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Aesthetics - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_and_the_philosophy_of_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_and_the_philosophy_of_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aesthetics and the philosophy of art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_and_the_philosophy_of_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_judgment,_universals,_and_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_judgment,_universals,_and_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aesthetic judgment, universals, and ethics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aesthetic_judgment,_universals,_and_ethics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aesthetic judgment, universals, and ethics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_judgment,_universals,_and_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Aesthetic judgment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_involved_in_aesthetic_judgment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_involved_in_aesthetic_judgment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Factors involved in aesthetic judgment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_involved_in_aesthetic_judgment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_universals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_universals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aesthetic universals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_universals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetic_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetic_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Aesthetic ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetic_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beauty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beauty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Beauty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beauty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Criticism_and_&quot;The_Intentional_Fallacy&quot;" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Criticism_and_&quot;The_Intentional_Fallacy&quot;"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>New Criticism and "The Intentional Fallacy"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Criticism_and_&quot;The_Intentional_Fallacy&quot;-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_forms_of_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_forms_of_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Derivative forms of aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Derivative_forms_of_aesthetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Derivative forms of aesthetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Derivative_forms_of_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-modern_aesthetics_and_psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-modern_aesthetics_and_psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Post-modern aesthetics and psychoanalysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-modern_aesthetics_and_psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aesthetics_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aesthetics and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Truth_in_beauty_and_mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truth_in_beauty_and_mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Truth in beauty and mathematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truth_in_beauty_and_mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computational_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computational_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Computational approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computational_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Evolutionary aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Applied aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Other approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Indian aesthetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aesthetics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84sthetik" title="Ästhetik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ästhetik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%A0%E1%89%B5" title="ሥነ ውበት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ውበት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="فلسفة الجمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة الجمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica" title="Estética – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="নন্দনতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নন্দনতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Bí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстэтыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эстэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстэтыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эстэтыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Естетика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Естетика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8tica" title="Estètica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estheteg" title="Estheteg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Estheteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86stetik" title="Æstetik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Æstetik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84sthetik" title="Ästhetik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ästhetik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteetika" title="Esteetika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esteetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Αισθητική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αισθητική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica" title="Estética – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetiko" title="Estetiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Estetiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="زیبایی‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیبایی‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esth%C3%A9tique" title="Esthétique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esthétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetyk" title="Estetyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Estetyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica" title="Estética – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="美學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="美學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="સૌંદર્ય શાસ્ત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સૌંદર્ય શાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%ED%95%99" title="미학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics/Kayan_ado" title="Aesthetics/Kayan ado – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aesthetics/Kayan ado" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Aesthetics" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էսթետիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էսթետիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetiko" title="Estetiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Estetiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Aesthetics" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetica" title="Esthetica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esthetica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagurfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fagurfræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fagurfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetica" title="Estetica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Estetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אסתטיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסתטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88st%C3%A8tika" title="Èstètika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Èstètika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C9%96eya_%C3%B1%C9%A9z%C9%A9m_(l%27esth%C3%A9tique)" title="Keɖeya ñɩzɩm (l&#039;esthétique) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Keɖeya ñɩzɩm (l&#039;esthétique)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸೌಂದರ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌಂದರ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ესთეტიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ესთეტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Estetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tik" title="Estétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Estétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estet%C3%AEk" title="Estetîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Estetîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetica" title="Estetica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Estetica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetica" title="Aesthetica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aesthetica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C4%93tika" title="Estētika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Estētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetik" title="Esthetik – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Esthetik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetica" title="Estetica – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Estetica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetica" title="Estetica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Estetica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/mleske" title="mleske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="mleske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eszt%C3%A9tika" title="Esztétika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Esztétika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Естетика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Естетика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സൗന്ദര്യശാസ്ത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗന്ദര്യശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौंदर्यशास्त्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सौंदर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Эстетикась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Эстетикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetics" title="Esthetics – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Esthetics" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthetica" title="Esthetica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Esthetica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सौन्दर्यशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="सौन्दर्य दर्शन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सौन्दर्य दर्शन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="美学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetikk" title="Estetikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Estetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetikk" title="Estetikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Estetikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetica" title="Estetica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੁਹਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੁਹਜ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جمالیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جمالیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جمالیات – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جمالیات" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetix" title="Estetix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Estetix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica" title="Estética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Estética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetyka" title="Estetyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Estetyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A9tica" title="Estética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetic%C4%83" title="Estetică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Estetică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Естетика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Естетика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эстетика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эстетика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8tica" title="Estètica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Estètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Aesthetics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جماليات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جماليات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="جوانیناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جوانیناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Естетика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Естетика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetiikka" title="Estetiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Estetiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Estetik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அழகியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அழகியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สุนทรียศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุนทรียศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Зебоишиносӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зебоишиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%9A%E1%8F%92_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎤᏬᏚᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏬᏚᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetik" title="Estetik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Estetik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Естетика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Естетика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جمالیات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جمالیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Mỹ học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mỹ học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteetiga" title="Esteetiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Esteetiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estetika" title="Estetika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Estetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="עסטעטיק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עסטעטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="美學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" 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<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Meta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Science</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_philosophers" title="Lists of philosophers">Philosophers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">Aesthetic philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_epistemologists" title="List of epistemologists">Epistemologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethicists" title="List of ethicists">Ethicists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" title="List of metaphysicians">Metaphysicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers">Social and political philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Women in philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aesthetics</b> (also spelled <b>esthetics</b>) is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> concerned with the nature of <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a> and the nature of <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> and, in a broad sense, incorporates the <b>philosophy of art</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-slater_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slater-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aesthetics examines the philosophy of aesthetic value, which is determined by <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical judgments</a> of artistic taste;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> thus, the function of aesthetics is the "critical reflection on art, culture and <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aesthetics studies natural and artificial sources of experiences and how people form a judgment about those sources of experience. It considers what happens in our minds when we engage with objects or environments such as viewing visual art, listening to music, reading poetry, experiencing a play, watching a fashion show, movie, sports or exploring various aspects of nature. </p><p>The philosophy of art specifically studies how artists imagine, create, and perform works of art, as well as how people use, enjoy, and criticize art. Aesthetics considers why people like some works of art and not others, as well as how art can affect our moods and our beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Both aesthetics and the philosophy of art try to find answers to what exactly is art and what makes good art. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>aesthetic</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αἰσθητικός">αἰσθητικός</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>aisthētikós</i></span></i>, "perceptive, sensitive, pertaining to sensory perception"), which in turn comes from <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αἰσθάνομαι">αἰσθάνομαι</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>aisthánomai</i></span></i>, "I perceive, sense, learn") and is related to <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B4%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αἴσθησις">αἴσθησις</a></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>aísthēsis</i></span></i>, "perception, sensation").<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aesthetics in this central sense has been said to start with the series of articles on "The Pleasures of the Imagination", which the journalist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Joseph Addison</a> wrote in the early issues of the magazine <a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_(1711)" title="The Spectator (1711)">The Spectator</a> in 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-slater_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slater-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>aesthetics</i> was <a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">appropriated</a> and coined with new meaning by the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baumgarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Baumgarten">Alexander Baumgarten</a> in his dissertation <i>Meditationes philosophicae de nonnullis ad poema pertinentibus</i> (English: <span lang="en">"Philosophical considerations of some matters pertaining the poem"</span>) in 1735;<sup id="cite_ref-Guyer_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guyer_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Baumgarten chose "aesthetics" because he wished to emphasize the experience of art as a means of knowing. Baumgarten's definition of aesthetics in the fragment <i>Aesthetica</i> (1750) is occasionally considered the first definition of modern aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was introduced into the English language by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> in his <i>Life of Friedrich Schiller</i> (1825).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_aesthetics">History of aesthetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History of aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_aesthetics" title="History of aesthetics">History of aesthetics</a></div> <p>The history of the philosophy of art as aesthetics covering the visual arts, the literary arts, the musical arts and other artists forms of expression can be dated back at least to Aristotle and the ancient Greeks. Aristotle writing of the literary arts in his <i>Poetics</i> stated that <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a>, tragedy, comedy, <a href="/wiki/Dithyramb" title="Dithyramb">dithyrambic poetry</a>, painting, sculpture, music, and dance are all fundamentally acts of <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a>, each varying in imitation by medium, object, and manner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoeticsI_1447a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeticsI_1447a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aristotle applies the term <i>mimesis</i> both as a property of a work of art and also as the product of the artist's intention<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and contends that the audience's realisation of the <i>mimesis</i> is vital to understanding the work itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotle states that <i>mimesis</i> is a natural instinct of humanity that separates humans from animals<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoeticsIV_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeticsIV-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and that all human artistry "follows the pattern of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–159-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Because of this, Aristotle believed that each of the mimetic arts possesses what <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Halliwell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Halliwell (academic)">Stephen Halliwell</a> calls "highly structured procedures for the achievement of their purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–59_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliwell2002152–59-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> For example, music imitates with the media of rhythm and harmony, whereas dance imitates with rhythm alone, and poetry with language. </p><p>The forms also differ in their object of imitation. Comedy, for instance, is a dramatic imitation of men worse than average; whereas tragedy imitates men slightly better than average. Lastly, the forms differ in their manner of imitation – through narrative or character, through change or no change, and through drama or no drama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoeticsIII_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoeticsIII-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Auerbach" title="Erich Auerbach">Erich Auerbach</a> has extended the discussion of history of aesthetics in his book titled <i>Mimesis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetics_and_the_philosophy_of_art">Aesthetics and the philosophy of art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Aesthetics and the philosophy of art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man admiring a painting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG/310px-Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG/465px-Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG/620px-Paintings_Exhibition_D.A.R._Alexey_Khatskevich_Y-Gallery_5.09.2013_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A man enjoying a painting of a landscape. The nature of such experience is studied by aesthetics.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some writers distinguish aesthetics from the philosophy of art, claiming that the former is the study of beauty and taste while the latter is the study of works of art. Slater holds that the "full field" of aesthetics is broad, but in a narrow sense it can be limited to the theory of beauty, excluding the philosophy of art.<sup id="cite_ref-slater_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slater-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Aesthetics typically considers questions of beauty as well as of art. It examines topics such as art works, aesthetic experience, and aesthetic judgment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aesthetic experience refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object (not necessarily a <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a>), while artistic judgment refers to the recognition, appreciation or criticism of art in general or a specific <a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">work of art</a>. In the words of one philosopher, "Philosophy of art is about art. Aesthetics is about many things—including art. But it is also about our experience of breathtaking landscapes or the pattern of shadows on the wall opposite your office.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philosophers of art weigh a culturally contingent conception of art versus one that is purely theoretical. They study the varieties of art in relation to their physical, social, and cultural environments. Aesthetic philosophers sometimes also refer to psychological studies to help understand how people see, hear, imagine, think, learn, and act in relation to the materials and problems of art. Aesthetic psychology studies the creative process and the aesthetic experience.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aesthetic_judgment,_universals,_and_ethics"><span id="Aesthetic_judgment.2C_universals.2C_and_ethics"></span>Aesthetic judgment, universals, and ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Aesthetic judgment, universals, and ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aesthetics is for the artist as <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a> is for the birds.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Newman" title="Barnett Newman">Barnett Newman</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_judgment">Aesthetic judgment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Aesthetic judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">Value judgment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil painting of Immanuel Kant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/180px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/270px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/360px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> believed that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aesthetics examines <a href="/wiki/Bloom%27s_taxonomy#Affective_domain_(emotion-based)" title="Bloom&#39;s taxonomy">affective domain</a> response to an object or phenomenon. Judgements of aesthetic value rely on the ability to discriminate at a sensory level. However, <b>aesthetic judgments</b> usually go beyond sensory discrimination. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a>, delicacy of taste is not merely "the ability to detect all the ingredients in a composition", but also the sensitivity "to pains as well as pleasures, which escape the rest of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Thus, sensory discrimination is linked to capacity for <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgment" title="Critique of Judgment">Critique of Judgment</a></i>, 1790), "enjoyment" is the result when pleasure arises from sensation, but <a href="/wiki/The_Critique_of_Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Critique of Judgment">judging something</a> to be "beautiful" has a third requirement: sensation must give rise to pleasure by engaging reflective contemplation. Judgements of beauty are sensory, emotional and intellectual all at once. Kant observed of a man "if he says that '<a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary</a> wine is pleasant,' he is quite content if someone else corrects his expression and remind him that he ought to say instead: 'It is pleasant <i>to me</i>,'" because "every one has his own &#91;<a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense</a> of&#93; <a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">taste</a>". The case of "beauty" is different from mere "pleasantness" because "if he gives out anything as beautiful, he supposes in others the same satisfaction—he judges not merely for himself, but for every one, and speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Viewer interpretations of beauty may on occasion be observed to possess two concepts of value: aesthetics and taste. Aesthetics is the philosophical notion of beauty. Taste is a result of an education process and awareness of elite cultural values learned through exposure to <a href="/wiki/Mass_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass culture">mass culture</a>. Bourdieu examined how the elite in society define the aesthetic values like taste and how varying levels of exposure to these values can result in variations by class, cultural background, and education.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> According to Kant, beauty is subjective and universal; thus certain things are beautiful to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the opinion of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, there are six conditions for the presentation of art: beauty, form, representation, reproduction of reality, artistic expression and innovation. However, one may not be able to pin down these qualities in a work of art.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The question of whether there are <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts</a> about aesthetic judgments belongs to the branch of <a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">metaphilosophy</a> known as <b>meta-aesthetics</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Factors_involved_in_aesthetic_judgment">Factors involved in aesthetic judgment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Factors involved in aesthetic judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/260px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/390px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/520px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbows</a> often have aesthetic appeal</figcaption></figure> <p>Aesthetic judgment is closely tied to <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="I don&#39;t think a section on aesthetic judgment should start with &quot;disgust,&quot; it needs a good citation and justification to stay in this current position on the page. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Responses like disgust show that sensory detection is linked in instinctual ways to <a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">facial expressions</a> including physiological responses like the <a href="/wiki/Gag_reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gag reflex">gag reflex</a>. Disgust is triggered largely by <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">dissonance</a>; as Darwin pointed out, seeing a stripe of soup in a man's beard is disgusting even though neither soup nor beards are themselves disgusting. Aesthetic judgments may be linked to emotions or, like emotions, partially embodied in physical reactions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">awe</a> inspired by a <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a> landscape might physically manifest with an increased heart-rate or pupil dilation. </p><p>As seen, emotions are conformed to 'cultural' reactions, therefore aesthetics is always characterized by 'regional responses', as Francis Grose was the first to affirm in his <i>Rules for Drawing Caricaturas: With an Essay on Comic Painting</i> (1788), published in W. Hogarth, The Analysis of Beauty, Bagster, London s.d. (1791? [1753]), pp.&#160;1–24. Francis Grose can therefore be claimed to be the first critical 'aesthetic regionalist' in proclaiming the anti-universality of aesthetics in contrast to the perilous and always resurgent dictatorship of beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 'Aesthetic Regionalism' can thus be seen as a political statement and stance which vies against any universal notion of beauty to safeguard the counter-tradition of aesthetics related to what has been considered and dubbed un-beautiful just because one's culture does not contemplate it, e.g. Edmund Burke's sublime, what is usually defined as 'primitive' art, or un-harmonious, non-cathartic art, camp art, which 'beauty' posits and creates, dichotomously, as its opposite, without even the need of formal statements, but which will be 'perceived' as ugly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, aesthetic judgments may be culturally conditioned to some extent. <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorians</a> in Britain often saw <a href="/wiki/African_sculpture" title="African sculpture">African sculpture</a> as ugly, but just a few decades later, <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> audiences saw the same sculptures as beautiful. Evaluations of beauty may well be linked to desirability, perhaps even to <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexual</a> desirability. Thus, judgments of <a href="/wiki/Architectural_design_values" title="Architectural design values">aesthetic value</a> can become linked to judgments of economic, political, or <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> value.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In a current context, a <a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a> might be judged to be beautiful partly because it is desirable as a status symbol, or it may be judged to be repulsive partly because it signifies over-consumption and offends political or moral values.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The context of its presentation also affects the perception of artwork; artworks presented in a classical museum context are liked more and rated more interesting than when presented in a sterile laboratory context. While specific results depend heavily on the style of the presented artwork, overall, the effect of context proved to be more important for the perception of artwork than the effect of genuineness (whether the artwork was being presented as original or as a facsimile/copy).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aesthetic judgments can often be very fine-grained and internally contradictory. Likewise aesthetic judgments seem often to be at least partly intellectual and interpretative. What a thing means or symbolizes is often what is being judged. Modern aestheticians have asserted that <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desire_(emotion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Desire (emotion)">desire</a> were almost dormant in aesthetic experience, yet <a href="/wiki/Preference" title="Preference">preference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">choice</a> have seemed important aesthetics to some 20th-century thinkers. The point is already made by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a>, but see Mary Mothersill, "Beauty and the Critic's Judgment", in <i>The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics</i>, 2004. Thus aesthetic judgments might be seen to be based on the senses, emotions, intellectual opinions, will, desires, culture, preferences, values, subconscious behaviour, conscious decision, training, instinct, sociological institutions, or some complex combination of these, depending on exactly which theory is employed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>A third major topic in the study of aesthetic judgments is how they are unified across art forms. For instance, the source of a painting's beauty has a different character to that of beautiful music, suggesting their aesthetics differ in kind.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The distinct inability of language to express aesthetic judgment and the role of <a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">social construction</a> further cloud this issue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_universals">Aesthetic universals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Aesthetic universals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a> identified six universal signatures in human aesthetics:<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Expertise or virtuosity. Humans cultivate, recognize, and admire technical artistic skills.</li> <li>Nonutilitarian pleasure. People enjoy art for art's sake, and do not demand that it keep them warm or put food on the table.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a>. Artistic objects and performances satisfy rules of composition that place them in a recognizable style.</li> <li>Criticism. People make a point of judging, appreciating, and interpreting works of art.</li> <li>Imitation. With a few important exceptions like abstract painting, works of art simulate experiences of the world.</li> <li>Special focus. Art is set aside from ordinary life and made a dramatic focus of experience.</li></ol> <p>Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hirschhorn" title="Thomas Hirschhorn">Thomas Hirschhorn</a> have indicated that there are too many exceptions to Dutton's categories. For example, Hirschhorn's installations deliberately eschew technical virtuosity. People can appreciate a Renaissance <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(art)" title="Madonna (art)">Madonna</a> for aesthetic reasons, but such objects often had (and sometimes still have) specific devotional functions. "Rules of composition" that might be read into <a href="/wiki/Duchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchamp">Duchamp</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3" title="4′33″">4′33″</a></i> do not locate the works in a recognizable style (or certainly not a style recognizable at the time of the works' realization). Moreover, some of Dutton's categories seem too broad: a physicist might entertain hypothetical worlds in his/her imagination in the course of formulating a theory. Another problem is that Dutton's categories seek to universalize traditional European notions of aesthetics and art forgetting that, as André Malraux and others have pointed out, there have been large numbers of cultures in which such ideas (including the idea "art" itself) were non-existent.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetic_ethics">Aesthetic ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Aesthetic ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aesthetic ethics refers to the idea that human conduct and behaviour ought to be governed by that which is beautiful and attractive. <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> has pointed out that the unity of aesthetics and ethics is in fact reflected in our understanding of behaviour being "fair"—the word having a double meaning of attractive and morally acceptable. More recently, <a href="/wiki/James_Page_(Australian_educationist)" title="James Page (Australian educationist)">James Page</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> has suggested that aesthetic ethics might be taken to form a philosophical rationale for <a href="/wiki/Peace_education" title="Peace education">peace education</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beauty">Beauty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Beauty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></div> <p>Beauty is one of the main subjects of aesthetics, together with <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Many of its definitions include the idea that an object is beautiful if perceiving it is accompanied by aesthetic <a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a>. Among the examples of beautiful objects are landscapes, sunsets, humans and works of art. Beauty is a positive aesthetic value that contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Ugliness" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugliness">ugliness</a> as its negative counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeautyandUgliness-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different intuitions commonly associated with beauty and its nature are in conflict with each other, which poses certain difficulties for understanding it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zangwill_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zangwill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeClercq2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> On the one hand, beauty is ascribed to things as an objective, public feature. On the other hand, it seems to depend on the subjective, emotional response of the observer. It is said, for example, that "beauty is in the eye of the beholder".<sup id="cite_ref-phrase_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phrase-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It may be possible to reconcile these intuitions by affirming that it depends both on the objective features of the beautiful thing and the subjective response of the observer. One way to achieve this is to hold that an object is beautiful if it has the power to bring about certain aesthetic experiences in the perceiving subject. This is often combined with the view that the subject needs to have the ability to correctly perceive and judge beauty, sometimes referred to as "sense of taste".<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zangwill_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zangwill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeClercq2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Various conceptions of how to define and understand beauty have been suggested. <i>Classical conceptions</i> emphasize the objective side of beauty by defining it in terms of the relation between the beautiful object as a whole and its parts: the parts should stand in the right proportion to each other and thus compose an integrated harmonious whole.<sup id="cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeautyandUgliness-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeClercq2013-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <i>Hedonist conceptions</i>, on the other hand, focus more on the subjective side by drawing a necessary connection between pleasure and beauty, e.g. that for an object to be beautiful is for it to cause disinterested pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Gorodeisky_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorodeisky-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Other conceptions include defining beautiful objects in terms of their value, of a loving attitude towards them or of their function.<sup id="cite_ref-RoutledgeBeauty_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeBeauty-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeautyandUgliness-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Criticism_and_&quot;The_Intentional_Fallacy&quot;"><span id="New_Criticism_and_.22The_Intentional_Fallacy.22"></span>New Criticism and "The Intentional Fallacy"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: New Criticism and &quot;The Intentional Fallacy&quot;"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first half of the twentieth century, a significant shift to general aesthetic theory took place which attempted to apply aesthetic theory between various forms of art, including the literary arts and the visual arts, to each other. This resulted in the rise of the <a href="/wiki/New_Criticism" title="New Criticism">New Criticism</a> school and debate concerning <i>the intentional fallacy</i>. At issue was the question of whether the aesthetic intentions of the artist in creating the work of art, whatever its specific form, should be associated with the criticism and evaluation of the final product of the work of art, or, if the work of art should be evaluated on its own merits independent of the intentions of the artist.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In 1946, <a href="/wiki/W._K._Wimsatt" class="mw-redirect" title="W. K. Wimsatt">William K. Wimsatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Beardsley" title="Monroe Beardsley">Monroe Beardsley</a> published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled "<a href="/wiki/Intentional_Fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional Fallacy">The Intentional Fallacy</a>", in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an <a href="/wiki/Authorial_intentionality" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorial intentionality">author's intention</a>, or "intended meaning" in the analysis of a literary work. For Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page were all that mattered; importation of meanings from outside the text was considered irrelevant, and potentially distracting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In another essay, "<a href="/wiki/Affective_fallacy" title="Affective fallacy">The Affective Fallacy</a>," which served as a kind of sister essay to "The Intentional Fallacy", Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounted the reader's personal/emotional reaction to a literary work as a valid means of analyzing a text. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the <a href="/wiki/Reader-response" class="mw-redirect" title="Reader-response">reader-response</a> school of literary theory. One of the leading theorists from this school, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fish" title="Stanley Fish">Stanley Fish</a>, was himself trained by New Critics. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay "Literature in the Reader" (1970).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>As summarized by <a href="/wiki/Berys_Gaut" title="Berys Gaut">Berys Gaut</a> and Livingston in their essay "The Creation of Art": "Structuralist and post-structuralists theorists and critics were sharply critical of many aspects of New Criticism, beginning with the emphasis on aesthetic appreciation and the so-called autonomy of art, but they reiterated the attack on biographical criticisms' assumption that the artist's activities and experience were a privileged critical topic."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These authors contend that: "Anti-intentionalists, such as formalists, hold that the intentions involved in the making of art are irrelevant or peripheral to correctly interpreting art. So details of the act of creating a work, though possibly of interest in themselves, have no bearing on the correct interpretation of the work."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Berys_Gaut" title="Berys Gaut">Gaut</a> and Livingston define the intentionalists as distinct from <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalists</a> stating that: "Intentionalists, unlike formalists, hold that reference to intentions is essential in fixing the correct interpretation of works." They quote <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a> as stating that, "The task of criticism is the reconstruction of the creative process, where the creative process must in turn be thought of as something not stopping short of, but terminating on, the work of art itself."<sup id="cite_ref-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaut_and_Livingston,_p.6-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_forms_of_aesthetics">Derivative forms of aesthetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Derivative forms of aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large number of derivative forms of aesthetics have developed as contemporary and transitory forms of inquiry associated with the field of aesthetics which include the post-modern, psychoanalytic, scientific, and mathematical among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-modern_aesthetics_and_psychoanalysis">Post-modern aesthetics and psychoanalysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Post-modern aesthetics and psychoanalysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early-twentieth-century artists, poets and composers challenged existing notions of beauty, broadening the scope of art and aesthetics. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Siegel" title="Eli Siegel">Eli Siegel</a>, American philosopher and poet, founded <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Aesthetic Realism</a>, the philosophy that reality itself is aesthetic, and that "The world, art, and self explain each other: each is the aesthetic oneness of opposites."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various attempts have been made to define <a href="/wiki/Post-Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Modern">Post-Modern</a> Aesthetics. The challenge to the assumption that beauty was central to art and aesthetics, thought to be original, is actually continuous with older aesthetic theory; Aristotle was the first in the Western tradition to classify "beauty" into types as in his theory of drama, and Kant made a distinction between beauty and the sublime. What was new was a refusal to credit the higher status of certain types, where the taxonomy implied a preference for tragedy and the sublime to comedy and the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a> suggested that "expression" is central in the way that beauty was once thought to be central. <a href="/wiki/George_Dickie_(philosopher)" title="George Dickie (philosopher)">George Dickie</a> suggested that the sociological institutions of the art world were the glue binding art and sensibility into unities.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> suggested that art always functions as a "counter-environment" designed to make visible what is usually invisible about a society.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> felt that aesthetics could not proceed without confronting the role of the culture industry in the commodification of art and aesthetic experience. <a href="/wiki/Hal_Foster_(art_critic)" title="Hal Foster (art critic)">Hal Foster</a> attempted to portray the reaction against beauty and Modernist art in <i>The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Arthur Danto</a> has described this reaction as "kalliphobia" (after the Greek word for beauty, κάλλος <i>kallos</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> explains that the notion of beauty was connected to a particular conception of art that arose with the Renaissance and was still dominant in the eighteenth century (but was supplanted later). The discipline of aesthetics, which originated in the eighteenth century, mistook this transient state of affairs for a revelation of the permanent nature of art.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Massumi" title="Brian Massumi">Brian Massumi</a> suggests to reconsider beauty following the aesthetical thought in the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Deleuze" class="mw-redirect" title="Deleuze">Deleuze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Guattari">Guattari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Walter Benjamin echoed Malraux in believing aesthetics was a comparatively recent invention, a view proven wrong in the late 1970s, when Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake analyzed links between beauty, information processing, and information theory. <a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a> in "The Art Instinct" also proposed that an aesthetic sense was a vital evolutionary factor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Jean-François Lyotard</a> re-invokes the Kantian distinction between <a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">taste</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">sublime</a>. Sublime painting, unlike <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a> <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual arts)">realism</a>, "...&#160;will enable us to see only by making it impossible to see; it will please only by causing pain."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> inaugurated aesthetical thinking in <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> mainly via the "Uncanny" as aesthetical affect.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Following Freud and <a href="/wiki/Merleau-Ponty" class="mw-redirect" title="Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> theorized aesthetics in terms of sublimation and the Thing.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relation of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxist aesthetics</a> to post-modern aesthetics is still a contentious area of debate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics_and_science">Aesthetics and science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Aesthetics and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aesthetics" title="Experimental aesthetics">experimental aesthetics</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Theodor_Fechner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Theodor Fechner">Gustav Theodor Fechner</a> in the 19th century. Experimental aesthetics in these times had been characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subject</a>-based, <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive</a> approach. The analysis of individual experience and behaviour based on <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental methods</a> is a central part of experimental aesthetics. In particular, the perception of works of art,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> music, sound,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or modern items such as websites<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> or other IT products<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is studied. Experimental aesthetics is strongly oriented towards the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a>. Modern approaches mostly come from the fields of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_cognitivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic cognitivism">aesthetic cognitivism</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuroaesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroaesthetics">neuroaesthetics</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truth_in_beauty_and_mathematics">Truth in beauty and mathematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Truth in beauty and mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mathematical considerations, such as <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complexity" title="Complexity">complexity</a>, are used for analysis in theoretical aesthetics. This is different from the aesthetic considerations of <a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">applied aesthetics</a> used in the study of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">mathematical beauty</a>. Aesthetic considerations such as <a href="/wiki/Symmetry" title="Symmetry">symmetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam&#39;s razor">simplicity</a> are used in areas of philosophy, such as <a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> to <a href="/wiki/Define" class="mw-redirect" title="Define">define</a> <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, outside of <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical</a> considerations. Beauty and <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a> have been argued to be nearly synonymous,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> as reflected in the statement "Beauty is truth, truth beauty" in the poem "<a href="/wiki/Ode_on_a_Grecian_Urn" title="Ode on a Grecian Urn">Ode on a Grecian Urn</a>" by <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, or by the Hindu motto "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" (Satya (Truth) is Shiva (God), and Shiva is Sundaram (Beautiful)). The fact that judgments of beauty and judgments of truth both are influenced by <a href="/wiki/Processing_fluency" title="Processing fluency">processing fluency</a>, which is the ease with which information can be processed, has been presented as an explanation for why beauty is sometimes equated with truth.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Recent research found that people use beauty as an indication for truth in mathematical pattern tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> However, scientists including the mathematician <a href="/wiki/David_Orrell" title="David Orrell">David Orrell</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and physicist <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> have argued that the emphasis on aesthetic criteria such as symmetry is equally capable of leading scientists astray. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computational_approaches">Computational approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Computational approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg/220px-Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg/330px-Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg/440px-Mandel_zoom_00_mandelbrot_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a> with continuously colored environment</figcaption></figure> <p>Computational approaches to aesthetics emerged amid efforts to use computer science methods "to predict, convey, and evoke emotional response to a piece of art.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In this field, aesthetics is not considered to be dependent on taste but is a matter of cognition, and, consequently, learning.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1928, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/George_David_Birkhoff" title="George David Birkhoff">George David Birkhoff</a> created an aesthetic measure <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=O/C}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=O/C}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dbc08940deec16d8563b336b4633941805082da3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.243ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=O/C}"></span> as the ratio of order to complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-Akiba2013_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akiba2013-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Max_Bense" title="Max Bense">Max Bense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Moles" title="Abraham Moles">Abraham Moles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frieder_Nake" title="Frieder Nake">Frieder Nake</a> were among the first to analyze links between aesthetics, <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">information processing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Max Bense, for example, built on Birkhoff's aesthetic measure and proposed a similar information theoretic measure <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{\ddot {a}}=R/H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>a</mi> <mo>&#x00A8;<!-- ¨ --></mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{\ddot {a}}=R/H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b76eec136c8f549feee39eabbfa41c7be04d96ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.444ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{\ddot {a}}=R/H}"></span>, where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(information_theory)" title="Redundancy (information theory)">redundancy</a> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span> the <a href="/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)" title="Entropy (information theory)">entropy</a>, which assigns higher value to simpler artworks. </p><p>In the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a> described an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a> theory of beauty. This theory takes the <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjectivity</a> of the observer into account and postulates that among several observations classified as comparable by a given subjective observer, the most aesthetically pleasing is the one that is encoded by the shortest description, following the direction of previous approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Schmidhuber's theory explicitly distinguishes between that which is <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beautiful</a> and that which is <a href="/wiki/Interesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interesting">interesting</a>, stating that interestingness corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/First_derivative" class="mw-redirect" title="First derivative">first derivative</a> of subjectively perceived beauty. He supposes that every observer continually tries to improve the <a href="/wiki/Predictability" title="Predictability">predictability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compressibility_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressibility (computer science)">compressibility</a> of their observations by identifying regularities like repetition, <a href="/wiki/Symmetries" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetries">symmetry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-similarity" title="Self-similarity">self-similarity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since about 2005, computer scientists have attempted to develop automated methods to infer aesthetic quality of images.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-faria13aesthetics_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faria13aesthetics-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Typically, these approaches follow a <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> approach, where large numbers of manually rated photographs are used to "teach" a computer about what visual properties are of relevance to aesthetic quality. A study by Y. Li and C. J. Hu employed Birkhoff's measurement in their statistical learning approach where order and complexity of an image determined aesthetic value.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The image complexity was computed using information theory while the order was determined using fractal compression.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There is also the case of the Acquine engine, developed at <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a>, that rates natural photographs uploaded by users.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been relatively successful attempts with regard to chess<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2018)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> and music.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Computational approaches have also been attempted in film making as demonstrated by a software model developed by Chitra Dorai and a group of researchers at the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The tool predicted aesthetics based on the values of narrative elements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A relation between <a href="/wiki/Max_Bense" title="Max Bense">Max Bense</a>'s mathematical formulation of aesthetics in terms of "redundancy" and "complexity" and theories of musical anticipation was offered using the notion of Information Rate.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Evolutionary aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></div> <p>Evolutionary aesthetics refers to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> theories in which the basic aesthetic preferences of <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i> are argued to have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> in order to enhance survival and reproductive success.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One example being that humans are argued to find beautiful and prefer <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscapes</a> which were good <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> in the ancestral environment. Another example is that body symmetry and proportion are important aspects of <a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">physical attractiveness</a> which may be due to this indicating good health during body growth. Evolutionary explanations for aesthetical preferences are important parts of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">evolutionary musicology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Darwinian literary studies</a>, and the study of the <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution of emotion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Applied aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></div> <p>As well as being applied to art, aesthetics can also be applied to cultural objects, such as crosses or tools. For example, aesthetic coupling between art-objects and medical topics was made by speakers working for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">US Information Agency</a>. Art slides were linked to slides of pharmacological data, which improved attention and retention by simultaneous activation of intuitive right brain with rational left.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> It can also be used in topics as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastronomy" title="Gastronomy">gastronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> and website design.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_approaches">Other approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Other approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guy_Sircello" title="Guy Sircello">Guy Sircello</a> has pioneered efforts in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophy</a> to develop a rigorous theory of aesthetics, focusing on the concepts of beauty,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> love<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and sublimity.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In contrast to romantic theorists, Sircello argued for the objectivity of beauty and formulated a theory of love on that basis. </p><p>British philosopher and theorist of <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">conceptual art</a> aesthetics, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Osborne_(writer_and_academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Osborne (writer and academic)">Peter Osborne</a>, makes the point that "'<a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">post-conceptual art</a>' aesthetic does not concern a particular type of <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> so much as the historical-<a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> condition for the production of contemporary art in general&#160;...".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Osborne noted that contemporary art is 'post-conceptual' in a public lecture delivered in 2010. </p><p>Gary Tedman has put forward a theory of a subjectless aesthetics derived from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s concept of alienation, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Louis Althusser</a>'s antihumanism, using elements of Freud's group psychology, defining a concept of the 'aesthetic level of practice'.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Loewen" title="Gregory Loewen">Gregory Loewen</a> has suggested that the subject is key in the interaction with the aesthetic object. The work of art serves as a vehicle for the projection of the individual's identity into the world of objects, as well as being the irruptive source of much of what is uncanny in modern life. As well, art is used to memorialize individuated biographies in a manner that allows persons to imagine that they are part of something greater than themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosophy of aesthetics as a practice has been criticized by some sociologists and writers of art and society. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a>, for example, argues that there is no unique and or individual aesthetic object which can be extrapolated from the art world, but rather that there is a continuum of cultural forms and experience of which ordinary speech and experiences may signal as art. By "art" we may frame several artistic "works" or "creations" as so though this reference remains within the institution or special event which creates it and this leaves some works or other possible "art" outside of the frame work, or other interpretations such as other phenomenon which may not be considered as "art".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a> disagrees with Kant's idea of the "aesthetic". He argues that Kant's "aesthetic" merely represents an experience that is the product of an elevated class habitus and scholarly leisure as opposed to other possible and equally valid "aesthetic" experiences which lay outside Kant's narrow definition.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Timothy Laurie argues that theories of musical aesthetics "framed entirely in terms of appreciation, contemplation or reflection risk idealizing an implausibly unmotivated listener defined solely through musical objects, rather than seeing them as a person for whom complex intentions and motivations produce variable attractions to cultural objects and practices".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline of aesthetics</a></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy&#32;portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Aesthetics of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Art and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_periods" class="mw-redirect" title="Art periods">Art periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esthesic_and_poietic" title="Esthesic and poietic">Esthesic and poietic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Aesthetics" title="Everyday Aesthetics">Everyday Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aesthetics_before_the_20th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="History of aesthetics before the 20th century">History of aesthetics before the 20th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mise_en_sc%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mise en scène">Mise en scène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theological aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-slater-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slater_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slater_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slater_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Slater, B. H., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/aesthetics/">Aesthetics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331202448/https://iep.utm.edu/aesthetics/">Archived</a> 31 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed on 15 September 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zangwill, Nick. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/">Aesthetic Judgment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802100908/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/">Archived</a> 2 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>, 02-28-2003/10-22-2007. Retrieved 07-24-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly (1998), p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiedel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Riedel, Tom (Fall 1999). "Review of <i>Encyclopedia of Aesthetics 4 vol.</i> Michael Kelly". <i>Art Documentation: Journal of the Art Libraries Society of North America</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fadx.18.2.27949030">10.1086/adx.18.2.27949030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Art+Documentation%3A+Journal+of+the+Art+Libraries+Society+of+North+America&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+Encyclopedia+of+Aesthetics+4+vol.+Michael+Kelly&amp;rft.ssn=fall&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=48&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fadx.18.2.27949030&amp;rft.aulast=Riedel&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Munro, "Aesthetics", The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. A. Richard Harmet, et al., (Chicago, Illinois: Merchandise Mart Plaza, 1986), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=aesthetic">"aesthetic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=aesthetic&amp;rft.aulast=Harper&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Daesthetic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guyer_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guyer_2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Guyer, Paul (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valuesofbeautyhi00guye"><i>Values of Beauty: Historical Essays in Aesthetics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521606691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521606691"><bdi>978-0521606691</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Values+of+Beauty%3A+Historical+Essays+in+Aesthetics&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521606691&amp;rft.aulast=Guyer&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvaluesofbeautyhi00guye&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2013" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, N. 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(ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Winter 2017&#160;ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102520/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2017/entries/aesthetic-concept/">archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2018</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+the+Aesthetic&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.edition=Winter+2017&amp;rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.aulast=Shelley&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2017%2Fentries%2Faesthetic-concept%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanay, Bence. (2019) <i>Aesthetics: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Munro, "aesthetics", The World Book Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, ed. A. 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Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674212770" title="Special:BookSources/0674212770">0674212770</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangwill2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zangwill, Nick (26 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/">"Aesthetic Judgment"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. 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PWN/Polish Scientific Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8301008246" title="Special:BookSources/978-8301008246"><bdi>978-8301008246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Six+Ideas%3A+an+essay+in+aesthetics&amp;rft.pub=PWN%2FPolish+Scientific+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.isbn=978-8301008246&amp;rft.aulast=Tatarkiewicz&amp;rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeD4qAQAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2014" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Louise (21 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199747108.001.0001/acref-9780199747108-e-498;jsessionid=1B3F479F4180E26B79F508102F8C0D97"><i>Encyclopedia of Aesthetics</i></a>. 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"The Well Beloved: Thomas Hardy's Manifesto of 'Regional Aesthetics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Victorian Literature and Culture</i>. <b>36</b>: 227–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1060150308080133">10.1017/S1060150308080133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170093813">170093813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Victorian+Literature+and+Culture&amp;rft.atitle=The+Well+Beloved%3A+Thomas+Hardy%27s+Manifesto+of+%27Regional+Aesthetics%27&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.pages=227-245&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1060150308080133&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170093813%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Bezrucka&amp;rft.aufirst=Yvonne&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Ivar (2006). <i>Ideas and Beliefs in Architecture and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Industrial design</a>: How attitudes, orientations, and underlying assumptions shape the built environment</i>. Oslo School of Architecture and Design. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8254701741" title="Special:BookSources/8254701741">8254701741</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsmeyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Korsmeyer, Carolyn, ed. (1998). <i>Aesthetics: The Big Questions</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631205944" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631205944"><bdi>978-0631205944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Aesthetics%3A+The+Big+Questions&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-0631205944&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrünerSpeckerLeder2019" class="citation journal cs1">Grüner, Susanne; Specker, Eva &amp; Leder, Helmut (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719">"Effects of Context and Genuineness in the Experience of Art"</a>. <i>Empirical Studies of the Arts</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 138–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0276237418822896">10.1177/0276237418822896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150115587">150115587</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200124215151/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330414719">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Empirical+Studies+of+the+Arts&amp;rft.atitle=Effects+of+Context+and+Genuineness+in+the+Experience+of+Art&amp;rft.volume=37&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=138-152&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0276237418822896&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150115587%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Gr%C3%BCner&amp;rft.aufirst=Susanne&amp;rft.au=Specker%2C+Eva&amp;rft.au=Leder%2C+Helmut&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F330414719&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Consider Clement Greenberg's arguments in "On Modernist Painting" (1961), reprinted in Aesthetics: A Reader in Philosophy of Arts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a>, <i>Aesthetic Universals,</i> summarized by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a>.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Allan, <i>Art and the Human Adventure: André Malraux's Theory of Art</i>. (Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi. 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeweyJames_Tufts1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey, John</a>; James Tufts (1932). "Ethics". In Jo-Ann Boydston (ed.). <i>The Collected Works of John Dewey, 1882–1953</i>. Carbonsdale: Southern Illinois University Press. p.&#160;275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Ethics&amp;rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+John+Dewey%2C+1882%E2%80%931953&amp;rft.place=Carbonsdale&amp;rft.pages=275&amp;rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1932&amp;rft.aulast=Dewey&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=James+Tufts&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoagepub.com/products/content/p478d75b79b1ea.php">Peace Education – Exploring Ethical and Philosophical Foundations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229231453/http://www.infoagepub.com/products/content/p478d75b79b1ea.php">Archived</a> 29 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> infoagepub.com</li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2017" class="citation book cs1">Page, James S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/12263/"><i>Peace Education&#160;: Exploring Ethical and Philosophical Foundations</i></a>. Information Age Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593118891" title="Special:BookSources/978-1593118891"><bdi>978-1593118891</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181104065329/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/12263/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span> &#8211; via eprints.qut.edu.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Peace+Education+%3A+Exploring+Ethical+and+Philosophical+Foundations&amp;rft.pub=Information+Age+Pub.&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.isbn=978-1593118891&amp;rft.aulast=Page&amp;rft.aufirst=James+S.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F12263%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StanfordBeauty-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StanfordBeauty_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSartwell2017" class="citation web cs1">Sartwell, Crispin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/">"Beauty"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220226100643/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.atitle=Beauty&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.aulast=Sartwell&amp;rft.aufirst=Crispin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fbeauty%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics">"Aesthetics"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228161617/https://www.britannica.com/topic/aesthetics">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Aesthetics&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Faesthetics&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeautyandUgliness-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeautyandUgliness_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/beauty-and-ugliness">"Beauty and Ugliness"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224063952/https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/beauty-and-ugliness">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&amp;rft.atitle=Beauty+and+Ugliness&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fbeauty-and-ugliness&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonderich2005" class="citation book cs1">Honderich, Ted (2005). "Aesthetic judgment". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2"><i>The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129082636/https://philpapers.org/rec/HONTOC-2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Aesthetic+judgment&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Honderich&amp;rft.aufirst=Ted&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FHONTOC-2&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zangwill-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zangwill_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zangwill_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangwill2003" class="citation book cs1">Zangwill, Nick (2003). "Beauty". In Levinson, Jerrold (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199279456-e-18"><i>Oxford Handbook to Aesthetics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199279456.003.0018">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111214528/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199279456-e-18">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Beauty&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+to+Aesthetics&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199279456.003.0018&amp;rft.aulast=Zangwill&amp;rft.aufirst=Nick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199279456.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199279456-e-18&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeClercq2013-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeClercq2013_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Clercq2013" class="citation book cs1">De Clercq, Rafael (2013). "Beauty". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/GAUTRC-4"><i>The Routledge Companion to Aesthetics</i></a>. Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113095319/https://philpapers.org/rec/GAUTRC-4">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Beauty&amp;rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Aesthetics&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=De+Clercq&amp;rft.aufirst=Rafael&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FGAUTRC-4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phrase-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phrase_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Gary (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/59100.html">"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder"</a>. The Phrase Finder. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130023507/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/59100.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Beauty+is+in+the+eye+of+the+beholder&amp;rft.pub=The+Phrase+Finder&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.aulast=Martin&amp;rft.aufirst=Gary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phrases.org.uk%2Fmeanings%2F59100.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorodeisky-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorodeisky_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorodeisky2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gorodeisky, Keren (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phpr.12641">"On Liking Aesthetic Value"</a>. <i>Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 261–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphpr.12641">10.1111/phpr.12641</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1933-1592">1933-1592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204522523">204522523</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008033125/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/phpr.12641">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.idsia.ch&amp;rft.atitle=Theory+of+Beauty+%E2%80%93+Facial+Attractiveness+%E2%80%93+Low-Complexity+Art&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idsia.ch%2F~juergen%2Fbeauty.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidhuber1991" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Schmidhuber, Jürgen</a> (1991). <i>Curious model-building control systems</i>. International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. Vol.&#160;2. Singapore: IEEE press. pp.&#160;1458–1463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIJCNN.1991.170605">10.1109/IJCNN.1991.170605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.btitle=Curious+model-building+control+systems&amp;rft.place=Singapore&amp;rft.pages=1458-1463&amp;rft.pub=IEEE+press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIJCNN.1991.170605&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidhuber&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Jürgen Schmidhuber</a>. Papers on artificial curiosity since 1990: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/interest.html">http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/interest.html</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918211559/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/interest.html">Archived</a> 18 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidhuber2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">Schmidhuber, Jürgen</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540090600768658">"Developmental robotics, optimal artificial curiosity, creativity, music, and the fine arts"</a>. <i>Connection Science</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 173–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09540090600768658">10.1080/09540090600768658</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2923356">2923356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Connection+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Developmental+robotics%2C+optimal+artificial+curiosity%2C+creativity%2C+music%2C+and+the+fine+arts&amp;rft.volume=18&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=173-187&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09540090600768658&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2923356%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Schmidhuber&amp;rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09540090600768658&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080603221058/http://www.br-online.de/bayerisches-fernsehen/faszination-wissen/schoenheit--aesthetik-wahrnehmung-ID1212005092828.xml">"Schmidhuber's theory of beauty and curiosity in a German TV show"</a> (in German). Br-online.de. 3 January 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.br-online.de/bayerisches-fernsehen/faszination-wissen/schoenheit--aesthetik-wahrnehmung-ID1212005092828.xml">the original</a> on 3 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Schmidhuber%27s+theory+of+beauty+and+curiosity+in+a+German+TV+show&amp;rft.pub=Br-online.de&amp;rft.date=2018-01-03&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.br-online.de%2Fbayerisches-fernsehen%2Ffaszination-wissen%2Fschoenheit--aesthetik-wahrnehmung-ID1212005092828.xml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDattaJoshiLiWang2006" class="citation conference cs1">Datta, R.; Joshi, D.; Li, J.; Wang, J. 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Springer. pp.&#160;288–301. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.81.5178">10.1.1.81.5178</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F11744078_23">10.1007/11744078_23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3540338369" title="Special:BookSources/978-3540338369"><bdi>978-3540338369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=Computer+Vision+%E2%80%93+ECCV+2006&amp;rft.btitle=Europ.+Conf.+on+Computer+Vision&amp;rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&amp;rft.pages=288-301&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.81.5178%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F11744078_23&amp;rft.isbn=978-3540338369&amp;rft.aulast=Datta&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Joshi%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Li%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Wang%2C+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWongLow2009" class="citation conference cs1">Wong, L.-K.; Low, K.-L. 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Berlin, Germany: Springer Science &amp; Business Media. p.&#160;302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3642122415" title="Special:BookSources/978-3642122415"><bdi>978-3642122415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Applications+of+Evolutionary+Computation%3A+EvoApplications+2010%3A+EvoCOMNET%2C+EvoENVIRONMENT%2C+EvoFIN%2C+EvoMUSART%2C+and+EvoTRANSLOG%2C+Istanbul%2C+Turkey%2C+April+7%E2%80%939%2C+2010%2C+Proceedings&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&amp;rft.pages=302&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-3642122415&amp;rft.aulast=Chio&amp;rft.aufirst=Cecilia+Di&amp;rft.au=Brabazon%2C+Anthony&amp;rft.au=Ebner%2C+Marc&amp;rft.au=Farooq%2C+Muddassar&amp;rft.au=Fink%2C+Andreas&amp;rft.au=Grahl%2C+J%C3%B6rn&amp;rft.au=Greenfield%2C+Gary&amp;rft.au=Machado%2C+Penousal&amp;rft.au=O%27Neill%2C+Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acquine.alipr.com">"Aesthetic Quality Inference Engine – Instant Impersonal Assessment of Photos"</a>. 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Weng, IGI Global publication, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimuraPalmer2012" class="citation book cs1">Shimura, Arthur P.; Palmer, Stephen E. (2012). <i>Aesthetic Science: Connecting Minds, Brains, and Experience</i>. 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"Tangential symbols: using visual symbolization to teach pharmacological principles of drug addiction to international audiences". <i>Journal of Clinical Pharmacology</i>. <b>33</b> (12): 1139–1146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1552-4604.1993.tb03913.x">10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03913.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7510314">7510314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32304779">32304779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacology&amp;rft.atitle=Tangential+symbols%3A+using+visual+symbolization+to+teach+pharmacological+principles+of+drug+addiction+to+international+audiences&amp;rft.volume=33&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=1139-1146&amp;rft.date=1993-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32304779%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7510314&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1552-4604.1993.tb03913.x&amp;rft.aulast=Giannini&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Alexander (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00087041.2019.1601932">"Maps, Materiality and Tactile Aesthetics"</a>. <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 1–3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CartJ..56....1K">2019CartJ..56....1K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00087041.2019.1601932">10.1080/00087041.2019.1601932</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Maps%2C+Materiality+and+Tactile+Aesthetics&amp;rft.volume=56&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-3&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00087041.2019.1601932&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CartJ..56....1K&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00087041.2019.1601932&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Alexander (2005). "Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?". <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 182–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CartJ..42..182K">2005CartJ..42..182K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F000870405X61487">10.1179/000870405X61487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129910488">129910488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Aesthetics%3A+A+Lost+Cause+in+Cartographic+Theory%3F&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=182-188&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129910488%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F000870405X61487&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CartJ..42..182K&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoshagenThielsch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moshagen, M.; Thielsch, M. T. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/30632/">"Facets of visual aesthetics"</a>. <i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i>. <b>68</b> (10): 689–709. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijhcs.2010.05.006">10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.05.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205266500">205266500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725000810/https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/30632/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Facets+of+visual+aesthetics&amp;rft.volume=68&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=689-709&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijhcs.2010.05.006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205266500%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Moshagen&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Thielsch%2C+M.+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de%2F30632%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/visual_aesthetics.html"><i>Visual Aesthetics</i></a>. Interaction-design.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812070109/http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/visual_aesthetics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Visual+Aesthetics&amp;rft.pub=Interaction-design.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interaction-design.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fvisual_aesthetics.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavieTractinsky2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lavie, T.; Tractinsky, N. (2004). "Assessing dimensions of perceived visual aesthetics of web sites". <i>International Journal of Human-Computer Studies</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 269–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijhcs.2003.09.002">10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205265682">205265682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Human-Computer+Studies&amp;rft.atitle=Assessing+dimensions+of+perceived+visual+aesthetics+of+web+sites&amp;rft.volume=60&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=269-298&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijhcs.2003.09.002&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205265682%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Lavie&amp;rft.aufirst=T.&amp;rft.au=Tractinsky%2C+N.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Sircello" title="Guy Sircello">Guy Sircello</a>, <i>A New Theory of Beauty</i>. Princeton Essays on the Arts, 1. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Sircello" title="Guy Sircello">Guy Sircello</a>, <i>Love and Beauty</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Sircello" title="Guy Sircello">Guy Sircello</a>, "How Is a Theory of the Sublime Possible?" <i>The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,</i> Vol. 51, No. 4 (Autumn, 1993), pp. 541–550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Osborne, <i>Anywhere Or Not at All: Philosophy of Contemporary Art</i>, Verso Books, London, England, 2013. pp. 3 &amp; 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tedman, G. (2012), <i>Aesthetics &amp; Alienation</i>, Zero Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Loewen" title="Gregory Loewen">Gregory Loewen</a>, Aesthetic Subjectivity, 2011, pp.&#160;36–37, 157, 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Williams, <i>Marxism and Literature</i> (Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 155. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198760610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198760610">978-0198760610</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Bourdieu, "Postscript", in <i>Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste</i> (London, England: Routledge, 1984), pp. 485–500. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674212770" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674212770">978-0674212770</a>; and David Harris, "Leisure and Higher Education", in Tony Blackshaw, ed., <i>Routledge Handbook of Leisure Studies</i> (London, England: Routledge, 2013), p. 403. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136495588" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136495588">978-1136495588</a> and books.google.com/books?id=gc2_zubEovgC&amp;pg=PT403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Laurie, Timothy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fcsr.v20i2.4149">"Music Genre as Method"</a>. <i>Cultural Studies Review</i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fcsr.v20i2.4149">10.5130/csr.v20i2.4149</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Music+Genre+as+Method&amp;rft.volume=20&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fcsr.v20i2.4149&amp;rft.aulast=Laurie&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5130%252Fcsr.v20i2.4149&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoetics" class="citation web cs1">Aristotle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/poetics.html">"Poetics"</a>. <i>classics.mit.edu</i>. The Internet Classics Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=classics.mit.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Poetics&amp;rft.au=Aristotle&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FAristotle%2Fpoetics.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliwell2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Halliwell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Halliwell (academic)">Halliwell, Stephen</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8wctGFg12MC&amp;q=Aristotle+mimesis">"Inside and Outside the Work of Art"</a>. <i>The Aesthetics of Mimesis: Ancient Texts and Modern Problems</i>. Princeton University Press. pp.&#160;152–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09258-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09258-4"><bdi>978-0-691-09258-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Inside+and+Outside+the+Work+of+Art&amp;rft.btitle=The+Aesthetics+of+Mimesis%3A+Ancient+Texts+and+Modern+Problems&amp;rft.pages=152-159&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-691-09258-4&amp;rft.aulast=Halliwell&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8wctGFg12MC%26q%3DAristotle%2Bmimesis&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Perniola" title="Mario Perniola">Mario Perniola</a>, <i>20th Century Aesthetics. Towards A Theory of Feeling</i>, translated by Massimo Verdicchio, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441118509" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441118509">978-1441118509</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung-yuan1963–1970" class="citation book cs1">Chung-yuan, Chang (1963–1970). <i>Creativity and Taoism, A Study of Chinese Philosophy, Art, and Poetry</i>. New York, New York: Harper Torchbooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061319686" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061319686"><bdi>978-0061319686</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Creativity+and+Taoism%2C+A+Study+of+Chinese+Philosophy%2C+Art%2C+and+Poetry&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Torchbooks&amp;rft.date=1963%2F1970&amp;rft.isbn=978-0061319686&amp;rft.aulast=Chung-yuan&amp;rft.aufirst=Chang&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Handbook of Phenomenological Aesthetics</i>. Edited by Hans Rainer Sepp and Lester Embree. (Series: Contributions To Phenomenology, Vol. 59) Springer, Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London / New York, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9048124701" title="Special:BookSources/978-9048124701">978-9048124701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <i>Aesthetic Theory</i>, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>, <i>The Romantic Manifesto: A Philosophy of Literature</i>, New York, New York: New American Library, 1971.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214215609/http://www.home.netspeed.com.au/derek.allan/default.htm">Derek Allan</a>, <i>Art and the Human Adventure, Andre Malraux's Theory of Art</i>, Rodopi, 2009.</li> <li>Derek Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318222226/http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/Art-and-Time1-4438-4400-4.htm">Art and Time</a>, Cambridge Scholars, 2013.</li> <li>Augros, Robert M., Stanciu, George N., <i>The New Story of Science: mind and the universe</i>, Lake Bluff, Illinois: Regnery Gateway, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0895268337" title="Special:BookSources/0895268337">0895268337</a> (has significant material on Art, Science and their philosophies)</li> <li>John Bender and Gene Blocker, <i>Contemporary Philosophy of Art: Readings in Analytic Aesthetics</i> 1993.</li> <li>René Bergeron. <i>L'Art et sa spiritualité</i>. Québec, QC.: Éditions du Pelican, 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Buci-Glucksmann" title="Christine Buci-Glucksmann">Christine Buci-Glucksmann</a> (2003), <i>Esthétique de l'éphémère</i>, Galilée. (French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralf_van_B%C3%BChren" title="Ralf van Bühren">Ralf van Bühren</a>, ed. (2024). <i>Writing: what for and for whom. The joys and travails of the artist</i>. Roma: EDUSC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-12-5482-224-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-12-5482-224-1">979-12-5482-224-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Carroll" title="Noël Carroll">Noël Carroll</a> (2000), <i>Theories of Art Today</i>, University of Wisconsin Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Costa_(philosopher)" title="Mario Costa (philosopher)">Mario Costa</a> (1999) (in Italian), L'estetica dei media. Avanguardie e tecnologia, Milan: Castelvecchi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8882101657" title="Special:BookSources/8882101657">8882101657</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (1922), <i>Aesthetic as Science of Expression and General Linguistic</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.S._Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="E.S. Dallas">E.S. Dallas</a> (1866), <i>The Gay Science</i>, 2 volumes, on the aesthetics of poetry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto, Arthur</a> (2003), <i>The Abuse of Beauty: Aesthetics and the Concept of Art</i>, Open Court.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Davies_(philosopher)" title="Stephen Davies (philosopher)">Stephen Davies</a> (1991), <i>Definitions of Art.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Terry Eagleton</a> (1990), <i>The Ideology of the Aesthetic.</i> Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631163026" title="Special:BookSources/0631163026">0631163026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Feagin" title="Susan L. Feagin">Susan L. Feagin</a> and Patrick Maynard (1997), Aesthetics. Oxford Readers.</li> <li>Penny Florence and Nicola Foster (eds.) (2000), <i>Differential Aesthetics</i>. London: Ashgate. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075461493X" title="Special:BookSources/075461493X">075461493X</a></li> <li>Berys Gaut and Dominic McIver Lopes (eds.), <i>Routledge Companion to Aesthetics</i>. 3rd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2013.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Gethmann-Siefert" title="Annemarie Gethmann-Siefert">Annemarie Gethmann-Siefert</a> (1995), <i>Einführung in die Ästhetik</i>, Munich, W. Fink.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goldblatt" title="David Goldblatt">David Goldblatt</a> and Lee B. Brown, ed. (2010), <i>Aesthetics: A Reader in the Philosophy of the Arts.</i> 3rd ed. Pearson Publishing.</li> <li>Theodore Gracyk (2011), <i>The Philosophy of Art: An Introduction</i>. Polity Press.</li> <li>Greenberg, Clement (1960), "Modernist Painting", <i>The Collected Essays and Criticism 1957–1969</i>, The University of Chicago Press, 1993, 85–92.</li> <li>Evelyn Hatcher (ed.), <i>Art as Culture: An Introduction to the Anthropology of Art.</i> 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> (1975), <i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Aesthetics. Lectures on Fine Art</a></i>, trans. T.M. Knox, 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Hofmann" title="Hans Hofmann">Hans Hofmann</a> and Sara T Weeks; Bartlett H Hayes; <a href="/wiki/Addison_Gallery_of_American_Art" title="Addison Gallery of American Art">Addison Gallery of American Art</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/1125858"><i>Search for the real, and other essays</i></a> (Cambridge, Massachusetts, M.I.T. Press, 1967) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1125858">1125858</a></li> <li>Michael Ann Holly and Keith Moxey (eds.), <i>Art History and Visual Studies</i>. Yale University Press, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300097891" title="Special:BookSources/0300097891">0300097891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Armstrong" title="Carol Armstrong">Carol Armstrong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_de_Zegher" title="Catherine de Zegher">Catherine de Zegher</a> (eds.), <i>Women Artists at the Millennium</i>. Massachusetts: October Books/MIT Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/026201226X" title="Special:BookSources/026201226X">026201226X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a>, Immanuel (1790), <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of Judgement">Critique of Judgement</a>, Translated by Werner S. Pluhar, Hackett Publishing Co., 1987.</li> <li>Kelly, Michael (Editor in Chief) (1998) <i>Encyclopedia of Aesthetics</i>. New York, Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 4 vol. pp.&#160;xvii–521, pp.&#160;555, pp.&#160;536, pp.&#160;572; 2224 total pages; 100 b/w photos; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195113075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195113075">978-0195113075</a>. Covers philosophical, historical, sociological, and biographical aspects of Art and Aesthetics worldwide.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kent, Alexander J. (2005). "Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?". <i>The Cartographic Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 182–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CartJ..42..182K">2005CartJ..42..182K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F000870405x61487">10.1179/000870405x61487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129910488">129910488</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Cartographic+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Aesthetics%3A+A+Lost+Cause+in+Cartographic+Theory%3F&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=182-188&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129910488%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F000870405x61487&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CartJ..42..182K&amp;rft.aulast=Kent&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1843), <i><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></i>, translated by Alastair Hannay, London, Penguin, 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kivy" title="Peter Kivy">Peter Kivy</a> (ed.), <i>The Blackwell Guide to Aesthetics.</i> 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Korsmeyer" title="Carolyn Korsmeyer">Carolyn Korsmeyer</a> (ed.), <i>Aesthetics: The Big Questions.</i> 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyotard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyotard">Lyotard</a>, Jean-François (1979), <i>The Postmodern Condition</i>, Manchester University Press, 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merleau-Ponty" class="mw-redirect" title="Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a>, Maurice (1969), <i>The Visible and the Invisible</i>, Northwestern University Press.</li> <li>David Novitz (1992), <i>The Boundaries of Art.</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Perniola" title="Mario Perniola">Mario Perniola</a>, <i>The Art and Its Shadow</i>, foreword by Hugh J. Silverman, translated by Massimo Verdicchio, London-New York, Continuum, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, "Does Art Think?" In: Dana Arnold and Margaret Iverson (eds.) <i>Art and Thought</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2003. 129–174. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631227156" title="Special:BookSources/0631227156">0631227156</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, <i>Encounters in the Virtual Feminist Museum: Time, Space and the Archive</i>. Routledge, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415413745" title="Special:BookSources/0415413745">0415413745</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselda_Pollock" title="Griselda Pollock">Griselda Pollock</a>, <i>Generations and Geographies in the Visual Arts</i>. Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415141281" title="Special:BookSources/0415141281">0415141281</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a> (1896), <i>The Sense of Beauty. Being the Outlines of Aesthetic Theory.</i> New York, Modern Library, 1955.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Scarry" title="Elaine Scarry">Elaine Scarry</a>, <i>On Beauty and Being Just.</i> Princeton, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691089591" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691089591">978-0691089591</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>, (1795), <i>On the Aesthetic Education of Man</i>. Dover Publications, 2004.</li> <li>Alan Singer and Allen Dunn (eds.), <i>Literary Aesthetics: A Reader.</i> Blackwell Publishing Limited, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0631208693" title="Special:BookSources/978-0631208693">978-0631208693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadranka_Skorin-Kapov" title="Jadranka Skorin-Kapov">Jadranka Skorin-Kapov</a>, <i>The Intertwining of Aesthetics and Ethics: Exceeding of Expectations, Ecstasy, Sublimity</i>. Lexington Books, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498524568" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498524568">978-1498524568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, <i>A History of Six Ideas: an Essay in Aesthetics</i>, The Hague, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9024722334" title="Special:BookSources/978-9024722334">978-9024722334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Tatarkiewicz" title="Władysław Tatarkiewicz">Władysław Tatarkiewicz</a>, <i>History of Aesthetics</i>, 3 vols. (1–2, 1970; 3, 1974), The Hague, Mouton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markand_Thakar" title="Markand Thakar">Markand Thakar</a> <i>Looking for the 'Harp' Quartet: An Investigation into Musical Beauty</i>. University of Rochester Press, 2011.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_Art%3F" title="What Is Art?">What Is Art?</a></i>, Penguin Classics, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, <i>Beauty: A Very Short Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199229759" title="Special:BookSources/0199229759">0199229759</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Roger Scruton</a>, <i>The Aesthetic Understanding: Essays in the Philosophy of Art and Culture</i> (1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1890318027" title="Special:BookSources/1890318027">1890318027</a></li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/">London Philosophy Study Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090923081848/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Language.htm">Archived</a> 23 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Aesthetics.htm">Aesthetics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623162625/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/philosophy/LPSG/Aesthetics.htm">Archived</a> 23 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>John M. Valentine, <i>Beginning Aesthetics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Art.</i> McGraw-Hill, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0073537542" title="Special:BookSources/978-0073537542">978-0073537542</a></li> <li>von Vacano, Diego, "The Art of Power: Machiavelli, Nietzsche and the Making of Aesthetic Political Theory," Lanham MD: Lexington: 2007.</li> <li>Thomas Wartenberg, <i>The Nature of Art.</i> 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Whitehead" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Whitehead">John Whitehead</a>, <i>Grasping for the Wind.</i> 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a>, <i>Lectures on aesthetics, psychology and religious belief</i>, Oxford, Blackwell, 1966.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wollheim" title="Richard Wollheim">Richard Wollheim</a>, <i>Art and its objects</i>, 2nd edn, 1980, Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521297060" title="Special:BookSources/0521297060">0521297060</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gino_Zaccaria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gino Zaccaria (page does not exist)">Gino Zaccaria</a>, <i>The Enigma of Art. On the Provenance of Artistic Creation</i>, 2021, Brill, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004448704" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004448704">978-9004448704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quotesjin.com/aesthetic-quotes/">The Power of Aesthetic: Enhancing Visual Appeal in Your Designs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230320160007/https://quotesjin.com/aesthetic-quotes/">Archived</a> 20 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Ben, 1968.</li> <li>Jean-Marc Rouvière, <i>Au prisme du readymade, incises sur l'identité équivoque de l'objet préface de Philippe Sers et G. Litichevesky</i>, Paris L'Harmattan <b>2023</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-14-031710-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-14-031710-1">978-2-14-031710-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Indian aesthetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_Dace1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 249–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3204783">10.2307/3204783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204783">3204783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Rasa%22+in+Sanskrit+Dramatic+Theory&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=249-254&amp;rft.date=1963&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3204783&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3204783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.au=Wallace+Dace&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené_Daumal1982" class="citation book cs1">René Daumal (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0wLXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Rasa, or, Knowledge of the self: essays on Indian aesthetics and selected Sanskrit studies</i></a>. New Directions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0811208246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0811208246"><bdi>978-0811208246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rasa%2C+or%2C+Knowledge+of+the+self%3A+essays+on+Indian+aesthetics+and+selected+Sanskrit+studies&amp;rft.pub=New+Directions&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.isbn=978-0811208246&amp;rft.au=Ren%C3%A9+Daumal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0wLXAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071">10.1093/obo/9780195399318-0071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Natyashastra&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195399318-0071&amp;rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova1994" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TKarwqJJP0C"><i>Drama and Ritual of Early Hinduism</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120812345" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120812345"><bdi>978-8120812345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120812345&amp;rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnanda_Lal2004" class="citation book cs1">Ananda Lal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195644463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195644463"><bdi>978-0195644463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Indian+Theatre&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0195644463&amp;rft.au=Ananda+Lal&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDftkAAAAMAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995" class="citation book cs1">Tarla Mehta (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l7naMj1UxIkC"><i>Sanskrit Play Production in Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120810570" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120810570"><bdi>978-8120810570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Play+Production+in+Ancient+India&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120810570&amp;rft.au=Tarla+Mehta&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl7naMj1UxIkC&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell2015" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Lewis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ"><i>Music and Musical Thought in Early India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226730349" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226730349"><bdi>978-0226730349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Music+and+Musical+Thought+in+Early+India&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.isbn=978-0226730349&amp;rft.aulast=Rowell&amp;rft.aufirst=Lewis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_UCgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Emmie Te Nijenhuis</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004039780" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004039780"><bdi>978-9004039780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Academic&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.isbn=978-9004039780&amp;rft.au=Emmie+Te+Nijenhuis&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley_P._RichmondDarius_L._SwannPhillip_B._Zarrilli1993" class="citation book cs1">Farley P. Richmond; Darius L. Swann; Phillip B. Zarrilli (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OroCOEqkVg4C"><i>Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120809819" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120809819"><bdi>978-8120809819</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Indian+Theatre%3A+Traditions+of+Performance&amp;rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-8120809819&amp;rft.au=Farley+P.+Richmond&amp;rft.au=Darius+L.+Swann&amp;rft.au=Phillip+B.+Zarrilli&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOroCOEqkVg4C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesthetics&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Aesthetics</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&amp;su=Aesthetics">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inphoproject.org/taxonomy/2247">Aesthetics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Philosophy_Ontology_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project">Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/browse/aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> at <a href="/wiki/PhilPapers" title="PhilPapers">PhilPapers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aestheti">"Aesthetics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Aesthetics&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Faestheti&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/aes-cont/">Aesthetics in Continental Philosophy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001546/http://www.iep.utm.edu/aes-cont/">Archived</a> 1 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/m-aesthe/">Medieval Theories of Aesthetics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718005123/http://www.iep.utm.edu/m-aesthe/">Archived</a> 18 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> article in the <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/value-of-art">"The Value of Art"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+Value+of+Art&amp;rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fvalue-of-art&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAesthetics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110127123626/http://revues.mshparisnord.org/appareil/index.php?id=61">Revue online <i>Appareil</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ditext.com/anka/beardsley/post.html">Postscript 1980 – Some Old Problems in New Perspectives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628235323/http://www.ditext.com/anka/beardsley/post.html">Archived</a> 28 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9219/art.htm">Aesthetics in Art Education: A Look Toward Implementation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091105195016/http://www.ericdigests.org/pre-9219/art.htm">Archived</a> 5 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103070457/http://knowledgeworld.com.bd/what-is-art/">More about Art, culture and Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-concept">The Concept of the Aesthetic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204152515/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-concept/">Archived</a> 4 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/aesthetics/v-1">Aesthetics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529001741/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/overview/aesthetics/v-1">Archived</a> 29 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry in the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321060625/http://www.philosophyarchive.com/index.php?title=Philosophy_of_Aesthetics">Philosophy of Aesthetics</a> entry in the Philosophy Archive</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-1.pdf">Washington State Board for Community &amp; Technical Colleges: Introduction to Aesthetics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001104419/http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Module-1.pdf">Archived</a> 1 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9hf">Beauty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306185237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9hf">Archived</a> 6 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Angie Hobbs, Susan James &amp; Julian Baggini (<i>In Our Time</i>, 19 May 2005)</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun&#39;ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art&#39;s sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy&#32;portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Humanities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Humanities" title="Template:Humanities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Humanities" title="Template talk:Humanities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Humanities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Humanities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;height:2.5em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classical studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts#Literary_arts" title="The arts">Language arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Interdisciplinary_fields" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_humanities" title="Health humanities">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_humanities" title="Medical humanities">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_humanities" title="Public humanities">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abductive_reasoning" title="Abductive reasoning">Abductive reasoning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belles-lettres" title="Belles-lettres">Belles-lettres</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bildung" title="Bildung">Bildung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism" title="Criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">General knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">Human condition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_education" title="Liberal arts education">Liberal arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trivium" title="Trivium">Trivium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-reflection" title="Self-reflection">Self-reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Daedalus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Humanities" title="History of Humanities">History of Humanities</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitas_(journal)" title="Humanitas (journal)">Humanitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_and_Social_Sciences_Communications" title="Humanities and Social Sciences Communications">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Controversial_Ideas" title="Journal of Controversial Ideas">Journal of Controversial Ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society" title="Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society">Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_(journal)" title="Leonardo (journal)">Leonardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_des_%C3%89tudes_Arm%C3%A9niennes" title="Revue des Études Arméniennes">Revue des Études Arméniennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_Philosophy" title="Teaching Philosophy">Teaching Philosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_humanities_journals" title="List of humanities journals">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities,_arts,_and_social_sciences" title="Humanities, arts, and social sciences">Humanities, arts, and social sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Humanities" title="Master of Humanities">Master of Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_University_for_the_Humanities" title="Moscow University for the Humanities">Moscow University for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities" title="National Endowment for the Humanities">National Endowment for the Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philistinism" title="Philistinism">Philistinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture#Criticism" title="Popular culture">Criticism of mass culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_essentialism" title="Educational essentialism">Educational essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities_in_the_United_States" title="Humanities in the United States">Humanities in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_considered_a_founder_in_a_Humanities_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field">List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_humanities" title="Outline of the humanities">Outline of the humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Latin_school#Studia_Humanitatis" title="Latin school">Studia Humanitatis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Philosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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philosophy">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_philosophy" title="Applied philosophy">Applied philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphilosophy" title="Metaphilosophy">Metaphilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">Philosophy of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Philosophy of mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_philosophy" title="Practical philosophy">Practical philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_philosophy" title="Theoretical philosophy">Theoretical philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aesthetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional theory of art">Institutionalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" title="Epistemological particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontology" title="Deontology">Deontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_determinism" title="Hard determinism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incompatibilism" title="Incompatibilism">Incompatibilism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_incompatibilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard incompatibilism">Hard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_(metaphysics)" title="Libertarianism (metaphysics)">Libertarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Mind</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergentism" title="Emergentism">Emergentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" title="Norm (philosophy)">Normativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_particularism" title="Moral particularism">Particularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">Relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_nihilism" title="Moral nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_skepticism" title="Moral skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_theory_(philosophy)" title="Action theory (philosophy)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">Process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-realism" title="Anti-realism">Anti-realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_era" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By era</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy" title="History of philosophy">By era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturalism" title="Agriculturalism">Agriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Names" title="School of Names">Logicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Naturalists" title="School of Naturalists">Chinese naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangism" title="Yangism">Yangism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greco-</a><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_philosophy" title="Ancient Roman philosophy">Roman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Socratic_philosophy" title="Pre-Socratic philosophy">Presocratic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_School_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian School (philosophy)">Ionians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleatics" title="Eleatics">Eleatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophist" title="Sophist">Sophists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaics" title="Cyrenaics">Cyrenaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenistic philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Skepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Skepticism">Academic Skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Platonism" title="Middle Platonism">Middle Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Sextii" title="School of the Sextii">School of the Sextii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sophistic" title="Second Sophistic">Second Sophistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sy%C4%81dv%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Syādvāda">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvāstivadā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudgalavada" title="Pudgalavada">Pudgalavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika%E2%80%93Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" title="Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika and Prasangika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogacara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Neotaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">ʿIlm al-Kalām</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)">Judeo-Islamic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_neo-Confucianism" title="Edo neo-Confucianism">Edo neo-Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Anti-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_idealism" title="British idealism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objective_idealism" title="Objective idealism">Objective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_idealism" title="Subjective idealism">Subjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" title="Transcendental idealism">Transcendental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokugaku" title="Kokugaku">Kokugaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantianism" title="Kantianism">Kantianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaardianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krausism" title="Krausism">Krausism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzscheanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinozism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinozism">Spinozism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_ethics" title="Applied ethics">Applied ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_philosophy" title="Experimental philosophy">Experimental philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/Coherentism" title="Coherentism">Coherentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" title="Internalism and externalism">Internalism and externalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta-ethics">Meta-ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" title="Naturalized epistemology">Quinean naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_ethics" title="Normative ethics">Normative ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinary_language_philosophy" title="Ordinary language philosophy">Ordinary language philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" title="Postanalytic philosophy">Postanalytic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quietism_(philosophy)" title="Quietism (philosophy)">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawlsian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemics" title="Systemics">Systemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_realism" title="Scientific realism">Scientific realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">Transactionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism#Developments_in_the_20th_century" title="Utilitarianism">Contemporary utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgensteinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo-Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumanism" title="Posthumanism">Posthumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_School" title="Kyoto School">Kyoto School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cosmism" title="Russian cosmism">Russian cosmism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>By region</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.8em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_philosophy#Philosophic_traditions_by_region" title="Outline of philosophy">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_philosophy" title="African philosophy">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_philosophy" title="Ubuntu philosophy">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" title="Ethiopian philosophy">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africana_philosophy" title="Africana philosophy">Africana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" title="Indonesian philosophy">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_philosophy" title="Japanese philosophy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_philosophy" title="Vietnamese philosophy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_philosophy" title="Middle Eastern philosophy">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Turkish philosophers">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_philosophy" title="Australian philosophy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_philosophy" title="British philosophy">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_philosophy" title="Scottish philosophy">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Canada" title="Philosophy in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_philosophy" title="Czech philosophy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_philosophy" title="Danish philosophy">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_philosophy" title="Dutch philosophy">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Finland" title="History of philosophy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Malta" title="Philosophy in Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland" title="History of philosophy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovene_philosophers" title="List of Slovene philosophers">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_American_philosophy" title="Indigenous American philosophy">Amerindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" title="Aztec philosophy">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" title="Romanian philosophy">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_philosophy" title="Russian philosophy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_philosophy" title="Yugoslav philosophy">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy&#32;portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy" title="Category:Philosophy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a 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0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Aesthetics</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Aesthetics" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Aesthetics">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Aesthetics">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aesthetics" class="extiw" title="q:Aesthetics">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" class="extiw" title="s:Category:Aesthetics">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" class="extiw" title="b:Category:Aesthetics">Textbooks</a></b> from Wikibooks</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Philosophy_of_art" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Philosophy of art">Resources</a></b> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/798702/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4000626-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aesthetics"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85001441">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Esthétique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931288h">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Esthétique"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931288h">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560659">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="estetika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph117189&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Estética"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX4583639">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000048145&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998004915">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007294691205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=18028">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐6b7f745dd4‐bsb2z Cached time: 20241125142730 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.821 seconds Real time usage: 2.214 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 15431/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 385372/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 11572/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 17/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 413604/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.059/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 18799706/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: 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