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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="CfbgS5CsbyP2O5JIbPJ0CiR-kj07taLwGlTpFu_B1YdNGKjeylX3pfvvlhGwnCgPtCY29QOHBejJrqYDq7w39A" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="The Archaeology of Inequality. Tracing the Archaeological Record" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="T. Douglas Price" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/3340125/1118641/18798271/s200_t._douglas.price.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory" /> <meta property="og:title" content="The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://transportmarfa.academia.edu/TDouglasPrice" /> <meta name="description" content="Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure" /> <title>(PDF) Inequality's Rise Post-Pleistocene Agriculture</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739833719000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739833719000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure social, economic, and political organization. Here I argue that those egalitarian constraints were relaxed at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginnings of surplus production and storage, which created a basis of wealth and an increasingly important role for dominance behavior and inequality. The almost simultaneous emergence of domestication and social differentiation speaks strongly for the relationship between these two aspects of human adaptation at the origins of agriculture. This essay elaborates on the argument.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"T. Douglas Price","url":"https://transportmarfa.academia.edu/TDouglasPrice"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-02-07","dateModified":"2025-02-01","headline":"The Emergence of Social Inequality in Prehistory","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/98355584/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Prehistoric Archaeology","Origins of Agriculture","Social Inequality"],"publication":"The Archaeology of Inequality. 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{"work":{"id":96464499,"created_at":"2023-02-07T03:44:31.700-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T00:12:32.422-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure social, economic, and political organization. Here I argue that those egalitarian constraints were relaxed at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginnings of surplus production and storage, which created a basis of wealth and an increasingly important role for dominance behavior and inequality. The almost simultaneous emergence of domestication and social differentiation speaks strongly for the relationship between these two aspects of human adaptation at the origins of agriculture. This essay elaborates on the argument.","ai_title_tag":"Inequality's Rise Post-Pleistocene Agriculture","publication_name":"The Archaeology of Inequality. 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Douglas Price" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3340125/1118641/18798271/s65_t._douglas.price.jpg" />T. Douglas Price</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">The Archaeology of Inequality. Tracing the Archaeological Record</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 96464499; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=96464499"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Inequality is an inherent characteristic in many species of animals. Nonetheless, human hunter-gatherers in the later Pleistocene created mechanisms that overrode tendencies toward dominance and chose egalitarian behavior as a means to structure social, economic, and political organization. Here I argue that those egalitarian constraints were relaxed at the end of the Pleistocene with the beginnings of surplus production and storage, which created a basis of wealth and an increasingly important role for dominance behavior and inequality. The almost simultaneous emergence of domestication and social differentiation speaks strongly for the relationship between these two aspects of human adaptation at the origins of agriculture. This essay elaborates on the argument.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":98355584,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":98355584,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/96464499/The_Emergence_of_Social_Inequality_in_Prehistory"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The long-term trajectory of inequality in premodern societies, we suggest, is based on the differing importance of three classes of wealth-material, embodied, and relational-together with differences in the transmission of these types of wealth across generations. Subsequent essays in this forum use data on individual and household wealth from 21 populations to evaluate this and related propositions concerning the interaction of wealth class, transmission rates, production systems (foraging, horticultural, pastoral, and agricultural), and inequality. Here we motivate our interpretation by applying our ideas to the Holocene transition from more egalitarian to more stratified societies, introduce key concepts that are developed in the subsequent essays, and comment on some of the limitations of our study. Given that sustained economic inequalities generally leave archaeological signatures, their absence (in the form of funerary assemblages, storage facilities, dwellings, ceremonial objects, and nutritional indicators) suggests that prior to about 24,000 years ago (and possibly much more recently), most humans lived in foraging bands with little economic differentiation among families (Formicola 2007; Pettitt and Bader 2000; Vanhaeren and d'Errico 2005). Excepting groups occupying especially rich fishing and hunting sites, substantial levels of economic inequality became characteristic of many (but far from all) populations only after the domestication</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":87183456,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80982362/The_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="17693502" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">Comments on the Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="246386" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/KenAmes">Kenneth Ames</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comments on the Emergence and Persistence of Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":45624882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17693502/Comments_on_the_Emergence_and_Persistence_of_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="74737527" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies">Social inequality in the evolution of human societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10166254" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/GeorgiDerluguian">Georgi Derluguian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The author develops ideas about the origin of social inequality during the evolution of human societies and reflects on the possibilities of its overcoming. What makes human beings different from other primates is a high level of egalitarianism and altruism, which contributed to more successful adaptability of human collectives at early stages of the development of society. The transition to agriculture, coupled with substantially increasing population density, was marked by the emergence and institutionalisation of social inequality based on the inequality of tangible assets and symbolic wealth. Then, new institutions of warfare came into existence, and they were aimed at conquering and enslaving the neighbours engaged in productive labour. While exercising control over nature, people also established and strengthened their power over other people. Chiefdom as a new type of polity came into being. Elementary forms of power (political, economic and ideological) served as a basis for...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social inequality in the evolution of human societies","attachmentId":82779592,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/74737527/Social_inequality_in_the_evolution_of_human_societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="22447863" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22447863/The_Evolution_of_Equality_Rethinking_Variability_and_Egalitarianism_Among_Modern_Forager_Societies">The Evolution of Equality: Rethinking Variability and Egalitarianism Among Modern Forager Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32701339" href="https://tulane.academia.edu/GrantSMcCall">Grant S. McCall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ethnoarchaeology, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Evolution of Equality: Rethinking Variability and Egalitarianism Among Modern Forager Societies","attachmentId":43065817,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22447863/The_Evolution_of_Equality_Rethinking_Variability_and_Egalitarianism_Among_Modern_Forager_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22447863/The_Evolution_of_Equality_Rethinking_Variability_and_Egalitarianism_Among_Modern_Forager_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="17979460" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies">Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37905717" href="https://ucsb.academia.edu/MichaelGurven">Michael Gurven</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Anthropology, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Premodern human societies differ greatly in socioeconomic inequality. Despite much useful theorizing on the causes of these differences, individual-level quantitative data on wealth inequality is lacking. The papers in this special section provide the first comparable estimates of intergenerational wealth transmission and inequality in premodern societies, with data on more than 40 measures of embodied, material, and relational wealth from 21 premodern societies representing four production systems (hunter-gatherers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, and agriculturalists). Key findings include (1) the importance of material, embodied, and relational wealth differs significantly across production systems, with material wealth more important in pastoral and agricultural systems; (2) the degree of wealth transmission from parent to offspring is markedly higher for material wealth than embodied and relational wealth; (3) aggregate wealth is transmitted to a higher degree among pastoralists and agriculturalists; (4) the degree of inequality is greater for material wealth; and (5) the degree of intergenerational transmission of wealth is correlated with wealth inequality. Surprisingly, horticulturalists exhibit no greater wealth inequality or intergenerational wealth transmission than do huntergatherers, while pastoralists are very similar to agriculturalists. We discuss how these trends may have favored the emergence of institutionalized inequality, as intensified forms of production made material wealth transmission increasingly important.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Production Systems, Inheritance, and Inequality in Premodern Societies","attachmentId":39811018,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17979460/Production_Systems_Inheritance_and_Inequality_in_Premodern_Societies"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="106913513" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106913513/Human_social_organization_during_the_Late_Pleistocene_Beyond_the_nomadic_egalitarian_model">Human social organization during the Late Pleistocene: Beyond the nomadic-egalitarian model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2485588" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ManvirSingh">Manvir Singh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Many researchers assume that until 10-12,000 years ago, humans lived in small, mobile, relatively egalitarian bands composed mostly of kin. This “nomadic-egalitarian model” informs evolutionary explanations of behavior and our understanding of how contemporary societies differ from those of our evolutionary past. Here, we synthesize research challenging this model and propose an alternative, the diverse histories model, to replace it. We outline the limitations of using recent foragers as models of Late Pleistocene societies and the considerable social variation among foragers commonly considered small-scale, mobile, and egalitarian. We review ethnographic and archaeological findings covering 34 world regions showing that non-agricultural peoples often live in groups that are more sedentary, unequal, large, politically stratified, and capable of large-scale cooperation and resource management than is normally assumed. These characteristics are not restricted to extant Holocene hunte...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Human social organization during the Late Pleistocene: Beyond the nomadic-egalitarian model","attachmentId":105840377,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106913513/Human_social_organization_during_the_Late_Pleistocene_Beyond_the_nomadic_egalitarian_model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106913513/Human_social_organization_during_the_Late_Pleistocene_Beyond_the_nomadic_egalitarian_model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="2141647" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2141647/Domestication_Alone_Does_Not_Lead_to_Inequality">Domestication Alone Does Not Lead to Inequality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32457819" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ESchniter">E. Schniter</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37905717" href="https://ucsb.academia.edu/MichaelGurven">Michael Gurven</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2116889" href="https://richmond.academia.edu/ChrisvonRueden">Chris von Rueden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current …, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">2010) 'Domestication alone does not lead to inequality : intergenerational wealth transmission among horticulturalists.', Current anthropology., 51 (1). pp. 49-64.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Domestication Alone Does Not Lead to Inequality","attachmentId":30198129,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2141647/Domestication_Alone_Does_Not_Lead_to_Inequality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2141647/Domestication_Alone_Does_Not_Lead_to_Inequality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="13152214" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13152214/On_Paleolithic_Social_Inequality_The_Funerary_Evidence">On Paleolithic Social Inequality. The Funerary Evidence</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1119445" href="https://valahia.academia.edu/MirceaAnghelinu">Mircea Anghelinu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On Paleolithic Social Inequality. The Funerary Evidence","attachmentId":37961767,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13152214/On_Paleolithic_Social_Inequality_The_Funerary_Evidence","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13152214/On_Paleolithic_Social_Inequality_The_Funerary_Evidence"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="79429439" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79429439/Social_Inequality_and_the_Transmission_of_Cultural_Traditions_in_Forager_Societiess">Social Inequality and the Transmission of Cultural Traditions in Forager Societiess</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="59051767" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephenShennan">Stephen Shennan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Archaeology of Human Ancestry, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The object of this chapter is to sketch out the basis of an archaeological approach to examining the interrelationships between cultural traditions, inequality and the maintenance of social groups through time. The approach is intended to be of general relevance, but the discussion will be concentrated on the anthropology of foraging societies, since, for a variety of reasons, these are generally agreed to be of most relevance to providing a perspective for the analysis and discussion of inferred patterns of long-term human evolution. The idea that there are links between patterns of social inequality and how groups define and organize themselves is familiar enough, but that these should be connected in some way to cultural traditions is perhaps less obvious. The fact that it now seems a worthwhile issue to raise can be ascribed to the development of what Durham (1990, 1992) has called 'evolutionary culture theory', in effect the study of 'cultural descent with modification', based on recent accounts of the mechanisms of cultural transmission and the factors affecting it (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 1981, Boyd and Richerson 1985, and see Introduction). However, with the exception of a recent paper by Aldenderfer (1993), the subject of hierarchy and inequality has not been much discussed in this context, even though debates about their nature and extent are regarded by many as central to any understanding of long-term social change. The aim of this chapter is to outline a model which suggests that hierarchy and the cultural transmission process are in some respects closely linked, even in foraging societies, which have tended to be seen as relatively egalitarian. CULTURAL TRADITIONS It has long been argued that what differentiates humans from other animals is the existence of cultural traditions, which mean that cultural responses to change have largely superseded genetic ones. The presumption has always been that such cultural traditions were adaptive, in that they enabled people to survive more successfully, and therefore gave a selective advantage in terms of reproductive success over populations which did not have such traditions. A great deal of attention has been devoted to identifying the functional-adaptive role that particular traditions, for example, the production of artefacts, might have had, but the processes by which they are handed on from one</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social Inequality and the Transmission of Cultural Traditions in Forager Societiess","attachmentId":86147680,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79429439/Social_Inequality_and_the_Transmission_of_Cultural_Traditions_in_Forager_Societiess","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephenShennan">Stephen Shennan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Archaeology of Human Ancestry, edited by James Steele and Stephen Shennan, 1996</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor Q Francis Group, an infrma business Copyright 0 1996 James Steele, Stephen Shennan and contributors Typeset in Bembo by Florencetype Ltd, Stoodleigh, Devon The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Social inequality and the transmission of cultural traditions in forager societiesArchaeology of human Ancestry chapter by 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