-life crisis</a> and becoming obsessed with the works of Kierkegaard.<a href="#cite_note-329">[326]</a> Kierkegaard is considered by some modern theologians to be the "Father of Existentialism".<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> Because of his influence (and in spite of it), others only consider either <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> to be the actual "Father of Existentialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell2004-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> Kierkegaard predicted his posthumous fame, and foresaw that his work would become the subject of intense study and research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938224-333">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a complete bibliography, see <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_bibliography" title="Søren Kierkegaard bibliography">Søren Kierkegaard bibliography</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_about_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="mw-redirect" title="List of works about Søren Kierkegaard">List of works about Søren Kierkegaard</a></div> <ul><li>(1841) <a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a> (Om Begrebet Ironi med stadigt Hensyn til Socrates; <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (Enten-Eller)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses_(1843)" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses (1843)">Two Upbuilding Discourses</a> (To opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a> (Frygt og Bæven)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses_(1843)" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses (1843)">Three Upbuilding Discourses</a> (Tre opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Repetition_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard book)">Repetition</a> (Gjentagelsen)</li> <li>(1843) <a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Four Upbuilding Discourses</a> (Fire opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1844) <a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses_(1844)" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses (1844)">Two Upbuilding Discourses</a> (To opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1844) <a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Three Upbuilding Discourses</a> (Tre opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1844) <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a> (Philosophiske Smuler)</li> <li>(1844) <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a> (Begrebet Angest)</li> <li>(1844) <a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Four Upbuilding Discourses</a> (Fire opbyggelige Taler)</li> <li>(1845) <a href="/wiki/Three_Discourses_on_Imagined_Occasions" title="Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions">Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions</a> (Tre Taler ved tænkte Leiligheder)</li> <li>(1845) <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a> (Stadier paa Livets Vei)</li> <li>(1846) <a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a> (Afsluttende uvidenskabelig Efterskrift)</li> <li>(1846) <a href="/wiki/Two_Ages:_A_Literary_Review" title="Two Ages: A Literary Review">Two Ages: A Literary Review</a> (En literair Anmeldelse af S. Kierkegaard)</li> <li>(1847) <a href="/wiki/Edifying_Discourses_in_Diverse_Spirits" title="Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits">Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits</a> (Opbyggelige Taler i forskjellig Aand)</li> <li>(1847) <a href="/wiki/Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a> (Kjerlighedens Gjerninger)</li> <li>(1848) <a href="/wiki/Christian_Discourses" title="Christian Discourses">Christian Discourses</a> (Christelige Taler)</li> <li>(1848, published 1859) <a href="/wiki/The_Point_of_View_of_My_Work_as_an_Author" title="The Point of View of My Work as an Author">The Point of View of My Work as an Author</a> "as good as finished" (IX A 293) (Synspunktet for min Forfatter-Virksomhed. En ligefrem Meddelelse, Rapport til Historien)</li> <li>(1849) <a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_unto_Death" title="The Sickness unto Death">The Sickness unto Death</a> (Sygdommen til Døden)</li> <li>(1849) Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays ("Ypperstepræsten" – "Tolderen" – "Synderinden", tre Taler ved Altergangen om Fredagen)</li> <li>(1850) <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a> (Indøvelse i Christendom)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Kierkegaard is not an extreme subjectivist; he would not reject the importance of objective truths.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Elsewhere, Kierkegaard uses the Faith/Offense dichotomy. In this dichotomy, doubt is the middle ground between faith and taking offense. Offense, in his terminology, describes the threat faith poses to the rational mind. He uses Jesus' words in Matthew 11:6: "And blessed is he, whosoever shall not be offended in me". In <a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a>, Kierkegaard writes: "Just as the concept of "faith" is an altogether distinctively Christian term, so in turn is "offense" an altogether distinctively Christian term relating to faith. The possibility of offense is the crossroad, or it is like standing at the crossroad. From the possibility of offense, one turns either to offense or to faith, but one never comes to faith except from the possibility of offense".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199180-276">[275]</a> In the footnote, he writes, "in the works of some pseudonymous writers it has been pointed out that in modern philosophy there is a confused discussion of doubt where the discussion should have been about despair. Therefore, one has been unable to control or govern doubt either in scholarship or in life. "Despair," however, promptly points in the right direction by placing the relation under the rubric of personality (the single individual) and the ethical. But just as there is a confused discussion of "doubt" instead of a discussion of "despair", So also the practice has been to use the category "doubt" where the discussion ought to be about "offense." The relation, the relation of personality to Christianity, is not to doubt or to believe, but to be offended or to believe. All modern philosophy, both ethically, and Christianly, is based upon frivolousness. Instead of deterring and calling people to order by speaking of being despairing and being offended, it has waved to them and invited them to become conceited by doubting and having doubted. Modern philosophy, being abstract, is floating in metaphysical indeterminateness. Instead of explaining this about itself and then directing people (individual persons) to the ethical, the religious, the existential, philosophy has given the appearance that people are able to speculate themselves out of their own skin, as they so very prosaically say, into pure appearance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199180-276">[275]</a> He writes that the person is either offended that Christ came as a man and that God is too high to be a lowly man who is actually capable of doing very little to resist. Or Jesus, a man, thought himself too high to consider himself God (blasphemy). Or the historical offence where God a lowly man comes into collision with an established order. Thus, this offensive paradox is highly resistant to rational thought. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Kierkegaardian scholar Alastair McKinnon believed that Kierkegaard himself was gay and that his alleged homosexuality was central to his understanding of life and which he hid throughout his work intending for his readers to discover.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkLundHegerJørgensen1991-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkLundHegerJørgensen1991_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkLundHegerJørgensen1991">Brink et al. 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317503">Søren Kierkegaard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Swenson, David F. Something About Kierkegaard, Mercer University Press, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1849" class="citation cs2">Kierkegaard, Søren (1849), "A New View of the Relation Pastor–Poet in the Sphere of Religion", JP VI 6521 Pap. X2 A 157, <q>Christianity has of course known very well what it wanted. It wants to be proclaimed by witnesses—that is, by persons who proclaim the teaching and also existentially express it. The modern notion of a pastor as it is now is a complete misunderstanding. Since pastors also presumably should express the essentially Christian, they have quite rightly discovered how to relax the requirement, abolish the ideal. What is to be done now? Yes, now we must prepare for another tactical advance. First a detachment of poets; almost sinking under the demands of the ideal, with the glow of a certain unhappy love they set forth the ideal. Present-day pastors may now take second rank. These religious poets must have the particular ability to do the kind of writing that helps people out into the current. When this has happened, when a generation has grown up that from childhood on has received the pathos-filled impression of an existential expression of the ideal, the monastery and the genuine witnesses of the truth will both come again. This is how far behind the cause of Christianity is in our time. The first and foremost task is to create pathos, with the superiority of intelligence, imagination, penetration, and wit to guarantee pathos for the existential, which 'the understanding' has reduced to the ludicrous.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+View+of+the+Relation+Pastor%E2%80%93Poet+in+the+Sphere+of+Religion&rft.btitle=JP+VI+6521+Pap.+X2+A+157&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardiner1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzsUcmgNWVV4CpgPA289_289]-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardiner1969[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzsUcmgNWVV4CpgPA289_289]_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardiner1969">Gardiner 1969</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zsUcmgNWVV4C&pg=PA289">289</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Point of View by Lowrie, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, pp. 233ff; Søren Kierkegaard 1847 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 225–226; Works of Love IIIA, pp. 91ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elmer-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elmer_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elmer_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuncan1976">Duncan 1976</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 15–17, 555–610; Either/Or Vol II, pp. 14, 58, 216–217, 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostenfeld-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ostenfeld_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostenfeld_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ostenfeld_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFOstenfeldMcKinnon1972">Ostenfeld & McKinnon 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowland2006-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowland2006_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHowland2006">Howland 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, 1847 Hong 1995 p. 283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992131-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992131_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Philosophical Fragments and Concluding Postscript both deal with the impossibility of an objectively demonstrated Christianity, also Repetition, Lowrie 1941 pp. 114–115, Hong pp. 207–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Stewart, Jon (ed.) Kierkegaard's Influence on Philosophy, Volume 11, Tomes I–III. Ashgate, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Stewart, Jon (ed.) Kierkegaard's Influence on Theology, Volume 10, Tomes I–III. Ashgate, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Stewart, Jon (ed.) Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature and Criticism, Social Science, and Social-Political Thought, Volumes 12–14. Ashgate, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøffding1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Høffding, Harald</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA5">"Hidtil ukendte Billeder af Søren"</a>. Tidsskriftet Bogvennen. København: Det Nordiske Forlag (Ernst Bojesen). pp. 5–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hidtil+ukendte+Billeder+af+S%C3%B8ren&rft.btitle=Tidsskriftet+Bogvennen&rft.place=K%C3%B8benhavn&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Det+Nordiske+Forlag+%28Ernst+Bojesen%29&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8ffding&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBExAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996153-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996153_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirmmse1996">Kirmmse 1996</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukdahl2009" class="citation book cs1">Bukdahl, Jorgen (2009). Soren Kierkegaard and the Common Man. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60608-466-3"><bdi>978-1-60608-466-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soren+Kierkegaard+and+the+Common+Man&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60608-466-3&rft.aulast=Bukdahl&rft.aufirst=Jorgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel2010" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Merigala (2010). Subjectivity and Religious Truth in the Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard. Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-170-1"><bdi>978-0-88146-170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subjectivity+and+Religious+Truth+in+the+Philosophy+of+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Macon%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-170-1&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Merigala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorrien2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB8JJYOysH9ECpgPA262_13]-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorrien2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB8JJYOysH9ECpgPA262_13]_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDorrien2012">Dorrien 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8JJYOysH9EC&pg=PA262">13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Green, Ronald Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMqPc--Ywy4C&q=wolffian">Kierkegaard and Kant: The Hidden Debt</a>. SUNY Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1107-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-1107-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+Kant%3A+The+Hidden+Debt&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1107-0&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMqPc--Ywy4C%26q%3Dwolffian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson19202,_13-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwenson19202,_13_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwenson1920">Swenson 1920</a>, pp. 2, 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Kierkegaard's indebtedness to the Anti-Enlightenment author is explained in this book by Smith <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jghamann17301788013654mbp#page/n0/mode/2up">G Hamann 1730–1788 A Study In Christian Existence</a> (1960) by Ronald Gregor Smith </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Either/Or Part I Swenson, 1944, 1959 pp. 1967ff; <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 72ff </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Either/Or Part I title page, Stages on Life's Way, pp. 150, 216, 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> The Point of View of My Work as An Author: A Report to History by Søren Kierkegaard, written in 1848, published in 1859 by his brother Peter Kierkegaard Translated with introduction and notes by Walter Lowrie, 1962, Harper Torchbooks, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHohlenberg1954" class="citation book cs1">Hohlenberg, Johannes (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/srenkierkegaar00hohl">Søren Kierkegaard</a>. Translated by T.H. Croxall. Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53008941">53008941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53008941&rft.aulast=Hohlenberg&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsrenkierkegaar00hohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff20055,_131–138-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff20055,_131–138_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 5, 131–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005136–138-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005136–138_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 136–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005808-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005808_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, p. 808. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatkin1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnEutAwAAQBAJpgPA8_8–9]-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatkin1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnEutAwAAQBAJpgPA8_8–9]_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatkin1997">Watkin 1997</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nEutAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">8–9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natmus.dk/museer-og-slotte/nationalmuseet/undervisning-paa-nationalmuseet/undervisningsmaterialer/ungdomsuddannelserne/antiksamlingen/vin-og-kaerlighed-det-graeske-symposion/symposion-som-litteraer-genre/kierkegaard-in-vino-veritas/">"Kierkegaard og In Vino Veritas"</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+og+In+Vino+Veritas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnatmus.dk%2Fmuseer-og-slotte%2Fnationalmuseet%2Fundervisning-paa-nationalmuseet%2Fundervisningsmaterialer%2Fungdomsuddannelserne%2Fantiksamlingen%2Fvin-og-kaerlighed-det-graeske-symposion%2Fsymposion-som-litteraer-genre%2Fkierkegaard-in-vino-veritas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard">"Dansk Biografisk Leksikons 3"</a>. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dansk+Biografisk+Leksikons+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiografiskleksikon.lex.dk%2FS%25C3%25B8ren_Kierkegaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-penguin_classics-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-penguin_classics_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-penguin_classics_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-penguin_classics_36-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1996" class="citation book cs1">Hannay, Alastair (7 March 1996). Papers and Journals: A Selection. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044589-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044589-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044589-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+and+Journals%3A+A+Selection&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996-03-07&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044589-3&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Kierkegaard's Journals Gilleleie, 1 August 1835. Either/Or Vol II pp. 361–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, pp. 22–23, 29–30, 32–33, 67–70, 74–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Point of View by Lowrie, pp. 28–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005113-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005113_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996225-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996225_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirmmse1996">Kirmmse 1996</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996151-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirmmse1996151_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirmmse1996">Kirmmse 1996</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Kierkegaard by Josiah Thompson, Published by Alfred P. Knoff, inc, 1973 pp. 14–15, 43–44 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-47092-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-47092-3">0-394-47092-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Journals & Papers of Søren Kierkegaard IIA 11 August 1838 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Born at Copenhagen in 1840 Frederik Troels-Lund comes of a family distinguished in art and letters. The famous naturalist P. W. Lund was his uncle. Soren Kierkegaard, the Danish Philosopher, exerted a great influence oved the young man, the first wife of Frederik's father having been the sister of Kierkegaard. The early environment was one almost entirely of men and women fond of literature and often writers of note. Among Troels-Lunds student contemporaries were Georg Brandes, Julius Lange and others who have won fame at home and abroad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1915-11-14/ed-1/seq-40/#date1=1836&index=5&rows=20&words=Kierkegaard&searchType=basic&sequence=0&state=&date2=1922&proxtext=kierkegaard&y=0&x=0&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1">The Sun., 14 November 1915, Sixth Section, p. 4, Image 40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hugo Bergmann <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fNZqBNL9ewAC&dq=Dialogical+philosophy+from+Kierkegaard+to+Buber&pg=PR4">Dialogical Philosophy from Kierkegaard to Buber</a> p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Given the importance of the journals, references in the form of (Journals, XYZ) are referenced from Dru's 1938 Journals. When known, the exact date is given; otherwise, month and year, or just year is given. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dru-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dru_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dru_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1938">Kierkegaard 1938</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConwayGover200225-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConwayGover200225_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConwayGover2002">Conway & Gover 2002</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992247-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992247_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938354-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938354_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1938">Kierkegaard 1938</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005176–177-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005176–177_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay200191-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay200191_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005177–178-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005177–178_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001132–134-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001132–134_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, pp. 132–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005173–191-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005173–191_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 173–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001133,_154–158-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001133,_154–158_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, pp. 133, 154–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005196–197-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005196–197_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001147–148-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001147–148_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005198–199-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005198–199_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001148–149-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001148–149_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff200590,_94,_193-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff200590,_94,_193_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 90, 94, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001139-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001139_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001149-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001149_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLippittEvans2023">Lippitt & Evans 2023</a>, sec. 1, "Life and Works": "The Magister degree was the equivalent of a contemporary doctorate, the title being changed to “doctor” some years later." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005147-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005147_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisterCopan2012" class="citation book cs1">Meister, Chad; Copan, Paul (2012). The Routledge companion to philosophy of religion (2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1"><bdi>978-0-415-78295-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+companion+to+philosophy+of+religion&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78295-1&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft.au=Copan%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart1997-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart1997_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart1997">Stewart 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dImaAAAAIAAJ">Johannes Climacus, or, De omnibus dubitandum est, and A sermon</a>. Translated, with an assessment by T. H. Croxall, Stanford University Press, 1958 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dImaAAAAIAAJ">Johannes Climacus, or, De omnibus dubitandum est, and A sermon</a>. Translated, with an assessment by T. H. Croxall, Stanford University Press, 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Religion (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2014. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1"><bdi>978-0-415-78295-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=183&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78295-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_73-1">b</a> Kierkegaard's notes on Schelling's work are included in Hong's 1989 translation of the Concept of Irony </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Either/Or Vol I Preface Swenson, pp. 3–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Either/Or Vol I Preface Swenson, pp. 7–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 555ff for a relationship of Religiousness A to Religiousness B. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Either/Or Part I, Swenson trans., pp. 69–73, 143ff, Either/Or Part II, Hong trans., 30–36, 43–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The Racine Daily Journal, Saturday Afternoon, 11 November 1905, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> See Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits 1847 for a more thorough discussion of what he meant by deliberating. Pages 306ff Hong translation </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong 1995 trans., pp. 3, 210ff, 301–303 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Søren Kierkegaard 1843–1844, 1990 by Howard V. Hong, Princeton University Press, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Fear and Trembling, Hong trans., 1983, Translator's introduction, p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, pp. 59–60 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way, pp. 122–123, Concluding Postscript, pp. 242, 322–323; Works of Love, Hong trans., p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, Hong trans., p. 295 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way, Hong trans., pp. 363–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The Concept of Anxiety, pp. 7, 20 and Either/Or Part II, Hong trans., p. 342 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Either/Or Part II, Hong trans., p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Fear and Trembling, pp. 121–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Preparation for a Christian Life, pp. 209–210 (From Selections From The Writings of Soren Kierkegaard, translated by Lee M. Holllander 1923) </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses, 1848, Hong 1997 p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> *"Hegel's philosophic optimism maintained that the difficulties of Christianity had been completely "reconciled" or "mediated" in the supposedly higher synthesis of philosophy, by which process religion had been reduced to terms which might be grasped by the intellect. Kierkegaard, fully voicing the claim both of the intellect and of religion, erects the barrier of the paradox, impassable except by the act of faith. As will be seen, this is Tertullian's Credo quia absurdum. Selections from the Writings of Kierkegaard, by Lee Hollander 1923 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Either/Or Part II, Hong trans., pp. 170–176; The Concept of Anxiety, pp. 11–13 including note; <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 33, 105, 198, 369, 400ff </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 419: "Mediation looks fairly good on paper. First one assumes the finite, then the infinite, and then says on paper: This must be mediated. An existing person has unquestionably found there the secure foothold outside existence where he can mediate—on paper." </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Johannes Climacus by Søren Kierkegaard, Edited and Introduced by Jane Chamberlain, Translated by T. H. Croxall 2001, pp. 80–81, Either/Or II, pp. 55–57, Repetition, pp. 202–203, Works of Love, 1847, Hong 1995, pp. 164–166, 332–339, Soren Kierkegaard, Christian Discourses 26 April 1848 Lowrie 1961 Oxford University Press p. 333ff </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, To Need God Is A Human Being's Highest Perfection 1844 p. 302 Hong </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong 1995 pp. 227–228 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Hegel wrote of Schelling's use of subject and object according to the natural sciences <blockquote>In one of his earlier writings, the System of Transcendental Idealism; which we shall consider first of all, Schelling represented transcendental philosophy and natural philosophy as the two sides of scientific knowledge. Respecting the nature of the two, he expressly declared himself in this work, where he once more adopts a Fichtian starting-point: "All knowledge rests on the harmony of an objective with a subjective" In the common sense of the words this would be allowed; absolute unity, where the Notion and the reality are undistinguished in the perfected Idea, is the Absolute alone, or God; all else contains an element of discord between the objective and subjective. "We may give the name of nature to the entire objective content of our knowledge the entire subjective content, on the other hand, is called the ego or intelligence". They are in themselves identical and presupposed as identical. The relation of nature to intelligence is given by Schelling thus: "Now if all knowledge has two poles which mutually presuppose and demand one another, there must be two fundamental sciences, and it must be impossible to start from the one pole without being driven to the other". Thus nature is impelled to spirit, and spirit to nature; either may be given the first place, and both must come to pass. "If the objective is made the chief" we have the natural sciences as result, and; "the necessary tendency" the end, of all natural science thus is to pass from nature to intelligence. This is the meaning of the effort to connect natural phenomena with theory. The highest perfection of natural science would be the perfect spiritualization of all natural laws into laws of intuitive perception and thought." Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lectureshistoryp03hegeuoft#page/514/mode/2up">Lectures on the Philosophy of History Vol 3 1837 translated by ES Haldane and Francis H. Simson) first translated 1896 pp. 516–517</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, 1847, Hong pp. 306–308; Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong trans., pp. 160–161, 225ff, 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992243-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992243_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Journals of Søren Kierkegaard VIII1A4 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Stages on Life's Way, Hong trans., p. 398 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Stages on Life's Way, Hong trans., pp. 485–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-Søren_Kierkegaard_1851-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Søren_Kierkegaard_1851_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Søren_Kierkegaard_1851_104-1">b</a> Journals of Søren Kierkegaard, 1 June 1851. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992499-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992499_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Ephesians 6:11–20 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits 1847, Hong p. 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, (1847) Hong 1995 pp. 228–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Concluding Postscript, Swenson-Lowrie translation 1941 p. 410 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Taylor_(writer)" title="Daniel Taylor (writer)">Daniel Taylor</a>, writing in The Myth of Certainty: The Reflective Christian & the Risk of Commitment (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-2237-9">978-0-8308-2237-9</a> 1986, 1992), says "human beings are explanation generators" and he agrees with Kierkegaard that it would be very strange if Christianity came into the world just to receive an explanation. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992465-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992465_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Journals of Soren Kierkegaard III 2383 Papers IIA 370 February 16, 1839, Works of Love Hong 1992 p. 395 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Thoughts on Crucial Situations in Human Life, (1845), Swenson trans., pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Works of Love, 1847, Hong 1995 pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-PtView-115"><a href="#cite_ref-PtView_115-0">^</a> The Point of View of My Work as An Author: Lowrie, pp. 142–143 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 251–300 for more on the pseudonymous authorship. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191Kierkegaard1992496–497,_501–505,_510,_538–539,_556,_559-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191Kierkegaard1992496–497,_501–505,_510,_538–539,_556,_559_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 496–497, 501–505, 510, 538–539, 556, 559. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199191_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno1989-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdorno1989_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdorno1989">Adorno 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcia-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcia_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcia_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2003">Morgan 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie1938" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, W (1938). Kierkegaard. London, New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1996-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1996_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans1996">Evans 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> POV by Lowrie, pp. 74–75, 133–134; Either/Or, Vol I by Swenson, pp. 13–14; Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, 1847, Hong pp. 310–311 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalantschukHongHong2003">Malantschuk, Hong & Hong 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992625–626-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992625–626_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 625–626. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Routledge Companion to Philosophy and Religion (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2014. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-78295-1"><bdi>978-0-415-78295-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=188&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-78295-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Kierkegaard, Søren. Dialectical Result of a Literary Police Action in Essential Kierkegaard. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005395–401-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005395–401_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 395–401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005411–412-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005411–412_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, pp. 411–412. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Point of View pp. 20–24, 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992251ff-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992251ff_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 251ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Journals and papers VIII IA8 1847. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Journals and Papers VIII IA165 1847. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Journals and Papers of Kierkegaard, Hannay, 1996, pp. 254, 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong trans., p. 14 (1847). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200186-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200186_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard2001">Kierkegaard 2001</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard2001_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard2001">Kierkegaard 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Soren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong pp. 81–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> The Crowd is Untruth <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/kierkegaard/untruth/files/untruth.html">Ccel.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, 13 March 1847 by Søren Kierkegaard, Hong pp. 95–96, 127–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, p. 337 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Upbuilding (Edifying) Discourses in Various Spirits, Christian Discourses pp. 213ff </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong pp. 230–247, 248–288 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Kierkegaard wrote Works of Love in two series; just as he had his Either/Or and either/or category at the beginning of his writings so he kept to the same category throughout his writings. The first series, ending on page 204 Hong 1995 translation, is parallel to his first writings 1843–1846 and the second is his serious address to single individuals interested in striving to become a Christian. (1847–1855) </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Works of Love, Hong pp. 209ff </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Works of Love, Hong pp. 288ff </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Christian Discourses, translated by Walter Lowrie 1940, 1961 Author's Preface, p. v and Point of View, Lowrie pp. 83–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> POV pp. 5–6 Introduction Lowrie </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Christian Discourses, April 26, 1848 Lowrie 1940, 1961, See also Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits 1847 Hong 1993 323–325 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Upbuilding_Discourses" title="Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses">Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> The Sickness unto Death, by Anti-Climacus, Edited by Søren Kierkegaard, Copyright 1849 Translation with an Introduction and notes by Alastair Hannay 1989 p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses, pp. 266–267, Stages on Life's Way, Hong, 122–125, 130, 283–284 Upbuilding Discourses in Various Spirits, Hong, pp. 339–340 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> The Sickness unto Death, Hannay pp. 65ff </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1991205-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1991205_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowrie1942">Lowrie 1942</a>, pp. 6–9, 24, 30, 40, 49, 74–77, 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowrie1968">Lowrie 1968</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Either/Or Part I Swenson title page </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love, Hong trans., pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> The Divine and the Human, by Nicolai Berdyaev 1945 p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/divinehuman00berd#page/n35/mode/2up">"Divine and the human"</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divine+and+the+human&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdivinehuman00berd%23page%2Fn35%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Attack Upon Christendom by Søren Kierkegaard, 1854–1855, translated by Walter Lowrie, 1944, 1968, Princeton University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Attack Upon Christendom Translated by Walter Lowrie 1944, 1968 introduction page xi </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> For instance in "Hvad Christus dømmer om officiel Christendom." 1855. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1998b">Kierkegaard 1998b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malik-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Malik_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirmmse2000">Kirmmse 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh,_2009-167"><a href="#cite_ref-Walsh,_2009_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalsh2009">Walsh 2009</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, pp. 408–410 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, p. 765 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200323–24-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard200323–24_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard2003">Kierkegaard 2003</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Journals of Søren Kierkegaard, X6B 371 1853. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelio_Fabro1956" class="citation journal cs1">Cornelio Fabro (January–March 1956). "Kierkegaard e il Cattolicesimo". Divus Thomas. 59: 67–70. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45080449">45080449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Divus+Thomas&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard+e+il+Cattolicesimo&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1956-01%2F1956-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45080449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Cornelio+Fabro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Like <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">Imitation of Christ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virginity</a>: See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelio_Fabro2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Fabro" title="Cornelio Fabro">Cornelio Fabro</a> (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-iltimone-org.translate.goog/news-timone/kierkegaard-protestante-colse-in-pieno-il-valore-d/?_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp">"Kierkegaard, protestante, colse in pieno il valore del celibato sacerdotale. Un saggio di Cornelio Fabro"</a>. Il Timone (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Il+Timone&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%2C+protestante%2C+colse+in+pieno+il+valore+del+celibato+sacerdotale.+Un+saggio+di+Cornelio+Fabro&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.au=Cornelio+Fabro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-iltimone-org.translate.goog%2Fnews-timone%2Fkierkegaard-protestante-colse-in-pieno-il-valore-d%2F%3F_x_tr_sl%3Dit%26_x_tr_tl%3Den%26_x_tr_hl%3Dit%26_x_tr_pto%3Dwapp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Hampson, Daphne <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFX_DFs_lEQC&q=Kierkegaard%27s+Odyssey">Christian Contradictions: The Structures of Lutheran and Catholic Thought</a>. Cambridge, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> From Oct. 2nd to Nov. 11th 1855 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarff2005788-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarff2005788_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarff2005">Garff 2005</a>, p. 788. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay2001414-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHannay2001414_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannay2001">Hannay 2001</a>, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard Attack Upon "Christendom", 1854–1855, Lowrie 1944, pp. 6, 27–28 31, 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> This was Kierkegaard's own assumption as a lay explanation of his humpback. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasnik2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krasnik, Benjamin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161013141639/http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/kierkegaard-d%C3%B8de-formentlig-af-potts-sygdom">"Kierkegaard døde formentlig af Potts sygdom"</a> (in Danish). Kristeligt Dagblad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kristeligt-dagblad.dk/danmark/kierkegaard-døde-formentlig-af-potts-sygdom">the original</a> on 13 October 2016. 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Also honorarium for Hollander <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utexas.edu/faculty/council/2000-2001/memorials/SCANNED/hollander.pdf">Utexas.edu</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sorenkierkegaard.org/armed-neutrality.html">See D. Anthony Storms Commentary: Armed Neutrality</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Sixteen Logical Aphorisms The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstor-2940708">"Sixteen Logical Aphorisms"</a>. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods. 12 September 1918. Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sixteen+Logical+Aphorisms&rft.pub=The+Journal+of+Philosophy%2C+Psychology+and+Scientific+Methods&rft.date=1918-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstor-2940708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwenson192041-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwenson192041_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwenson1920">Swenson 1920</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002965864;view=1up;seq=65">Disguises of love; psycho-analytical sketches. By W. Stekel. ... – Full View | HathiTrust Digital Library | HathiTrust Digital Library</a>. New York. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disguises+of+love%3B+psycho-analytical+sketches.+By+W.+Stekel.+...+%E2%80%93+Full+View+%26%23124%3B+HathiTrust+Digital+Library+%26%23124%3B+HathiTrust+Digital+Library&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015002965864%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philsophyofkarlj033381mbp#page/n7/mode/2up">The Philosophy Of Karl Jaspers</a> edited by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Arthur_Schilpp" title="Paul Arthur Schilpp">Paul Arthur Schilpp</a> 1957 p. 26 This book mentions Kierkegaard's name very often. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaspers1935-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaspers1935_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaspers1935">Jaspers 1935</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELowrie19624-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELowrie19624_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLowrie1962">Lowrie 1962</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Heiko Schulz in <a href="#CITEREFStewart2009">Stewart 2009</a>, "Germany and Austria; A Modest Head Start: The German Reception of Kierkegaard", pp. 313–316 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Buch des Richters: Seine Tagebücher 1833–1855, (8 volumes) Hermann Gottsched (1905) the link is below in web </li> <li id="cite_note-Bösl12-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bösl12_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bösl12_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> The Philosophical Review, Volume I, Ginn and Company 1892 pp. 282–283 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/philosophicalrev08cornuoft#page/282/mode/1up">"The Philosophical Review"</a>. Ithaca [etc.] Cornell University Press [etc.] Retrieved 17 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Review&rft.pub=Ithaca+%5Betc.%5D+Cornell+University+Press+%5Betc.%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fphilosophicalrev08cornuoft%23page%2F282%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> An independent English translation of selections/excerpts of Kierkegaard appeared in 1923 by Lee Hollander, and published by the University of Texas at Austin. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Chasrles Williams mentioned Kierkegaard like this in 1939 <blockquote>No doubt as soon as Kierkegaard becomes fashionable he will be explained. His imagination will be made to depend on his personal history, and his sayings will be so moderated in our minds that they will soon become not his sayings but ours. It is a very terrible thing to consider how often this has happened with the great, and how often we are contented to understand what we have neatly supposed that they have said. The Descent of the Dove: A Short History of the Holy Spirit in the Church by Charles Williams 1939, 2002 P. 213</blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambComp-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CambComp_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CambComp_238-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHannayMarino1997">Hannay & Marino 1997</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> See Michael J. Paulus, Jr. From A Publisher's Point of View: Charles Williams's Role in Publishing Kierkegaard in English – online </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Kierkegaard studies, with special reference to (a) the Bible (b) our own age. Thomas Henry Croxall, 1948, pp. 16–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> The Journals of Kierkegaard (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsofkierke002379mbp">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2015">Stewart 2015</a>, p. 3: "[Hannay's] popular translations of Kierkegaard's primary texts in the Penguin Classics series also opened up the Dane's thinking for generations of students." </li> <li id="cite_note-stolaf-243">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stolaf_243-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stolaf_243-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/about/hongs.html">"Howard and Edna Hong"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227232541/http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/about/hongs.html">Archived</a> 27 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library. St. Olaf College. Retrieved 11 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHongEdna_H." class="citation book cs1">Hong, Howard V.; Edna H., Hong (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nlx.com/collections/73">Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers</a>. Translated by Hong; Hong. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57085-239-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57085-239-8"><bdi>978-1-57085-239-8</bdi></a> – via Intelex Past Masters Online Catalogue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%27s+Journals+and+Papers&rft.isbn=978-1-57085-239-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlx.com%2Fcollections%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1968-245"><a href="#cite_ref-nba1968_245-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1968">"National Book Awards – 1968"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Foundation" title="National Book Foundation">National Book Foundation</a>. Retrieved 11 March 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> See this video about the mission and history of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/674216">Søren Kierkegaard research library at St. Olaf College in Northfield, MN</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereligiouseduc00king">Kingman, G. David, The Religious Educational Values in Karl Barth's Teachings</a> 1934 pp. 15–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/karlbarthprophet012001mbp">"Karl Barth Prophet of a New Christianity"</a>. Internet Archive. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Karl+Barth+Prophet+of+a+New+Christianity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkarlbarthprophet012001mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/karlbarthandchri008799mbp#page/n147/mode/2up">"Karl Barth And Christian Unity The Influence of the Barthian Movement Upon The Churches of the World"</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Barth+And+Christian+Unity+The+Influence+of+the+Barthian+Movement+Upon+The+Churches+of+the+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fkarlbarthandchri008799mbp%23page%2Fn147%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Woo, B. Hoon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6894715">"Kierkegaard's Influence on Karl Barth's Early Theology"</a>. Journal of Christian Philosophy. 18: 197–245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Christian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Karl+Barth%27s+Early+Theology&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=197-245&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=B.+Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6894715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001399497">Human freedom and social order; an essay in Christian philosophy.</a> 1959 p.133 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2009-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2009_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2009">Stewart 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bösl13-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Bösl13_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bösl14-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bösl14_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bösl14_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bösl1617-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Bösl1617_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bösl17-256"><a href="#cite_ref-Bösl17_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, Notes to pp. 190, 235, 338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBösl199719-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBösl199719_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBösl1997">Bösl 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1928-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1928_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeck1928">Beck 1928</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyschogrod1954-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyschogrod1954_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyschogrod1954">Wyschogrod 1954</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Audio recordings of Kaufmann's lectures <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=walter%20kaufmann">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goodreads.com/list/show/30869.Penguin_Great_Ideas">Penguin Great Ideas</a> Goodreads </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKangas1998-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKangas1998_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKangas1998">Kangas 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldn.d.-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonaldn.d._264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonaldn.d.">McDonald n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Grady2019" class="citation news cs1">O'Grady, Jane (8 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/did-kierkegaards-heartbreak-inspire-greatest-writing/">"Did Kierkegaard's heartbreak inspire his greatest writing?"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/what-to-read/did-kierkegaards-heartbreak-inspire-greatest-writing/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Did+Kierkegaard%27s+heartbreak+inspire+his+greatest+writing%3F&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft.aulast=O%27Grady&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fwhat-to-read%2Fdid-kierkegaards-heartbreak-inspire-greatest-writing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_BurgwinkleNicholas_HammondEmma_Wilson2011" class="citation book cs1">William Burgwinkle; Nicholas Hammond; Emma Wilson, eds. (2011). "Existentialism". The Cambridge History of French Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 585–593. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521897860.067">10.1017/CHOL9780521897860.067</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97632-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-97632-2"><bdi>978-0-511-97632-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existentialism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+French+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=585-593&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521897860.067&rft.isbn=978-0-511-97632-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1993202-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1993202_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1993">McGrath 1993</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphal1997-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphal1997_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestphal1997">Westphal 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Oden-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Oden_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOden2004">Oden 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackey-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackey_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackey1971">Mackey 1971</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl201/modules/Philosophers/Kierkegaard/kierkegaard_individuality.html">"Kierkgaard: Leap Of Faith"</a>. 2002. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kierkgaard%3A+Leap+Of+Faith&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foregonstate.edu%2Finstruct%2Fphl201%2Fmodules%2FPhilosophers%2FKierkegaard%2Fkierkegaard_individuality.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Faith and the Kierkegaardian Leap in Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199221–57-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199221–57_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 21–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1976">Kierkegaard 1976</a>, p. 399 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKierkegaard1976 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199180-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199180_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard199180_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1991">Kierkegaard 1991</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattison2005-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattison2005_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPattison2005">Pattison 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Søren Kierkegaard, <a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a> (1845) pp. 479–480 and Either/Or Part I, p. 5 Swenson. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992231–232-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992231–232_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Kierkegaard, Søren. Works of Love. Harper & Row, Publishers. New York. 1962. p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1992_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1992">Kierkegaard 1992</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> A recent study touches specifically on the ontological aspects of angst from a Heideggerian standpoint in: <a href="/wiki/Nader_El-Bizri" title="Nader El-Bizri">Nader El-Bizri</a>, 'Variations ontologiques autour du concept d'angoisse chez Kierkegaard', in Kierkegaard notre contemporain paradoxal, ed. N. Hatem (Beirut, 2013), pp. 83–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sartrehum-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sartrehum_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sartrehum_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sartrehum_284-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSartre1946">Sartre 1946</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyfus1998-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyfus1998_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyfus1998">Dreyfus 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestphal19969-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestphal19969_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestphal1996">Westphal 1996</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Emmanuel Levinas, Existence and Ethics, (1963) (as cited in Lippitt, 2003, p. 136). </li> <li id="cite_note-Katz-288"><a href="#cite_ref-Katz_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatz2001">Katz 2001</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKatz2001 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchens2004-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchens2004_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHutchens2004">Hutchens 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESartre1969430-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESartre1969430_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSartre1969">Sartre 1969</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Swinburne Richard, The Coherence of Theism. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a>, 1843 – Søren Kierkegaard – Kierkegaard's Writings; 6 – 1983 – Howard V. Hong, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStern1990-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStern1990_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStern1990">Stern 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosch1996-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosch1996_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKosch1996">Kosch 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140719/http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v33.n3/story24.html">"Paul Holmer from The Yale Bulletin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/opa/arc-ybc/v33.n3/story24.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Holmer+from+The+Yale+Bulletin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fopa%2Farc-ybc%2Fv33.n3%2Fstory24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/edifyingdiscours00kier#page/n19/mode/2up">"Edifying discourses: a selection"</a>. New York,: Harper. Retrieved 27 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edifying+discourses%3A+a+selection&rft.pub=New+York%2C%3A+Harper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fedifyingdiscours00kier%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> See also Works of Love, Hong, 1995 pp. 359ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Noami Lebowitz,Kierkegaard: A Life of Allegory, 1985, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996_298-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996_298-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1996_298-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1996">McDonald 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-chigaco-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chigaco_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chigaco_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222121801/https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/K/bo19125517.html">Kierkegaard and Political Theory</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/K/bo19125517.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+Political+Theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fdistributed%2FK%2Fbo19125517.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UOTP-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UOTP_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UOTP_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAroosi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aroosi, jamie (14 March 2019). "The Ethical Necessity of Politics: Why Kierkegaard Needs Marx". Toronto Journal of Theology. 34 (2): 199–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Ftjt.2018-0111">10.3138/tjt.2018-0111</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150051403">150051403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Ethical+Necessity+of+Politics%3A+Why+Kierkegaard+Needs+Marx&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=199-212&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Ftjt.2018-0111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150051403%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Aroosi&rft.aufirst=jamie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1996">McDonald 1996</a>, "His earliest published essay, for example, was a polemic against women’s liberation." </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_302-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sipe, Dera (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://concept.journals.villanova.edu/index.php/concept/article/view/146">"Kierkegaard and Feminism: A Paradoxical Friendship"</a>. CONCEPT Journal. 27: 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CONCEPT+Journal&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard+and+Feminism%3A+A+Paradoxical+Friendship&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sipe&rft.aufirst=Dera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconcept.journals.villanova.edu%2Findex.php%2Fconcept%2Farticle%2Fview%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hampson, Daphne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r78EAwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CKierkegaard+held+that+it+was+for+the+king+to+govern;+that+was+his+calling.+Thus+in+many+ways+politically+and+socially+conservative,+Kierkegaard+was+by+sentiment+adamantly+opposed+to+what+he+sarcastically+referred+to+as+government+by+the+numerical;+democracy%E2%80%9D+(Kierkegaard+Exposition+and+Critique,+209).&pg=PR13">Kierkegaard: Exposition & Critique</a>. Oxford University: OUP Oxford. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165401-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165401-5"><bdi>978-0-19-165401-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%3A+Exposition+%26+Critique&rft.place=Oxford+University&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-165401-5&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr78EAwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CKierkegaard%2Bheld%2Bthat%2Bit%2Bwas%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bking%2Bto%2Bgovern%3B%2Bthat%2Bwas%2Bhis%2Bcalling.%2BThus%2Bin%2Bmany%2Bways%2Bpolitically%2Band%2Bsocially%2Bconservative%2C%2BKierkegaard%2Bwas%2Bby%2Bsentiment%2Badamantly%2Bopposed%2Bto%2Bwhat%2Bhe%2Bsarcastically%2Breferred%2Bto%2Bas%2Bgovernment%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bnumerical%3B%2Bdemocracy%25E2%2580%259D%2B%28Kierkegaard%2BExposition%2Band%2BCritique%2C%2B209%29.%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsws-304"><a href="#cite_ref-wsws_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter2006" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Tom (17 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2006/04/kier-a17.html">"A closer look at Kierkegaard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Socialist+Web+Site&rft.atitle=A+closer+look+at+Kierkegaard&rft.date=2006-04-17&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2006%2F04%2Fkier-a17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_305-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2018" class="citation web cs1">Stokes, Patrick (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/religion/kierkegaard-versus-the-internet/10427724">"Søren Kierkegaard versus the internet"</a>. ABC Religion & Ethics. Retrieved 16 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard+versus+the+internet&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Freligion%2Fkierkegaard-versus-the-internet%2F10427724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeninga2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfVgXSxln0bUCpgPA278_278]-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeninga2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfVgXSxln0bUCpgPA278_278]_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeninga2009">Veninga 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVgXSxln0bUC&pg=PA278">278</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1978136-307"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1978136_307-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1978">Kierkegaard 1978</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Conway-308"><a href="#cite_ref-Conway_308-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._ConwayE._Gover2002" class="citation book cs1">W. Conway, Daniel; E. Gover, K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6f3gwMbvz-sC&q=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard+homosexuality&pg=PA23">Søren Kierkegaard: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers, Volume 4</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23590-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23590-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23590-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%3A+Critical+Assessments+of+Leading+Philosophers%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23590-7&rft.aulast=W.+Conway&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=E.+Gover%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6f3gwMbvz-sC%26q%3DS%25C3%25B8ren%2BKierkegaard%2Bhomosexuality%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2003" class="citation web cs1">McKinnon, Alistair (14 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sites.utoronto.ca/kierkegaard/archive/upcoming%20Nov03.htm">"Kierkegaard's Homosexuality: Opening up the Question"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. Retrieved 16 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Toronto&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Homosexuality%3A+Opening+up+the+Question&rft.date=2003-11-14&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.utoronto.ca%2Fkierkegaard%2Farchive%2Fupcoming%2520Nov03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE-311"><a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Steele2013" class="citation journal cs1">J. Steele, Brent (1 October 2013). "The Politics and Limits of the Self: Kierkegaard, Neoconservatism and International Political Theory". Journal of International Political Theory. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fjipt">10.3366/jipt</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+International+Political+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Politics+and+Limits+of+the+Self%3A+Kierkegaard%2C+Neoconservatism+and+International+Political+Theory&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fjipt&rft.aulast=J.+Steele&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeston1994-312"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeston1994_312-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeston1994">Weston 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampson2001-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampson2001_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHampson2001">Hampson 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Unamuno refers to Kierkegaard in his book The Tragic Sense of Life, Part IV, In The Depths of the Abyss <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thetragicsenseof00unamuoft#page/106/mode/1up">Archive.org</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creegan-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creegan_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creegan_315-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCreegan1989">Creegan 1989</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopper2002-316"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopper2002_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopper2002">Popper 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> Introduction to The Present Age, Søren Kierkegaard, Dru 1940, 1962 pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Postmod-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Postmod_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Postmod_318-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatustikWestphal1995">Matustik & Westphal 1995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre2001-319"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacIntyre2001_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacIntyre2001">MacIntyre 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERorty1989-320"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorty1989_320-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRorty1989">Rorty 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPyle199952–53-321"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPyle199952–53_321-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPyle1999">Pyle 1999</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> Goddard, Andrew (2002). Living the Word, Resisting the World: The Life and Thought of Jacques Ellul,Paternoster Press, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-053-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-053-0">978-1-84227-053-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> A Coat Of Many Colours (1945) p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kafka-324"><a href="#cite_ref-Kafka_324-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGee2006">McGee 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Updike-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Updike_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUpdike1997">Updike 1997</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice,_George1963" class="citation book cs1">Price, George (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narrowpassstudyo0000pric/page/11">'The Narrow Pass', A Study of Kierkegaard's Concept of Man</a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27The+Narrow+Pass%27%2C+A+Study+of+Kierkegaard%27s+Concept+of+Man&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Price%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarrowpassstudyo0000pric%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> H. Newton Malony (ed.), A Christian Existential Psychology: The Contributions of John G. Finch, University Press of America, 1980, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/sren-kierkegaards-200th-birthday/">"Søren Kierkegaard's 200th Birthday Doodle"</a>. Google Doodles. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Doodles&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%27s+200th+Birthday+Doodle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fsren-kierkegaards-200th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStossel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stossel, Scott (April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/04/right-here-goes/376573/">"Right, Here Goes"</a>. The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 10 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Right%2C+Here+Goes&rft.date=1996-04&rft.aulast=Stossel&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1996%2F04%2Fright-here-goes%2F376573%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine" class="citation web cs1">Irvine, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/WeirdWildWeb/courses/wphil/lectures/wphil_theme20.htm">"Existentialism"</a>. Western Philosophy Courses Website. Boston University. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Philosophy+Courses+Website&rft.atitle=Existentialism&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.bu.edu%2Fwwildman%2FWeirdWildWeb%2Fcourses%2Fwphil%2Flectures%2Fwphil_theme20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowell2004-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowell2004_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowell2004">Crowell 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaparella" class="citation web cs1">Paparella, Emanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ovimagazine.com/art/2869">"Soren Kierkegaard as Father of Existentialism"</a>. Magazine. Ovi/Chameleon Project. Retrieved 13 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine&rft.atitle=Soren+Kierkegaard+as+Father+of+Existentialism&rft.aulast=Paparella&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ovimagazine.com%2Fart%2F2869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938224-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierkegaard1938224_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKierkegaard1938">Kierkegaard 1938</a>, p. 224. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_Kierkegaard">Works by Kierkegaard</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works by Kierkegaard">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1938" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalsselectio0000kier/">The Journals of Søren Kierkegaard: A Selection</a>. Ed. and trans. by Alexander Dru (Reprint ed.). London: Oxford University Press (published 1959). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150101461">1150101461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journals+of+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%3A+A+Selection&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150101461&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalsselectio0000kier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren. Søren Kierkegaard's Journals and Papers. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong, assisted by Gregor Malantschuk. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-18239-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-18239-5"><bdi>978-0-253-18239-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%27s+Journals+and+Papers&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-253-18239-5&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"> 7 vols., 1967–1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1978" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1978) [1846]. Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age, A Literary Review. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 14. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 6 July 2009). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400832286">10.1515/9781400832286</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3228-6"><bdi>978-1-4008-3228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Ages%3A+The+Age+of+Revolution+and+the+Present+Age%2C+A+Literary+Review&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400832286&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3228-6&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1985" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1985) [1842–1844]. Philosophical Fragments, or a Fragment of Philosophy/Johannes Climacus, or De omnibus dubitandum est. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 7. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 21 April 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400846962">10.1515/9781400846962</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4696-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4696-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-4696-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Fragments%2C+or+a+Fragment+of+Philosophy%2FJohannes+Climacus%2C+or+De+omnibus+dubitandum+est&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400846962&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4696-2&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1989" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1989) [1841–1842]. The Concept of Irony, with Continual Reference to Socrates/Notes of Schelling's Berlin Lectures. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 2. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 21 April 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400846924">10.1515/9781400846924</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4692-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4692-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-4692-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Irony%2C+with+Continual+Reference+to+Socrates%2FNotes+of+Schelling%27s+Berlin+Lectures&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400846924&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4692-4&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1991" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1991) [1850]. Practice in Christianity. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 20. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 21 April 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400847037">10.1515/9781400847037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4703-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4703-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-4703-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practice+in+Christianity&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400847037&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4703-7&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kierkegaard, Søren (1992) [1846]. Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 12/I: Text. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 21 April 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400846993">10.1515/9781400846993</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4699-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-4699-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concluding+Unscientific+Postscript+to+Philosophical+Fragments&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400846993&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4699-3&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1998a" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1998a) [1849/1851/1859]. The Point of View. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 22. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 6 July 2009). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400832408">10.1515/9781400832408</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3240-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3240-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-3240-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Point+of+View&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400832408&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3240-8&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard1998b" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (1998b) [1854–1855]. The Moment and Late Writings. Kierkegaard's Writings. Vol. 23. Ed. and trans. by Howard V. & Edna H. Hong (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 21 September 2009). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400832415">10.1515/9781400832415</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3241-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3241-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-3241-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moment+and+Late+Writings&rft.place=Princeton&rft.series=Kierkegaard%27s+Writings&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400832415&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3241-5&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard2001" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (2001) [1846]. A Literary Review. Penguin Classics. Trans. and annontated by <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Hannay" title="Alastair Hannay">Alastair Hannay</a>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044801-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044801-6"><bdi>978-0-14-044801-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+Review&rft.place=London&rft.series=Penguin+Classics&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044801-6&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKierkegaard2003" class="citation book cs1">Kierkegaard, Søren (2003) [first published in 1999]. Moore, Charles E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/provocationsspir0000kier/">Provocations: Spiritual Writings of Kierkegaard</a>. Maryknoll: Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-513-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57075-513-2"><bdi>978-1-57075-513-2</bdi></a> – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provocations%3A+Spiritual+Writings+of+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Maryknoll&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57075-513-2&rft.aulast=Kierkegaard&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprovocationsspir0000kier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_others">Works by others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Works by others">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Adorno, Theodor</a> (1989). Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1186-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1186-6"><bdi>0-8166-1186-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%3A+Construction+of+the+Aesthetic&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8166-1186-6&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beck, M. (1928). Referat und Kritik von M.Heidegger: Sein und Zeit (in German). Indiana: Philosophische Hefte 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Referat+und+Kritik+von+M.Heidegger%3A+Sein+und+Zeit&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pub=Philosophische+Hefte+17&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergmann1991" class="citation book cs1">Bergmann, Samuel Hugo (1991). Dialogical philosophy from Kierkegaard to Buber. New York: SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0623-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-0623-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialogical+philosophy+from+Kierkegaard+to+Buber&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0623-6&rft.aulast=Bergmann&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Hugo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjerregaard1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bjerregaard, C. H. A. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89094564523&seq=481">"Kierkegaard, Søren Aaby"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Macauley_Jackson" title="Samuel Macauley Jackson">Jackson, Samuel Macauley</a> (ed.). Concise Dictionary of Religious Knowledge. New York: The Christian Literature Company. pp. 473–475. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609222608">609222608</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%2C+S%C3%B8ren+Aaby&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=473-475&rft.pub=The+Christian+Literature+Company&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609222608&rft.aulast=Bjerregaard&rft.aufirst=C.+H.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dwu.89094564523%26seq%3D481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBösl1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bösl, Anton (1997). Unfreiheit und Selbstverfehlung. Søren Kierkegaards existenzdialektische Bestimmung von Schuld und Sühne (in German). Basel, Wien: Herder: Freiburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfreiheit+und+Selbstverfehlung.+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaards+existenzdialektische+Bestimmung+von+Schuld+und+S%C3%BChne&rft.place=Basel%2C+Wien&rft.pub=Herder%3A+Freiburg&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6sl&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Brandes, Georg</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maincurrentsinn08brangoog">Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature</a>. Vol. 2. Retrieved 24 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+in+Nineteenth+Century+Literature&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaincurrentsinn08brangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes" class="citation web cs1">Brandes, Georg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesmy00brangoog#page/n110/mode/1up">"Reminiscences of my Childhood and Youth, pp. 98–108"</a>. Retrieved 21 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+my+Childhood+and+Youth%2C+pp.+98%E2%80%93108&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freminiscencesmy00brangoog%23page%2Fn110%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBremer1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredrika_Bremer" title="Fredrika Bremer">Bremer, Fredrika</a> (1850) [first published in <a href="/wiki/Sartain%27s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sartain's Magazine">Sartain's Magazine</a>]. "Life in the North". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/easteroffering00brem/">An Easter Offering</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Howitt" title="Mary Howitt">Howitt, Mary</a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 13–25. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1043015508">1043015508</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Life+in+the+North&rft.btitle=An+Easter+Offering&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13-25&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1043015508&rft.aulast=Bremer&rft.aufirst=Fredrika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feasteroffering00brem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkLundHegerJørgensen1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brink, Lars; <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Lund_(linguist)" title="Jørn Lund (linguist)">Lund, Jørn</a>; Heger, Steffen; Jørgensen, J. Normann (1991). Den Store Danske Udtaleordbog. Munksgaards Ordbøger (in Danish). Copenhagen: Munksgaard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-16-06649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-16-06649-7"><bdi>978-87-16-06649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+Store+Danske+Udtaleordbog&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.series=Munksgaards+Ordb%C3%B8ger&rft.pub=Munksgaard&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-87-16-06649-7&rft.aulast=Brink&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Lund%2C+J%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Heger%2C+Steffen&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+J.+Normann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConwayGover2002" class="citation book cs1">Conway, Daniel W.; Gover, K. E. (2002). Søren Kierkegaard: critical assessments of leading philosophers. London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23587-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23587-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23587-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%3A+critical+assessments+of+leading+philosophers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23587-7&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft.au=Gover%2C+K.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreegan1989" class="citation web cs1">Creegan, Charles (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822164001/http://home.clear.net.nz/pages/ccreegan/wk/chapter1.html">"Wittgenstein and Kierkegaard"</a>. Routledge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.clear.net.nz/pages/ccreegan/wk/chapter1.html">the original</a> on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge&rft.atitle=Wittgenstein+and+Kierkegaard&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Creegan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.clear.net.nz%2Fpages%2Fccreegan%2Fwk%2Fchapter1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowell2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Crowell" title="Steven Crowell">Crowell, Steven</a> (23 August 2004) [substantive rev. 11 October 2010]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712044721/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/">"Existentialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/">the original</a> on 12 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Existentialism&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2004-08-23&rft.aulast=Crowell&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fexistentialism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorrien2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Dorrien" title="Gary Dorrien">Dorrien, Gary</a> (2012). Kantian Reason and Hegelian Spirit. The Idealistic Logic of Modern Theology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67331-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67331-7"><bdi>978-0-470-67331-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kantian+Reason+and+Hegelian+Spirit.+The+Idealistic+Logic+of+Modern+Theology&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67331-7&rft.aulast=Dorrien&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyfus1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Dreyfus" title="Hubert Dreyfus">Dreyfus, Hubert</a> (1998). Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division I. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54056-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54056-8"><bdi>978-0-262-54056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being-in-the-World%3A+A+Commentary+on+Heidegger%27s+Being+and+Time%2C+Division+I&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54056-8&rft.aulast=Dreyfus&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1976" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Elmer (1976). Søren Kierkegaard: Maker of the Modern Theological Mind. Word Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87680-463-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87680-463-6"><bdi>0-87680-463-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%3A+Maker+of+the+Modern+Theological+Mind&rft.pub=Word+Books&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87680-463-6&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Elmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Stephen_Evans" title="C. Stephen Evans">Evans, C. Stephen</a> (1996). "Introduction". Fear and Trembling by Søren Kierkegaard, translated by C. Stephen Evans and Sylvia Walsh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84810-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84810-7"><bdi>978-0-521-84810-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Fear+and+Trembling+by+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%2C+translated+by+C.+Stephen+Evans+and+Sylvia+Walsh&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84810-7&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=C.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gardiner" title="Patrick Gardiner">Gardiner, Patrick L.</a> (1969). "Kierkegaard". In Gardiner, Patrick L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur00gard/">Nineteenth-Century Philosophy</a>. Readings in the History of Philosophy. New York: The Free Press. pp. 289–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911220-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-911220-5"><bdi>978-0-02-911220-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Readings+in+the+History+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=289-320&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-02-911220-5&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Patrick+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteenthcentur00gard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Garff" title="Joakim Garff">Garff, Joakim</a> (2005) [first published in Danish in 2000]. Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography. Translated by Kirmmse, Bruce H. (ebook ed.). Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press (published 31 October 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400849604">10.1515/9781400849604</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4960-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-4960-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt4cgbw9">j.ctt4cgbw9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Princeton+%26+Oxford&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt4cgbw9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400849604&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4960-4&rft.aulast=Garff&rft.aufirst=Joakim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottsched1905" class="citation web cs1">Gottsched, Hermann (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buchdesrichters00gottgoog">"Buch des Richters: Seine Tagebücher 1833–1855"</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buch+des+Richters%3A+Seine+Tageb%C3%BCcher+1833%E2%80%931855&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Gottsched&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuchdesrichters00gottgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaecker1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Haecker" title="Theodor Haecker">Haecker, Theodor</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalinthenigh009030mbp/">Journal in the Night</a>. Translated by Dru, Alexander. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894441">894441</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+in+the+Night&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894441&rft.aulast=Haecker&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalinthenigh009030mbp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1983" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Sharon K (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury10shar">Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism</a>. Detroit: University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-0221-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-0221-1"><bdi>978-0-8103-0221-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-Century+Literary+Criticism&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-0221-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Sharon+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwentiethcentury10shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampson2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Hampson" title="Daphne Hampson">Hampson, Daphne</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFX_DFs_lEQC&q=Kierkegaard%27s+Odyssey">Christian Contradictions: The Structures of Lutheran and Catholic Thought</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60435-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60435-2"><bdi>978-0-521-60435-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Contradictions%3A+The+Structures+of+Lutheran+and+Catholic+Thought&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60435-2&rft.aulast=Hampson&rft.aufirst=Daphne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFX_DFs_lEQC%26q%3DKierkegaard%2527s%2BOdyssey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Hannay" title="Alastair Hannay">Hannay, Alastair</a> (2001). Kierkegaard: A Biography. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511498152">10.1017/CBO9780511498152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-49815-2"><bdi>978-0-511-49815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511498152&rft.isbn=978-0-511-49815-2&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannayMarino1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannay, Alastair; Marino, Gordon (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47719-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47719-0"><bdi>0-521-47719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-47719-0&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft.au=Marino%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowland2006" class="citation book cs1">Howland, Jacob (2006). Kierkegaard and Socrates: A Study in Philosophy and Faith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86203-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86203-5"><bdi>0-521-86203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+Socrates%3A+A+Study+in+Philosophy+and+Faith&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86203-5&rft.aulast=Howland&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubben1962" class="citation book cs1">Hubben, William (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dostoevskykierke00hubb">Dostoevsky, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Kafka: Four Prophets of Our Destiny</a>. New York: Collier Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dostoevsky%2C+Kierkegaard%2C+Nietzsche%2C+and+Kafka%3A+Four+Prophets+of+Our+Destiny&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Hubben&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdostoevskykierke00hubb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchens2004" class="citation book cs1">Hutchens, Benjamin C (2004). Levinas: a guide for the perplexed?. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-7282-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-7282-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Levinas%3A+a+guide+for+the+perplexed%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-7282-3&rft.aulast=Hutchens&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspers1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers, Karl</a> (1935). Vernunft und Existenz. Fünf Vorlesungen (in German). Groningen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vernunft+und+Existenz.+F%C3%BCnf+Vorlesungen&rft.place=Groningen&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Jaspers&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalkar1858" class="citation journal cs1">Kalkar, Christian Andreas Herman (August 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068199805&seq=761">"Denmark. Remarks on the State of the Danish National Church"</a>. European Intelligence. Evangelical Christendom: Its State and Prospects. 12. London: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a>: 269–274. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656581214">656581214</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Christendom%3A+Its+State+and+Prospects&rft.atitle=Denmark.+Remarks+on+the+State+of+the+Danish+National+Church&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=269-274&rft.date=1858-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656581214&rft.aulast=Kalkar&rft.aufirst=Christian+Andreas+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433068199805%26seq%3D761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKangas1998" class="citation web cs1">Kangas, David (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171946/http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/enrahonar/0211402Xn29p119.pdf">"Kierkegaard, the Apophatic Theologian, David Kangas, Yale University"</a> (PDF). Enrahonar No. 29, Departament de Filosofia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/enrahonar/0211402Xn29p119.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enrahonar+No.+29%2C+Departament+de+Filosofia%2C+Universitat+Aut%C3%B2noma+de+Barcelona&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%2C+the+Apophatic+Theologian%2C+David+Kangas%2C+Yale+University&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kangas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fddd.uab.cat%2Fpub%2Fenrahonar%2F0211402Xn29p119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmmse1996" class="citation book cs1">Kirmmse, Bruce H., ed. (1996). Encounters with Kierkegaard: A Life as Seen by His Contemporaries. Translated by Kirmmse, Bruce H.; Laursen, Virginia R. (ebook ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 8 December 2020). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691221885">10.1515/9780691221885</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22188-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-22188-5"><bdi>978-0-691-22188-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encounters+with+Kierkegaard%3A+A+Life+as+Seen+by+His+Contemporaries&rft.place=Princeton&rft.edition=ebook&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691221885&rft.isbn=978-0-691-22188-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirmmse2000" class="citation web cs1">Kirmmse, Bruce (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520040010/http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/newsletter/issue39/39002.htm">"Review of Habib Malik, Receiving Søren Kierkegaard"</a>. Stolaf. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stolaf.edu/collections/kierkegaard/newsletter/issue39/39002.htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stolaf&rft.atitle=Review+of+Habib+Malik%2C+Receiving+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kirmmse&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stolaf.edu%2Fcollections%2Fkierkegaard%2Fnewsletter%2Fissue39%2F39002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosch1996" class="citation book cs1">Kosch, Michelle (1996). Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928911-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928911-0"><bdi>978-0-19-928911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+and+reason+in+Kant%2C+Schelling%2C+and+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928911-0&rft.aulast=Kosch&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippitt2003" class="citation book cs1">Lippitt, John (2003). Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kierkegaard and Fear and Trembling. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18047-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18047-4"><bdi>978-0-415-18047-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Philosophy+Guidebook+to+Kierkegaard+and+Fear+and+Trembling&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18047-4&rft.aulast=Lippitt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippittEvans2023" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lippitt, John; Evans, C. Stephen (22 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/">"Søren Kierkegaard"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.aulast=Lippitt&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Evans%2C+C.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fkierkegaard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(author)" title="Walter Lowrie (author)">Lowrie, Walter</a> (1942). A Short Life of Kierkegaard. 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New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/602868">602868</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Harper+Torchbook&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F602868&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkierkegaard0001lowr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie1968" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, Walter (1968). Kierkegaard's Attack Upon Christendom. 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Chicago: Open Court Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9452-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9452-X"><bdi>0-8126-9452-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Once+More+on+Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+after+MacIntyre&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8126-9452-X&rft.aulast=MacIntyre&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Mackey" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis H. 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Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1042-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1042-5"><bdi>0-8122-1042-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%3A+A+Kind+of+Poet&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-8122-1042-5&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkierkegaardkindo00mack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalantschukHongHong2003" class="citation book cs1">Malantschuk, Gregor; Hong, Howard; Hong, Edna (2003). Kierkegaard's concept of existence. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87462-658-2"><bdi>978-0-87462-658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+concept+of+existence&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Marquette+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-87462-658-2&rft.aulast=Malantschuk&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft.au=Hong%2C+Howard&rft.au=Hong%2C+Edna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartensen1871" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Martensen, Hans Lassen</a> (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianethicsg00mart/">Christian Ethics (General Part)</a>. Clark's Foreign Theological Library, 3rd Series. Vol. 39. Translated by Spence, C. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866874021">866874021</a>. 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Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20967-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20967-6"><bdi>0-253-20967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+in+Post%2FModernity&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-20967-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaldn.d." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDonald, William (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/kierkega/">"Søren Kierkegaard (1813—1855)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2161-0002">2161-0002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240917070331/https://iep.utm.edu/kierkega/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2024. Retrieved 22 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard+%281813%E2%80%941855%29&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.issn=2161-0002&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fkierkega%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1996" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McDonald, William (3 December 1996) [substantive rev. 10 November 2017]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/kierkegaard/">"Søren Kierkegaard"</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190813003321/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kierkegaard/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=1996-12-03&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2023%2Fentries%2Fkierkegaard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2006" class="citation web cs1">McGee, Kyle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0">"Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony"</a>. Kafka Project. Retrieved 26 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kafka+Project&rft.atitle=Fear+and+Trembling+in+the+Penal+Colony&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kafka.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D185%2C290%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath1993" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister E. (1993). The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Thought. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19896-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19896-2"><bdi>0-631-19896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Christian+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-631-19896-2&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meyer_(translator)" title="Michael Meyer (translator)">Meyer, Michael</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/strindberg00meye/">Strindberg</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50442-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50442-1"><bdi>978-0-394-50442-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strindberg&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50442-1&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstrindberg00meye%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Marcia (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sorenkierkegaard.nl/artikelen/Engels/095.%20Adorno's%20reception%20of%20kierkegaard.pdf">Adorno's Reception of Kierkegaard: 1929–1933</a> (PDF). University of Potsdam. Retrieved 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adorno%27s+Reception+of+Kierkegaard%3A+1929%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=University+of+Potsdam&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sorenkierkegaard.nl%2Fartikelen%2FEngels%2F095.%2520Adorno%27s%2520reception%2520of%2520kierkegaard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNostbakken1962" class="citation thesis cs1">Nostbakken, Roger Wesley (1962). The theology of Gisle Christian Johnson: an inquiry into its sources, its nature and its significance (ThD thesis). Princeton Theological Seminary. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/936470209">936470209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+theology+of+Gisle+Christian+Johnson%3A+an+inquiry+into+its+sources%2C+its+nature+and+its+significance&rft.degree=ThD&rft.inst=Princeton+Theological+Seminary&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F936470209&rft.aulast=Nostbakken&rft.aufirst=Roger+Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOden2004" class="citation book cs1">Oden, Thomas C (2004). The Humor of Kierkegaard: An Anthology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02085-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02085-X"><bdi>0-691-02085-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humor+of+Kierkegaard%3A+An+Anthology&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-02085-X&rft.aulast=Oden&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstenfeldMcKinnon1972" class="citation book cs1">Ostenfeld, Ib; McKinnon, Alastair (1972). Søren Kierkegaard's Psychology. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88920-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88920-068-8"><bdi>0-88920-068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%27s+Psychology&rft.place=Waterloo&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurer+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-88920-068-8&rft.aulast=Ostenfeld&rft.aufirst=Ib&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattison2005" class="citation book cs1">Pattison, George (2005). The Philosophy of Kierkegaard. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2987-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-2987-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2987-8&rft.aulast=Pattison&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfleiderer1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Pfleiderer, Otto</a> (1887) [based on 2nd German edition published 1883–1884]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.ah4bnd">The Philosophy of Religion On the Basis of Its History: Schelling to the Present Day</a>. Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Menzies" title="Allan Menzies">Menzies, Allan</a>. London & Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555200934">555200934</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Religion+On+the+Basis+of+Its+History%3A+Schelling+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=London+%26+Edinburgh&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F555200934&rft.aulast=Pfleiderer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.ah4bnd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper, Karl</a> (2002). The Open Society and Its Enemies Vol 2: Hegel and Marx. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29063-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29063-5"><bdi>0-415-29063-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Society+and+Its+Enemies+Vol+2%3A+Hegel+and+Marx&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-29063-5&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle1999" class="citation book cs1">Pyle, Andrew (1999). Key philosophers in conversation: the Cogito interviews. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18036-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18036-8"><bdi>978-0-415-18036-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+philosophers+in+conversation%3A+the+Cogito+interviews&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18036-8&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorty1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty, Richard</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contingencyirony00rort_0">Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36781-6"><bdi>0-521-36781-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contingency%2C+Irony%2C+and+Solidarity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-521-36781-6&rft.aulast=Rorty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontingencyirony00rort_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre1946" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre, Jean-Paul</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/works/exist/sartre.htm">"Existentialism is a Humanism"</a>. World Publishing Company. Retrieved 14 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Publishing+Company&rft.atitle=Existentialism+is+a+Humanism&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fsartre%2Fworks%2Fexist%2Fsartre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartre1969" class="citation book cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (1969). Being and nothingness: an essay on phenomenological ontology?. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-04029-7"><bdi>978-0-415-04029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+and+nothingness%3A+an+essay+on+phenomenological+ontology%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-415-04029-7&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofr07hastuoft#page/696/mode/1up">"Søren Kierkegaard"</a>. Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics. Vol. 7. 1908. pp. 696–699. Retrieved 21 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+religion+and+ethics&rft.pages=696-699&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopaediaofr07hastuoft%23page%2F696%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaubrand2009" class="citation book cs1">Staubrand, Jens (2009). Jens Staubrand: Søren Kierkegaard's Illness and Death, Copenhagen. Søren Kierkegaard Kulturproduktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-92259-92-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-92259-92-9"><bdi>978-87-92259-92-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jens+Staubrand%3A+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard%27s+Illness+and+Death%2C+Copenhagen&rft.pub=S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard+Kulturproduktion&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-92259-92-9&rft.aulast=Staubrand&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStern1990" class="citation journal cs1">Stern, Kenneth (1990). "Kierkegaard on Theistic Proof". <a href="/wiki/Religious_Studies_(journal)" title="Religious Studies (journal)">Religious studies</a>. 26 (2). Cambridge: 219–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034412500020370">10.1017/S0034412500020370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170283075">170283075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+studies&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard+on+Theistic+Proof&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=219-226&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034412500020370&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170283075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Stewart, Jon</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Niels_J%C3%B8rgen_Cappel%C3%B8rn" title="Niels Jørgen Cappelørn">Cappelørn, Niels Jørgen</a>; Deuser, Hermann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jonstewart.dk/1997%20Ks%20Phen%20of%20Despair.pdf">"Kierkegaard's Phenomenology of Despair in The Sickness Unto Death"</a> (PDF). Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook: 117–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110243994.117">10.1515/9783110243994.117</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-9792">1612-9792</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1430-5372">1430-5372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171485787">171485787</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240927145917/https://www.jonstewart.dk/1997%20Ks%20Phen%20of%20Despair.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2024 – via author's personal website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kierkegaard+Studies+Yearbook&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Phenomenology+of+Despair+in+The+Sickness+Unto+Death&rft.pages=117-143&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1430-5372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171485787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1612-9792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110243994.117&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jonstewart.dk%2F1997%2520Ks%2520Phen%2520of%2520Despair.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2009). Kierkegaard's International Reception: Northern and Western Europe. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 8, Tome 1. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6496-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6496-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-6496-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+International+Reception%3A+Northern+and+Western+Europe&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6496-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2012a). Kierkegaard's Influence on Theology: Anglophone and Scandinavian Protestant Theology. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 10, Tome 2. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4479-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4479-4"><bdi>978-1-4094-4479-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Theology%3A+Anglophone+and+Scandinavian+Protestant+Theology&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-4479-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2012b). Kierkegaard's Influence on Philosophy: German and Scandinavian Philosophy. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 11, Tome 1. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4285-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4285-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-4285-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Philosophy%3A+German+and+Scandinavian+Philosophy&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-4285-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012c" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2012c). Kierkegaard's Influence on Philosophy: Anglophone Philosophy. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 11, Tome 3. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4055-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-4055-0"><bdi>978-1-4094-4055-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Philosophy%3A+Anglophone+Philosophy&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-4055-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2013a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2013a). Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature, Criticism and Art: The Germanophone World. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 12, Tome 1. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5611-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-5611-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-5611-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Literature%2C+Criticism+and+Art%3A+The+Germanophone+World&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-5611-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2013b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Stewart, Jon, ed. (2013b). Kierkegaard's Influence on Literature, Criticism and Art: Sweden and Norway. Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception and Resources. Vol. 12, Tome 3. Farnham & Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6513-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-6513-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%27s+Influence+on+Literature%2C+Criticism+and+Art%3A+Sweden+and+Norway&rft.place=Farnham+%26+Burlington&rft.series=Kierkegaard+Research%3A+Sources%2C+Reception+and+Resources&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6513-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2015" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Jon (2015). "Editor's Introduction: Kierkegaard and the Rich Field of Kierkegaard Studies". In Stewart, Jon (ed.). A Companion to Kierkegaard. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Chichester & Malden: Wiley. pp. 1–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118783795.ch0">10.1002/9781118783795.ch0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78379-5"><bdi>978-1-118-78379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Introduction%3A+Kierkegaard+and+the+Rich+Field+of+Kierkegaard+Studies&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Chichester+%26+Malden&rft.series=Blackwell+Companions+to+Philosophy&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118783795.ch0&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78379-5&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrindberg1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg, August</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playsbyauguststr00stri/">Plays by August Strindberg: First Series</a>. Translated by Björkman, Edwin. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2579484">2579484</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plays+by+August+Strindberg%3A+First+Series&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2579484&rft.aulast=Strindberg&rft.aufirst=August&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaysbyauguststr00stri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwenson1920" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_F._Swenson" title="David F. Swenson">Swenson, David F.</a> (February 1920). <a href="/wiki/George_T._Flom" title="George T. Flom">Flom, George T.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandinavianstu06sociuoft/page/1/">"Sören Kierkegaard"</a>. Scandinavian Studies and Notes. 6 (1). <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Advancement_of_Scandinavian_Study" title="Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study">Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study</a>: 1–41. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40915066">40915066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies+and+Notes&rft.atitle=S%C3%B6ren+Kierkegaard&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=1920-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40915066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Swenson&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscandinavianstu06sociuoft%2Fpage%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpdike1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">Updike, John</a> (1997). "Foreword". The Seducer's Diary by Søren Kierkegaard. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01737-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01737-9"><bdi>0-691-01737-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=The+Seducer%27s+Diary+by+S%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-691-01737-9&rft.aulast=Updike&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahl1856" class="citation journal cs1">Vahl, J. (April 1856) [dated 23 January 1856]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433068199797&seq=567">"Denmark. The Doctrines of Dr. Kierkegaard—Accusations Against the State Church—Independent Lutheran Church of Copenhagen"</a>. European Intelligence. Evangelical Christendom: Its State and Prospects. 10. London: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Alliance" title="Evangelical Alliance">Evangelical Alliance</a>: 127–129. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656581214">656581214</a>. Retrieved 29 September 2024 – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evangelical+Christendom%3A+Its+State+and+Prospects&rft.atitle=Denmark.+The+Doctrines+of+Dr.+Kierkegaard%E2%80%94Accusations+Against+the+State+Church%E2%80%94Independent+Lutheran+Church+of+Copenhagen&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=127-129&rft.date=1856-04&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656581214&rft.aulast=Vahl&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433068199797%26seq%3D567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeninga2009" class="citation book cs1">Veninga, Jennifer Elisa (2009). "The Danish Cartoon Controversy as Viewed by Kierkegaard and Appadurai: The Social Imagination and the Numerical". In Perkins, Robert L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/momentlatewritin0000unse">The Moment and Late Writings</a>. International Kierkegaard Commentary. Vol. 23. Macon: Mercer University Press. pp. 253–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-160-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88146-160-2"><bdi>978-0-88146-160-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 November 2024 – via the Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Danish+Cartoon+Controversy+as+Viewed+by+Kierkegaard+and+Appadurai%3A+The+Social+Imagination+and+the+Numerical&rft.btitle=The+Moment+and+Late+Writings&rft.place=Macon&rft.series=International+Kierkegaard+Commentary&rft.pages=253-282&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-88146-160-2&rft.aulast=Veninga&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Elisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmomentlatewritin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2009" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Sylvia (2009). Kierkegaard: Thinking Christianly in an Existential Mode?. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920836-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920836-4"><bdi>978-0-19-920836-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard%3A+Thinking+Christianly+in+an+Existential+Mode%3F&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920836-4&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatkin1997" class="citation book cs1">Watkin, Julia (1997). Kierkegaard (Reissue ed.). London & New York: Continuum (published 2000). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-5086-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-5086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=Reissue&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-5086-9&rft.aulast=Watkin&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston1994" class="citation book cs1">Weston, Michael (1994). Kierkegaard and Modern Continental Philosophy. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10120-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10120-4"><bdi>0-415-10120-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+Modern+Continental+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-10120-4&rft.aulast=Weston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestphal1996" class="citation book cs1">Westphal, Merold (1996). Becoming a Self: A Reading of Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-089-9"><bdi>978-1-55753-089-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+a+Self%3A+A+Reading+of+Kierkegaard%27s+Concluding+Unscientific+Postscript&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Purdue+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-089-9&rft.aulast=Westphal&rft.aufirst=Merold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestphal1997" class="citation book cs1">Westphal, Merold (1997). "Kierkegaard and Hegel". The Cambridge Companion to Kierkegaard. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47719-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47719-0"><bdi>0-521-47719-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kierkegaard+and+Hegel&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Kierkegaard&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-47719-0&rft.aulast=Westphal&rft.aufirst=Merold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyschogrod1954" class="citation book cs1">Wyschogrod, Michael (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kierkegaardheide0000wysc">Kierkegaard and Heidegger. The Ontology of Existence</a>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kierkegaard+and+Heidegger.+The+Ontology+of+Existence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Wyschogrod&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkierkegaardheide0000wysc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AS%C3%B8ren+Kierkegaard" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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.sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Søren Kierkegaard at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="c:Søren Kierkegaard">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="q:Søren Kierkegaard">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Søren Kierkegaard">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Philosophy/Existentialism" class="extiw" title="b:Introduction to Philosophy/Existentialism">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Søren Kierkegaard">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Den_Store_Danske" class="mw-redirect" title="Den Store Danske">Den Store Danske</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/kultur/expo/sk-mss/">Manuscripts in the Søren Kierkegaard Archive in the Royal Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20Aabye%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20S%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Søren%20Aabye%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Søren%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22S%2E%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Søren%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Søren%20Aabye%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Søren%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22S%2E%20Aabye%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20Aabye%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20S%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20S%2E%20Aabye%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Søren%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Søren%20Aabye%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Søren%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22S%2E%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Søren%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Søren%20Aabye%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Søren%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22S%2E%20A%2E%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20Aabye%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%20A%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Søren%20Kierkegaard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Kierkegaard%2C%20Søren%22%20OR%20%28S%2Aren%20Kierkegaard%29%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1855%22%20AND%20Kierkegaard%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Søren Kierkegaard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/693">Works by Søren Kierkegaard</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?q=kierkegaard&search_form=advanced">Kierkegaard</a> by or about Kierkegaard on LibriVox</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b009fycc">"Kierkegaard"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Jonathan Rée, Clare Carlisle & John Lippitt (In Our Time, 20 March 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audible.com/author/Soren-Kierkegaard/B000APODMG">Kierkegaard from Audible</a> audio books</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Søren_Kierkegaard" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Template:Søren Kierkegaard"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Template talk:Søren Kierkegaard"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Søren Kierkegaard"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Søren_Kierkegaard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Søren Kierkegaard</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Influence and reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Theology of Søren Kierkegaard">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Bibliography of Søren Kierkegaard">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1841–1846</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_omnibus_dubitandum_est" title="De omnibus dubitandum est">De omnibus dubitandum est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetition_(Kierkegaard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard)">Repetition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1843" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefaces" title="Prefaces">Prefaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Upbuilding_Discourses,_1844" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Upbuilding_Discourses" title="Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses">Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Discourses_on_Imagined_Occasions" title="Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions">Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stages_on_Life%27s_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Ages:_A_Literary_Review" title="Two Ages: A Literary Review">Two Ages: A Literary Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1847–1854</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edifying_Discourses_in_Diverse_Spirits" title="Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits">Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Discourses" title="Christian Discourses">Christian Discourses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_and_a_Crisis_in_the_Life_of_an_Actress" title="The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress">The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lily_of_the_Field_and_the_Bird_of_the_Air" title="The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air">The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Minor_Ethical-Religious_Essays" title="Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays">Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sickness_unto_Death" title="The Sickness unto Death">The Sickness unto Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Discourses_at_the_Communion_on_Fridays" title="Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays">Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_on_Adler" title="The Book on Adler">The Book on Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Self-Examination" title="For Self-Examination">For Self-Examination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Point_of_View_of_My_Work_as_an_Author" title="The Point of View of My Work as an Author">The Point of View of My Work as an Author</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_for_Yourselves!" title="Judge for Yourselves!">Judge for Yourselves!</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Journals">The Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_Sampler" title="Writing Sampler">Writing Sampler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-mindedness" title="Double-mindedness">Double-mindedness</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Authorship_(1847–1855)">Indirect communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinite_qualitative_distinction" title="Infinite qualitative distinction">Infinite qualitative distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_faith" title="Knight of faith">Knight of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leveling_(philosophy)" title="Leveling (philosophy)">Levelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_age" title="Present age">Present age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_method" title="Rotation method">Rotation method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential despair">Despair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kierkegaard" title="Peter Kierkegaard">Peter Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Hans Lassen Martensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Peter_Mynster" title="Jacob Peter Mynster">Jacob Peter Mynster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Heiberg_(poet)" title="Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)">J. L. Heiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasine_Christine_Gyllembourg-Ehrensv%C3%A4rd" title="Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd">Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Peter_Adler" title="Adolph Peter Adler">Adolph Peter Adler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Category:Søren Kierkegaard">Related topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_Research_Center" title="Søren Kierkegaard Research Center">Søren Kierkegaard Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_V._and_Edna_H._Hong_Kierkegaard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library">Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayers_of_Kierkegaard" title="Prayers of Kierkegaard">Prayers of Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kierkegaard_Studies_Yearbook" title="Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook">Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederiksberggade_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederiksberggade 1 (page does not exist)">Nytorv 27</a> (birthplace)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenborggade_7%E2%80%939" title="Rosenborggade 7–9">Rosenborggade 7–9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skindergade_38" title="Skindergade 38">Skindergade 38</a> (last home)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Statue of Søren Kierkegaard">Statue of Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Central_European_Institute_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="The Central European Institute Søren Kierkegaard">The Central European Institute Søren Kierkegaard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Danish_Golden_Age_(1800–1850)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Danish_Golden_Age" title="Template:Danish Golden Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Danish_Golden_Age" title="Template talk:Danish Golden Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Danish_Golden_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Danish Golden Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Danish_Golden_Age_(1800–1850)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a> (1800–1850)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age#Centres" title="Danish Golden Age">Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Copenhagen#Golden_Age_Copenhagen" title="History of Copenhagen">Golden Age Copenhagen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Denmark#19th_century" title="Architecture of Denmark">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gottlieb_Bindesb%C3%B8ll" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll">Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Hansen_Koch" title="Jørgen Hansen Koch">Jørgen Hansen Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hallander" title="Andreas Hallander">Andreas Hallander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Frederik_Hansen" title="Christian Frederik Hansen">Christian Frederik Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Friedrich_Hetsch" title="Gustav Friedrich Hetsch">Gustav Friedrich Hetsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Martin_Quist" title="Johan Martin Quist">Johan Martin Quist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark#The_Golden_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Painting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Bendz" title="Wilhelm Bendz">Wilhelm Bendz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditlev_Blunck" title="Ditlev Blunck">Ditlev Blunck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_B%C3%A6rentzen" title="Emil Bærentzen">Emil Bærentzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahl" title="Carl Dahl">Carl Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dankvart_Dreyer" title="Dankvart Dreyer">Dankvart Dreyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoffer_Wilhelm_Eckersberg" title="Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg">C. W. Eckersberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Theodor_Kloss" title="Frederik Theodor Kloss">Frederik Theodor Kloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Gertner" title="Johan Vilhelm Gertner">Johan Vilhelm Gertner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Gurlitt" title="Louis Gurlitt">Louis Gurlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J%C3%B8rgen_Hammer" title="Hans Jørgen Hammer">Hans Jørgen Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Hansen" title="Constantin Hansen">Constantin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Hilker" title="Georg Hilker">Georg Hilker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Gustav_Ferdinand_Holm" title="Heinrich Gustav Ferdinand Holm">H. G. F. Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Albrecht_Jensen" title="Christian Albrecht Jensen">C. A. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_K%C3%BCchler" title="Albert Küchler">Albert Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Kyhn" title="Vilhelm Kyhn">Vilhelm Kyhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen_K%C3%B8bke" title="Christen Købke">Christen Købke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Larsen" title="Emanuel Larsen">Emanuel Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lundbye" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan Lundbye">Johan Lundbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marstrand" title="Wilhelm Marstrand">Wilhelm Marstrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_August_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam August Müller">Adam August Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Petzholdt" title="Fritz Petzholdt">Fritz Petzholdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Roed" title="Jørgen Roed">Jørgen Roed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_R%C3%B8rbye" title="Martinus Rørbye">Martinus Rørbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Skovgaard" title="P. C. Skovgaard">P. C. Skovgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Sonne_(painter)" title="Jørgen Sonne (painter)">Jørgen Valentin Sonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Carl Frederik Sørensen">Carl Frederik Sørensen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Denmark">Sculpture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Wilhelm_Bissen" title="Herman Wilhelm Bissen">Herman Wilhelm Bissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christen_Christensen_(sculptor)" title="Christen Christensen (sculptor)">Christen Christensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Ernst_Freund" title="Hermann Ernst Freund">Hermann Ernst Freund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Adolf_Jerichau" title="Jens Adolf Jerichau">Jens Adolf Jerichau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Denmark" title="Music of Denmark">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Gade" title="Niels Gade">Niels Gade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Emilius_Hartmann" title="Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann">Johan Peter Emilius Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Friedrich Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Ernst_Friedrich_Weyse" title="Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse">Christoph Ernst Friedrich Weyse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Bournonville" title="August Bournonville">August Bournonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanne_Luise_Heiberg" title="Johanne Luise Heiberg">Johanne Luise Heiberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_literature" title="Danish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Hans Christian Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Baggesen" title="Jens Baggesen">Jens Baggesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludvig_B%C3%B8dtcher" title="Ludvig Bødtcher">Ludvig Bødtcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Hertz" title="Henrik Hertz">Henrik Hertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Severin_Ingemann" title="Bernhard Severin Ingemann">Bernhard Severin Ingemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schack_von_Staffeldt" title="Schack von Staffeldt">Adolph Wilhelm Schack von Staffeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Winther" title="Christian Winther">Christian Winther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Aarestrup" title="Emil Aarestrup">Emil Aarestrup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Denmark" title="Culture of Denmark">Philosophy</a> and theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller" title="Poul Martin Møller">Poul Martin Møller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Steffens" title="Henrik Steffens">Henrik Steffens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Wilhelm_Hauch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Wilhelm Hauch (page does not exist)">Adam Wilhelm Hauch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wilhelm_Lund" title="Peter Wilhelm Lund">Peter Wilhelm Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Rask" title="Rasmus Rask">Rasmus Rask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Frederik_Schouw" title="Joakim Frederik Schouw">Joakim Frederik Schouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sand%C3%B8e_%C3%98rsted" title="Anders Sandøe Ørsted">Anders Sandøe Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arts_administration" title="Arts administration">Administrators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederik VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ditlev_Frederik_Reventlow" title="Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow">Christian Ditlev Frederik Reventlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Collin" title="Jonas Collin">Jonas Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Laurits_H%C3%B8yen" title="Niels Laurits Høyen">Niels Laurits Høyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Lyne_Rahbek" title="Knud Lyne Rahbek">Knud Lyne Rahbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_von_Schimmelmann" title="Ernst Heinrich von Schimmelmann">Ernst von Schimmelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_Mathias_Thiele" title="Just Mathias Thiele">Just Mathias Thiele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_J%C3%BCrgensen_Thomsen" title="Christian Jürgensen Thomsen">Christian Jürgensen Thomsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Academy_of_Fine_Arts#Golden_Age" title="Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts">Royal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre" title="Royal Danish Theatre">Royal Danish Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunstforeningen" title="Kunstforeningen">Kunstforeningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sor%C3%B8_Academy" title="Sorø Academy">Sorø Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakkehuset" title="Bakkehuset">Bakkehuset</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamma_Rahbek" title="Kamma Rahbek">Kamma Rahbek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._A._Reitzel%27s_Bookshop&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. A. Reitzel's Bookshop (page does not exist)">C. A. Reitzel's Bookshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nys%C3%B8_Manor" title="Nysø Manor">Nysø Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophienholm" title="Sophienholm">Sophienholm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friederike_Brun" title="Friederike Brun">Friederike Brun</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lyst_(Klampenborg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sølyst (Klampenborg)">Sølyst</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Schimmelmann" title="Charlotte Schimmelmann">Charlotte Schimmelmann</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> « <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> </div> <div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Breakthrough" title="Modern Breakthrough">Modern Breakthrough</a> » </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Existentialism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Existentialism" title="Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Existentialism" title="Template talk:Existentialism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Existentialism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Existentialism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Nihilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Phenomenological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">Abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Thrownness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Buzzati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ellison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Abbagnano" title="Nicola Abbagnano">Abbagnano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_May" title="Rollo May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Zapffe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethics" title="Template:Ethics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethics" title="Template talk:Ethics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_care" title="Ethics of care">Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_ethics" title="Pragmatic ethics">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_ethics" title="Role ethics">Role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering-focused_ethics" title="Suffering-focused ethics">Suffering-focused</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_ethics" title="Animal ethics">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Ethics of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_ethics" title="Computer ethics">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_ethics" title="Discourse ethics">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_ethics" title="Engineering ethics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_ethic" title="Land ethic">Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_ethics" title="Machine ethics">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Meat eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_ethics" title="Nursing ethics">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_ethics" title="Professional ethics">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_ethics" title="Programming ethics">Programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_terraforming" title="Ethics of terraforming">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_uncertain_sentience" title="Ethics of uncertain sentience">Uncertain sentience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metaethics" title="Metaethics">Meta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiological_ethics" title="Axiological ethics">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(ethics)" title="Cognitivism (ethics)">Cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_naturalism" title="Ethical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_non-naturalism" title="Ethical non-naturalism">Non-naturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_subjectivism" title="Ethical subjectivism">Subjectivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_observer_theory" title="Ideal observer theory">Ideal observer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_constructivism" title="Moral constructivism">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_intuitionism" title="Ethical intuitionism">Intuitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cognitivism" title="Non-cognitivism">Non-cognitivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotivism" title="Emotivism">Emotivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressivism" title="Expressivism">Expressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-realism" title="Quasi-realism">Quasi-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_prescriptivism" title="Universal prescriptivism">Universal prescriptivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rationalism" title="Moral rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Value_pluralism" title="Value pluralism">Value monism – Value pluralism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicurean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseauism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseauism">Rousseauian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Tao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">Conscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent" title="Consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dignity" title="Dignity">Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">Double standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">Eudaimonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_(ethics)" title="Ideal (ethics)">Ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">Immorality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">Moral agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hierarchy" title="Moral hierarchy">Moral hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_imperative" title="Moral imperative">Moral imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">Precept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-discipline">Self-discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Value</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_value_(ethics)" title="Intrinsic value (ethics)">Intrinsic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_values" title="Japanese values">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_(Western_philosophy)" title="Values (Western philosophy)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vow" title="Vow">Vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongdoing" title="Wrongdoing">Wrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Butler" title="Joseph Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sidgwick" title="Henry Sidgwick">Sidgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Bonhoeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Williams" title="Bernard Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Frankena" title="William Frankena">Frankena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._M._Hare" title="R. M. Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Korsgaard" title="Christine Korsgaard">Korsgaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a> (c. 322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_(Spinoza_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics (Spinoza book)">Ethics (Spinoza)</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteen_Sermons_Preached_at_the_Rolls_Chapel" title="Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel">Fifteen Sermons Preached at the Rolls Chapel</a> (1726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Treatise_of_Human_Nature" title="A Treatise of Human Nature">A Treatise of Human Nature</a> (1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Moral_Sentiments" title="The Theory of Moral Sentiments">The Theory of Moral Sentiments</a> (1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Principles_of_Morals_and_Legislation" title="An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation">An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation</a> (1780)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Practical_Reason" title="Critique of Practical Reason">Critique of Practical Reason</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)">Utilitarianism</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Methods_of_Ethics" title="The Methods of Ethics">The Methods of Ethics</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principia_Ethica" title="Principia Ethica">Principia Ethica</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_Ethics" title="Practical Ethics">Practical Ethics</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_Virtue" title="After Virtue">After Virtue</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_and_Persons" title="Reasons and Persons">Reasons and Persons</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_ethics" title="Descriptive ethics">Descriptive ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Evolutionary ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ethics" title="History of ethics">History of ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)" title="Rehabilitation (penology)">Rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_ethics_articles" title="Index of ethics articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethics" title="Category:Ethics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Epistemology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Epistemology" title="Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Epistemology" title="Template talk:Epistemology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Epistemology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Epistemology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Audi" title="Robert Audi">Robert Audi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" title="Laurence BonJour">Laurence BonJour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Gilles Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_DeRose" title="Keith DeRose">Keith DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Dretske" title="Fred Dretske">Fred Dretske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gettier" title="Edmund Gettier">Edmund Gettier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Alvin Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Nelson Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grice" title="Paul Grice">Paul Grice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Gupta_(philosopher)" title="Anil Gupta (philosopher)">Anil Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Haack" title="Susan Haack">Susan Haack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Klein" title="Peter D. Klein">Peter Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Saul Kripke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Kornblith" title="Hilary Kornblith">Hilary Kornblith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">David Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">G. E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">John McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Pritchard" title="Duncan Pritchard">Duncan Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pryor" title="James Pryor">James Pryor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Hilary Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">W. V. O. Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Sellars" title="Wilfrid Sellars">Wilfrid Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Siegel" title="Susanna Siegel">Susanna Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Sosa" title="Ernest Sosa">Ernest Sosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._F._Strawson" title="P. F. Strawson">P. F. Strawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Williamson" title="Timothy Williamson">Timothy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemological_theories" title="Category:Epistemological theories">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivist epistemology">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contextualism" title="Contextualism">Contextualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Feminist epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_holism" title="Semantic holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitism" title="Infinitism">Infinitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innatism" title="Innatism">Innatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalized epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliabilism" title="Reliabilism">Reliabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_and_indirect_realism" title="Direct and indirect realism">Representational realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental idealism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_epistemology" title="Category:Concepts in epistemology">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A priori knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori">A posteriori knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_analysis" title="Philosophical analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction" title="Analytic–synthetic distinction">Analytic–synthetic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">Common sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive knowledge">Descriptive knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploratory_thought" title="Exploratory thought">Exploratory thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_injustice" title="Epistemic injustice">Epistemic injustice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettier_problem" title="Gettier problem">Gettier problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Privileged access">Privileged access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_knowledge" title="Procedural knowledge">Procedural knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposition" title="Proposition">Proposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regress_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Regress argument">Regress argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity" title="Simplicity">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" title="Index of epistemology articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" title="Outline of epistemology">Outline of epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_epistemology" title="Formal epistemology">Formal epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaepistemology" title="Metaepistemology">Metaepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">Philosophy of perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_epistemology" title="Social epistemology">Social epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" title="Virtue epistemology">Virtue epistemology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epistemology" title="Category:Epistemology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Epistemology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Epistemology">Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_stubs" title="Category:Philosophy stubs">Stubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers of religion</a></div> (by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800 1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880 1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920 postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970 1990 2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophy of religion">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000458754884">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7392250">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37558/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJq73G94pVCb774bHwPfbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118562002">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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