CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Economic Inequality Research Papers - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="ydFx+27REHTk3B3x0XAMcCyTgoCsI8C1wGjZ2A+gFDwdFICtOrUevpLFFHp80Ej+Vz460C65DtHZYyLX6swe1g==" /> <link href="/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?after=50%2C34423925" rel="next" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="description" content="View Economic Inequality Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15276,"monthly_visitors":"112 million","monthly_visitor_count":112794806,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":112,"user_count":277209187,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732483126000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732483126000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-296162c7af6fd81dcdd76f1a94f1fad04fb5f647401337d136fe8b68742170b1.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-8d53a22151f33ab413d88fa1c02f979c3f8706d470fc1bced09852c72a9f3454.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f8fe82512740391f81c9e8cc48220144024b425b359b08194e316f4de070b9e8.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality" /> </head>   <body class='c-by_tag a-show_one logged_out u-bgColorWhite'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav no-sm no-md"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/@academia">Blog</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <div class="DesignSystem" style="margin-top:-40px"><div class="PageHeader"><div class="container"><div class="row"><style type="text/css">.sor-abstract { display: -webkit-box; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Economic Inequality</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">2,498 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Economic Inequality</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Economic_Inequality">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_82237494" data-work_id="82237494" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82237494/Education_Growth_and_Income_Inequality">Education, Growth, and Income Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82237494" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="19b07891523e6e459dbb0a9ddefaf83b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":88010787,"asset_id":82237494,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88010787/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="47040630" href="https://warwick.academia.edu/ThijsvanRens">Thijs van Rens</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="47040630" type="text/json">{"id":47040630,"first_name":"Thijs van","last_name":"Rens","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"ThijsvanRens","display_name":"Thijs van Rens","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/ThijsvanRens?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82237494 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82237494"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82237494, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82237494", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_82237494 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82237494; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_82237494"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_82237494 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="82237494"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82237494; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82237494]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_82237494").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_82237494").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="82237494"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="747" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics">Econometrics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="747" type="text/json">{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2621" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education">Higher Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2621" type="text/json">{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14042" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital">Human Capital</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14042" type="text/json">{"id":14042,"name":"Human Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=82237494]'), work: {"id":82237494,"title":"Education, Growth, and Income Inequality","created_at":"2022-06-27T04:43:57.968-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/82237494/Education_Growth_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_82237494","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":88010787,"asset_id":82237494,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":47040630,"first_name":"Thijs van","last_name":"Rens","domain_name":"warwick","page_name":"ThijsvanRens","display_name":"Thijs van Rens","profile_url":"https://warwick.academia.edu/ThijsvanRens?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":747,"name":"Econometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Econometrics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":14042,"name":"Human Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":40860,"name":"Panel Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Panel_Data?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54961,"name":"Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":97227,"name":"Rate of return","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rate_of_return?f_ri=17709"},{"id":312467,"name":"Technological Progress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technological_Progress?f_ri=17709"},{"id":601416,"name":"Elasticity of Substitution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elasticity_of_Substitution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":840673,"name":"Productivity Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Productivity_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1011519,"name":"Wage Differential","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wage_Differential?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1367101,"name":"GDP Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GDP_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2583070,"name":"Skill Biased Technological Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skill_Biased_Technological_Change?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3398224,"name":"Economics statistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_statistics?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79765377" data-work_id="79765377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79765377/Standardized_Income_Inequality_Data_for_Use_in_Cross_National_Research">Standardized Income Inequality Data for Use in Cross-National Research</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79765377" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="827430a9f160436342f33ef27990948f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86369854,"asset_id":79765377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86369854/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="336945" href="https://uniandes.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaJos%C3%A9%C3%81lvarezRivadulla">María José Álvarez-Rivadulla</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="336945" type="text/json">{"id":336945,"first_name":"María José","last_name":"Álvarez-Rivadulla","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"MaríaJoséÁlvarezRivadulla","display_name":"María José Álvarez-Rivadulla","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaJos%C3%A9%C3%81lvarezRivadulla?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336945/93033/18876235/s65_mar_a_jos_._lvarez-rivadulla.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79765377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79765377"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79765377, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79765377", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79765377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79765377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79765377"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79765377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79765377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79765377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79765377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79765377").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79765377").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79765377"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4205" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis">Data Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4205" type="text/json">{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79765377]'), work: {"id":79765377,"title":"Standardized Income Inequality Data for Use in Cross-National Research","created_at":"2022-05-23T12:20:18.985-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79765377/Standardized_Income_Inequality_Data_for_Use_in_Cross_National_Research?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_79765377","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86369854,"asset_id":79765377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":336945,"first_name":"María José","last_name":"Álvarez-Rivadulla","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"MaríaJoséÁlvarezRivadulla","display_name":"María José Álvarez-Rivadulla","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaJos%C3%A9%C3%81lvarezRivadulla?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/336945/93033/18876235/s65_mar_a_jos_._lvarez-rivadulla.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19181767 coauthored" data-work_id="19181767" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19181767/Microsimulation_as_a_tool_for_evaluating_redistribution_policies">Microsimulation as a tool for evaluating redistribution policies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19181767" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dca036dd93604797cbd7599970db75a6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40476285,"asset_id":19181767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40476285/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39393489" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisBourguignon">Francois Bourguignon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39393489" type="text/json">{"id":39393489,"first_name":"Francois","last_name":"Bourguignon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancoisBourguignon","display_name":"Francois Bourguignon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisBourguignon?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19181767">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19181767"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmedeoSpadaro">Amedeo Spadaro</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19181767'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-19181767').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19181767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19181767"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19181767, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19181767", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19181767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19181767; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19181767"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19181767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19181767"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19181767; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19181767]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19181767").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19181767").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19181767"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53343" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Welfare">Social Welfare</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53343" type="text/json">{"id":53343,"name":"Social Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Welfare?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="430229" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_analysis_for_qualitative_and_quantitative_traits_of_crop_plants">Genetic analysis for qualitative and quantitative traits of crop plants</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="430229" type="text/json">{"id":430229,"name":"Genetic analysis for qualitative and quantitative traits of crop plants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_analysis_for_qualitative_and_quantitative_traits_of_crop_plants?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19181767]'), work: {"id":19181767,"title":"Microsimulation as a tool for evaluating redistribution policies","created_at":"2015-11-29T08:28:03.640-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19181767/Microsimulation_as_a_tool_for_evaluating_redistribution_policies?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_19181767","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40476285,"asset_id":19181767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39393489,"first_name":"Francois","last_name":"Bourguignon","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FrancoisBourguignon","display_name":"Francois Bourguignon","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FrancoisBourguignon?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":49826219,"first_name":"Amedeo","last_name":"Spadaro","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AmedeoSpadaro","display_name":"Amedeo Spadaro","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AmedeoSpadaro?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/49826219/101672521/90831359/s65_amedeo.spadaro.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":53343,"name":"Social Welfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Welfare?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":430229,"name":"Genetic analysis for qualitative and quantitative traits of crop plants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_analysis_for_qualitative_and_quantitative_traits_of_crop_plants?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":772462,"name":"Tax incidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tax_incidence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_18502777" data-work_id="18502777" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18502777/Pre_Industrial_Inequality">Pre-Industrial Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre-industrial incomes as unequal as they are today? For want of sufficient data, these questions have not yet been answered. This paper infers inequality across... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18502777" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre-industrial incomes as unequal as they are today?  For want of sufficient data, these questions have not yet been answered. This paper infers inequality across individuals within each of the 28 pre-industrial societies, for which data were available, using what are known as social tables, stretching from the Roman Empire 14 AD, to Byzantium in 1000, to England in 1688, to Nueva España around 1790, to China in 1880 and to British India in 1947. It applies two new concepts in making those assessments – what we call the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio. The two new concepts compare the observed income inequality to the maximum feasible inequality that, at a given level of income, might have been “extracted” by those in power. The results, especially when contrasted with modern countries, give new insights into the connection between inequality and economic development in the very long run.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18502777" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5f0c74f97804760e0ff10bb9129befcc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40098935,"asset_id":18502777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40098935/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34163929" href="https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/BrankoMilanovic">Branko Milanovic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34163929" type="text/json">{"id":34163929,"first_name":"Branko","last_name":"Milanovic","domain_name":"gc-cuny","page_name":"BrankoMilanovic","display_name":"Branko Milanovic","profile_url":"https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/BrankoMilanovic?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18502777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18502777"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18502777, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18502777", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_18502777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18502777; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_18502777"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_18502777 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="18502777"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 18502777; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18502777]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18502777").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18502777").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18502777"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18502777]'), work: {"id":18502777,"title":"Pre-Industrial Inequality","created_at":"2015-11-17T05:38:47.645-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18502777/Pre_Industrial_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_18502777","summary":"Is inequality largely the result of the Industrial Revolution? Or, were pre-industrial incomes as unequal as they are today? For want of sufficient data, these questions have not yet been answered. This paper infers inequality across individuals within each of the 28 pre-industrial societies, for which data were available, using what are known as social tables, stretching from the Roman Empire 14 AD, to Byzantium in 1000, to England in 1688, to Nueva España around 1790, to China in 1880 and to British India in 1947. It applies two new concepts in making those assessments – what we call the inequality possibility frontier and the inequality extraction ratio. The two new concepts compare the observed income inequality to the maximum feasible inequality that, at a given level of income, might have been “extracted” by those in power. The results, especially when contrasted with modern countries, give new insights into the connection between inequality and economic development in the very long run.\n\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40098935,"asset_id":18502777,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34163929,"first_name":"Branko","last_name":"Milanovic","domain_name":"gc-cuny","page_name":"BrankoMilanovic","display_name":"Branko Milanovic","profile_url":"https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/BrankoMilanovic?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19536583" data-work_id="19536583" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19536583/Thomas_Piketty_Capitalism_and_Inequality_in_the_Long_Run">Thomas Piketty - Capitalism and Inequality in the Long Run</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19536583" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed1ca360af782edf587705eb490c988a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40681072,"asset_id":19536583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40681072/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="398042" href="https://lancaster.academia.edu/MichaelKr%C3%A4tke">Michael R. Krätke</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="398042" type="text/json">{"id":398042,"first_name":"Michael R.","last_name":"Krätke","domain_name":"lancaster","page_name":"MichaelKrätke","display_name":"Michael R. Krätke","profile_url":"https://lancaster.academia.edu/MichaelKr%C3%A4tke?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/398042/102561/20197012/s65_michael_r..kr_tke.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19536583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19536583"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19536583, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19536583", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19536583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19536583; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19536583"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19536583 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19536583"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19536583; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19536583]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19536583").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19536583").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19536583"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism">Capitalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9705" type="text/json">{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19536583]'), work: {"id":19536583,"title":"Thomas Piketty - Capitalism and Inequality in the Long Run","created_at":"2015-12-07T06:43:07.165-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19536583/Thomas_Piketty_Capitalism_and_Inequality_in_the_Long_Run?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_19536583","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40681072,"asset_id":19536583,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":398042,"first_name":"Michael R.","last_name":"Krätke","domain_name":"lancaster","page_name":"MichaelKrätke","display_name":"Michael R. Krätke","profile_url":"https://lancaster.academia.edu/MichaelKr%C3%A4tke?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/398042/102561/20197012/s65_michael_r..kr_tke.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1399490,"name":"Piketty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Piketty?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74054506" data-work_id="74054506" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74054506/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality">A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74054506" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss the contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74054506" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="941b6e3369db2610b911a93e90eb4d0d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82345905,"asset_id":74054506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82345905/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="50211125" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineMorley2">Christine Morley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="50211125" type="text/json">{"id":50211125,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Morley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristineMorley2","display_name":"Christine Morley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineMorley2?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74054506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74054506"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74054506, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74054506", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74054506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74054506; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74054506"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74054506 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74054506"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74054506; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74054506]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74054506").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74054506").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74054506"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work">Social Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="940" type="text/json">{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74054506]'), work: {"id":74054506,"title":"A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality","created_at":"2022-03-19T01:24:49.130-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74054506/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_74054506","summary":"This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss the contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82345905,"asset_id":74054506,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":50211125,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Morley","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChristineMorley2","display_name":"Christine Morley","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChristineMorley2?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":19422,"name":"Social Work Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35135,"name":"Critical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43386,"name":"Advocacy and Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advocacy_and_Activism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55661,"name":"Radical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65871,"name":"Critical Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130134,"name":"Human Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services?f_ri=17709"},{"id":298490,"name":"Inequality Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":356857,"name":"Human Services Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":382001,"name":"Social Policy and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":509281,"name":"Sociology and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":702912,"name":"Social Work Education and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education_and_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49849913" data-work_id="49849913" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49849913/Wealth_inequality_in_the_long_run">Wealth inequality in the long run</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter provides an overview of long-term changes in wealth inequality, measured as net marketable wealth, based on two measures: the Gini index and the wealth share of the richest 10%. The chapter relies on current databases such as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49849913" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter provides an overview of long-term changes in wealth inequality, measured as net marketable wealth, based on two measures: the Gini index and the wealth share of the richest 10%. The chapter relies on current databases such as the World Inequality Database (WID) but expands considerably the time series for a range of countries by building upon the most recent research and by producing new estimates. For five Western countries (France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) it has been possible to provide estimates covering the period from 1820 to 2010. However, for other Western countries as well as for other areas of the world, much more work is needed before we can assess long-term trends in wealth inequality. Our data confirm the general picture of a creeping increase in inequality during the 19th century, followed by declines from the onset of World War I (1914) until the 1960s, and in many (but not all) countries a new tendency towards higher inequality since the 1970s. An overview of possible explanations for such trends is provided. The correlation of wealth inequality with per capita GDP is found to be quite weak and not always positive, implying that higher wealth inequality cannot be considered a simple side effect of economic growth.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49849913" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ffc74461cde0a829b457bd85ea955b6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68056334,"asset_id":49849913,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68056334/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32570513" type="text/json">{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49849913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49849913"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49849913, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49849913", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49849913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49849913; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49849913"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49849913 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49849913"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49849913; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49849913]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49849913").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49849913").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49849913"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20009" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_">Inequality (Economics)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20009" type="text/json">{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24768" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth_Century">Nineteenth Century</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24768" type="text/json">{"id":24768,"name":"Nineteenth Century","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth_Century?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49849913]'), work: {"id":49849913,"title":"Wealth inequality in the long run","created_at":"2021-07-13T05:09:19.659-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49849913/Wealth_inequality_in_the_long_run?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_49849913","summary":"This chapter provides an overview of long-term changes in wealth inequality, measured as net marketable wealth, based on two measures: the Gini index and the wealth share of the richest 10%. The chapter relies on current databases such as the World Inequality Database (WID) but expands considerably the time series for a range of countries by building upon the most recent research and by producing new estimates. For five Western countries (France, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States) it has been possible to provide estimates covering the period from 1820 to 2010. However, for other Western countries as well as for other areas of the world, much more work is needed before we can assess long-term trends in wealth inequality. Our data confirm the general picture of a creeping increase in inequality during the 19th century, followed by declines from the onset of World War I (1914) until the 1960s, and in many (but not all) countries a new tendency towards higher inequality since the 1970s. An overview of possible explanations for such trends is provided. The correlation of wealth inequality with per capita GDP is found to be quite weak and not always positive, implying that higher wealth inequality cannot be considered a simple side effect of economic growth.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68056334,"asset_id":49849913,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":24768,"name":"Nineteenth Century","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth_Century?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":156237,"name":"Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":474357,"name":"Wealth inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80564083" data-work_id="80564083" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80564083/Education_s_effect_on_income_inequality_an_economic_globalisation_perspective">Education’s effect on income inequality: an economic globalisation perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Utilising a globalisation framework this study contributes to discussions concerning inequality, education, and development by re‐examining the effects of educational and economic variables on income inequality. This research shows that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80564083" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Utilising a globalisation framework this study contributes to discussions concerning inequality, education, and development by re‐examining the effects of educational and economic variables on income inequality. This research shows that the effects of education on income inequality are affected by the level of economic freedom in a country, and specifically that more economic liberalisation may limit the equalising effects of secondary enrolments. These findings imply that the level of economic freedom must be considered when creating policies to reduce inequality and that complex relationships must be considered for further research in this area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80564083" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="87825428" href="https://mywconline.academia.edu/ryanwells">ryan wells</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="87825428" type="text/json">{"id":87825428,"first_name":"ryan","last_name":"wells","domain_name":"mywconline","page_name":"ryanwells","display_name":"ryan wells","profile_url":"https://mywconline.academia.edu/ryanwells?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80564083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80564083"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80564083, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80564083", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80564083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80564083; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80564083"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80564083 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80564083"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80564083; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80564083]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80564083").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80564083").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80564083"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism">Neo Liberalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14778" type="text/json">{"id":14778,"name":"Neo Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80564083]'), work: {"id":80564083,"title":"Education’s effect on income inequality: an economic globalisation perspective","created_at":"2022-06-02T15:03:42.918-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80564083/Education_s_effect_on_income_inequality_an_economic_globalisation_perspective?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_80564083","summary":"Utilising a globalisation framework this study contributes to discussions concerning inequality, education, and development by re‐examining the effects of educational and economic variables on income inequality. This research shows that the effects of education on income inequality are affected by the level of economic freedom in a country, and specifically that more economic liberalisation may limit the equalising effects of secondary enrolments. These findings imply that the level of economic freedom must be considered when creating policies to reduce inequality and that complex relationships must be considered for further research in this area.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":87825428,"first_name":"ryan","last_name":"wells","domain_name":"mywconline","page_name":"ryanwells","display_name":"ryan wells","profile_url":"https://mywconline.academia.edu/ryanwells?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":14778,"name":"Neo Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":25220,"name":"Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":133193,"name":"Educational Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":135987,"name":"Hypothesis testing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypothesis_testing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":149214,"name":"Economic Impact","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Impact?f_ri=17709"},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=17709"},{"id":447405,"name":"Economic freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_freedom?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1196959,"name":"Globalisation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1373688,"name":"Free Enterprise System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Enterprise_System?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9903873 coauthored" data-work_id="9903873" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9903873/Economic_and_Political_Inequality_in_Modern_Democracies_Differential_Responsiveness_to_the_Policy_Preferences_of_Economic_Classes">Economic & Political Inequality in Modern Democracies: Differential Responsiveness to the Policy Preferences of Economic Classes </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Democratic theory does not require the government just to respond to citizens’ preferences for policy but in doing so, to treat all citizens as political equals. It follows that, in democracies, government policy should respond equally to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9903873" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Democratic theory does not require the government just to respond to citizens’ preferences for policy<br />but in doing so, to treat all citizens as political equals. It follows that, in democracies, government<br />policy should respond equally to different economic classes: if the policy preferences of the rich and<br />the poor differ, then policy should reflect no less the preferences of the poor than those of the rich.<br />Whether this is indeed happens becomes all the more relevant in the context of the current financial<br />and economic crisis. In Europe, policy solutions to the crisis, namely austerity, including budget and<br />wage cuts that hurt the middle and lower classes, have been met with fierce public resistance. Popular<br />dissatisfaction with policy raises the questions: Does policy respond to public attitudes towards<br />policies? To which sub-constituency’s preferences does government policy respond? Do policy<br />outputs reflect the preferences and attitudes of the rich rather than low-income citizens? To answer<br />these questions, we introduce a new data set covering policy and public opinion across a range of<br />issues, countries, and times. We first examine variation in public attitudes across 15 policy issues<br />throughout time. We focus on whether citizens’ attitudes towards income inequality, their preferences<br />for government spending in key policy areas and their attitudes towards policy issues differ according<br />to income. Second, we investigate whether government responsiveness differs across income groups<br />over time and present new evidence of policy responsiveness and inequality in Europe.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9903873" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef0771c3bf7e2369df49fb6dd9aaaa99" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36060337,"asset_id":9903873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36060337/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33287126" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelDonnelly6">Michael Donnelly</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33287126" type="text/json">{"id":33287126,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Donnelly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelDonnelly6","display_name":"Michael Donnelly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelDonnelly6?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-9903873">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-9903873"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://sbg.academia.edu/ZoeLefkofridi">Zoe Lefkofridi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-9903873'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-9903873').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9903873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9903873"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9903873, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9903873", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9903873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9903873; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9903873"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9903873 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9903873"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9903873; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9903873]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9903873").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9903873").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9903873"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17123" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy">Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17123" type="text/json">{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28090" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Representation">Political Representation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28090" type="text/json">{"id":28090,"name":"Political Representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Representation?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49459" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality">Income inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="49459" type="text/json">{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9903873]'), work: {"id":9903873,"title":"Economic \u0026 Political Inequality in Modern Democracies: Differential Responsiveness to the Policy Preferences of Economic Classes ","created_at":"2014-12-26T02:31:32.085-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9903873/Economic_and_Political_Inequality_in_Modern_Democracies_Differential_Responsiveness_to_the_Policy_Preferences_of_Economic_Classes?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_9903873","summary":"Democratic theory does not require the government just to respond to citizens’ preferences for policy\nbut in doing so, to treat all citizens as political equals. It follows that, in democracies, government\npolicy should respond equally to different economic classes: if the policy preferences of the rich and\nthe poor differ, then policy should reflect no less the preferences of the poor than those of the rich.\nWhether this is indeed happens becomes all the more relevant in the context of the current financial\nand economic crisis. In Europe, policy solutions to the crisis, namely austerity, including budget and\nwage cuts that hurt the middle and lower classes, have been met with fierce public resistance. Popular\ndissatisfaction with policy raises the questions: Does policy respond to public attitudes towards\npolicies? To which sub-constituency’s preferences does government policy respond? Do policy\noutputs reflect the preferences and attitudes of the rich rather than low-income citizens? To answer\nthese questions, we introduce a new data set covering policy and public opinion across a range of\nissues, countries, and times. We first examine variation in public attitudes across 15 policy issues\nthroughout time. We focus on whether citizens’ attitudes towards income inequality, their preferences\nfor government spending in key policy areas and their attitudes towards policy issues differ according\nto income. Second, we investigate whether government responsiveness differs across income groups\nover time and present new evidence of policy responsiveness and inequality in Europe.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36060337,"asset_id":9903873,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33287126,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Donnelly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelDonnelly6","display_name":"Michael Donnelly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelDonnelly6?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":222610,"first_name":"Zoe","last_name":"Lefkofridi","domain_name":"sbg","page_name":"ZoeLefkofridi","display_name":"Zoe Lefkofridi","profile_url":"https://sbg.academia.edu/ZoeLefkofridi?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/222610/587210/8041302/s65_zoe.lefkofridi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":28090,"name":"Political Representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Representation?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":167483,"name":"Income","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income?f_ri=17709"},{"id":279645,"name":"Policy Responsiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Responsiveness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":612169,"name":"Inequality and political representation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_and_political_representation?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1377330" data-work_id="1377330" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1377330/Financialization_and_its_Consequences_the_OECD_Experience">Financialization and its Consequences: the OECD Experience</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the incidence and consequences of financialization in the industrialized countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Using the latest panel data from the OECD and the ILO, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1377330" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the incidence and consequences <br />of financialization in the industrialized countries of the <br />Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development <br />(OECD). Using the latest panel data from the OECD and the <br />ILO, the paper first documents the extent of financialization in <br />OECD countries and then analyzes the relationships between <br />financialization and three other variables: inequality, growth and <br />unemployment. There is strong empirical evidence for <br />considerable financialization across the OECD, with significant <br />and negative impacts on all three variables.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1377330" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="965bf0c7364f5c644b18951596640a67" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":10383510,"asset_id":1377330,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/10383510/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="534875" href="https://newschool.academia.edu/JacobAssa">Jacob Assa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="534875" type="text/json">{"id":534875,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Assa","domain_name":"newschool","page_name":"JacobAssa","display_name":"Jacob Assa","profile_url":"https://newschool.academia.edu/JacobAssa?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/534875/506147/25032756/s65_jacob.assa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1377330 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1377330"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1377330, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1377330", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_1377330 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1377330; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_1377330"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_1377330 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="1377330"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 1377330; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1377330]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1377330").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1377330").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1377330"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">40</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance">Finance</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47" type="text/json">{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="748" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics">Financial Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="748" type="text/json">{"id":748,"name":"Financial Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="761" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Economics">Public Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="761" type="text/json">{"id":761,"name":"Public Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1377330]'), work: {"id":1377330,"title":"Financialization and its Consequences: the OECD Experience","created_at":"2012-02-11T21:44:15.444-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1377330/Financialization_and_its_Consequences_the_OECD_Experience?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_1377330","summary":"This paper examines the incidence and consequences \nof financialization in the industrialized countries of the \nOrganization for Economic Cooperation and Development \n(OECD). Using the latest panel data from the OECD and the \nILO, the paper first documents the extent of financialization in \nOECD countries and then analyzes the relationships between \nfinancialization and three other variables: inequality, growth and \nunemployment. There is strong empirical evidence for \nconsiderable financialization across the OECD, with significant \nand negative impacts on all three variables.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":10383510,"asset_id":1377330,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":534875,"first_name":"Jacob","last_name":"Assa","domain_name":"newschool","page_name":"JacobAssa","display_name":"Jacob Assa","profile_url":"https://newschool.academia.edu/JacobAssa?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/534875/506147/25032756/s65_jacob.assa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":47,"name":"Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Finance?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":748,"name":"Financial Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":761,"name":"Public Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":764,"name":"Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconomics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1292,"name":"Health Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1735,"name":"History of Economic Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Economic_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3181,"name":"International Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Macroeconomics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4459,"name":"Macroeconometrics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macroeconometrics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6908,"name":"Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7176,"name":"Unemployment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unemployment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9942,"name":"Growth (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13868,"name":"Education and Labor Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Labor_Markets?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17598,"name":"Labour Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24330,"name":"Macro Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macro_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24625,"name":"Employment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Employment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25115,"name":"Financialization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financialization?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25116,"name":"International Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28437,"name":"Institutions and Economic growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_and_Economic_growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39628,"name":"OECD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/OECD?f_ri=17709"},{"id":45591,"name":"Financial Derivatives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financial_Derivatives?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74612,"name":"Applied Macroeconomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Macroeconomics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":81701,"name":"ILO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ILO?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131226,"name":"Population Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":171792,"name":"Central Banking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Banking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":416920,"name":"Wages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wages?f_ri=17709"},{"id":454037,"name":"Asset and investment valuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asset_and_investment_valuation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":677126,"name":"Social Policy \u0026 Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Development-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":959468,"name":"Intergenerational Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intergenerational_Income_Distribution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":959469,"name":"Aggregate Human Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aggregate_Human_Capital?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31286468 coauthored" data-work_id="31286468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31286468/Global_Economic_Inequalities_and_Development_JAPE">Global Economic Inequalities and Development JAPE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31286468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="716839b1951fab3af8fa3d1bac76ada3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51685827,"asset_id":31286468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51685827/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4309760" href="https://uts.academia.edu/ObengOdoomFranklin">Obeng-Odoom Franklin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4309760" type="text/json">{"id":4309760,"first_name":"Obeng-Odoom","last_name":"Franklin","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"ObengOdoomFranklin","display_name":"Obeng-Odoom Franklin","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/ObengOdoomFranklin?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4309760/1723421/4343231/s65_obeng-odoom.franklin.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31286468">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31286468"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GavanButler">Gavan Butler</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uam.academia.edu/RicardoMoleroSimarro">Ricardo Molero-Simarro</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31286468'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31286468').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31286468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31286468"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31286468, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31286468", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31286468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31286468; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31286468"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31286468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31286468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31286468; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31286468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31286468").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31286468").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31286468"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31286468]'), work: {"id":31286468,"title":"Global Economic Inequalities and Development JAPE","created_at":"2017-02-07T13:19:19.777-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31286468/Global_Economic_Inequalities_and_Development_JAPE?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_31286468","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51685827,"asset_id":31286468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4309760,"first_name":"Obeng-Odoom","last_name":"Franklin","domain_name":"uts","page_name":"ObengOdoomFranklin","display_name":"Obeng-Odoom Franklin","profile_url":"https://uts.academia.edu/ObengOdoomFranklin?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4309760/1723421/4343231/s65_obeng-odoom.franklin.jpg"},{"id":39270366,"first_name":"Gavan","last_name":"Butler","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GavanButler","display_name":"Gavan Butler","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GavanButler?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":50827622,"first_name":"Ricardo","last_name":"Molero-Simarro","domain_name":"uam","page_name":"RicardoMoleroSimarro","display_name":"Ricardo Molero-Simarro","profile_url":"https://uam.academia.edu/RicardoMoleroSimarro?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/50827622/20566309/20231782/s65_ricardo.molero-simarro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40911519 coauthored" data-work_id="40911519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40911519/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality">A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40911519" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss that contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40911519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c815cbf60276d7580ed686e34dd8568d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61370402,"asset_id":40911519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61370402/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="405660" href="https://qut.academia.edu/ChristineMorley">Christine Morley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="405660" type="text/json">{"id":405660,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Morley","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"ChristineMorley","display_name":"Christine Morley","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/ChristineMorley?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/405660/100639/17593276/s65_christine.morley.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-40911519">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-40911519"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett">Phillip Ablett</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-40911519'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-40911519').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40911519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40911519"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40911519, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40911519", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40911519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40911519; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40911519"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40911519 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40911519"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40911519; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40911519]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40911519").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40911519").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40911519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work">Social Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="940" type="text/json">{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education">Social Work Education</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19422" type="text/json">{"id":19422,"name":"Social Work Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40911519]'), work: {"id":40911519,"title":"A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality","created_at":"2019-11-12T23:41:13.329-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40911519/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_40911519","summary":"This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss that contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61370402,"asset_id":40911519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":405660,"first_name":"Christine","last_name":"Morley","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"ChristineMorley","display_name":"Christine Morley","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/ChristineMorley?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/405660/100639/17593276/s65_christine.morley.jpg"},{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":19422,"name":"Social Work Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35135,"name":"Critical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":37930,"name":"Human Services \u0026 Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43386,"name":"Advocacy and Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advocacy_and_Activism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55661,"name":"Radical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65871,"name":"Critical Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130134,"name":"Human Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services?f_ri=17709"},{"id":382001,"name":"Social Policy and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":509281,"name":"Sociology and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":702912,"name":"Social Work Education and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education_and_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50311859" data-work_id="50311859" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50311859/Community_Organizing_Response_to_the_Fascist_Oligarchy_of_the_Billionaire_Brotherhood">Community Organizing Response to the Fascist Oligarchy of the Billionaire Brotherhood</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recognizes that despite resurgent American optimism in mid-2021, after a fearful year and a half of coronavirus pandemic, the faith and hope of the people remain subdued because of existential threats to our democracy, particularly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50311859" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recognizes that despite resurgent American optimism in mid-2021, after a fearful year and a half of coronavirus pandemic, the faith and hope of the people remain subdued because of existential threats to our democracy, particularly Republican-led legislative assaults on voting rights and nonpartisan electoral administration. Identifies in these developments  the central role of a growing fascist oligarchy, populated by a brotherhood of billionaires. Considers the tortuous path ahead for community organizing and the essential role of the profession's treasured legacy. Proposes a strategic vision to achieve institutionalized, structural empowerment of the demos, to revitalize and redirect the nation's democratic institutions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50311859" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a8fa96fcb03539a684d1f95424eb263" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":112236722,"asset_id":50311859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112236722/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26813212" href="https://csun.academia.edu/MoshebenAsher">Moshe ben Asher</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26813212" type="text/json">{"id":26813212,"first_name":"Moshe","last_name":"ben Asher","domain_name":"csun","page_name":"MoshebenAsher","display_name":"Moshe ben Asher","profile_url":"https://csun.academia.edu/MoshebenAsher?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26813212/7879542/8828039/s65_moshe.ben_asher.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50311859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50311859"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50311859, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50311859", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50311859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50311859; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50311859"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50311859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50311859"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50311859; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50311859]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50311859").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50311859").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50311859"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3874" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing">Community Organizing</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3874" type="text/json">{"id":3874,"name":"Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5781" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism">Fascism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5781" type="text/json">{"id":5781,"name":"Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Democracy">Direct Democracy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17124" type="text/json">{"id":17124,"name":"Direct Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Democracy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50311859]'), work: {"id":50311859,"title":"Community Organizing Response to the Fascist Oligarchy of the Billionaire Brotherhood","created_at":"2021-07-27T15:25:48.352-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50311859/Community_Organizing_Response_to_the_Fascist_Oligarchy_of_the_Billionaire_Brotherhood?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_50311859","summary":"Recognizes that despite resurgent American optimism in mid-2021, after a fearful year and a half of coronavirus pandemic, the faith and hope of the people remain subdued because of existential threats to our democracy, particularly Republican-led legislative assaults on voting rights and nonpartisan electoral administration. Identifies in these developments the central role of a growing fascist oligarchy, populated by a brotherhood of billionaires. Considers the tortuous path ahead for community organizing and the essential role of the profession's treasured legacy. Proposes a strategic vision to achieve institutionalized, structural empowerment of the demos, to revitalize and redirect the nation's democratic institutions. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":112236722,"asset_id":50311859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26813212,"first_name":"Moshe","last_name":"ben Asher","domain_name":"csun","page_name":"MoshebenAsher","display_name":"Moshe ben Asher","profile_url":"https://csun.academia.edu/MoshebenAsher?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26813212/7879542/8828039/s65_moshe.ben_asher.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3874,"name":"Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Organizing?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":5781,"name":"Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17124,"name":"Direct Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Direct_Democracy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17794,"name":"Social Networking Sites (SNS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking_Sites_SNS_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74889,"name":"Nativism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nativism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":289322,"name":"Oligarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oligarchy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":337684,"name":"Union Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Union_Organizing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":897335,"name":"Voter Suppression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Voter_Suppression?f_ri=17709"},{"id":958603,"name":"Labor Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labor_Organizing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1851978,"name":"Faith-based Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faith-based_Community_Organizing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1851979,"name":"Congregational Community Organizing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Congregational_Community_Organizing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2850204,"name":"popular assembly","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/popular_assembly?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3049789,"name":"public powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/public_powers?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3722874,"name":"billionaire brotherhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/billionaire_brotherhood?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3839496,"name":"moral-spiritual infrastructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/moral_spiritual_infrastructure?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4032335,"name":"fascist oligarchy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/fascist_oligarchy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4032336,"name":"nationalist populism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/nationalist_populism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4032337,"name":"white grievance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/white_grievance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4032338,"name":"commonweal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/commonweal?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35579690 coauthored" data-work_id="35579690" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35579690/SPECIAL_ISSUE_on_Ethics_in_Critical_Discourse_Studies_Putting_philosophy_back_to_work_in_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2018_Critical_Discourse_Studies">SPECIAL ISSUE on Ethics in Critical Discourse Studies. Putting philosophy back to work in Critical Discourse Analysis. Talib & Fitzgerald (2018). Critical Discourse Studies.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper explores how philosophical inquiry and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can mutually benefit from each other to produce new methodological and reflexive directions in neo-liberal policy research to examine the phenomenon of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35579690" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores how philosophical inquiry and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can mutually benefit from each other to produce new methodological and reflexive directions in neo-liberal policy research to examine the phenomenon of ‘What is (going on here)’. Through this we argue that augmenting linguistic analysis with philosophical perspectives develops and supports CDA scholarship more broadly by accommodating the shifting complexity of social problems of ideologically driven inequality that are inbuilt through, in our case, social policy texts. In discussing philosophical-methodological issues, the paper argues for the need to continually adapt CDA to the particular data so as to remain sensitive to and avoid hegemonic tendencies in analysis. Through adopting the principles of a working methodology, we discuss a micro-meso-macro CDA framework that draws on the analytical concepts of movement, metaphorical superfluidity, thematic condensation, and surrealism to conceive of a research approach capable of examining and comprehending evolving discourses of political economies. The most immediate benefit of this framework is its capacity to illustrate how forms of valuations perpetuated by and through policy discourse are the motivational locus of meaning making insofar as they strongly inform the moral underpinning the ideology of economic growth.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35579690" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7e521921081b3903f9caf120e90f4fb6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55445759,"asset_id":35579690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55445759/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1182718" href="https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib">Nadira Talib</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1182718" type="text/json">{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35579690">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35579690"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald">Richard Fitzgerald</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35579690'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35579690').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35579690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35579690"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35579690, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35579690", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35579690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35579690; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35579690"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35579690 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35579690"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35579690; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35579690]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35579690").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35579690").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35579690"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">369</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35579690]'), work: {"id":35579690,"title":"SPECIAL ISSUE on Ethics in Critical Discourse Studies. Putting philosophy back to work in Critical Discourse Analysis. Talib \u0026 Fitzgerald (2018). Critical Discourse Studies.","created_at":"2018-01-04T09:58:32.111-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35579690/SPECIAL_ISSUE_on_Ethics_in_Critical_Discourse_Studies_Putting_philosophy_back_to_work_in_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2018_Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_35579690","summary":"This paper explores how philosophical inquiry and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) can mutually benefit from each other to produce new methodological and reflexive directions in neo-liberal policy research to examine the phenomenon of ‘What is (going on here)’. Through this we argue that augmenting linguistic analysis with philosophical perspectives develops and supports CDA scholarship more broadly by accommodating the shifting complexity of social problems of ideologically driven inequality that are inbuilt through, in our case, social policy texts. In discussing philosophical-methodological issues, the paper argues for the need to continually adapt CDA to the particular data so as to remain sensitive to and avoid hegemonic tendencies in analysis. Through adopting the principles of a working methodology, we discuss a micro-meso-macro CDA framework that draws on the analytical concepts of movement, metaphorical superfluidity, thematic condensation, and surrealism to conceive of a research approach capable of examining and comprehending evolving discourses of political economies. The most immediate benefit of this framework is its capacity to illustrate how forms of valuations perpetuated by and through policy discourse are the motivational locus of meaning making insofar as they strongly inform the moral underpinning the ideology of economic growth.\n ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55445759,"asset_id":35579690,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"},{"id":227900,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Fitzgerald","domain_name":"umac","page_name":"RichardFitzgerald","display_name":"Richard Fitzgerald","profile_url":"https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/227900/50721/46220713/s65_richard.fitzgerald.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":819,"name":"Free Will, Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":904,"name":"Normative Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1558,"name":"Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1743,"name":"Political Economy of Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1932,"name":"Business \u0026 Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Society?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2061,"name":"Genealogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genealogy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2409,"name":"Mobility/Mobilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility_Mobilities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2559,"name":"Philosophy of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2607,"name":"Ideology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2934,"name":"Social Contract Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Contract_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3022,"name":"Human Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3512,"name":"Educational Inequalities (class; race; gender etc)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequalities_class_race_gender_etc_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4213,"name":"Evolution of Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_of_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4375,"name":"Social Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4557,"name":"Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4615,"name":"Education and Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4618,"name":"Education (Social Policy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4659,"name":"Data Driven Learning (Applied Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Learning_Applied_Linguistics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4951,"name":"Surrealism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surrealism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4977,"name":"Academic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5276,"name":"Reflexivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflexivity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5282,"name":"Design Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5290,"name":"Philosophy of Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Art?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5323,"name":"Islam and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5538,"name":"Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5539,"name":"Language and Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5707,"name":"Politics Of Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_Of_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5965,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6234,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Theology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6580,"name":"Global Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6712,"name":"Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth-Century_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7085,"name":"Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7413,"name":"Human Rights Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8235,"name":"Philosophy Of Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8889,"name":"Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9942,"name":"Growth (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10094,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10212,"name":"Interpretive research methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpretive_research_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10428,"name":"Value Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10611,"name":"Systemic Functional Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Functional_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10630,"name":"Critical applied linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_applied_linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11712,"name":"Metaphor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphor?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11966,"name":"Critique of Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique_of_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12421,"name":"Neoliberal ideologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_ideologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12850,"name":"Media Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12859,"name":"Theories of Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13283,"name":"Social Justice in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13474,"name":"World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13693,"name":"Sociology of Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13803,"name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14778,"name":"Neo Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14787,"name":"Reflexivity (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reflexivity_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15100,"name":"Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15151,"name":"Racial Inequalities and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Inequalities_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15155,"name":"Educational Equity and Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Equity_and_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15297,"name":"Human Rights Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16598,"name":"Social movements and revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_and_revolution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16890,"name":"IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17756,"name":"Ideology Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17844,"name":"Critical Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18004,"name":"Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18092,"name":"Corpus Linguistics and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corpus_Linguistics_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18127,"name":"Baruch Spinoza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Baruch_Spinoza?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18297,"name":"Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18606,"name":"Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18995,"name":"Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19484,"name":"John Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19810,"name":"Theoretical Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19966,"name":"Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Leadership_and_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20514,"name":"Theories Of Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_Of_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21084,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Theology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21197,"name":"Social contract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_contract?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22632,"name":"Education Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":23514,"name":"Spinoza","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinoza?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24793,"name":"Metaphysics of Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25212,"name":"Higher Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25582,"name":"Social and Political Theories of Justice \u0026 Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theories_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26070,"name":"Economics of Higher Education and Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education_and_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27077,"name":"International Relations and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27719,"name":"Foucault and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28437,"name":"Institutions and Economic growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_and_Economic_growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28769,"name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29110,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29777,"name":"Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29876,"name":"Theories of truth (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_truth_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30324,"name":"Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30359,"name":"Discourse Analysis (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30361,"name":"Foucault (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31321,"name":"Heidegger's later thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heideggers_later_thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31860,"name":"Jean Jaques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Jaques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":32215,"name":"Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33258,"name":"Discourse Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34025,"name":"Truthmaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truthmaking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34445,"name":"John Rawls (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34813,"name":"Policy Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34952,"name":"Intersecting inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersecting_inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36056,"name":"Qualitative Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36113,"name":"Institutional Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36996,"name":"Development Economics and Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics_and_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":37635,"name":"Jean Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39293,"name":"Neo-liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39629,"name":"World Bank (International Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_International_Studies_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":40754,"name":"Classical Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":42814,"name":"Ethics and economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":42902,"name":"Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, German philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche_Schopenhauer_German_philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43385,"name":"Anthropology of ethics and morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_ethics_and_morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43964,"name":"Philosophical Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":45073,"name":"The Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46248,"name":"Egalitarian distributive justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarian_distributive_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46429,"name":"Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47767,"name":"Singapore Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48603,"name":"Singapore History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50588,"name":"Metaphors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphors?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50690,"name":"Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50974,"name":"Singapore Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":52096,"name":"Foucault power/knowledge - discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_power_knowledge_-_discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55411,"name":"Research methods in applied linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_methods_in_applied_linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55678,"name":"Philosophical Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":59537,"name":"Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60336,"name":"Education and Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Social_Policy-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60945,"name":"Truth Relativism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Relativism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65487,"name":"Income Distribution and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Distribution_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65835,"name":"Human right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_right?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69868,"name":"Moral Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Judgment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69946,"name":"Contemporary Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":73146,"name":"Qualitative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative?f_ri=17709"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74634,"name":"Economics of Education; Labour Ecs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_Labour_Ecs?f_ri=17709"},{"id":75593,"name":"Salvador Dali","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Salvador_Dali?f_ri=17709"},{"id":75911,"name":"Global Business and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Business_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":77311,"name":"Unified Field Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unified_Field_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":77415,"name":"Comparative \u0026 International Education, Economics of Education, Higher education and international organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_and_International_Education_Economics_of_Education_Higher_education_and_international_o?f_ri=17709"},{"id":79471,"name":"Theoretical Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83222,"name":"Economic Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Crisis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83952,"name":"Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":87983,"name":"Critical Theories of Race and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theories_of_Race_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":88130,"name":"Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":90402,"name":"Global Justice, Distributive Justice, Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice_Distributive_Justice_Environment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91552,"name":"Morality and Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality_and_Rationality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98375,"name":"John Rawls's theory of justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawlss_theory_of_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98570,"name":"Methodology of Economics, Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology_of_Economics_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":100530,"name":"Distributive Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Construction?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101019,"name":"Economics of Education, Education Reform, Higher Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_Education_Reform_Higher_Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101708,"name":"Political Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":105355,"name":"Economic growth and development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_growth_and_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":106553,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis of Online Discussion Forums","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis_of_Online_Discussion_Forums?f_ri=17709"},{"id":108778,"name":"Surrealist Art Theory (A. Breton, M. Ernst, Man Ray).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surrealist_Art_Theory_A._Breton_M._Ernst_Man_Ray_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":111537,"name":"Educational Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":112191,"name":"Dadaism \u0026 Surrealism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dadaism_and_Surrealism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123030,"name":"Education policy, economics of education and public finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_policy_economics_of_education_and_public_finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123233,"name":"Qualitative data analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_data_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":127735,"name":"Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":128617,"name":"David Bohm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Bohm?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131991,"name":"Government transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":134560,"name":"Autonomy and Free Will in Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy_and_Free_Will_in_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":147142,"name":"Business \u0026 Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148267,"name":"Neoliberal Reforms in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_Reforms_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":149223,"name":"Economics and Politcs of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politcs_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":152820,"name":"Rousseau Philosophy Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau_Philosophy_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":158428,"name":"Education Policies in Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policies_in_Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":159687,"name":"Design Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Design_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":178607,"name":"Theories of Society, Research in Corruption, Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Society_Research_in_Corruption_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":182179,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis_CDA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":189119,"name":"Graduate Unemployment and Economic Growth in Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Graduate_Unemployment_and_Economic_Growth_in_Nigeria?f_ri=17709"},{"id":194010,"name":"Higher education policy, university reform, economics of Education.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_education_policy_university_reform_economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":200286,"name":"Valuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Valuation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":208789,"name":"Equality, Liberty, Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_Liberty_Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":219995,"name":"Applied Lingustics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Lingustics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":232836,"name":"Economics of Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":234541,"name":"Right to Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_to_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":242760,"name":"Politics of Education and Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Education_and_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":253390,"name":"Free will and determinism debate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_will_and_determinism_debate?f_ri=17709"},{"id":256979,"name":"Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":258502,"name":"Foucault Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":267433,"name":"Philopsophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philopsophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":272565,"name":"Centre for Applied Linguistics ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centre_for_Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":294344,"name":"Political economy of regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_economy_of_regulation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":302899,"name":"critiques on role of IMF and world Bank in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/critiques_on_role_of_IMF_and_world_Bank_in_Africa?f_ri=17709"},{"id":314187,"name":"World Development Report, World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Development_Report_World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":319176,"name":"Discourse-Historical Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse-Historical_Approach?f_ri=17709"},{"id":367793,"name":"Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380608,"name":"World Bank Procurement policies and construction industry development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Procurement_policies_and_construction_industry_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385847,"name":"Truth Vs Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Vs_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":388913,"name":"Human Capital, Poverty and Income Distribution, Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital_Poverty_and_Income_Distribution_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":390704,"name":"Social choice, Human Development and Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_choice_Human_Development_and_Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":399075,"name":"Philosophy of mind Free will and Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_mind_Free_will_and_Consciousness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":412771,"name":"Philosophical and sociological foundations of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_and_sociological_foundations_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":416576,"name":"Economics of education and training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_education_and_training?f_ri=17709"},{"id":436809,"name":"Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":437612,"name":"Foucault Archaeology Geneology Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Archaeology_Geneology_Method?f_ri=17709"},{"id":448038,"name":"Norman Fairclough","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Norman_Fairclough?f_ri=17709"},{"id":450987,"name":"the Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/the_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":451943,"name":"Structure and Agency and the Unequal Power Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_and_Agency_and_the_Unequal_Power_Relations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":453278,"name":"Neoliberalism and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":459208,"name":"John Rawls Political Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Political_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":469120,"name":"Policy Paper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Paper?f_ri=17709"},{"id":474357,"name":"Wealth inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":478842,"name":"Political Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":481110,"name":"World Bank Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Enterprise Survey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Business_Environment_and_Enterprise_Performance_Enterprise_Survey?f_ri=17709"},{"id":513795,"name":"Michel Foucault and the theory of Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_and_the_theory_of_Power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":551686,"name":"Transparency International","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_International?f_ri=17709"},{"id":559755,"name":"wodak, Ruth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/wodak_Ruth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":568318,"name":"IMF/WB conditionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF_WB_conditionality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":575192,"name":"Existentialism, Absurdism, Surrealism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Existentialism_Absurdism_Surrealism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":593822,"name":"Rawlsian Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawlsian_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":610942,"name":"Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice_Procedural_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":617670,"name":"Social and educational inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_educational_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":633950,"name":"Data Driven Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Design?f_ri=17709"},{"id":634241,"name":"Importance of Economics of Education in Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Importance_of_Economics_of_Education_in_Developing_Countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":652936,"name":"Banking in the Developing World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking_in_the_Developing_World?f_ri=17709"},{"id":657529,"name":"World Bank MDRP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_MDRP?f_ri=17709"},{"id":677126,"name":"Social Policy \u0026 Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Development-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":682188,"name":"Surrealismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Surrealismo?f_ri=17709"},{"id":686651,"name":"role of World Bank and IMF in international politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/role_of_World_Bank_and_IMF_in_international_politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":693297,"name":"John Rawls's Law of Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawlss_Law_of_Peoples?f_ri=17709"},{"id":705695,"name":"Analysis of the social and economic policy of the European Union to third countries.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_the_social_and_economic_policy_of_the_European_Union_to_third_countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":730213,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies, Critical Discourse Analysis, historical materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_historical_materialism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":730621,"name":"Inequality and development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_and_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":752362,"name":"good governance and economic transparency and ICTs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/good_governance_and_economic_transparency_and_ICTs?f_ri=17709"},{"id":786057,"name":"Historical Discourses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Discourses?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802082,"name":"Rene Magritte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rene_Magritte?f_ri=17709"},{"id":809827,"name":"effect of underemployment on economic growth in Nigeria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/effect_of_underemployment_on_economic_growth_in_Nigeria?f_ri=17709"},{"id":854550,"name":"How IMF and World bank continue to undermine national development of the South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/How_IMF_and_World_bank_continue_to_undermine_national_development_of_the_South?f_ri=17709"},{"id":863035,"name":"Human Rights and Social Contracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Contracts?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876271,"name":"Educational Economics of developing countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Economics_of_developing_countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876551,"name":"Social Exclusion and Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion_and_Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":903874,"name":"Income Inequality Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Inequality_Measures?f_ri=17709"},{"id":910751,"name":"World Bank Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":913376,"name":"Free Will and Determinsim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinsim?f_ri=17709"},{"id":914253,"name":"The World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":951415,"name":"Critical Policy Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Policy_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":964581,"name":"Truth Recovery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Recovery?f_ri=17709"},{"id":969315,"name":"Antiglobalization Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiglobalization_Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":977854,"name":"IMF Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF_Reform?f_ri=17709"},{"id":980883,"name":"Philosophy of Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":985450,"name":"J. J. Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J._J._Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":986115,"name":"Neo liberal Education Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_liberal_Education_Policies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":987607,"name":"Discourse Analysis (DA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_DA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991744,"name":"Social Identity and Inequality (Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity_and_Inequality_Race?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993334,"name":"Transparency and Good Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_and_Good_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":994693,"name":"Neoliberalism \u0026 Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":995453,"name":"World Bank IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1005026,"name":"Higher Education Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education_Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1011585,"name":"SFL Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SFL_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1034100,"name":"Theories of Mobility and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Mobility_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1110641,"name":"Distributive Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1117206,"name":"Economic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1120074,"name":"Education Policy Discourses","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy_Discourses?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1127823,"name":"Writing Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1144715,"name":"Unequal Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Access?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1148803,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche Sobre Verdad Y Mentira En Sentido Extramoral","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche_Sobre_Verdad_Y_Mentira_En_Sentido_Extramoral?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1163122,"name":"Philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Jean_Jacques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1165610,"name":"Unequal Distribution of Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Distribution_of_Wealth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1167846,"name":"The Problem of Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Problem_of_Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1198960,"name":"Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1222774,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1224039,"name":"Public/Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1228176,"name":"Rousseau Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230420,"name":"World Bank and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1275727,"name":"Educational Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1296226,"name":"Language and Ideoogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideoogy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1352931,"name":"Michael Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michael_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1353720,"name":"World Bank Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Group?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1354900,"name":"Economics and Politics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1477285,"name":"Michel Foucault: The subject and power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_The_subject_and_power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1485597,"name":"Discourse Historical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Historical_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1560549,"name":"Economics of Education and Financing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_and_Financing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1560552,"name":"Economics of Education and Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_and_Finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1683188,"name":"Predestination and Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predestination_and_Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1839354,"name":"F and World Bank represent the rich and the poor equally","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/F_and_World_Bank_represent_the_rich_and_the_poor_equally?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1922316,"name":"The discourse-historical approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_discourse-historical_approach?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1933847,"name":"Historical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2317770,"name":"René Magritte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2713227,"name":"Economics of education, shadow economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_education_shadow_economy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11272424" data-work_id="11272424" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11272424/Review_Essay_Frederick_Neuhousers_Rousseaus_Critique_of_Inequality_Cambridge_2014_and_Lee_MacLeans_The_Free_Animal_Toronto_2013_">Review Essay: Frederick Neuhouser's 'Rousseau's Critique of Inequality' (Cambridge, 2014) and Lee MacLean's 'The Free Animal' (Toronto, 2013)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Forthcoming in Political Theory: An International Journal of Political Philosophy</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11272424" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc093bc835a946c5bc4840ac29116d0f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37012082,"asset_id":11272424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37012082/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12644414" href="https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams">David Lay Williams</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12644414" type="text/json">{"id":12644414,"first_name":"David Lay","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"depaul","page_name":"DavidWilliams","display_name":"David Lay Williams","profile_url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12644414/3603907/4227729/s65_david_lay.williams.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11272424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11272424"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11272424, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11272424", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11272424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11272424; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11272424"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11272424 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11272424"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11272424; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11272424]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11272424").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11272424").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11272424"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">72</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="819" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility">Free Will, Moral Responsibility</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="819" type="text/json">{"id":819,"name":"Free Will, Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11272424]'), work: {"id":11272424,"title":"Review Essay: Frederick Neuhouser's 'Rousseau's Critique of Inequality' (Cambridge, 2014) and Lee MacLean's 'The Free Animal' (Toronto, 2013)","created_at":"2015-03-04T11:52:45.330-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11272424/Review_Essay_Frederick_Neuhousers_Rousseaus_Critique_of_Inequality_Cambridge_2014_and_Lee_MacLeans_The_Free_Animal_Toronto_2013_?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_11272424","summary":"Forthcoming in Political Theory: An International Journal of Political Philosophy","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37012082,"asset_id":11272424,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12644414,"first_name":"David Lay","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"depaul","page_name":"DavidWilliams","display_name":"David Lay Williams","profile_url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12644414/3603907/4227729/s65_david_lay.williams.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":819,"name":"Free Will, Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":907,"name":"Moral Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":911,"name":"17th Century \u0026 Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th_Century_and_Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1053,"name":"History of Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Ideas?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1989,"name":"Equality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6027,"name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6581,"name":"History Of Political Thought (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Political_Thought_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7354,"name":"Early Modern Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Europe?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9690,"name":"Intellectual History of Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History_of_Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10240,"name":"18th Century Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_Century_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11721,"name":"Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12624,"name":"History of Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15100,"name":"Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15812,"name":"Early Modern Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Intellectual_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16557,"name":"18th Century French Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_Century_French_Literature?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17918,"name":"Intellectual and cultural history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_and_cultural_history?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18297,"name":"Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19555,"name":"Early Modern France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_France?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19940,"name":"History Of Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20218,"name":"History of Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":23503,"name":"17th- and 18th-century Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/17th-_and_18th-century_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":23674,"name":"Early Modern Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24793,"name":"Metaphysics of Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25273,"name":"French philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26950,"name":"Enlightenment Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enlightenment_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27262,"name":"Leo Strauss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leo_Strauss?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27396,"name":"European Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28769,"name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28770,"name":"Modern Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29777,"name":"Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31860,"name":"Jean Jaques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Jaques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":37635,"name":"Jean Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":38772,"name":"Early Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48063,"name":"Philosophy of the Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_the_Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57949,"name":"Modern Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":58930,"name":"Esotericism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Esotericism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60083,"name":"Moral and Social Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Social_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":76151,"name":"Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":78919,"name":"History of Political Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Political_Ideas?f_ri=17709"},{"id":84658,"name":"the Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/the_Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":86723,"name":"French Enlightenment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Enlightenment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148696,"name":"Normative Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":152820,"name":"Rousseau Philosophy Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau_Philosophy_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":253390,"name":"Free will and determinism debate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_will_and_determinism_debate?f_ri=17709"},{"id":374480,"name":"18th century Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/18th_century_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":399075,"name":"Philosophy of mind Free will and Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_mind_Free_will_and_Consciousness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":436809,"name":"Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":443997,"name":"Early Modern Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":574574,"name":"Social, Political and Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Political_and_Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":620285,"name":"History of Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802883,"name":"The State of Nature In Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_State_of_Nature_In_Hobbes_Locke_and_Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":985450,"name":"J. J. Rousseau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/J._J._Rousseau?f_ri=17709"},{"id":986531,"name":"Modern Western Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Western_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1007632,"name":"Modern Western Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Western_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1037785,"name":"Early Modern Intellectual History and the History of Ideas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Intellectual_History_and_the_History_of_Ideas?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1228176,"name":"Rousseau Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rousseau_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66772341" data-work_id="66772341" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66772341/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality">A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66772341" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss the contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66772341" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbf56eb1351dd088448d236f03c59214" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77835197,"asset_id":66772341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77835197/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210176" href="https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett">Phillip Ablett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210176" type="text/json">{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66772341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66772341"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66772341, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66772341", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_66772341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66772341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_66772341"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_66772341 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="66772341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 66772341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66772341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66772341").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66772341").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66772341"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="940" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work">Social Work</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="940" type="text/json">{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy">Social Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="941" type="text/json">{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66772341]'), work: {"id":66772341,"title":"A Critical Social Work Response To Wealth And Income Inequality","created_at":"2022-01-01T02:55:37.047-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66772341/A_Critical_Social_Work_Response_To_Wealth_And_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_66772341","summary":"This paper will argue that wealth and income inequality are among the most pressing issues for contemporary social work. Despite this, social work as a discipline and profession has, in the main, been slow to respond to this growing problem. Critical approaches to social work, however, have always included a commitment to eliminating poverty, promoting equity and addressing both the causes and consequences of socio-economic disadvantage as a core priority. This paper will discuss the contributions critical social work can make to socially informed and ethical responses, particularly through its critical pedagogic, reflective and activist practices in contesting wealth and income inequality.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77835197,"asset_id":66772341,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":19422,"name":"Social Work Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35135,"name":"Critical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43386,"name":"Advocacy and Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Advocacy_and_Activism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55661,"name":"Radical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Radical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65871,"name":"Critical Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130134,"name":"Human Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services?f_ri=17709"},{"id":298490,"name":"Inequality Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":356857,"name":"Human Services Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":382001,"name":"Social Policy and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":509281,"name":"Sociology and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":702912,"name":"Social Work Education and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education_and_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68667346" data-work_id="68667346" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68667346/The_Economic_History_Of_Poverty">The Economic History Of Poverty</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Poverty is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Of its many sides, the economic one is obviously among the most prominent, because the condition of poverty intuitively references inadequate access to resources. It is not surprising, then, that... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68667346" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Poverty is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Of its many sides, the economic one is obviously among the most prominent, because the condition of poverty intuitively references inadequate access to resources. It is not surprising, then, that many economic historians have dedicated at least some attention to poverty and the poor – although rarely with a systematic, let alone a comparative, approach. This is because the economic side of poverty remains one among many, and when we intend to explore those aspects that could be expected to be dearest to economic historians, for example measuring the intensity and the prevalence of poverty across time and in different societies, the subject matter immediately becomes very complicated and somewhat disconcerting. This chapter provides an overview of economic-historical research on poverty, and highlights some new approaches that might prove helpful in overcoming some of the limitations of the erlier literature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68667346" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e4e60f197d40d7f0b2ae38310f904bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79068821,"asset_id":68667346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79068821/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32570513" type="text/json">{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68667346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68667346"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68667346, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68667346", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68667346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68667346; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68667346"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68667346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68667346"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68667346; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68667346]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68667346").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68667346").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68667346"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46644" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality">Social Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46644" type="text/json">{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68667346]'), work: {"id":68667346,"title":"The Economic History Of Poverty","created_at":"2022-01-19T02:12:12.715-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68667346/The_Economic_History_Of_Poverty?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_68667346","summary":"Poverty is a multi-faceted phenomenon. Of its many sides, the economic one is obviously among the most prominent, because the condition of poverty intuitively references inadequate access to resources. It is not surprising, then, that many economic historians have dedicated at least some attention to poverty and the poor – although rarely with a systematic, let alone a comparative, approach. This is because the economic side of poverty remains one among many, and when we intend to explore those aspects that could be expected to be dearest to economic historians, for example measuring the intensity and the prevalence of poverty across time and in different societies, the subject matter immediately becomes very complicated and somewhat disconcerting. This chapter provides an overview of economic-historical research on poverty, and highlights some new approaches that might prove helpful in overcoming some of the limitations of the erlier literature. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79068821,"asset_id":68667346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":81894,"name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Ages?f_ri=17709"},{"id":94247,"name":"Early Modern Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Period?f_ri=17709"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":857989,"name":"Social and Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":966932,"name":"Beggars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beggars?f_ri=17709"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27792267 coauthored" data-work_id="27792267" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27792267/Micro_meso_macro_movements_a_multi_level_critical_discourse_analysis_framework_to_examine_metaphors_and_the_value_of_truth_in_policy_texts_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2016_Critical_Discourse_Studies">Micro–meso–macro movements; a multi-level critical discourse analysis framework to examine metaphors and the value of truth in policy texts. Talib & Fitzgerald (2016). Critical Discourse Studies.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper presents detailed methods for constructing a flexible philosophical–analytical model through which to apply the analytic principles of CDA for the interpretation of metaphors across policy texts. Drawing on a theoretical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27792267" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper presents detailed methods for constructing a flexible philosophical–analytical model through which to apply the analytic principles of CDA for the interpretation of metaphors across policy texts. Drawing on a theoretical framing from Foucault and the augmentation of Nietzsche’s views on valuation, we sketch a framework for examining ways in which evaluative semantic categories can be linked to sociological theories in order to bring out their relevance for the purpose of critical discourse analysis. This multi-level research framework draws upon a relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values through which neo-liberalism is discursively entwined and progressed through a system of principles of e/valuation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27792267" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e2ad732a702180499f9def98f4db6ca5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48072218,"asset_id":27792267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48072218/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1182718" href="https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib">Nadira Talib</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1182718" type="text/json">{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-27792267">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-27792267"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald">Richard Fitzgerald</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-27792267'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-27792267').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27792267 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27792267"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27792267, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27792267", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27792267 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27792267; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27792267"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27792267 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27792267"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27792267; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27792267]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27792267").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27792267").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27792267"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">353</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business">Business</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26" type="text/json">{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration">Business Administration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45" type="text/json">{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27792267]'), work: {"id":27792267,"title":"Micro–meso–macro movements; a multi-level critical discourse analysis framework to examine metaphors and the value of truth in policy texts. Talib \u0026 Fitzgerald (2016). Critical Discourse Studies.","created_at":"2016-08-15T11:18:47.901-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27792267/Micro_meso_macro_movements_a_multi_level_critical_discourse_analysis_framework_to_examine_metaphors_and_the_value_of_truth_in_policy_texts_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2016_Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_27792267","summary":"This paper presents detailed methods for constructing a flexible philosophical–analytical model through which to apply the analytic principles of CDA for the interpretation of metaphors across policy texts. Drawing on a theoretical framing from Foucault and the augmentation of Nietzsche’s views on valuation, we sketch a framework for examining ways in which evaluative semantic categories can be linked to sociological theories in order to bring out their relevance for the purpose of critical discourse analysis. This multi-level research framework draws upon a relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values through which neo-liberalism is discursively entwined and progressed through a system of principles of e/valuation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48072218,"asset_id":27792267,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"},{"id":227900,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Fitzgerald","domain_name":"umac","page_name":"RichardFitzgerald","display_name":"Richard Fitzgerald","profile_url":"https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/227900/50721/46220713/s65_richard.fitzgerald.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":26,"name":"Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":45,"name":"Business Administration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Administration?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":687,"name":"Musicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Musicology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":819,"name":"Free Will, Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":904,"name":"Normative Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1558,"name":"Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1743,"name":"Political Economy of Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1932,"name":"Business \u0026 Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Society?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2074,"name":"International Business","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Business?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2409,"name":"Mobility/Mobilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility_Mobilities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2504,"name":"Research Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2559,"name":"Philosophy of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2571,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2607,"name":"Ideology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3022,"name":"Human Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3232,"name":"Global governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3512,"name":"Educational Inequalities (class; race; gender etc)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequalities_class_race_gender_etc_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4051,"name":"Business Process Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Process_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4213,"name":"Evolution of Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_of_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4375,"name":"Social Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4557,"name":"Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4618,"name":"Education (Social Policy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4659,"name":"Data Driven Learning (Applied Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Learning_Applied_Linguistics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4977,"name":"Academic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5102,"name":"Regional and Local Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_and_Local_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5323,"name":"Islam and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5517,"name":"Poverty Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5539,"name":"Language and Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5707,"name":"Politics Of Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_Of_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5965,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6234,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Theology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7085,"name":"Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7413,"name":"Human Rights Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9604,"name":"Equality and Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Diversity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10094,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10191,"name":"Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10428,"name":"Value Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10611,"name":"Systemic Functional Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Functional_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10630,"name":"Critical applied linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_applied_linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11216,"name":"Public Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Choice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11712,"name":"Metaphor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphor?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11721,"name":"Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11964,"name":"Theories of Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11966,"name":"Critique of Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique_of_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12421,"name":"Neoliberal ideologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_ideologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12754,"name":"Language Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13283,"name":"Social Justice in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13474,"name":"World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13693,"name":"Sociology of Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13803,"name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14777,"name":"Transnational Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14778,"name":"Neo Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15297,"name":"Human Rights Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15884,"name":"Cultural Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16598,"name":"Social movements and revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_and_revolution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17647,"name":"Social Justice Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Issues?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17756,"name":"Ideology Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17802,"name":"Diversity \u0026 Inclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity_and_Inclusion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17844,"name":"Critical Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18297,"name":"Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18606,"name":"Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18995,"name":"Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19484,"name":"John Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20010,"name":"Poverty (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20129,"name":"Social Justice Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20298,"name":"Argumentation, Critical Thinking, DIscourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Argumentation_Critical_Thinking_DIscourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20514,"name":"Theories Of Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_Of_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21168,"name":"Strategy (Business)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Business_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24793,"name":"Metaphysics of Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24922,"name":"Poverty (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25582,"name":"Social and Political Theories of Justice \u0026 Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theories_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26070,"name":"Economics of Higher Education and Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education_and_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27077,"name":"International Relations and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27719,"name":"Foucault and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28437,"name":"Institutions and Economic growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_and_Economic_growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29043,"name":"Urban mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29110,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29777,"name":"Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29876,"name":"Theories of truth (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_truth_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30087,"name":"Critique as Political Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique_as_Political_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30151,"name":"Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30324,"name":"Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30359,"name":"Discourse Analysis (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31009,"name":"Value chain analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_chain_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":32215,"name":"Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33432,"name":"19th Century Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34025,"name":"Truthmaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truthmaking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34445,"name":"John Rawls (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36056,"name":"Qualitative Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36113,"name":"Institutional Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36996,"name":"Development Economics and Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics_and_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39293,"name":"Neo-liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39629,"name":"World Bank (International Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_International_Studies_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":40261,"name":"Discourse Analysis as a Research Method in Mathematics Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_as_a_Research_Method_in_Mathematics_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":40754,"name":"Classical Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":42814,"name":"Ethics and economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43311,"name":"Value Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Chain?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43964,"name":"Philosophical Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":45073,"name":"The Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46248,"name":"Egalitarian distributive justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarian_distributive_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47767,"name":"Singapore Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47900,"name":"Workplace Flexibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Workplace_Flexibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48603,"name":"Singapore History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50588,"name":"Metaphors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphors?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50690,"name":"Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50974,"name":"Singapore Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":52096,"name":"Foucault power/knowledge - discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_power_knowledge_-_discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55411,"name":"Research methods in applied linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_methods_in_applied_linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":55840,"name":"Business Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57244,"name":"Labour Economics: flexible working practices; job satisfaction; employee and company performance; training and promotion linkages; labour market trends.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Labour_Economics_flexible_working_practices_job_satisfaction_employee_and_company_performance_tr?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":59532,"name":"Moral","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral?f_ri=17709"},{"id":59537,"name":"Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60336,"name":"Education and Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_Social_Policy-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60945,"name":"Truth Relativism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Relativism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65835,"name":"Human right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_right?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69888,"name":"Qualitative inquiry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_inquiry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69946,"name":"Contemporary Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":73146,"name":"Qualitative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative?f_ri=17709"},{"id":73149,"name":"Business and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":75911,"name":"Global Business and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Business_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":77311,"name":"Unified Field Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unified_Field_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":82572,"name":"Merit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83222,"name":"Economic Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Crisis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83952,"name":"Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=17709"},{"id":90402,"name":"Global Justice, Distributive Justice, Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice_Distributive_Justice_Environment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91552,"name":"Morality and Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality_and_Rationality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98375,"name":"John Rawls's theory of justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawlss_theory_of_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98570,"name":"Methodology of Economics, Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology_of_Economics_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98888,"name":"Value Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Creation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101019,"name":"Economics of Education, Education Reform, Higher Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_Education_Reform_Higher_Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101708,"name":"Political Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":102074,"name":"Flexibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flexibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":111537,"name":"Educational Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123030,"name":"Education policy, economics of education and public finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_policy_economics_of_education_and_public_finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123233,"name":"Qualitative data analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_data_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":125730,"name":"State Theory and Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Theory_and_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":127735,"name":"Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":128617,"name":"David Bohm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Bohm?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130813,"name":"Global value chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_value_chain?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130815,"name":"Global Value Chains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Value_Chains?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131056,"name":"Merit and meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_and_meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131991,"name":"Government transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":134560,"name":"Autonomy and Free Will in Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy_and_Free_Will_in_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":147142,"name":"Business \u0026 Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148161,"name":"Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value?f_ri=17709"},{"id":149223,"name":"Economics and Politcs of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politcs_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":158428,"name":"Education Policies in Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policies_in_Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":165585,"name":"Qualitative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Study?f_ri=17709"},{"id":170499,"name":"Value co-creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_co-creation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":171562,"name":"Education planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":182179,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis_CDA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":194010,"name":"Higher education policy, university reform, economics of Education.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_education_policy_university_reform_economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":200093,"name":"Educational Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":200286,"name":"Valuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Valuation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":208789,"name":"Equality, Liberty, Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_Liberty_Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":223046,"name":"Critical Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":232836,"name":"Economics of Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":234541,"name":"Right to Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_to_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":242760,"name":"Politics of Education and Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Education_and_Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":253390,"name":"Free will and determinism debate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_will_and_determinism_debate?f_ri=17709"},{"id":256979,"name":"Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":259068,"name":"Globalization, governmentality and the politics of identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_governmentality_and_the_politics_of_identity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":267110,"name":"Economics and Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":272565,"name":"Centre for Applied Linguistics ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Centre_for_Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":273155,"name":"Educational planning and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_planning_and_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":275975,"name":"Flexibility and the new forms of (work) organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flexibility_and_the_new_forms_of_work_organization?f_ri=17709"},{"id":281560,"name":"Poverty eradication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_eradication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":294344,"name":"Political economy of regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_economy_of_regulation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":296449,"name":"Singapore Education System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Education_System?f_ri=17709"},{"id":302899,"name":"critiques on role of IMF and world Bank in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/critiques_on_role_of_IMF_and_world_Bank_in_Africa?f_ri=17709"},{"id":314761,"name":"Critical Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":319176,"name":"Discourse-Historical Approach","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse-Historical_Approach?f_ri=17709"},{"id":327101,"name":"Flexible Structures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flexible_Structures?f_ri=17709"},{"id":356201,"name":"Qualitative Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Data?f_ri=17709"},{"id":367793,"name":"Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380608,"name":"World Bank Procurement policies and construction industry development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Procurement_policies_and_construction_industry_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385847,"name":"Truth Vs Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Vs_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":399075,"name":"Philosophy of mind Free will and Consciousness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_mind_Free_will_and_Consciousness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":413309,"name":"Vulnerability to Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability_to_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":426725,"name":"Biopower, Biopolitics and Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopower_Biopolitics_and_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":436809,"name":"Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":437612,"name":"Foucault Archaeology Geneology Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Archaeology_Geneology_Method?f_ri=17709"},{"id":450987,"name":"the Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/the_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":451943,"name":"Structure and Agency and the Unequal Power Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_and_Agency_and_the_Unequal_Power_Relations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":459208,"name":"John Rawls Political Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Political_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":469120,"name":"Policy Paper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Paper?f_ri=17709"},{"id":551686,"name":"Transparency International","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_International?f_ri=17709"},{"id":562371,"name":"Global Economic Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Economic_Governance-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":593822,"name":"Rawlsian Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawlsian_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":610942,"name":"Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice_Procedural_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":633950,"name":"Data Driven Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Design?f_ri=17709"},{"id":652936,"name":"Banking in the Developing World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking_in_the_Developing_World?f_ri=17709"},{"id":657529,"name":"World Bank MDRP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_MDRP?f_ri=17709"},{"id":658825,"name":"Merit system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_system?f_ri=17709"},{"id":677512,"name":"Social Unequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Unequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":686651,"name":"role of World Bank and IMF in international politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/role_of_World_Bank_and_IMF_in_international_politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":720537,"name":"Racial Unequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Unequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":730213,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies, Critical Discourse Analysis, historical materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies_Critical_Discourse_Analysis_historical_materialism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":752362,"name":"good governance and economic transparency and ICTs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/good_governance_and_economic_transparency_and_ICTs?f_ri=17709"},{"id":777951,"name":"Genealogy Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genealogy_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802082,"name":"Rene Magritte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rene_Magritte?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807541,"name":"Education Politics and Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Politics_and_Planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":854550,"name":"How IMF and World bank continue to undermine national development of the South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/How_IMF_and_World_bank_continue_to_undermine_national_development_of_the_South?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876551,"name":"Social Exclusion and Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion_and_Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":905403,"name":"Governmentality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":910751,"name":"World Bank Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":913376,"name":"Free Will and Determinsim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinsim?f_ri=17709"},{"id":914253,"name":"The World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":918493,"name":"Governmentality and Biopower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality_and_Biopower?f_ri=17709"},{"id":939798,"name":"Human Rights and Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Corruption?f_ri=17709"},{"id":962623,"name":"Sociolology of Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolology_of_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":962930,"name":"Economic Development and Poverty Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development_and_Poverty_Issues?f_ri=17709"},{"id":969315,"name":"Antiglobalization Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiglobalization_Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":987607,"name":"Discourse Analysis (DA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_DA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993334,"name":"Transparency and Good Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_and_Good_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":994693,"name":"Neoliberalism \u0026 Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":995453,"name":"World Bank IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":997184,"name":"Merit Based Appointments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_Based_Appointments?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1005026,"name":"Higher Education Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education_Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1030249,"name":"Poverty and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1031839,"name":"Truth and Falsity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_and_Falsity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1110641,"name":"Distributive Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1117206,"name":"Economic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1127823,"name":"Writing Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1144715,"name":"Unequal Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Access?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1165610,"name":"Unequal Distribution of Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Distribution_of_Wealth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1189329,"name":"Searcher of the Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Searcher_of_the_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1198960,"name":"Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1222774,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230420,"name":"World Bank and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1271996,"name":"Michel Foucault - Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_-_Archaeology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1271998,"name":"Michel Foucault - Genealogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_-_Genealogy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1302163,"name":"Political Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1318879,"name":"Ideologia Meritocratica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideologia_Meritocratica?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1352840,"name":"Biopower, Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopower_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1352931,"name":"Michael Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michael_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1353720,"name":"World Bank Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Group?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1354900,"name":"Economics and Politics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1444301,"name":"Neoliberalism and Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Governmentality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1477285,"name":"Michel Foucault: The subject and power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_The_subject_and_power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1485597,"name":"Discourse Historical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Historical_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1560549,"name":"Economics of Education and Financing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_and_Financing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1775394,"name":"The History of the World Bank and the IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_History_of_the_World_Bank_and_the_IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1892559,"name":"Educational Planning Strategic Planning and Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Planning_Strategic_Planning_and_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2006574,"name":"Education and meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2225831,"name":"Belief in Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Belief_in_Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2254144,"name":"Qualitative Methodology and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodology_and_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2317770,"name":"René Magritte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ren%C3%A9_Magritte?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2446048,"name":"Meritocratic Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocratic_Democracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2569840,"name":"Post-Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Truth?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68554215 coauthored" data-work_id="68554215" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68554215/Percepci%C3%B3n_de_desigualdad_econ%C3%B3mica_en_la_vida_cotidiana_e_ideolog%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica_un_estudio_con_j%C3%B3venes_de_Espa%C3%B1a">Percepción de desigualdad económica en la vida cotidiana e ideología política: un estudio con jóvenes de España</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En este estudio analizamos la percepción de la desigualdad económica en España en la vida cotidiana de acuerdo con la ideología política. Mediante técnicas de análisis de contenido, procesamos 705 respuestas abiertas de 290 personas y... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68554215" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En este estudio analizamos la percepción de la desigualdad económica en España en la vida cotidiana de acuerdo con la ideología política. Mediante técnicas de análisis de contenido, procesamos 705 respuestas abiertas de 290 personas y usamos análisis de redes para examinar las relaciones entre las categorías identificadas. Encontramos que la desigualdad económica se percibe principalmente como comparación social y privación relativa entre personas/grupos; y más en términos de justicia social, cuando las personas se situaron a la izquierda (vs. la derecha) del espectro político. Discutimos la percepción de la desigualdad económica como un fenómeno multidimensional situado en la vida cotidiana, que influye en la forma de entender y reaccionar ante las disparidades sociales.<br /><br />In this study, we analyze the perception of economic inequality in everyday life in Spain based on political ideology. Using content analysis techniques, we processed 705 open-ended responses from 290 people and used network analysis to examine the relationships between the categories identified. We found that economic inequality is perceived primarily as social comparison and relative deprivation between individuals/groups. However, it is perceived more in terms of social justice when people are situated on the left (vs. the right) of the political spectrum. We discuss the perception of economic inequality as a multidimensional phenomenon situated in everyday life, which influences how we understand and react to social disparities.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68554215" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6a255bbb0130ece014a464e70ea759a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78989285,"asset_id":68554215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78989285/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46151629" href="https://uniandes.academia.edu/res">Revista de Estudios Sociales</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46151629" type="text/json">{"id":46151629,"first_name":"Revista de","last_name":"Estudios Sociales","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"res","display_name":"Revista de Estudios Sociales","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/res?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46151629/12221123/13815002/s65_revista_de.estudios_sociales.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-68554215">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-68554215"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ugr.academia.edu/RosaRodr%C3%ADguez">Rosa Rodríguez</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-68554215'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-68554215').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68554215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68554215"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68554215, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68554215", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68554215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68554215; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68554215"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68554215 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68554215"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68554215; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68554215]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68554215").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68554215").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68554215"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="867" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception">Perception</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="867" type="text/json">{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9191" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Analysis">Network Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9191" type="text/json">{"id":9191,"name":"Network Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology">Political Ideology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22292" type="text/json">{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68554215]'), work: {"id":68554215,"title":"Percepción de desigualdad económica en la vida cotidiana e ideología política: un estudio con jóvenes de España","created_at":"2022-01-17T12:13:24.806-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68554215/Percepci%C3%B3n_de_desigualdad_econ%C3%B3mica_en_la_vida_cotidiana_e_ideolog%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica_un_estudio_con_j%C3%B3venes_de_Espa%C3%B1a?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_68554215","summary":"En este estudio analizamos la percepción de la desigualdad económica en España en la vida cotidiana de acuerdo con la ideología política. Mediante técnicas de análisis de contenido, procesamos 705 respuestas abiertas de 290 personas y usamos análisis de redes para examinar las relaciones entre las categorías identificadas. Encontramos que la desigualdad económica se percibe principalmente como comparación social y privación relativa entre personas/grupos; y más en términos de justicia social, cuando las personas se situaron a la izquierda (vs. la derecha) del espectro político. Discutimos la percepción de la desigualdad económica como un fenómeno multidimensional situado en la vida cotidiana, que influye en la forma de entender y reaccionar ante las disparidades sociales.\n\nIn this study, we analyze the perception of economic inequality in everyday life in Spain based on political ideology. Using content analysis techniques, we processed 705 open-ended responses from 290 people and used network analysis to examine the relationships between the categories identified. We found that economic inequality is perceived primarily as social comparison and relative deprivation between individuals/groups. However, it is perceived more in terms of social justice when people are situated on the left (vs. the right) of the political spectrum. We discuss the perception of economic inequality as a multidimensional phenomenon situated in everyday life, which influences how we understand and react to social disparities.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78989285,"asset_id":68554215,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46151629,"first_name":"Revista de","last_name":"Estudios Sociales","domain_name":"uniandes","page_name":"res","display_name":"Revista de Estudios Sociales","profile_url":"https://uniandes.academia.edu/res?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46151629/12221123/13815002/s65_revista_de.estudios_sociales.png"},{"id":1042268,"first_name":"Rosa","last_name":"Rodríguez","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"RosaRodríguez","display_name":"Rosa Rodríguez","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/RosaRodr%C3%ADguez?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1042268/18204267/18184870/s65_rosa.rodr_guez.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":867,"name":"Perception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perception?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":9191,"name":"Network Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Network_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":40516,"name":"Spain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spain?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91369,"name":"Ordinary Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ordinary_Life?f_ri=17709"},{"id":120351,"name":"España","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Espa%C3%B1a?f_ri=17709"},{"id":136658,"name":"Percepción","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Percepci%C3%B3n?f_ri=17709"},{"id":232975,"name":"Vida Cotidiana","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vida_Cotidiana?f_ri=17709"},{"id":279100,"name":"Desigualdad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desigualdad?f_ri=17709"},{"id":974811,"name":"Ideología Política","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideolog%C3%ADa_Pol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3981348,"name":"Desigualdad Económica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desigualdad_Econ%C3%B3mica?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40417153" data-work_id="40417153" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40417153/Roman_Wealth_and_Wealth_Inequality_in_Comparative_Perspective">Roman Wealth and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reflecting current concerns about economic inequality, scholars who study the pre-modern past are increasingly addressing this issue. The obstacles to measuring the distribution of income or wealth in the ancient Roman world are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40417153" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reflecting current concerns about economic inequality, scholars who study the pre-modern past are increasingly addressing this issue. The obstacles to measuring the distribution of income or wealth in the ancient Roman world are formidable. Only a few highly localized datasets are available. Any appraisal of conditions in the Roman empire as a whole therefore requires parametric modeling. Building on earlier work by Scheidel and Friesen (2009), this paper explores new ways of establishing plausible parameters for a probabilistic reconstruction of the total size of Roman wealth and the share held by the top tier of society.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40417153" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3362fd711f2d9cd657c21fdc20b04d7a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60672550,"asset_id":40417153,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60672550/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16874" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/WalterScheidel">Walter Scheidel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16874" type="text/json">{"id":16874,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Scheidel","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"WalterScheidel","display_name":"Walter Scheidel","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/WalterScheidel?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16874/5679/1957978/s65_walter.scheidel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40417153 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40417153"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40417153, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40417153", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40417153 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40417153; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40417153"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40417153 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40417153"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40417153; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40417153]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40417153").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40417153").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40417153"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="23555" type="text/json">{"id":23555,"name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Empire?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1537569" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_and_Income_Inequality">Wealth & Income Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1537569" type="text/json">{"id":1537569,"name":"Wealth \u0026 Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3386132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_economic_inequality">History of economic inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3386132" type="text/json">{"id":3386132,"name":"History of economic inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_economic_inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40417153]'), work: {"id":40417153,"title":"Roman Wealth and Wealth Inequality in Comparative Perspective","created_at":"2019-09-22T15:19:55.589-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40417153/Roman_Wealth_and_Wealth_Inequality_in_Comparative_Perspective?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_40417153","summary":"Reflecting current concerns about economic inequality, scholars who study the pre-modern past are increasingly addressing this issue. The obstacles to measuring the distribution of income or wealth in the ancient Roman world are formidable. Only a few highly localized datasets are available. Any appraisal of conditions in the Roman empire as a whole therefore requires parametric modeling. Building on earlier work by Scheidel and Friesen (2009), this paper explores new ways of establishing plausible parameters for a probabilistic reconstruction of the total size of Roman wealth and the share held by the top tier of society.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60672550,"asset_id":40417153,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16874,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Scheidel","domain_name":"stanford","page_name":"WalterScheidel","display_name":"Walter Scheidel","profile_url":"https://stanford.academia.edu/WalterScheidel?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16874/5679/1957978/s65_walter.scheidel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":23555,"name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Empire?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":1537569,"name":"Wealth \u0026 Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":3386132,"name":"History of economic inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_economic_inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27184124" data-work_id="27184124" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27184124/Liberal_Approach_to_Inequality">Liberal Approach to Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27184124" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bf70d8f7bf2b7e45e74a6403a6e30828" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52463682,"asset_id":27184124,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52463682/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3755336" href="https://puchd.academia.edu/paramjitsingh">paramjit singh</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3755336" type="text/json">{"id":3755336,"first_name":"paramjit","last_name":"singh","domain_name":"puchd","page_name":"paramjitsingh","display_name":"paramjit singh","profile_url":"https://puchd.academia.edu/paramjitsingh?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3755336/2823921/36962054/s65_paramjit.singh.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27184124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27184124"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27184124, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27184124", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_27184124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27184124; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_27184124"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_27184124 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27184124"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27184124; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27184124]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27184124").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27184124").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27184124"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism">Capitalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9705" type="text/json">{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="95088" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1">Poverty and Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="95088" type="text/json">{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27184124]'), work: {"id":27184124,"title":"Liberal Approach to Inequality","created_at":"2016-07-22T09:40:00.048-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27184124/Liberal_Approach_to_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_27184124","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52463682,"asset_id":27184124,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3755336,"first_name":"paramjit","last_name":"singh","domain_name":"puchd","page_name":"paramjitsingh","display_name":"paramjit singh","profile_url":"https://puchd.academia.edu/paramjitsingh?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3755336/2823921/36962054/s65_paramjit.singh.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42178567" data-work_id="42178567" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42178567/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_A%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82">Το Αποτέλεσμα των Εισοδηματικών Aνισοτήτων στη Μεγέθυνση με Βάση τη Διάκριση της Παραγωγικής και Μη Παραγωγικής Εργασίας</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Η πρόσφατη οικονομική κρίση έφερε στο προσκήνιο με μεγάλη έμφαση τις εισοδηματικές ανισότητες και αναβίωσε με έμμεσο τρόπο έναν ‘ξεχασμένο’ όρο αυτόν της κοινωνικής τάξης. Η παρούσα διπλωματική αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια αξιολόγησης του... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42178567" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Η πρόσφατη οικονομική κρίση έφερε στο προσκήνιο με μεγάλη έμφαση τις εισοδηματικές ανισότητες και αναβίωσε με έμμεσο τρόπο έναν ‘ξεχασμένο’ όρο αυτόν της κοινωνικής τάξης. Η παρούσα διπλωματική αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια αξιολόγησης του τρόπου με τον οποίο οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες υπεισέρχονται στη βιβλιογραφία σχετικά με την οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Χαρακτηριστικό της είναι ότι βασίζεται στην κλασική παράδοση η οποία στο επίκεντρο της ανάλυσης της τοποθετεί την έννοια του πλεονάσματος και τη διάκριση ανάμεσα σε παραγωγικές και μη παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες.<br /><br />Η διπλωματική χωρίζεται σε δυο μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος επιχειρείται μια ανασκόπηση της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας των οικονομικών προτάσεων σχετικά με το θέμα της κατανομής του εισοδήματος και τον ρόλο της στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Το δεύτερο μέρος αφορά την εμπειρική διερεύνηση η οποία ελέγχει τον ρόλο που διαδραματίζουν οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Καινοτομία της εμπειρικής αυτής διερεύνησης αποτελεί η ενσωμάτωση της συζήτησης σχετικά με τη σημασία της διάκρισης ανάμεσα στις παραγωγικές και μη παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες στον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες καθορίζουν τον σχηματισμό του πλεονάσματος και κατ’ επέκταση την οικονομική μεγέθυνση που συναντάμε στα κείμενα των κλασικών οικονομολόγων και του Marx. Η εμπειρική έρευνα εφαρμόζει τη μη-γραμμική μέθοδο συνολοκλήρωσης NARDL και αφορά την οικονομία των Η.Π.Α για την περίοδο 1970-2014.<br /><br />Τα αποτελέσματα της εμπειρικής διερεύνησης επιβεβαιώνουν την υπόθεση ότι προκειμένου να είναι ευεργετικό το μακροχρόνιο αποτέλεσμα των εισοδηματικών ανισοτήτων στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση, οι παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες πρέπει να αυξάνονται περισσότερο από τις μη-παραγωγικές.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42178567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c3d6bab516b5abc5d3dc6b1a95f9af1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62320022,"asset_id":42178567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62320022/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39232378" href="https://auth.academia.edu/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82">Alexandros Gymnopoulos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39232378" type="text/json">{"id":39232378,"first_name":"Alexandros","last_name":"Gymnopoulos","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"ΑλέξανδροςΓυμνόπουλος","display_name":"Alexandros Gymnopoulos","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39232378/37297244/31611383/s65__._.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42178567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42178567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42178567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42178567", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42178567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42178567; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42178567"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42178567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42178567"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42178567; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42178567]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42178567").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42178567").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42178567"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4484" type="text/json">{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="614453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ARDL_Cointegration">ARDL Cointegration</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="614453" type="text/json">{"id":614453,"name":"ARDL Cointegration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ARDL_Cointegration?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42178567]'), work: {"id":42178567,"title":"Το Αποτέλεσμα των Εισοδηματικών Aνισοτήτων στη Μεγέθυνση με Βάση τη Διάκριση της Παραγωγικής και Μη Παραγωγικής Εργασίας","created_at":"2020-03-09T12:09:38.644-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42178567/%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_A%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AD%CE%B8%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_42178567","summary":"Η πρόσφατη οικονομική κρίση έφερε στο προσκήνιο με μεγάλη έμφαση τις εισοδηματικές ανισότητες και αναβίωσε με έμμεσο τρόπο έναν ‘ξεχασμένο’ όρο αυτόν της κοινωνικής τάξης. Η παρούσα διπλωματική αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια αξιολόγησης του τρόπου με τον οποίο οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες υπεισέρχονται στη βιβλιογραφία σχετικά με την οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Χαρακτηριστικό της είναι ότι βασίζεται στην κλασική παράδοση η οποία στο επίκεντρο της ανάλυσης της τοποθετεί την έννοια του πλεονάσματος και τη διάκριση ανάμεσα σε παραγωγικές και μη παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες.\n\nΗ διπλωματική χωρίζεται σε δυο μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος επιχειρείται μια ανασκόπηση της σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας των οικονομικών προτάσεων σχετικά με το θέμα της κατανομής του εισοδήματος και τον ρόλο της στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Το δεύτερο μέρος αφορά την εμπειρική διερεύνηση η οποία ελέγχει τον ρόλο που διαδραματίζουν οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση. Καινοτομία της εμπειρικής αυτής διερεύνησης αποτελεί η ενσωμάτωση της συζήτησης σχετικά με τη σημασία της διάκρισης ανάμεσα στις παραγωγικές και μη παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες στον τρόπο με τον οποίο οι εισοδηματικές ανισότητες καθορίζουν τον σχηματισμό του πλεονάσματος και κατ’ επέκταση την οικονομική μεγέθυνση που συναντάμε στα κείμενα των κλασικών οικονομολόγων και του Marx. Η εμπειρική έρευνα εφαρμόζει τη μη-γραμμική μέθοδο συνολοκλήρωσης NARDL και αφορά την οικονομία των Η.Π.Α για την περίοδο 1970-2014.\n\nΤα αποτελέσματα της εμπειρικής διερεύνησης επιβεβαιώνουν την υπόθεση ότι προκειμένου να είναι ευεργετικό το μακροχρόνιο αποτέλεσμα των εισοδηματικών ανισοτήτων στην οικονομική μεγέθυνση, οι παραγωγικές δραστηριότητες πρέπει να αυξάνονται περισσότερο από τις μη-παραγωγικές.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62320022,"asset_id":42178567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39232378,"first_name":"Alexandros","last_name":"Gymnopoulos","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"ΑλέξανδροςΓυμνόπουλος","display_name":"Alexandros Gymnopoulos","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BE%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82%CE%93%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39232378/37297244/31611383/s65__._.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":614453,"name":"ARDL Cointegration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ARDL_Cointegration?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39852510" data-work_id="39852510" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39852510/Financial_Crisis_in_American_Households">Financial Crisis in American Households</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A data-intensive look at the U.S. middle class's financial problems, and their relationship with America's social programs.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39852510" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="142e165140173752ec8a17fd057cd8fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60039836,"asset_id":39852510,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60039836/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3381376" href="https://qc-cuny.academia.edu/JosephCohen">Joseph N Cohen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3381376" type="text/json">{"id":3381376,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"qc-cuny","page_name":"JosephCohen","display_name":"Joseph N Cohen","profile_url":"https://qc-cuny.academia.edu/JosephCohen?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/5565801280b6a448af0edbb24ee5c5e4?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39852510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39852510"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39852510, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39852510", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39852510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39852510; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39852510"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39852510 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39852510"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39852510; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39852510]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39852510").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39852510").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39852510"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Welfare_State">Welfare State</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2727" type="text/json">{"id":2727,"name":"Welfare State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Welfare_State?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6359" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Economy">Comparative Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6359" type="text/json">{"id":6359,"name":"Comparative Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy">Economic policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10220" type="text/json">{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_the_Middle_Classes">Sociology of the Middle Classes</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13860" type="text/json">{"id":13860,"name":"Sociology of the Middle Classes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_the_Middle_Classes?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39852510]'), work: {"id":39852510,"title":"Financial Crisis in American Households","created_at":"2019-07-17T10:28:46.438-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39852510/Financial_Crisis_in_American_Households?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_39852510","summary":"A data-intensive look at the U.S. middle class's financial problems, and their relationship with America's social programs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60039836,"asset_id":39852510,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3381376,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Cohen","domain_name":"qc-cuny","page_name":"JosephCohen","display_name":"Joseph N Cohen","profile_url":"https://qc-cuny.academia.edu/JosephCohen?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/5565801280b6a448af0edbb24ee5c5e4?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2727,"name":"Welfare State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Welfare_State?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":6359,"name":"Comparative Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":13860,"name":"Sociology of the Middle Classes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_the_Middle_Classes?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21219,"name":"Socialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socialism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22820,"name":"Household Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Household_Finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36725,"name":"Wellbeing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wellbeing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":38293,"name":"Personal Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personal_Finance?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8741848" data-work_id="8741848" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8741848/The_Drivers_of_Economic_Inequality_A_Primer">The Drivers of Economic Inequality: A Primer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8741848" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a9d490df0c81ac97050b661fa6559fd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35493917,"asset_id":8741848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35493917/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4733297" href="https://oxfamamerica.academia.edu/NickGalasso">Nick Galasso</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4733297" type="text/json">{"id":4733297,"first_name":"Nick","last_name":"Galasso","domain_name":"oxfamamerica","page_name":"NickGalasso","display_name":"Nick Galasso","profile_url":"https://oxfamamerica.academia.edu/NickGalasso?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/58425bcdc52d1bcaa816428710e60ba2?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8741848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8741848"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8741848, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8741848", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8741848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8741848; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8741848"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8741848 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8741848"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8741848; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8741848]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8741848").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8741848").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8741848"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2585" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development">International Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2585" type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development">Community Development</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3474" type="text/json">{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8741848]'), work: {"id":8741848,"title":"The Drivers of Economic Inequality: A Primer","created_at":"2014-10-12T03:07:47.877-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8741848/The_Drivers_of_Economic_Inequality_A_Primer?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_8741848","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35493917,"asset_id":8741848,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4733297,"first_name":"Nick","last_name":"Galasso","domain_name":"oxfamamerica","page_name":"NickGalasso","display_name":"Nick Galasso","profile_url":"https://oxfamamerica.academia.edu/NickGalasso?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/58425bcdc52d1bcaa816428710e60ba2?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":4225,"name":"Health inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8889,"name":"Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25890,"name":"Language, Prejudice, and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Prejudice_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26067,"name":"Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":106149,"name":"Gender inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":474357,"name":"Wealth inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":809694,"name":"Urban Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991744,"name":"Social Identity and Inequality (Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity_and_Inequality_Race?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1029762,"name":"Feminism, and Feminist Theory, Class and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Feminist_Theory_Class_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1034100,"name":"Theories of Mobility and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Mobility_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68667069 coauthored" data-work_id="68667069" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68667069/Poverty_in_early_modern_Europe_New_approaches_to_old_problems">Poverty in early modern Europe: New approaches to old problems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Earlier research on poverty failed to provide us with consistent measures of its prevalence across space and time. This is due to the limitations of the available sources and to the difficulty of applying to them the poverty definitions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68667069" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Earlier research on poverty failed to provide us with consistent measures of its prevalence across space and time. This is due to the limitations of the available sources and to the difficulty of applying to them the poverty definitions of modern social science. This article discusses different possible approaches to poverty measurement and the problems encountered when applying them to historical sources. Thereafter it proposes a way to measure absolute and, more importantly, relative poverty which makes good use of the information made available by recent research on inequality. We detect a long-run tendency towards an increase in the prevalence of poverty, both in the South and in the North of Europe. This trend was only temporarily interrupted by large-scale plague and other catastrophes, although the Black Death had stronger and more persistent poverty-reducing effects. Our approach, which this article applies mostly to Italy, the Low Countries and partially Germany and other areas, could be used for even broader international comparisons.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68667069" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e33df8e0032bfcbd961b024ec768a901" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79068658,"asset_id":68667069,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79068658/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32570513" type="text/json">{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-68667069">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-68667069"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoAmmannati">Francesco Ammannati</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-68667069'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-68667069').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68667069 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68667069"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68667069, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68667069", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_68667069 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68667069; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_68667069"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_68667069 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="68667069"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 68667069; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68667069]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68667069").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68667069").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68667069"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="45213" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy">Italy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="45213" type="text/json">{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46644" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality">Social Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46644" type="text/json">{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68667069]'), work: {"id":68667069,"title":"Poverty in early modern Europe: New approaches to old problems","created_at":"2022-01-19T02:08:22.128-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68667069/Poverty_in_early_modern_Europe_New_approaches_to_old_problems?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_68667069","summary":"Earlier research on poverty failed to provide us with consistent measures of its prevalence across space and time. This is due to the limitations of the available sources and to the difficulty of applying to them the poverty definitions of modern social science. This article discusses different possible approaches to poverty measurement and the problems encountered when applying them to historical sources. Thereafter it proposes a way to measure absolute and, more importantly, relative poverty which makes good use of the information made available by recent research on inequality. We detect a long-run tendency towards an increase in the prevalence of poverty, both in the South and in the North of Europe. This trend was only temporarily interrupted by large-scale plague and other catastrophes, although the Black Death had stronger and more persistent poverty-reducing effects. Our approach, which this article applies mostly to Italy, the Low Countries and partially Germany and other areas, could be used for even broader international comparisons.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79068658,"asset_id":68667069,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"},{"id":1901533,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Ammannati","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"FrancescoAmmannati","display_name":"Francesco Ammannati","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoAmmannati?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1901533/643261/797656/s65_francesco.ammannati.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":45213,"name":"Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46788,"name":"Black Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Death?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50576,"name":"Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany?f_ri=17709"},{"id":81894,"name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Ages?f_ri=17709"},{"id":94247,"name":"Early Modern Period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_Period?f_ri=17709"},{"id":125933,"name":"History of the Low Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Low_Countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":153220,"name":"Plague","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plague?f_ri=17709"},{"id":977269,"name":"Epidemics (The Black Death)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemics_The_Black_Death_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2420973,"name":"Concentration of Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration_of_Wealth?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33403169" data-work_id="33403169" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33403169/Poverty_and_fundamentalism_in_Africa">Poverty and fundamentalism in Africa</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter looks at poverty from a perspective which argues that the conscious and deliberate perpetuation of poverty is a form of fundamentalism with its associated principles and values. There are people who are parasitic and are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33403169" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter looks at poverty from a perspective which argues that the conscious and deliberate perpetuation of poverty is a form of fundamentalism with its associated principles and values. There are people who are parasitic and are incessantly feeding off and on the sweat of the 'povertised' of society. The chapter explores how poverty prevents the fulfilment and enjoyment of human rights and results in the deferral and postponement, abandonment and foregoing of the destination of people as happiness, freedom, self-and collective affirmation, and self-actualisation. It explains why poverty, as a form of fundamentalism, affects many Africans relative to other groups from different continents. Furthermore, it explores the ways in which what I call appropriates are complicit in the perpetuation of poverty and the fundamentalism associated with it. It also examines how the measurement of poverty speaks to the 'fundamentalisation' of poverty. This is evident in the manner in which poverty statistics are derived and interpreted to express the primacy of the exclusivity of the rich and a system of neoliberalism in which the 'trickle-down effect' – a hollow hypothesis-that should benefit the so-called poor has yet to materialise for inclusivity. The first part of this chapter discusses the povertisation of the masses through the processes of appropriation. The term 'povertised' is deliberately used to show that the povertisation of the masses is a deliberate outcome of a process of making people poor – a form of poverty production. Poverty is neither accidental nor inevitable. Povertisation gives this notion the elements of a process as opposed to being an event; it systematises poverty, and makes it</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33403169" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e40f07ac6faba292a1e79db4e31fd24" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53457954,"asset_id":33403169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53457954/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7548151" href="https://ukzn.academia.edu/MtapuriOliver">Oliver Mtapuri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7548151" type="text/json">{"id":7548151,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Mtapuri","domain_name":"ukzn","page_name":"MtapuriOliver","display_name":"Oliver Mtapuri","profile_url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/MtapuriOliver?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7548151/4063197/4952354/s65_oliver_mtapuri.mtapuri.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33403169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33403169"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33403169, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33403169", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33403169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33403169; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33403169"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33403169 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33403169"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33403169; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33403169]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33403169").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33403169").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33403169"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">61</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology">Economic Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="193" type="text/json">{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="252" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology">Developmental Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="252" type="text/json">{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33403169]'), work: {"id":33403169,"title":"Poverty and fundamentalism in Africa","created_at":"2017-06-10T08:20:57.169-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33403169/Poverty_and_fundamentalism_in_Africa?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_33403169","summary":"This chapter looks at poverty from a perspective which argues that the conscious and deliberate perpetuation of poverty is a form of fundamentalism with its associated principles and values. There are people who are parasitic and are incessantly feeding off and on the sweat of the 'povertised' of society. The chapter explores how poverty prevents the fulfilment and enjoyment of human rights and results in the deferral and postponement, abandonment and foregoing of the destination of people as happiness, freedom, self-and collective affirmation, and self-actualisation. It explains why poverty, as a form of fundamentalism, affects many Africans relative to other groups from different continents. Furthermore, it explores the ways in which what I call appropriates are complicit in the perpetuation of poverty and the fundamentalism associated with it. It also examines how the measurement of poverty speaks to the 'fundamentalisation' of poverty. This is evident in the manner in which poverty statistics are derived and interpreted to express the primacy of the exclusivity of the rich and a system of neoliberalism in which the 'trickle-down effect' – a hollow hypothesis-that should benefit the so-called poor has yet to materialise for inclusivity. The first part of this chapter discusses the povertisation of the masses through the processes of appropriation. The term 'povertised' is deliberately used to show that the povertisation of the masses is a deliberate outcome of a process of making people poor – a form of poverty production. Poverty is neither accidental nor inevitable. Povertisation gives this notion the elements of a process as opposed to being an event; it systematises poverty, and makes it","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53457954,"asset_id":33403169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":53776729,"asset_id":33403169,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7548151,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Mtapuri","domain_name":"ukzn","page_name":"MtapuriOliver","display_name":"Oliver Mtapuri","profile_url":"https://ukzn.academia.edu/MtapuriOliver?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7548151/4063197/4952354/s65_oliver_mtapuri.mtapuri.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2732,"name":"Child Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3474,"name":"Community Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4225,"name":"Health inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4524,"name":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4583,"name":"Child Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5201,"name":"Video Game Development and Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Video_Game_Development_and_Production?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5517,"name":"Poverty Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5518,"name":"Poverty Alleviation Programmes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation_Programmes?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8889,"name":"Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13518,"name":"Gender and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16778,"name":"Rural Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19408,"name":"Urban Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20010,"name":"Poverty (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24922,"name":"Poverty (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25636,"name":"Smallholder Farmers \u0026 Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smallholder_Farmers_and_Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26067,"name":"Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43159,"name":"Energy Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74586,"name":"Development, Sustainability, Social Justice, Poverty, Equity,gender Equality, Migration, International Affairs, Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Sustainability_Social_Justice_Poverty_Equity_gender_Equality_Migration_Internation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":106149,"name":"Gender inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":137826,"name":"Poverty India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_India?f_ri=17709"},{"id":168121,"name":"Android Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Android_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":173411,"name":"Cash Waqf Management and Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cash_Waqf_Management_and_Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":281560,"name":"Poverty eradication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_eradication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":413309,"name":"Vulnerability to Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability_to_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":442720,"name":"Poverty and Income Distribution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Income_Distribution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":617670,"name":"Social and educational inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_educational_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":730621,"name":"Inequality and development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_and_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":890468,"name":"Poverty and Child Outcomes in Rural Areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Child_Outcomes_in_Rural_Areas?f_ri=17709"},{"id":903874,"name":"Income Inequality Measures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_Inequality_Measures?f_ri=17709"},{"id":962930,"name":"Economic Development and Poverty Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development_and_Poverty_Issues?f_ri=17709"},{"id":963851,"name":"Representations of Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Representations_of_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1030249,"name":"Poverty and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1034100,"name":"Theories of Mobility and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Mobility_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1346686,"name":"Land Law and Poverty In South Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Law_and_Poverty_In_South_Asia?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_354040" data-work_id="354040" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/354040/The_nonillusory_effects_of_neoliberalisation_linking_geographies_of_poverty_inequality_and_violence">The nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation: linking geographies of poverty, inequality, and violence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper steps into recent debates concerning the (f)utility of neoliberalism as an ‘actually existing’ concept by reminding the reader that without a Marxian political economy approach, one that specifically includes neoliberalisation... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_354040" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper steps into recent debates concerning the (f)utility of neoliberalism as an ‘actually existing’ concept by reminding the reader that without a Marxian political economy approach, one that specifically includes neoliberalisation as part of its theoretical edifice, we run the risk of obfuscating the reality of capitalism’s festering poverty, rising inequality, and ongoing geographies of violence as something unknowable and ‘out there’. By failing to acknowledge such nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation and refusing the explanatory power neoliberalism holds in relating similar constellations of experiences across space as a potential basis for emancipation, we precipitously ensure the prospect of a violent future.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/354040" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="33bb54af96b6a1a9913b3f0972c7198e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":1780090,"asset_id":354040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/1780090/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="271934" href="https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer">Simon Springer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="271934" type="text/json">{"id":271934,"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Springer","domain_name":"newcastle-au","page_name":"SimonSpringer","display_name":"Simon Springer","profile_url":"https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271934/56494/36120073/s65_simon.springer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_354040 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="354040"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 354040, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_354040", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_354040 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 354040; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_354040"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_354040 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="354040"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 354040; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=354040]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_354040").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_354040").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="354040"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">76</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology">Economic Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="193" type="text/json">{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=354040]'), work: {"id":354040,"title":"The nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation: linking geographies of poverty, inequality, and violence","created_at":"2010-10-25T21:25:37.182-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/354040/The_nonillusory_effects_of_neoliberalisation_linking_geographies_of_poverty_inequality_and_violence?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_354040","summary":"This paper steps into recent debates concerning the (f)utility of neoliberalism as an ‘actually existing’ concept by reminding the reader that without a Marxian political economy approach, one that specifically includes neoliberalisation as part of its theoretical edifice, we run the risk of obfuscating the reality of capitalism’s festering poverty, rising inequality, and ongoing geographies of violence as something unknowable and ‘out there’. By failing to acknowledge such nonillusory effects of neoliberalisation and refusing the explanatory power neoliberalism holds in relating similar constellations of experiences across space as a potential basis for emancipation, we precipitously ensure the prospect of a violent future.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":1780090,"asset_id":354040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":271934,"first_name":"Simon","last_name":"Springer","domain_name":"newcastle-au","page_name":"SimonSpringer","display_name":"Simon Springer","profile_url":"https://newcastle-au.academia.edu/SimonSpringer?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/271934/56494/36120073/s65_simon.springer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":272,"name":"Social Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":728,"name":"Economic Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":954,"name":"Social Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Anthropology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1321,"name":"Sociology of Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Violence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1697,"name":"Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1734,"name":"Marxist Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2064,"name":"Critical Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Geopolitics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3472,"name":"Political Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4834,"name":"Economic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Anthropology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5045,"name":"Critical Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Social_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6208,"name":"Economic Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6359,"name":"Comparative Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6689,"name":"Development Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9688,"name":"Globalisation and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalisation_and_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9713,"name":"Neoliberalization of the state","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalization_of_the_state?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10806,"name":"Marxist theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11422,"name":"Development Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12194,"name":"Critical Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12421,"name":"Neoliberal ideologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_ideologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12972,"name":"Emancipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emancipation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13430,"name":"Social Exclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14042,"name":"Human Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14780,"name":"Postmodern Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodern_Marxism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17647,"name":"Social Justice Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_Issues?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19030,"name":"Political Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20010,"name":"Poverty (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21837,"name":"Political Economy of Monetary Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Monetary_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22543,"name":"Economic geography (Geography) (Geography)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_geography_Geography_Geography_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22943,"name":"Marxism (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24922,"name":"Poverty (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26067,"name":"Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28427,"name":"Marxist political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxist_political_economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33298,"name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Karl_Marx?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39153,"name":"Neoliberalism (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47638,"name":"Violent Geographies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Geographies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":53166,"name":"Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":62523,"name":"Structural Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Violence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":996319,"name":"Economic and Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_and_Violence?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8289560" data-work_id="8289560" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8289560/Rawls_the_Difference_Principle_and_Economic_Inequality">Rawls, the Difference Principle, and Economic Inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8289560" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="214773f4415a17dbb306e00a3a292b9e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34701610,"asset_id":8289560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34701610/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="930066" href="https://ttu.academia.edu/WalterSchaller">Walter Schaller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="930066" type="text/json">{"id":930066,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Schaller","domain_name":"ttu","page_name":"WalterSchaller","display_name":"Walter Schaller","profile_url":"https://ttu.academia.edu/WalterSchaller?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/930066/349184/414922/s65_walter.schaller.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8289560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8289560"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8289560, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8289560", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8289560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8289560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8289560"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8289560 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8289560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8289560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8289560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8289560").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8289560").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8289560"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9870" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice">Distributive Justice</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9870" type="text/json">{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19484" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls">John Rawls</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19484" type="text/json">{"id":19484,"name":"John Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383143" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Difference_Principle">Difference Principle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="383143" type="text/json">{"id":383143,"name":"Difference Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Difference_Principle?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8289560]'), work: {"id":8289560,"title":"Rawls, the Difference Principle, and Economic Inequality","created_at":"2014-09-11T10:31:16.788-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8289560/Rawls_the_Difference_Principle_and_Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_8289560","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34701610,"asset_id":8289560,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":930066,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Schaller","domain_name":"ttu","page_name":"WalterSchaller","display_name":"Walter Schaller","profile_url":"https://ttu.academia.edu/WalterSchaller?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/930066/349184/414922/s65_walter.schaller.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":19484,"name":"John Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":383143,"name":"Difference Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Difference_Principle?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12086431 coauthored" data-work_id="12086431" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12086431/INEQUALITY_AS_MERITOCRACY_The_use_of_the_metaphor_of_diversity_and_the_value_of_inequality_in_Singapores_meritocratic_education_system_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2015_Critical_Discourse_Studies">INEQUALITY AS MERITOCRACY: The use of the metaphor of diversity and the value of inequality in Singapore's meritocratic education system. Talib & Fitzgerald (2015). Critical Discourse Studies.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper examines the way the metaphor of diversity provides a moral basis for inequality in Singapore’s meritocratic education system. Based upon a collection of policy texts from 2002 to 2012, our analysis illustrates that the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12086431" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper examines the way the metaphor of diversity provides a moral basis for inequality in Singapore’s meritocratic education system. Based upon a collection of policy texts from 2002 to 2012, our analysis illustrates that the metaphor of diversity in policy texts provides ways for systemic discrimination within the education system and that this inequality is given legitimacy as necessary through various moral discourses. The paper employs a critical discourse analysis that draws upon the relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values to highlight the ways in which an argument for inequality permeates policy from within a frame of meritocracy, and to analyse how changes associated with new modes of value determination serve to legitimize inequality. <br /> <br />1. The article questions and challenges the official meritocratic principle of ‘equal opportunities’ (Wong, 2000) in Singapore's education system. Drawing on Foucault's and Nietzsche's philosophical perspectives, there is an explicit illustration through an in-depth analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in policy report/speech. <br /> <br />2. Discourse builds in/tangible structures in society and greatly determines the possibilities of the now. As such, I am also arguing that it would be more difficult to 'help' any 'community' if the structural discrimination which has been deeply embedded, is not made explicit through national policies, and by this I mean an explicit illustration through an in-depth policy analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in Singapore's education policies. It may be through this that discriminatory structures could be substantially challenged. <br /> <br />An initial analysis of the original 1979 policy on primary school streaming which I conducted illustrates how dichotomous (arbitrary) categorization of pupils, i.e. 'slow' and 'fast' learners legitimates and sustains increasing institutional/structural access (over the years terms like 'talents' have been employed in policy discourse), of who gets privileged knowledge access. Through this, I also ask then to what ends do forms of 'categorization' or conventional designation entail? By this, given that categorization legitimizes structural access, my question is, what is 'Malay/Muslim community' and how is this categorization necessary? <br /> <br />3. Even though the analysis in the article was based on Singapore's education system, it provides possible ways of understanding how inequality is continuously being inbuilt through policies on the basis of the ideology that economic growth is the (only) way forward. A way to critique this ideology is to expose its underlying assumptions. I believe the findings have much resonance with the widening inequality across many developed nations, as Singapore's policies have parallels with that of the U.K., U.S., and international organizations such as the World Bank. <br /> <br />4. Economically considered, the transliteration of meritocratic discourse into the metaphor of diversity pinpoints how the appeal of development for all necessarily also demands the advance of inequity for the sake of the whole, i.e. advancing the 'growth with inequity' principle. <br /> <br />5. The analysis highlights that value judgments are continually at work in the policy discourse and that despite the strong discourse of meritocracy that the Singapore education system promotes, it is argued that it is in the interests of the Singapore people that 'talents' should get privileged access to knowledge as it is through this that more 'opportunities' for the rest of the population are created. The findings demonstrate that although the underlying assumptions of this 'logic' that has been constructed in policies are unsubstantiated, the logic is continuously legitimated through forms of e/valuations. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br />This article has been featured in websites such as: <a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428105815.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428105815.htm</a> <br /><a href="http://www.eurasiareview.com/28042015-what-is-value-of-inequality-within-singapores-education-system/" rel="nofollow">http://www.eurasiareview.com/28042015-what-is-value-of-inequality-within-singapores-education-system/</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12086431" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1df4317709c2e219d3f0a2781db4c97e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37406081,"asset_id":12086431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37406081/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1182718" href="https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib">Nadira Talib</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1182718" type="text/json">{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12086431">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12086431"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald">Richard Fitzgerald</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12086431'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12086431').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12086431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12086431"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12086431, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12086431", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12086431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12086431; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12086431"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12086431 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12086431"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12086431; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12086431]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12086431").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12086431").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12086431"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">345</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics">Business Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="46" type="text/json">{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12086431]'), work: {"id":12086431,"title":"INEQUALITY AS MERITOCRACY: The use of the metaphor of diversity and the value of inequality in Singapore's meritocratic education system. Talib \u0026 Fitzgerald (2015). Critical Discourse Studies.","created_at":"2015-04-23T17:43:45.173-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12086431/INEQUALITY_AS_MERITOCRACY_The_use_of_the_metaphor_of_diversity_and_the_value_of_inequality_in_Singapores_meritocratic_education_system_Talib_and_Fitzgerald_2015_Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_12086431","summary":"This paper examines the way the metaphor of diversity provides a moral basis for inequality in Singapore’s meritocratic education system. Based upon a collection of policy texts from 2002 to 2012, our analysis illustrates that the metaphor of diversity in policy texts provides ways for systemic discrimination within the education system and that this inequality is given legitimacy as necessary through various moral discourses. The paper employs a critical discourse analysis that draws upon the relationship between language analysis, the philosophical study of valuation, and political economy as a composite formulation of values to highlight the ways in which an argument for inequality permeates policy from within a frame of meritocracy, and to analyse how changes associated with new modes of value determination serve to legitimize inequality.\r\n\r\n1. The article questions and challenges the official meritocratic principle of ‘equal opportunities’ (Wong, 2000) in Singapore's education system. Drawing on Foucault's and Nietzsche's philosophical perspectives, there is an explicit illustration through an in-depth analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in policy report/speech.\r\n\r\n2. Discourse builds in/tangible structures in society and greatly determines the possibilities of the now. As such, I am also arguing that it would be more difficult to 'help' any 'community' if the structural discrimination which has been deeply embedded, is not made explicit through national policies, and by this I mean an explicit illustration through an in-depth policy analysis of how inequality is inbuilt in Singapore's education policies. It may be through this that discriminatory structures could be substantially challenged.\r\n\r\nAn initial analysis of the original 1979 policy on primary school streaming which I conducted illustrates how dichotomous (arbitrary) categorization of pupils, i.e. 'slow' and 'fast' learners legitimates and sustains increasing institutional/structural access (over the years terms like 'talents' have been employed in policy discourse), of who gets privileged knowledge access. Through this, I also ask then to what ends do forms of 'categorization' or conventional designation entail? By this, given that categorization legitimizes structural access, my question is, what is 'Malay/Muslim community' and how is this categorization necessary?\r\n\r\n3. Even though the analysis in the article was based on Singapore's education system, it provides possible ways of understanding how inequality is continuously being inbuilt through policies on the basis of the ideology that economic growth is the (only) way forward. A way to critique this ideology is to expose its underlying assumptions. I believe the findings have much resonance with the widening inequality across many developed nations, as Singapore's policies have parallels with that of the U.K., U.S., and international organizations such as the World Bank.\r\n\r\n4. Economically considered, the transliteration of meritocratic discourse into the metaphor of diversity pinpoints how the appeal of development for all necessarily also demands the advance of inequity for the sake of the whole, i.e. advancing the 'growth with inequity' principle.\r\n\r\n5. The analysis highlights that value judgments are continually at work in the policy discourse and that despite the strong discourse of meritocracy that the Singapore education system promotes, it is argued that it is in the interests of the Singapore people that 'talents' should get privileged access to knowledge as it is through this that more 'opportunities' for the rest of the population are created. The findings demonstrate that although the underlying assumptions of this 'logic' that has been constructed in policies are unsubstantiated, the logic is continuously legitimated through forms of e/valuations. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThis article has been featured in websites such as: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/04/150428105815.htm\r\nhttp://www.eurasiareview.com/28042015-what-is-value-of-inequality-within-singapores-education-system/","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37406081,"asset_id":12086431,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1182718,"first_name":"Nadira","last_name":"Talib","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"NadiraTalib","display_name":"Nadira Talib","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/NadiraTalib?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1182718/2368696/41345125/s65_nadira.talib.jpeg"},{"id":227900,"first_name":"Richard","last_name":"Fitzgerald","domain_name":"umac","page_name":"RichardFitzgerald","display_name":"Richard Fitzgerald","profile_url":"https://umac.academia.edu/RichardFitzgerald?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/227900/50721/46220713/s65_richard.fitzgerald.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":46,"name":"Business Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":671,"name":"Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":735,"name":"International Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":819,"name":"Free Will, Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":904,"name":"Normative Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1558,"name":"Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1743,"name":"Political Economy of Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2142,"name":"Access to Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2169,"name":"Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2398,"name":"Values Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2409,"name":"Mobility/Mobilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobility_Mobilities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2504,"name":"Research Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2559,"name":"Philosophy of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2607,"name":"Ideology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2613,"name":"Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2621,"name":"Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2789,"name":"Government","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3022,"name":"Human Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3232,"name":"Global governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3376,"name":"Values","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Values?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3429,"name":"Educational Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3512,"name":"Educational Inequalities (class; race; gender etc)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequalities_class_race_gender_etc_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3660,"name":"Global Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4167,"name":"Corporate Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corporate_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4213,"name":"Evolution of Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_of_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4375,"name":"Social Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4474,"name":"Critical Thinking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Thinking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4484,"name":"Economic Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4557,"name":"Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4618,"name":"Education (Social Policy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Social_Policy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4659,"name":"Data Driven Learning (Applied Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Learning_Applied_Linguistics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4741,"name":"Educational evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_evaluation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4977,"name":"Academic Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Academic_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5167,"name":"Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5290,"name":"Philosophy of Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Art?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5321,"name":"International Human Rights Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Human_Rights_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5323,"name":"Islam and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5473,"name":"Embedded Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embedded_Systems?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5517,"name":"Poverty Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5538,"name":"Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5539,"name":"Language and Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5780,"name":"Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5965,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6029,"name":"Critical Management Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Management_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6234,"name":"Continental Philosophy of Religion (Theology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_of_Religion_Theology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6712,"name":"Nineteenth-Century Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nineteenth-Century_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7085,"name":"Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7369,"name":"Political communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7413,"name":"Human Rights Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7709,"name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8303,"name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Friedrich_Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8437,"name":"Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8577,"name":"Social Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8620,"name":"Poverty Reduction Strategies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction_Strategies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8787,"name":"Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8889,"name":"Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8910,"name":"Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evaluation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9604,"name":"Equality and Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_and_Diversity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9705,"name":"Capitalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capitalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9870,"name":"Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10094,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10220,"name":"Economic policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10314,"name":"Social Movements (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10428,"name":"Value Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10611,"name":"Systemic Functional Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systemic_Functional_Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11712,"name":"Metaphor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphor?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11964,"name":"Theories of Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11966,"name":"Critique of Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique_of_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12421,"name":"Neoliberal ideologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_ideologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12754,"name":"Language Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13283,"name":"Social Justice in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13396,"name":"Political Economy of Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13474,"name":"World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13693,"name":"Sociology of Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13803,"name":"Nietzsche","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nietzsche?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14778,"name":"Neo Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15155,"name":"Educational Equity and Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Equity_and_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15297,"name":"Human Rights Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15674,"name":"Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16598,"name":"Social movements and revolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_movements_and_revolution?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16890,"name":"IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17756,"name":"Ideology Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17802,"name":"Diversity \u0026 Inclusion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diversity_and_Inclusion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18004,"name":"Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity_and_Social_Justice_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18297,"name":"Free Will","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18606,"name":"Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18794,"name":"Critical international political economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_international_political_economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18995,"name":"Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19484,"name":"John Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20010,"name":"Poverty (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20514,"name":"Theories Of Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_Of_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21084,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Theology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21198,"name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiscal_policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22292,"name":"Political Ideology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ideology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22965,"name":"Political Economy of International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_of_International_Trade?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24793,"name":"Metaphysics of Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24922,"name":"Poverty (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25582,"name":"Social and Political Theories of Justice \u0026 Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theories_of_Justice_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26070,"name":"Economics of Higher Education and Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education_and_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27077,"name":"International Relations and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27719,"name":"Foucault and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27991,"name":"Equity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28437,"name":"Institutions and Economic growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutions_and_Economic_growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28742,"name":"Educational planning, management, evaluation and policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_planning_management_evaluation_and_policies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29110,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29777,"name":"Free Will and Moral Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Moral_Responsibility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29841,"name":"Public Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29876,"name":"Theories of truth (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_truth_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30087,"name":"Critique as Political Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critique_as_Political_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30324,"name":"Rawls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawls?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30359,"name":"Discourse Analysis (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30361,"name":"Foucault (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31009,"name":"Value chain analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_chain_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":32215,"name":"Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33432,"name":"19th Century Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/19th_Century_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34025,"name":"Truthmaking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truthmaking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34445,"name":"John Rawls (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Philosophy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36056,"name":"Qualitative Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36113,"name":"Institutional Critique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Institutional_Critique?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36996,"name":"Development Economics and Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics_and_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39293,"name":"Neo-liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neo-liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39629,"name":"World Bank (International Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_International_Studies_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":40754,"name":"Classical Music","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Music?f_ri=17709"},{"id":42814,"name":"Ethics and economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43311,"name":"Value Chain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Chain?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43964,"name":"Philosophical Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":45073,"name":"The Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46248,"name":"Egalitarian distributive justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egalitarian_distributive_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46400,"name":"Student Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Student_Mobility?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46429,"name":"Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47767,"name":"Singapore Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48603,"name":"Singapore History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50588,"name":"Metaphors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphors?f_ri=17709"},{"id":50974,"name":"Singapore Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Singapore_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":52096,"name":"Foucault power/knowledge - discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_power_knowledge_-_discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":52757,"name":"Inclusion, Exclusion and social stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inclusion_Exclusion_and_social_stratification?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":59537,"name":"Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60945,"name":"Truth Relativism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Relativism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65835,"name":"Human right","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_right?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69888,"name":"Qualitative inquiry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_inquiry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":69946,"name":"Contemporary Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":71681,"name":"Strategic Planning in Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Planning_in_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":73146,"name":"Qualitative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74586,"name":"Development, Sustainability, Social Justice, Poverty, Equity,gender Equality, Migration, International Affairs, Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Sustainability_Social_Justice_Poverty_Equity_gender_Equality_Migration_Internation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":74634,"name":"Economics of Education; Labour Ecs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_Labour_Ecs?f_ri=17709"},{"id":75911,"name":"Global Business and Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Business_and_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":77311,"name":"Unified Field Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unified_Field_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":82572,"name":"Merit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83222,"name":"Economic Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Crisis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":83952,"name":"Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":87342,"name":"Poverty Reduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Reduction?f_ri=17709"},{"id":90402,"name":"Global Justice, Distributive Justice, Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Justice_Distributive_Justice_Environment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91552,"name":"Morality and Rationality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morality_and_Rationality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":93757,"name":"Value Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98375,"name":"John Rawls's theory of justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawlss_theory_of_justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98570,"name":"Methodology of Economics, Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology_of_Economics_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98888,"name":"Value Creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_Creation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":100530,"name":"Distributive Construction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Construction?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101019,"name":"Economics of Education, Education Reform, Higher Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_Education_Reform_Higher_Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":101708,"name":"Political Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123030,"name":"Education policy, economics of education and public finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_policy_economics_of_education_and_public_finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123233,"name":"Qualitative data analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_data_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":127735,"name":"Global Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":128617,"name":"David Bohm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/David_Bohm?f_ri=17709"},{"id":130815,"name":"Global Value Chains","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Value_Chains?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131056,"name":"Merit and meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_and_meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131991,"name":"Government transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Government_transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":134560,"name":"Autonomy and Free Will in Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autonomy_and_Free_Will_in_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":147142,"name":"Business \u0026 Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Business_and_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148161,"name":"Value","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148267,"name":"Neoliberal Reforms in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberal_Reforms_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":149223,"name":"Economics and Politcs of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politcs_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":158428,"name":"Education Policies in Singapore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policies_in_Singapore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":165585,"name":"Qualitative Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Study?f_ri=17709"},{"id":170499,"name":"Value co-creation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Value_co-creation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":171562,"name":"Education planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":181131,"name":"Poverty Alleviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Alleviation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":182179,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis_CDA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":194010,"name":"Higher education policy, university reform, economics of Education.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_education_policy_university_reform_economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":200093,"name":"Educational Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":200286,"name":"Valuation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Valuation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":208789,"name":"Equality, Liberty, Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality_Liberty_Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":232836,"name":"Economics of Higher Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Higher_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":234541,"name":"Right to Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Right_to_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":253390,"name":"Free will and determinism debate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_will_and_determinism_debate?f_ri=17709"},{"id":256979,"name":"Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":273155,"name":"Educational planning and Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_planning_and_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":281560,"name":"Poverty eradication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_eradication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":294344,"name":"Political economy of regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_economy_of_regulation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":302899,"name":"critiques on role of IMF and world Bank in Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/critiques_on_role_of_IMF_and_world_Bank_in_Africa?f_ri=17709"},{"id":334267,"name":"Rawls; theory of justice; moral psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawls_theory_of_justice_moral_psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":347587,"name":"Distributive Justice; Justice; Property Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice_Justice_Property_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":352423,"name":"Strategic Planning in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Planning_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":356201,"name":"Qualitative Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Data?f_ri=17709"},{"id":367793,"name":"Ethics and Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_and_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380608,"name":"World Bank Procurement policies and construction industry development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Procurement_policies_and_construction_industry_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385234,"name":"Political Economy and History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy_and_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":385847,"name":"Truth Vs Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_Vs_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":388913,"name":"Human Capital, Poverty and Income Distribution, Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Capital_Poverty_and_Income_Distribution_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":390704,"name":"Social choice, Human Development and Distributive Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_choice_Human_Development_and_Distributive_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":412771,"name":"Philosophical and sociological foundations of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophical_and_sociological_foundations_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":413309,"name":"Vulnerability to Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vulnerability_to_Poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":416576,"name":"Economics of education and training","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_education_and_training?f_ri=17709"},{"id":436809,"name":"Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":437612,"name":"Foucault Archaeology Geneology Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault_Archaeology_Geneology_Method?f_ri=17709"},{"id":450987,"name":"the Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/the_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":451943,"name":"Structure and Agency and the Unequal Power Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_and_Agency_and_the_Unequal_Power_Relations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":453278,"name":"Neoliberalism and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":459208,"name":"John Rawls Political Liberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Rawls_Political_Liberalism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":469120,"name":"Policy Paper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Paper?f_ri=17709"},{"id":533074,"name":"Economics and educational planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_educational_planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":551686,"name":"Transparency International","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_International?f_ri=17709"},{"id":568318,"name":"IMF/WB conditionality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF_WB_conditionality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":593822,"name":"Rawlsian Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rawlsian_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":610942,"name":"Distributive Justice, Procedural Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Justice_Procedural_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":617670,"name":"Social and educational inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_educational_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":633950,"name":"Data Driven Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Driven_Design?f_ri=17709"},{"id":634241,"name":"Importance of Economics of Education in Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Importance_of_Economics_of_Education_in_Developing_Countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":652936,"name":"Banking in the Developing World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Banking_in_the_Developing_World?f_ri=17709"},{"id":657529,"name":"World Bank MDRP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_MDRP?f_ri=17709"},{"id":658825,"name":"Merit system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_system?f_ri=17709"},{"id":677512,"name":"Social Unequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Unequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":686651,"name":"role of World Bank and IMF in international politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/role_of_World_Bank_and_IMF_in_international_politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":720537,"name":"Racial Unequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Unequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":730621,"name":"Inequality and development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_and_development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":752362,"name":"good governance and economic transparency and ICTs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/good_governance_and_economic_transparency_and_ICTs?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802082,"name":"Rene Magritte","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rene_Magritte?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807541,"name":"Education Politics and Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Politics_and_Planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":854550,"name":"How IMF and World bank continue to undermine national development of the South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/How_IMF_and_World_bank_continue_to_undermine_national_development_of_the_South?f_ri=17709"},{"id":854931,"name":"Meritocracia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocracia?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876271,"name":"Educational Economics of developing countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Economics_of_developing_countries?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876551,"name":"Social Exclusion and Social Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Exclusion_and_Social_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":905403,"name":"Governmentality Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":910751,"name":"World Bank Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":914253,"name":"The World Bank","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_World_Bank?f_ri=17709"},{"id":918493,"name":"Governmentality and Biopower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality_and_Biopower?f_ri=17709"},{"id":939798,"name":"Human Rights and Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Corruption?f_ri=17709"},{"id":962623,"name":"Sociolology of Morality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolology_of_Morality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":962930,"name":"Economic Development and Poverty Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development_and_Poverty_Issues?f_ri=17709"},{"id":967211,"name":"Poverty Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Dynamics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":969315,"name":"Antiglobalization Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antiglobalization_Social_Movements?f_ri=17709"},{"id":969889,"name":"Social Stratification (Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":977854,"name":"IMF Reform","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IMF_Reform?f_ri=17709"},{"id":980883,"name":"Philosophy of Martin Heidegger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Martin_Heidegger?f_ri=17709"},{"id":988538,"name":"Educational Sociolinguistics (Language (In) Education Policy and Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Sociolinguistics_Language_In_Education_Policy_and_Planning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991744,"name":"Social Identity and Inequality (Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity_and_Inequality_Race?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993334,"name":"Transparency and Good Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transparency_and_Good_Governance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":994693,"name":"Neoliberalism \u0026 Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism_and_Governmentality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":995453,"name":"World Bank IMF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_IMF?f_ri=17709"},{"id":997184,"name":"Merit Based Appointments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merit_Based_Appointments?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1005026,"name":"Higher Education Transparency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Higher_Education_Transparency?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1007729,"name":"Economical Growth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economical_Growth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1030249,"name":"Poverty and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1031839,"name":"Truth and Falsity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Truth_and_Falsity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1034100,"name":"Theories of Mobility and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Mobility_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1110641,"name":"Distributive Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Distributive_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1127823,"name":"Writing Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1144715,"name":"Unequal Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Access?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1165610,"name":"Unequal Distribution of Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Distribution_of_Wealth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1167846,"name":"The Problem of Free Will and Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Problem_of_Free_Will_and_Determinism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1189329,"name":"Searcher of the Truth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Searcher_of_the_Truth?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1198960,"name":"Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1222774,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230420,"name":"World Bank and education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_and_education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1302163,"name":"Political Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1318879,"name":"Ideologia Meritocratica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideologia_Meritocratica?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1352931,"name":"Michael Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michael_Foucault?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1353720,"name":"World Bank Group","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Bank_Group?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1354900,"name":"Economics and Politics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_and_Politics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1477285,"name":"Michel Foucault: The subject and power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault_The_subject_and_power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1541660,"name":"Credentialism and Meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Credentialism_and_Meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1560549,"name":"Economics of Education and Financing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics_of_Education_and_Financing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1872459,"name":"Unequal Opportunities in the Work Place","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unequal_Opportunities_in_the_Work_Place?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1879425,"name":"WORLD BANK INVESTMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION ACCREDITATION STANDARDS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WORLD_BANK_INVESTMENT_IN_HIGHER_EDUCATION_ACCREDITATION_STANDARDS?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1892559,"name":"Educational Planning Strategic Planning and Economics of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Planning_Strategic_Planning_and_Economics_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2006574,"name":"Education and meritocracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_and_meritocracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2254144,"name":"Qualitative Methodology and Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodology_and_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2446048,"name":"Meritocratic Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meritocratic_Democracy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2480565,"name":"Ethnicity - Education - Meritocracy - Power - Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_-_Education_-_Meritocracy_-_Power_-_Stratification?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2517794,"name":"English Language Education Policy \u0026 Planning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Language_Education_Policy_and_Planning?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10826315" data-work_id="10826315" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10826315/Understandings_and_misunderstandings_of_multidimensional_poverty_measurement">Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10826315" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="111e0145fe3c6c36030217afd342e342" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47095007,"asset_id":10826315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47095007/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26319094" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/SabinaAlkire">Sabina Alkire</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26319094" type="text/json">{"id":26319094,"first_name":"Sabina","last_name":"Alkire","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"SabinaAlkire","display_name":"Sabina Alkire","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/SabinaAlkire?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10826315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10826315"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10826315, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10826315", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10826315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10826315; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10826315"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10826315 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10826315"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10826315; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10826315]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10826315").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10826315").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10826315"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39364" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Measurement">Poverty Measurement</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="39364" type="text/json">{"id":39364,"name":"Poverty Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Measurement?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10826315]'), work: {"id":10826315,"title":"Understandings and misunderstandings of multidimensional poverty measurement","created_at":"2015-02-15T21:53:21.968-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10826315/Understandings_and_misunderstandings_of_multidimensional_poverty_measurement?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_10826315","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47095007,"asset_id":10826315,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26319094,"first_name":"Sabina","last_name":"Alkire","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"SabinaAlkire","display_name":"Sabina Alkire","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/SabinaAlkire?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":39364,"name":"Poverty Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Measurement?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49262335" data-work_id="49262335" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49262335/A_simultaneous_equation_model_of_economic_development_and_income_inequality">A simultaneous equation model of economic development and income inequality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49262335" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c39dd4eccc5eddf3a445bb6a02412ef6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67645966,"asset_id":49262335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67645966/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="133948518" href="https://udelar.academia.edu/Sebasti%C3%A1nTorres">Sebastián Torres</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="133948518" type="text/json">{"id":133948518,"first_name":"Sebastián","last_name":"Torres","domain_name":"udelar","page_name":"SebastiánTorres","display_name":"Sebastián Torres","profile_url":"https://udelar.academia.edu/Sebasti%C3%A1nTorres?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49262335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49262335"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49262335, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49262335", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49262335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49262335; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49262335"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49262335 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49262335"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49262335; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49262335]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49262335").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49262335").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49262335"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49262335]'), work: {"id":49262335,"title":"A simultaneous equation model of economic development and income inequality","created_at":"2021-06-16T07:19:43.165-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49262335/A_simultaneous_equation_model_of_economic_development_and_income_inequality?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_49262335","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67645966,"asset_id":49262335,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":133948518,"first_name":"Sebastián","last_name":"Torres","domain_name":"udelar","page_name":"SebastiánTorres","display_name":"Sebastián Torres","profile_url":"https://udelar.academia.edu/Sebasti%C3%A1nTorres?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19709489" data-work_id="19709489" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19709489/Review_Essay_Harry_Frankfurts_On_Inequality_Princeton_2015_">Review Essay: Harry Frankfurt's 'On Inequality' (Princeton, 2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A draft version of a review essay forthcoming in Perspectives on Politics</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19709489" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aad9c318b6edd18916892900fe8adc28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40798002,"asset_id":19709489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40798002/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12644414" href="https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams">David Lay Williams</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12644414" type="text/json">{"id":12644414,"first_name":"David Lay","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"depaul","page_name":"DavidWilliams","display_name":"David Lay Williams","profile_url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12644414/3603907/4227729/s65_david_lay.williams.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19709489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19709489"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19709489, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19709489", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19709489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19709489; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19709489"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19709489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19709489"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19709489; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19709489]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19709489").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19709489").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19709489"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">29</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19709489]'), work: {"id":19709489,"title":"Review Essay: Harry Frankfurt's 'On Inequality' (Princeton, 2015)","created_at":"2015-12-17T09:40:17.552-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19709489/Review_Essay_Harry_Frankfurts_On_Inequality_Princeton_2015_?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_19709489","summary":"A draft version of a review essay forthcoming in Perspectives on Politics","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40798002,"asset_id":19709489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12644414,"first_name":"David Lay","last_name":"Williams","domain_name":"depaul","page_name":"DavidWilliams","display_name":"David Lay Williams","profile_url":"https://depaul.academia.edu/DavidWilliams?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12644414/3603907/4227729/s65_david_lay.williams.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14816,"name":"Utilitarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Utilitarianism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18373,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22547,"name":"Social and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24669,"name":"Political and Social Philosophy, Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_and_Social_Philosophy_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28771,"name":"Contemporary Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33855,"name":"Moral and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34924,"name":"Contemporary Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36704,"name":"Social and Political Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Thought?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60083,"name":"Moral and Social Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_and_Social_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":102369,"name":"Frankfurt, Harry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankfurt_Harry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":148696,"name":"Normative Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Normative_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":184246,"name":"Social and Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":473035,"name":"Harry Frankfurt","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harry_Frankfurt?f_ri=17709"},{"id":968394,"name":"Political Science and Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science_and_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":978391,"name":"Socio Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Socio_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1356303,"name":"Moral Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Philosophy-1?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7466765" data-work_id="7466765" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7466765/European_Journal_of_Social_Work_Consensus_or_contention_an_exploration_of_multidisciplinary_team_functioning_in_an_Irish_mental_health_context_PLEASE_SCROLL_DOWN_FOR_ARTICLE">European Journal of Social Work Consensus or contention: an exploration of multidisciplinary team functioning in an Irish mental health context PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are conventionally recommended in mental health care literature as an important way to offer holistic treatment provision to patients. This study aims to explore multidisciplinary teamwork in contemporary... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7466765" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are conventionally recommended in mental health <br />care literature as an important way to offer holistic treatment provision to patients. This <br />study aims to explore multidisciplinary teamwork in contemporary mental health <br />settings, particularly what aids and hinders the process of multidisciplinary teamworking, <br />and the social work contribution in such teams. In order to attain an in-depth <br />exploration of these phenomena, a single case study design was employed. Within this <br />design, data were generated through semi-structured interviews and structured <br />observation of a mental health MDT in Ireland. These data were analysed using <br />interpretative phenomenological analysis. The research highlights how the concept of <br />mental illness is contested within this MDT, with the medical model dominant within <br />an environment of fluid working arrangements. Professional role blurring and <br />stereotyping were found to impact the division of labour on this team, with role <br />negotiation found to be an integral part of retaining a professional’s practice identity. <br />This research raises concerns for social work’s capacity to function within mental <br />health MDTs in Ireland, and highlights ways in which social work educators might <br />respond in order to empower Irish social workers to meet the challenges of mental <br />health multidisciplinary teamworking.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7466765" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6575744ad08ad76dd1e60a1a0fbb78a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34042956,"asset_id":7466765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34042956/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13301226" href="https://tcd.academia.edu/AlanMaddock">Alan Maddock</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13301226" type="text/json">{"id":13301226,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Maddock","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"AlanMaddock","display_name":"Alan Maddock","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/AlanMaddock?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13301226/3732859/5840707/s65_alan.maddock.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7466765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7466765"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7466765, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7466765", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7466765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7466765; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7466765"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7466765 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7466765"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7466765; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7466765]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7466765").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7466765").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7466765"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">438</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl11x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior">Organizational Behavior</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32" type="text/json">{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7466765]'), work: {"id":7466765,"title":"European Journal of Social Work Consensus or contention: an exploration of multidisciplinary team functioning in an Irish mental health context PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE","created_at":"2014-06-25T23:58:43.602-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7466765/European_Journal_of_Social_Work_Consensus_or_contention_an_exploration_of_multidisciplinary_team_functioning_in_an_Irish_mental_health_context_PLEASE_SCROLL_DOWN_FOR_ARTICLE?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_7466765","summary":"Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are conventionally recommended in mental health\r\ncare literature as an important way to offer holistic treatment provision to patients. This\r\nstudy aims to explore multidisciplinary teamwork in contemporary mental health\r\nsettings, particularly what aids and hinders the process of multidisciplinary teamworking,\r\nand the social work contribution in such teams. In order to attain an in-depth\r\nexploration of these phenomena, a single case study design was employed. Within this\r\ndesign, data were generated through semi-structured interviews and structured\r\nobservation of a mental health MDT in Ireland. These data were analysed using\r\ninterpretative phenomenological analysis. The research highlights how the concept of\r\nmental illness is contested within this MDT, with the medical model dominant within\r\nan environment of fluid working arrangements. Professional role blurring and\r\nstereotyping were found to impact the division of labour on this team, with role\r\nnegotiation found to be an integral part of retaining a professional’s practice identity.\r\nThis research raises concerns for social work’s capacity to function within mental\r\nhealth MDTs in Ireland, and highlights ways in which social work educators might\r\nrespond in order to empower Irish social workers to meet the challenges of mental\r\nhealth multidisciplinary teamworking.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34042956,"asset_id":7466765,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13301226,"first_name":"Alan","last_name":"Maddock","domain_name":"tcd","page_name":"AlanMaddock","display_name":"Alan Maddock","profile_url":"https://tcd.academia.edu/AlanMaddock?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13301226/3732859/5840707/s65_alan.maddock.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":32,"name":"Organizational Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Behavior?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":206,"name":"Social Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Change?f_ri=17709"},{"id":209,"name":"Social Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":226,"name":"Clinical Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":236,"name":"Cognitive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":240,"name":"Organizational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":242,"name":"Personality Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":243,"name":"Positive Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Positive_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":244,"name":"Psychoanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychoanalysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":247,"name":"Quantitative Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":252,"name":"Developmental Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":260,"name":"Health Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":588,"name":"Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":589,"name":"Nursing Theories","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing_Theories?f_ri=17709"},{"id":635,"name":"Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":741,"name":"Public Finance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Finance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":796,"name":"Comparative Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":798,"name":"Policy Analysis/Policy Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Policy_Analysis_Policy_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Mind?f_ri=17709"},{"id":807,"name":"Philosophy Of Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Language?f_ri=17709"},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":907,"name":"Moral Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":922,"name":"Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":940,"name":"Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":957,"name":"Cultural Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":961,"name":"Health Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":974,"name":"Sociology of Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":981,"name":"Health Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Promotion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1073,"name":"Public Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1074,"name":"Organizational Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1113,"name":"Quantitative Methods (Political Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods_Political_Science_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1230,"name":"Social Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1233,"name":"Social Networks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networks?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1235,"name":"Sociology of Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1237,"name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1292,"name":"Health Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1324,"name":"Organizational Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Change?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1558,"name":"Research Methods and Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methods_and_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1595,"name":"Memory (Cognitive Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Memory_Cognitive_Psychology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2065,"name":"Research Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2086,"name":"Public Health Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Nutrition?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2089,"name":"Social Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2094,"name":"Public Health Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2145,"name":"Sexual and Reproductive Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sexual_and_Reproductive_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2240,"name":"Psychotherapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2243,"name":"Counseling Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counseling_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2247,"name":"Occupational Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Therapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2504,"name":"Research Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Research_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2524,"name":"Sociolinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolinguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2553,"name":"Social Networking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Networking?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2561,"name":"Systematic Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Theology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2571,"name":"Qualitative Methods (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2625,"name":"Child and adolescent mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_and_adolescent_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2672,"name":"Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2827,"name":"Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2834,"name":"Mental Health nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2919,"name":"Organizational Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Culture?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2974,"name":"Primary Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Primary_Health_Care?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2993,"name":"Sociology of Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Knowledge?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3008,"name":"Teams","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teams?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3018,"name":"Motivation (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivation_Psychology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3055,"name":"Mixed Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3127,"name":"Industrial and Organizational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_and_Organizational_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3137,"name":"Mental Health Service Access","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Service_Access?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3138,"name":"Community-Based Mental Health Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community-Based_Mental_Health_Services?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3166,"name":"Adult Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adult_Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3222,"name":"Narrative Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Therapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3279,"name":"Psychotherapy and Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychotherapy_and_Counseling?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3285,"name":"Qualitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3305,"name":"Quantitative Methods (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3317,"name":"Health Informatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Informatics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3333,"name":"Occupational Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3398,"name":"Educational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3730,"name":"Philosophy of Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4225,"name":"Health inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4441,"name":"Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4480,"name":"Population Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Genetics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4593,"name":"Occupational Health \u0026 Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health_and_Safety?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4854,"name":"Team Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Learning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4888,"name":"Personality Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessment?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4937,"name":"Theory of Mind","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_of_Mind?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4972,"name":"Psycholinguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psycholinguistics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":4990,"name":"Global Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5075,"name":"Narrative Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5425,"name":"Embodied Mind and Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embodied_Mind_and_Cognition?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5512,"name":"Narrative and interpretation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_and_interpretation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5628,"name":"Service Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Quality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5748,"name":"Power System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Power_System?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5792,"name":"Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Justice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5960,"name":"Continental Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5985,"name":"Evidence Based Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evidence_Based_Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6092,"name":"Personality Disorders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Disorders?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6182,"name":"History of Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6314,"name":"Health Information Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Information_Systems?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6415,"name":"Organization Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organization_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6482,"name":"Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meta-Analysis_and_Systematic_Review?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6535,"name":"Psychiatric \u0026 Mental Health Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatric_and_Mental_Health_Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6551,"name":"Public Health Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6553,"name":"History of Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6810,"name":"Public Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":6904,"name":"Mental health law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_health_law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7071,"name":"Forensic psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7082,"name":"Performance Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance_Ethnography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7272,"name":"Social Determinants of Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Determinants_of_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7428,"name":"Health Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7437,"name":"Health Disparities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Disparities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7438,"name":"Mental Health Disparities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Disparities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7467,"name":"Sociology of Mental Health \u0026 Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Mental_Health_and_Illness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7535,"name":"Borderline Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Borderline_Personality_Disorder?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7928,"name":"History of Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Social_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8169,"name":"Leadership and Mentoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_and_Mentoring?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8475,"name":"Narrative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8546,"name":"Philosophy of Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8577,"name":"Social Stratification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8652,"name":"Theories Of Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_Of_Personality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8654,"name":"Structure Of Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structure_Of_Personality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8889,"name":"Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8973,"name":"Diagnosis \u0026 Detection of Mental Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnosis_and_Detection_of_Mental_Illness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":8974,"name":"Quality of Mental Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_Mental_Health_Care?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9435,"name":"Medical Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9464,"name":"Social Service Users","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Service_Users?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9467,"name":"Population Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9540,"name":"Mental Health Counseling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Counseling?f_ri=17709"},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10011,"name":"Sociology of Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10095,"name":"Mixed Methods (Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10416,"name":"Qualitative Health Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Health_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":10991,"name":"Mental Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11417,"name":"Population Dynamics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Dynamics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11492,"name":"Ethnography (Research Methodology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_Research_Methodology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11847,"name":"Quantitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12135,"name":"Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12285,"name":"Mental Health Policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Policies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12447,"name":"Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_comparative_analysis_QCA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12485,"name":"Ethnography of Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography_of_Communication?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12620,"name":"Quantitative Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12621,"name":"Quantitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_methodology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":12834,"name":"Health Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13229,"name":"History Of Madness And Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Madness_And_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13331,"name":"History of Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13641,"name":"Work and Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Work_and_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13739,"name":"Social Network Analysis (SNA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Network_Analysis_SNA_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":13933,"name":"Service User Involvement (SW Ed.)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_Involvement_SW_Ed._?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14406,"name":"Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14533,"name":"In-depth Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In-depth_Interviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14800,"name":"Hermeneutics and Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hermeneutics_and_Narrative?f_ri=17709"},{"id":14831,"name":"Narrative and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_and_Identity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15163,"name":"Qualitative Research (Education)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Education_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15178,"name":"Forensic Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forensic_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15588,"name":"Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_History?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15677,"name":"History Of Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15773,"name":"Buddhist Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":15806,"name":"UK public health and social inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UK_public_health_and_social_inequalities?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16289,"name":"Occupational Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16317,"name":"Mental Health Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Promotion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16564,"name":"Public Health Informatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Informatics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16635,"name":"Health Services Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Services_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":16742,"name":"Urban Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Sociology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17543,"name":"Brand Personality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brand_Personality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17563,"name":"Carers and Service Users in Nurse Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carers_and_Service_Users_in_Nurse_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17799,"name":"Linguistic ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linguistic_ethnography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17954,"name":"Disaster Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disaster_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17969,"name":"Health Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17973,"name":"Quality of Healthcare Services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_of_Healthcare_Services?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18828,"name":"Infant Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infant_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":18880,"name":"Narrative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19093,"name":"Indian Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Buddhism?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19379,"name":"International Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19422,"name":"Social Work Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19811,"name":"Anti-Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":19818,"name":"Narrative Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20172,"name":"Mixed Methods (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20174,"name":"Cultural Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20175,"name":"Global Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":20209,"name":"Mental Health (Mental Health Service Access)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Mental_Health_Service_Access_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":21559,"name":"Health Care Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Care_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22540,"name":"Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22839,"name":"Mental Health and the Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_and_the_Law?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22935,"name":"Ethnographic fieldwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_fieldwork?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24444,"name":"Mixed Methods Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24746,"name":"Social Inequality (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_Anthropology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24825,"name":"Activist Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activist_Ethnography?f_ri=17709"},{"id":24837,"name":"Peer Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peer_Review?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25289,"name":"Ethnographic Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnographic_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25890,"name":"Language, Prejudice, and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_Prejudice_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27548,"name":"Quantitative Methods (Psychology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods_Psychology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":27603,"name":"Psychiatry and Psychopathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry_and_Psychopathology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29393,"name":"Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthcare?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29842,"name":"Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30261,"name":"Interviewing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviewing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":31531,"name":"Child Protection Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Protection_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":32577,"name":"Public Health Systems \u0026 Services Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Systems_and_Services_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33621,"name":"Culture and Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":33691,"name":"Interdisciplinary research (Social Sciences)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_research_Social_Sciences_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34290,"name":"Mental Health (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Sociology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":34511,"name":"Quantitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35141,"name":"Mental Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Illness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35337,"name":"Occupational Health Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Health_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":35960,"name":"Narcissistic Personality Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narcissistic_Personality_Disorder?f_ri=17709"},{"id":36350,"name":"Anthropology of Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":37930,"name":"Human Services \u0026 Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Services_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":39893,"name":"Women's mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":42465,"name":"Organizational Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organizational_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":43634,"name":"Investigative Interviewing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Investigative_Interviewing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":44194,"name":"Mental Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Measurement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":44274,"name":"Motivational Interviewing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motivational_Interviewing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":44293,"name":"Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_Review?f_ri=17709"},{"id":44348,"name":"Systematic Reviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Reviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":44785,"name":"Multidisciplinary design practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_design_practices?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46420,"name":"Mental Health Stigma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Stigma?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":47098,"name":"Clinical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48734,"name":"Multidisciplinary Collaboration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Collaboration?f_ri=17709"},{"id":48760,"name":"School-based Mental Health Interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/School-based_Mental_Health_Interventions?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49000,"name":"Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Observation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49459,"name":"Income inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Income_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":49593,"name":"Multidisciplinary Design Optimization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Design_Optimization?f_ri=17709"},{"id":51674,"name":"Poverty \u0026 Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54487,"name":"Educational Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Educational_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":54508,"name":"Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Review?f_ri=17709"},{"id":56843,"name":"Theory Development, Spirituality, Religion, Faith, Personality Theory, Mental Health, Physical Health, Disparity, Transdisciplinary Research, Ethnicity, Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theory_Development_Spirituality_Religion_Faith_Personality_Theory_Mental_Health_Physical_Healt?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57046,"name":"Health and Fitness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_and_Fitness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57275,"name":"Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57294,"name":"Nursing Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":57929,"name":"Sociology of Education, Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Education_Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":58413,"name":"Service User Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":60361,"name":"Teamwork","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teamwork?f_ri=17709"},{"id":61588,"name":"Maternal-Child Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maternal-Child_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":62436,"name":"Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":62487,"name":"Team Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":64336,"name":"Population","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65978,"name":"Social Work Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":65996,"name":"Social and Personality Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Personality_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":66133,"name":"Global Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":66683,"name":"Systematic Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Systematic_Literature_Review?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67043,"name":"Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_Gender_Labor_market_regulation_and_workers_rights_Empowerment_and_inequality_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67488,"name":"Qualitative Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Interviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":67750,"name":"Service user perspectives in mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_user_perspectives_in_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":68217,"name":"Mental Health Services Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Services_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":72520,"name":"International Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":72611,"name":"Human Psychology, Organisational Behaviour, Human Resource Development etc","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Psychology_Organisational_Behaviour_Human_Resource_Development_etc?f_ri=17709"},{"id":76042,"name":"Mindfulness and well being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_and_well_being?f_ri=17709"},{"id":76107,"name":"Public mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":77876,"name":"Team Working","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Working?f_ri=17709"},{"id":79328,"name":"Social sciences and mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_sciences_and_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":79329,"name":"Gender and mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":81267,"name":"Pedagogy of Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pedagogy_of_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":85665,"name":"Social Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":86507,"name":"Nursing Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":87983,"name":"Critical Theories of Race and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theories_of_Race_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":88935,"name":"Sociología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91135,"name":"Population Connectivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Connectivity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":92589,"name":"Stigma and Discrimination of Mental Illness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stigma_and_Discrimination_of_Mental_Illness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":92776,"name":"Ciencias Sociales","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ciencias_Sociales?f_ri=17709"},{"id":94901,"name":"Health and Social Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_and_Social_Care?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95411,"name":"Personality Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95885,"name":"Qualitative Methodologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Methodologies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":96215,"name":"College Students and Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/College_Students_and_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":98580,"name":"Mindfulness and Resilience and Psychological Well Being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_and_Resilience_and_Psychological_Well_Being?f_ri=17709"},{"id":100831,"name":"Mental Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Models?f_ri=17709"},{"id":102003,"name":"Variational Inequality Problems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Variational_Inequality_Problems?f_ri=17709"},{"id":102086,"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_and_Individual_Differences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":103263,"name":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_and_Adolescent_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":105382,"name":"Social Work and Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_and_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":105452,"name":"Gender Inequality in Politics, the Role Women Play","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Inequality_in_Politics_the_Role_Women_Play?f_ri=17709"},{"id":106149,"name":"Gender inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":109174,"name":"Personality and Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_and_Intelligence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":110077,"name":"Mindfulness in Effective Teaching and Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_in_Effective_Teaching_and_Learning?f_ri=17709"},{"id":111543,"name":"Team work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":115190,"name":"Big Five Personality Traits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Five_Personality_Traits?f_ri=17709"},{"id":117060,"name":"Child Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Child_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118722,"name":"Team Effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Effectiveness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123776,"name":"Multidisciplinary system and technology design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_system_and_technology_design?f_ri=17709"},{"id":123951,"name":"Political Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Power?f_ri=17709"},{"id":124941,"name":"Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Based_Cognitive_Therapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131085,"name":"Social Work Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Writing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":131226,"name":"Population Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Economics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":136744,"name":"Impact of Macroecomic Shocks on Poverty and Income Inequality; Policy Analysis and Social Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Impact_of_Macroecomic_Shocks_on_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality_Policy_Analysis_and_Social_Protection?f_ri=17709"},{"id":139373,"name":"Stress and Coping, Developmental Psychology, Child Psychopathology, Special Education, Children with Mental Retardation, Parent-Child Interaction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress_and_Coping_Developmental_Psychology_Child_Psychopathology_Special_Education_Children_with?f_ri=17709"},{"id":139672,"name":"Service user and carer involvement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_user_and_carer_involvement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":140394,"name":"Health Science (occupational therapy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Science_occupational_therapy_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":142312,"name":"Urbanization and Spatial Development Policies, Climate Change Policies, Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization_and_Spatial_Development_Policies_Climate_Change_Policies_Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":144843,"name":"Community psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":145448,"name":"Population Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":145529,"name":"Health, inequality and poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_inequality_and_poverty?f_ri=17709"},{"id":152136,"name":"Complex Society, Social Inequality, Prehistoric Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Complex_Society_Social_Inequality_Prehistoric_Archaeology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":161134,"name":"Social Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":166768,"name":"Health Literacy and Vulnerable Populations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Literacy_and_Vulnerable_Populations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":168151,"name":"Quantitative and qualitative reaserch methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_and_qualitative_reaserch_methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":170029,"name":"Multidisciplinary Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":173815,"name":"Narrative Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Interviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":174732,"name":"Residential Child Care, Therapeutic Communities, Child Mental Health, Education of Looked After Children, Trauma, Attachment and Resilience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Residential_Child_Care_Therapeutic_Communities_Child_Mental_Health_Education_of_Looked_After_Chil?f_ri=17709"},{"id":175251,"name":"Recovery in Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recovery_in_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":176267,"name":"Mental Capacity and Mental Health Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Capacity_and_Mental_Health_Legislation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":176608,"name":"Wage inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wage_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":178261,"name":"Service User Involvement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_Involvement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":181762,"name":"Community Occupational Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Occupational_Therapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":182867,"name":"Mindfulness Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Meditation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":184384,"name":"Mental Heath","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Heath?f_ri=17709"},{"id":184796,"name":"Global Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":191494,"name":"Rural Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":198191,"name":"Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_and_Qualitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":203280,"name":"Sociology of Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":205897,"name":"Personality Test","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Test?f_ri=17709"},{"id":214378,"name":"Quantitative Methods for Risk analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods_for_Risk_analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":215285,"name":"Service Users","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Users?f_ri=17709"},{"id":215349,"name":"Service User expereince","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_expereince?f_ri=17709"},{"id":215350,"name":"Team Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Management?f_ri=17709"},{"id":218879,"name":"Service Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_Use?f_ri=17709"},{"id":228811,"name":"Race and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":237860,"name":"Quantitative Research Methods and Social Inequality in Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research_Methods_and_Social_Inequality_in_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":240061,"name":"Semi-Structured Interviews","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semi-Structured_Interviews?f_ri=17709"},{"id":243266,"name":"Interview Questions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interview_Questions?f_ri=17709"},{"id":251886,"name":"Participant Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Participant_Observation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":251894,"name":"Qualitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_Analysis?f_ri=17709"},{"id":252665,"name":"Community Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":253012,"name":"Youth Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Youth_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":256887,"name":"Master of Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Master_of_Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":257112,"name":"Class Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Class_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":257615,"name":"History of Madness \u0026 Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Madness_and_Psychiatry-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":257805,"name":"History of Madness \u0026 Psychiatry, and the Arts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Madness_and_Psychiatry_and_the_Arts?f_ri=17709"},{"id":262684,"name":"Personality Traits","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Traits?f_ri=17709"},{"id":270736,"name":"Social Work Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Ethics?f_ri=17709"},{"id":283846,"name":"Public Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health_Sciences?f_ri=17709"},{"id":289159,"name":"Mental health and migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_health_and_migration?f_ri=17709"},{"id":293150,"name":"Master of Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Master_of_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":294340,"name":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Journal_of_Personality_and_Social_Psychology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":301311,"name":"Epidemiology and Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology_and_Public_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":311836,"name":"Community psychology prevention mental health promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_psychology_prevention_mental_health_promotion?f_ri=17709"},{"id":346210,"name":"Mental Health in Prison","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_in_Prison?f_ri=17709"},{"id":351668,"name":"Health Services and Population Rescue and Citizenship.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Services_and_Population_Rescue_and_Citizenship?f_ri=17709"},{"id":355161,"name":"Practitioner-Service User Relationships and Health Outcomes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Practitioner-Service_User_Relationships_and_Health_Outcomes?f_ri=17709"},{"id":376334,"name":"Personality Assessments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Assessments?f_ri=17709"},{"id":380315,"name":"Public Administration and Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Administration_and_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":382001,"name":"Social Policy and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":387761,"name":"Psychiatry History of Medicine and Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychiatry_History_of_Medicine_and_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":406892,"name":"Medical Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":415075,"name":"Personality Type","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personality_Type?f_ri=17709"},{"id":418515,"name":"Clinical Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":435313,"name":"Prison Mental Health: Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prison_Mental_Health_Human_Rights?f_ri=17709"},{"id":436848,"name":"Perinatal mental health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perinatal_mental_health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":445336,"name":"Mental Health Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_Legislation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":474357,"name":"Wealth inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":478753,"name":"FACULTY OF HEALTH SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FACULTY_OF_HEALTH_SCIENCES?f_ri=17709"},{"id":501009,"name":"Community participation and engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_participation_and_engagement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":509281,"name":"Sociology and Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_and_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":513025,"name":"History of Occupational Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Occupational_Therapy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":515795,"name":"Children's Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Childrens_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":559138,"name":"Occupational Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Occupational_Stress?f_ri=17709"},{"id":561961,"name":"SELF CONGRUITY AND BRAND PERSONALITY","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SELF_CONGRUITY_AND_BRAND_PERSONALITY?f_ri=17709"},{"id":597477,"name":"Environmental social work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_social_work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":617670,"name":"Social and educational inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_educational_inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":618432,"name":"Community Based Mental Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_Based_Mental_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":625471,"name":"Quantitative Research Methods of Psychology Journals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research_Methods_of_Psychology_Journals?f_ri=17709"},{"id":630925,"name":"Service User Involvement In Health Service Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_Involvement_In_Health_Service_Evaluation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":666477,"name":"Field Education Social Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Education_Social_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":674073,"name":"History of Psychiatry , Social Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Psychiatry_Social_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":674907,"name":"Education Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":678316,"name":"Healthy Mind/Stream of Consciousness/Science and Consciousness/History of Psychiatry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Mind_Stream_of_Consciousness_Science_and_Consciousness_History_of_Psychiatry?f_ri=17709"},{"id":686070,"name":"Semi Structured Interviews Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semi_Structured_Interviews_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":694605,"name":"Service User Led Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Service_User_Led_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":702912,"name":"Social Work Education and Practice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Work_Education_and_Practice?f_ri=17709"},{"id":780007,"name":"Mental health survivor/service user movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_health_survivor_service_user_movement?f_ri=17709"},{"id":809694,"name":"Urban Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":827809,"name":"Mental Health of Children and Young People","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_of_Children_and_Young_People?f_ri=17709"},{"id":855144,"name":"Comparative labour market research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_labour_market_research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":876864,"name":"Racial Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":911721,"name":"Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Research_Methods_Qualitative_and_Quantitative_Approaches?f_ri=17709"},{"id":925857,"name":"Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groupsmore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methods_of_data_collection_in_qualitative_research_interviews_and_focus_groupsmore?f_ri=17709"},{"id":952323,"name":"MBSR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/MBSR?f_ri=17709"},{"id":959367,"name":"Community and Public Health Nursing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Community_and_Public_Health_Nursing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":973959,"name":"Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_and_Quantitative_Research_Methods?f_ri=17709"},{"id":976222,"name":"Acute Inpatient Psychiatric Units","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Inpatient_Psychiatric_Units?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991454,"name":"Multidisciplinary Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Performance?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991544,"name":"Mixed Methods Research Process","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods_Research_Process?f_ri=17709"},{"id":991744,"name":"Social Identity and Inequality (Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Identity_and_Inequality_Race?f_ri=17709"},{"id":992312,"name":"Nursing and Health Curriculum and Pedagogy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nursing_and_Health_Curriculum_and_Pedagogy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":993748,"name":"Mental Healths","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Healths?f_ri=17709"},{"id":998235,"name":"Multidisciplinary Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":999488,"name":"Geospatial Analysis of Population and Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geospatial_Analysis_of_Population_and_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1001968,"name":"Mental Health and Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_and_Children?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1006470,"name":"Quantitative Methods of Communication Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Methods_of_Communication_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1007974,"name":"Project Team Effectiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Project_Team_Effectiveness?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1007982,"name":"Team Shared Mental Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Team_Shared_Mental_Models?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1008864,"name":"Economic Growth and Regional Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_and_Regional_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1014073,"name":"Mental Health at Work","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Health_at_Work?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1029762,"name":"Feminism, and Feminist Theory, Class and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Feminist_Theory_Class_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1034100,"name":"Theories of Mobility and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Mobility_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1036463,"name":"Social Inequality In Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality_In_Health?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1127823,"name":"Writing Qualitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Qualitative_Research?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1176783,"name":"Structured Observation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structured_Observation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1208127,"name":"International Trade and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=17709"},{"id":2254185,"name":"Gender and Educational Inequalities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Educational_Inequalities?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50162367" data-work_id="50162367" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50162367/Inequality_decompositions_a_reconciliation">Inequality decompositions�a reconciliation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50162367" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6ab8ca3f45fd83b8dda0ed63df4d464" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68252190,"asset_id":50162367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68252190/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9538" href="https://lse.academia.edu/FrankCowell">Frank Cowell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9538" type="text/json">{"id":9538,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Cowell","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"FrankCowell","display_name":"Frank Cowell","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/FrankCowell?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9538/3272/3243/s65_frank.cowell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50162367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50162367"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50162367, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50162367", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50162367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50162367; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50162367"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50162367 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50162367"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50162367; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50162367]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50162367").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50162367").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50162367"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition">Decomposition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6414" type="text/json">{"id":6414,"name":"Decomposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics">Applied Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27659" type="text/json">{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91070" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality">Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91070" type="text/json">{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50162367]'), work: {"id":50162367,"title":"Inequality decompositions�a reconciliation","created_at":"2021-07-22T10:19:45.774-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50162367/Inequality_decompositions_a_reconciliation?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_50162367","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68252190,"asset_id":50162367,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9538,"first_name":"Frank","last_name":"Cowell","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"FrankCowell","display_name":"Frank Cowell","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/FrankCowell?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9538/3272/3243/s65_frank.cowell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6414,"name":"Decomposition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":27659,"name":"Applied Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":3111568,"name":"Decomposition method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decomposition_method?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36638437 coauthored" data-work_id="36638437" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36638437/Estimi_fiscalit%C3%A0_e_disuguaglianza_economica_in_et%C3%A0_preindustriale_alcune_comparazioni_tra_comunit%C3%A0_degli_antichi_Stati_Pontifici">Estimi, fiscalità e disuguaglianza economica in età preindustriale: alcune comparazioni tra comunità degli antichi Stati Pontifici</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36638437" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b4cbb3f972dd696d64627f308eb17a86" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57006072,"asset_id":36638437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57006072/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1901533" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoAmmannati">Francesco Ammannati</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1901533" type="text/json">{"id":1901533,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Ammannati","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"FrancescoAmmannati","display_name":"Francesco Ammannati","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoAmmannati?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1901533/643261/797656/s65_francesco.ammannati.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36638437">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36638437"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unipv.academia.edu/MatteoDiTullio">Matteo Di Tullio</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36638437'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36638437').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36638437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36638437"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36638437, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36638437", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36638437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36638437; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36638437"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36638437 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36638437"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36638437; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36638437]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36638437").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36638437").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36638437"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1727" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History">Early Modern History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1727" type="text/json">{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20009" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_">Inequality (Economics)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20009" type="text/json">{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36638437]'), work: {"id":36638437,"title":"Estimi, fiscalità e disuguaglianza economica in età preindustriale: alcune comparazioni tra comunità degli antichi Stati Pontifici","created_at":"2018-05-15T03:27:45.059-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36638437/Estimi_fiscalit%C3%A0_e_disuguaglianza_economica_in_et%C3%A0_preindustriale_alcune_comparazioni_tra_comunit%C3%A0_degli_antichi_Stati_Pontifici?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_36638437","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57006072,"asset_id":36638437,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1901533,"first_name":"Francesco","last_name":"Ammannati","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"FrancescoAmmannati","display_name":"Francesco Ammannati","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/FrancescoAmmannati?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1901533/643261/797656/s65_francesco.ammannati.jpg"},{"id":33189750,"first_name":"Matteo","last_name":"Di Tullio","domain_name":"unipv","page_name":"MatteoDiTullio","display_name":"Matteo Di Tullio","profile_url":"https://unipv.academia.edu/MatteoDiTullio?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33189750/16160029/16600829/s65_matteo.di_tullio.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":1727,"name":"Early Modern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Modern_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":20009,"name":"Inequality (Economics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19611308" data-work_id="19611308" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19611308/Famines_in_late_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Italy_A_test_for_an_advanced_economy">Famines in late Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A test for an advanced economy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper analyzes how advanced Medieval and Early Modern Italian economies attempted to cope with famines. First, it provides an overview of the occurrence of famines and food shortages in Italy from the fifteenth to the seventeenth... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19611308" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper analyzes how advanced Medieval and Early Modern Italian economies attempted to cope with famines. First, it provides an overview of the occurrence of famines and food shortages in Italy from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, underlining the connections with overall climatic and demographic trends. Second, it focuses on the 1590s famine (the worst to affect Italy in the period), providing a general discussion and interpretation of its causes and characteristics, and describing and evaluating the strategies for coping with the crisis that developed within the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Ferrara. The article argues that when such a large-scale food crisis as that of the 1590s occurred, public action played a key role in providing relief.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19611308" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="684f0bf191f2125963cf032871f940a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40732684,"asset_id":19611308,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40732684/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32570513" type="text/json">{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19611308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19611308"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19611308, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19611308", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19611308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19611308; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19611308"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19611308 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19611308"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19611308; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19611308]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19611308").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19611308").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19611308"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1725" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Demography">Historical Demography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1725" type="text/json">{"id":1725,"name":"Historical Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Demography?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33481" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility">Social Mobility</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33481" type="text/json">{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19611308]'), work: {"id":19611308,"title":"Famines in late Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A test for an advanced economy","created_at":"2015-12-11T12:11:34.267-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19611308/Famines_in_late_Medieval_and_Early_Modern_Italy_A_test_for_an_advanced_economy?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_19611308","summary":"This paper analyzes how advanced Medieval and Early Modern Italian economies attempted to cope with famines. First, it provides an overview of the occurrence of famines and food shortages in Italy from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, underlining the connections with overall climatic and demographic trends. Second, it focuses on the 1590s famine (the worst to affect Italy in the period), providing a general discussion and interpretation of its causes and characteristics, and describing and evaluating the strategies for coping with the crisis that developed within the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Ferrara. The article argues that when such a large-scale food crisis as that of the 1590s occurred, public action played a key role in providing relief.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40732684,"asset_id":19611308,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":1725,"name":"Historical Demography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Demography?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":33481,"name":"Social Mobility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Mobility?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67207557" data-work_id="67207557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67207557/_Why_Stefon_Diggs_good_deed_reveals_a_bad_system_">"Why Stefon Diggs' good deed reveals a bad system"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67207557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de5e4ed94f09132f4231a7364de1f94b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78111145,"asset_id":67207557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78111145/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1927335" href="https://saintmarys.academia.edu/DanielHoran">Daniel P Horan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1927335" type="text/json">{"id":1927335,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Horan","domain_name":"saintmarys","page_name":"DanielHoran","display_name":"Daniel P Horan","profile_url":"https://saintmarys.academia.edu/DanielHoran?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1927335/650795/18589733/s65_daniel.horan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67207557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67207557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67207557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67207557", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67207557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67207557; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67207557"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67207557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67207557"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67207557; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67207557]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67207557").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67207557").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67207557"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1698" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism">Marxism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1698" type="text/json">{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Christianity">History of Christianity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2471" type="text/json">{"id":2471,"name":"History of Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Christianity?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality">Spirituality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3815" type="text/json">{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67207557]'), work: {"id":67207557,"title":"\"Why Stefon Diggs' good deed reveals a bad system\"","created_at":"2022-01-05T02:36:51.803-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67207557/_Why_Stefon_Diggs_good_deed_reveals_a_bad_system_?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_67207557","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78111145,"asset_id":67207557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1927335,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Horan","domain_name":"saintmarys","page_name":"DanielHoran","display_name":"Daniel P Horan","profile_url":"https://saintmarys.academia.edu/DanielHoran?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1927335/650795/18589733/s65_daniel.horan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":1698,"name":"Marxism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marxism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2471,"name":"History of Christianity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Christianity?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":3815,"name":"Spirituality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirituality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8610721 coauthored" data-work_id="8610721" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered">Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8610721" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied reasons: there was a need for some members of societies - the dominant class also called the elite - to escape from the Malthusian trap. In most cases, agriculture produced a bigger economic surplus eventually. Managerial problems – such as the ones associated with storage, the division of labor, irrigation, trade –being part of the consequences of the Neolithic revolution, created pressures to develop more centralized political organizations, a process which led later to the formation of the early states. This process allowed the appearance of powerful local chiefs who changed the nature of their original communities with new forms of social organization, in which one individual and his enlarged family - transformed into a ruling elite - received the benefits of the labor of a large number of serfs belonging to less-favored communities in neighboring areas. Although the surplus appropriated by the elite was used in specific ways – consumption, investments and expenditures on armed forces - it increased the power and wealth of these societies, albeit a solution involving unequally distributed wealth. While this is not the only factor in the growing dominance of agriculturally based societies, it is one of main ones as is evidenced by considering six early civilizations resulting from the Neolithic revolution. This result involves an important modification of Malthus’ theory. However, inequality - though necessary - was not a sufficient condition for the sustainability and economic development of these early societies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8610721" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a974bbfbae6686c95159e8cfc1e51674" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34975890,"asset_id":8610721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34975890/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10666658" href="https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero">Serge Svizzero</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10666658" type="text/json">{"id":10666658,"first_name":"Serge","last_name":"Svizzero","domain_name":"univ-reunion","page_name":"SergeSvizzero","display_name":"Serge Svizzero","profile_url":"https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10666658/4937382/5673439/s65_serge.svizzero.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-8610721">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-8610721"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell">Clement Tisdell</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-8610721'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-8610721').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8610721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8610721"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8610721, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8610721", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8610721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8610721; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8610721"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8610721 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8610721"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8610721; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8610721]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8610721").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8610721").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8610721"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="193" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology">Economic Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="193" type="text/json">{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4834" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Anthropology">Economic Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4834" type="text/json">{"id":4834,"name":"Economic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Anthropology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8610721]'), work: {"id":8610721,"title":"Inequality and Wealth Creation in Ancient History: Malthus’ Theory Reconsidered","created_at":"2014-10-02T17:56:13.718-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8610721/Inequality_and_Wealth_Creation_in_Ancient_History_Malthus_Theory_Reconsidered?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_8610721","summary":"The main purpose of this paper is to propose the hypothesis that inequality was essential for the sustainability and ‘development’ of early agriculturally based societies that developed in Prehistory and Ancient History. This was so for varied reasons: there was a need for some members of societies - the dominant class also called the elite - to escape from the Malthusian trap. In most cases, agriculture produced a bigger economic surplus eventually. Managerial problems – such as the ones associated with storage, the division of labor, irrigation, trade –being part of the consequences of the Neolithic revolution, created pressures to develop more centralized political organizations, a process which led later to the formation of the early states. This process allowed the appearance of powerful local chiefs who changed the nature of their original communities with new forms of social organization, in which one individual and his enlarged family - transformed into a ruling elite - received the benefits of the labor of a large number of serfs belonging to less-favored communities in neighboring areas. Although the surplus appropriated by the elite was used in specific ways – consumption, investments and expenditures on armed forces - it increased the power and wealth of these societies, albeit a solution involving unequally distributed wealth. While this is not the only factor in the growing dominance of agriculturally based societies, it is one of main ones as is evidenced by considering six early civilizations resulting from the Neolithic revolution. This result involves an important modification of Malthus’ theory. However, inequality - though necessary - was not a sufficient condition for the sustainability and economic development of these early societies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34975890,"asset_id":8610721,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10666658,"first_name":"Serge","last_name":"Svizzero","domain_name":"univ-reunion","page_name":"SergeSvizzero","display_name":"Serge Svizzero","profile_url":"https://univ-reunion.academia.edu/SergeSvizzero?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10666658/4937382/5673439/s65_serge.svizzero.jpg"},{"id":34272858,"first_name":"Clement","last_name":"Tisdell","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"ClementTisdell","display_name":"Clement Tisdell","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/ClementTisdell?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34272858/10562079/11788036/s65_clement.tisdell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":193,"name":"Economic Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sociology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":4834,"name":"Economic Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Anthropology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=17709"},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":25502,"name":"Neolithic Transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Transition?f_ri=17709"},{"id":30976,"name":"Mesolithic/Neolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesolithic_Neolithic?f_ri=17709"},{"id":41906,"name":"Neolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic?f_ri=17709"},{"id":105355,"name":"Economic growth and development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_growth_and_development?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39799975 coauthored" data-work_id="39799975" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39799975/Isotopic_evidence_of_strong_reliance_on_animal_foods_and_dietary_heterogeneity_among_Early_Middle_Neolithic_communities_of_Iberia">Isotopic evidence of strong reliance on animal foods and dietary heterogeneity among Early-Middle Neolithic communities of Iberia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope research on past populations in the Iberian Neolithic has emphasized the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. This study provides the first isotopic insights into the diet and subsistence economy of Early... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39799975" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope research on past populations in the Iberian Neolithic has emphasized the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. This study provides the first isotopic insights into the diet and subsistence economy of Early and Middle Neolithic populations from open-air sites in interior north-central Iberia. We present bone collagen carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios for 44 humans and 33 animals recovered from six cemeteries of the Ebro valley and the northern Iberian Plateau. The results obtained are consistent with the C 3 terrestrial diets typical of other contemporary southwestern European populations, but the spacing between human and herbivore values from Los Cascajos and Paternanbidea sites is higher than expected, and a significant positive correlation is identified between the δ13C and δ15N human values at both. Moreover, the results clearly differ from those of the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic in the same region, which show significantly lower δ13C and δ15N values. These findings contribute to an understanding of the implementation of an agro-pastoral economy in interior Iberia, suggesting a stronger reliance on animal foods among the first Neolithic groups of inner Iberia than in subsequent periods as well as differential access to some resources (possibly suckling herbivores) in the diet, which may point to the existence of early social or economic inequalities that do not seem to be linked to age and sex parameters or to mortuary treatment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39799975" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ba188572ebd6366873c70b8ef899321" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59985500,"asset_id":39799975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59985500/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="359314" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/TeresaFern%C3%A1ndezCrespo">Teresa Fernández-Crespo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="359314" type="text/json">{"id":359314,"first_name":"Teresa","last_name":"Fernández-Crespo","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"TeresaFernándezCrespo","display_name":"Teresa Fernández-Crespo","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/TeresaFern%C3%A1ndezCrespo?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/359314/674652/3562428/s65_teresa.fern_ndez_crespo.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-39799975">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-39799975"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://oxford.academia.edu/RSchulting">Rick Schulting</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ehu.academia.edu/JavierOrdo%C3%B1oDaubagna">Javier Ordoño Daubagna</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Jes%C3%BAsAltuna">Jesús Altuna</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-39799975'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-39799975').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39799975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39799975"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39799975, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39799975", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39799975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39799975; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39799975"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39799975 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39799975"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39799975; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39799975]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39799975").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39799975").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39799975"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1703" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotope_Analysis">Stable Isotope Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1703" type="text/json">{"id":1703,"name":"Stable Isotope Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotope_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6474" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleodiet">Paleodiet</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6474" type="text/json">{"id":6474,"name":"Paleodiet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleodiet?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7941" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotopes">Stable Isotopes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7941" type="text/json">{"id":7941,"name":"Stable Isotopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotopes?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11199" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology">Neolithic Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11199" type="text/json">{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39799975]'), work: {"id":39799975,"title":"Isotopic evidence of strong reliance on animal foods and dietary heterogeneity among Early-Middle Neolithic communities of Iberia","created_at":"2019-07-11T12:03:46.825-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39799975/Isotopic_evidence_of_strong_reliance_on_animal_foods_and_dietary_heterogeneity_among_Early_Middle_Neolithic_communities_of_Iberia?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_39799975","summary":"Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope research on past populations in the Iberian Neolithic has emphasized the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts. This study provides the first isotopic insights into the diet and subsistence economy of Early and Middle Neolithic populations from open-air sites in interior north-central Iberia. We present bone collagen carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios for 44 humans and 33 animals recovered from six cemeteries of the Ebro valley and the northern Iberian Plateau. The results obtained are consistent with the C 3 terrestrial diets typical of other contemporary southwestern European populations, but the spacing between human and herbivore values from Los Cascajos and Paternanbidea sites is higher than expected, and a significant positive correlation is identified between the δ13C and δ15N human values at both. Moreover, the results clearly differ from those of the Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic in the same region, which show significantly lower δ13C and δ15N values. These findings contribute to an understanding of the implementation of an agro-pastoral economy in interior Iberia, suggesting a stronger reliance on animal foods among the first Neolithic groups of inner Iberia than in subsequent periods as well as differential access to some resources (possibly suckling herbivores) in the diet, which may point to the existence of early social or economic inequalities that do not seem to be linked to age and sex parameters or to mortuary treatment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59985500,"asset_id":39799975,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":359314,"first_name":"Teresa","last_name":"Fernández-Crespo","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"TeresaFernándezCrespo","display_name":"Teresa Fernández-Crespo","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/TeresaFern%C3%A1ndezCrespo?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/359314/674652/3562428/s65_teresa.fern_ndez_crespo.jpg"},{"id":326513,"first_name":"Rick","last_name":"Schulting","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"RSchulting","display_name":"Rick Schulting","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/RSchulting?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/326513/99405/20766776/s65_rick.schulting.jpg"},{"id":364120,"first_name":"Javier","last_name":"Ordoño Daubagna","domain_name":"ehu","page_name":"JavierOrdoñoDaubagna","display_name":"Javier Ordoño Daubagna","profile_url":"https://ehu.academia.edu/JavierOrdo%C3%B1oDaubagna?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/364120/95806/1993528/s65_javier.ordo_o_daubagna.jpg"},{"id":32392818,"first_name":"Jesús","last_name":"Altuna","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JesúsAltuna","display_name":"Jesús Altuna","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Jes%C3%BAsAltuna?f_ri=17709","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1703,"name":"Stable Isotope Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotope_Analysis?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":6474,"name":"Paleodiet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleodiet?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":7941,"name":"Stable Isotopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotopes?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":11199,"name":"Neolithic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Archaeology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":22571,"name":"Iberian Prehistory (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iberian_Prehistory_Archaeology_?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26086,"name":"Neolithic Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neolithic_Europe?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":85621,"name":"Early Neolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Neolithic?f_ri=17709"},{"id":102220,"name":"Subsistence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Subsistence?f_ri=17709"},{"id":307600,"name":"Middle Neolithic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_Neolithic?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38198075" data-work_id="38198075" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38198075/Politics_of_Inequality_syllabus">Politics of Inequality syllabus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38198075" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7026350fff1ed6345553bd033adf9040" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58235914,"asset_id":38198075,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58235914/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4795052" href="https://royalholloway.academia.edu/IvicaPetrikova">Ivica Petrikova</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4795052" type="text/json">{"id":4795052,"first_name":"Ivica","last_name":"Petrikova","domain_name":"royalholloway","page_name":"IvicaPetrikova","display_name":"Ivica Petrikova","profile_url":"https://royalholloway.academia.edu/IvicaPetrikova?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4795052/2042237/19437986/s65_ivica.petrikova.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38198075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38198075"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38198075, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38198075", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38198075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38198075; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38198075"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38198075 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38198075"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38198075; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38198075]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38198075").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38198075").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38198075"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3180" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade">International Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3180" type="text/json">{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital">Social Capital</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5745" type="text/json">{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36621" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Happiness_and_Well_Being">Happiness and Well Being</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36621" type="text/json">{"id":36621,"name":"Happiness and Well Being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Happiness_and_Well_Being?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38198075]'), work: {"id":38198075,"title":"Politics of Inequality syllabus","created_at":"2019-01-22T06:42:23.444-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38198075/Politics_of_Inequality_syllabus?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_38198075","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58235914,"asset_id":38198075,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4795052,"first_name":"Ivica","last_name":"Petrikova","domain_name":"royalholloway","page_name":"IvicaPetrikova","display_name":"Ivica Petrikova","profile_url":"https://royalholloway.academia.edu/IvicaPetrikova?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4795052/2042237/19437986/s65_ivica.petrikova.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3180,"name":"International Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Trade?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":5745,"name":"Social Capital","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Capital?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":36621,"name":"Happiness and Well Being","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Happiness_and_Well_Being?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":36725,"name":"Wellbeing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wellbeing?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":78147,"name":"Targeting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Targeting?f_ri=17709"},{"id":118418,"name":"Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Growth_Poverty_and_Income_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":146077,"name":"Progressive Taxation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Progressive_Taxation?f_ri=17709"},{"id":154993,"name":"International Aid and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Aid_and_Development?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1334834,"name":"Political Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30131043 coauthored" data-work_id="30131043" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30131043/Inequality_Un_perceived_The_Emergence_of_a_Discourse_on_Economic_Inequality_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Age_of_Revolution">Inequality (Un)perceived: The Emergence of a Discourse on Economic Inequality from the Middle Ages to the Age of Revolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent research suggests that inequality increased almost continuously from the Middle Ages until the Industrial Revolution. In this article we explore whether this reflects a change in how an unequal distribution of property/income was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30131043" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent research suggests that inequality increased almost continuously from the Middle Ages until the Industrial Revolution. In this article we explore whether this reflects a change in how an unequal distribution of property/income was perceived. Using large databases of manuscripts and printed editions covering ca. 1100-1830, we measure the occurrences over time of keywords bearing on the notions of equality/inequality. We then analyze key texts in depth to discover how and when these keywords acquired an economic meaning. Lastly, we relate changes in meaning to changes in levels of economic inequality. We demonstrate that the notions of equal-ity/inequality acquired economic meanings only over a long span of time. This process intensified in the decades preceding the French Revolution, suggesting that changes in inequality levels helped to brew political upheaval in the Age of Revolution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30131043" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22fb824f103cc5daf455503af2cc4080" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50590254,"asset_id":30131043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50590254/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32570513" href="https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani">Guido Alfani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32570513" type="text/json">{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30131043">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30131043"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unimi.academia.edu/ROBERTAFRIGENI">ROBERTA FRIGENI</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30131043'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30131043').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30131043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30131043"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30131043, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30131043", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30131043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30131043; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30131043"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30131043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30131043"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30131043; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30131043]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30131043").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30131043").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30131043"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History">Economic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137" type="text/json">{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2808" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty">Poverty</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2808" type="text/json">{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11721" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality">Equality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11721" type="text/json">{"id":11721,"name":"Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30131043]'), work: {"id":30131043,"title":"Inequality (Un)perceived: The Emergence of a Discourse on Economic Inequality from the Middle Ages to the Age of Revolution","created_at":"2016-11-28T04:38:12.969-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30131043/Inequality_Un_perceived_The_Emergence_of_a_Discourse_on_Economic_Inequality_from_the_Middle_Ages_to_the_Age_of_Revolution?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_30131043","summary":"Recent research suggests that inequality increased almost continuously from the Middle Ages until the Industrial Revolution. In this article we explore whether this reflects a change in how an unequal distribution of property/income was perceived. Using large databases of manuscripts and printed editions covering ca. 1100-1830, we measure the occurrences over time of keywords bearing on the notions of equality/inequality. We then analyze key texts in depth to discover how and when these keywords acquired an economic meaning. Lastly, we relate changes in meaning to changes in levels of economic inequality. We demonstrate that the notions of equal-ity/inequality acquired economic meanings only over a long span of time. This process intensified in the decades preceding the French Revolution, suggesting that changes in inequality levels helped to brew political upheaval in the Age of Revolution.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50590254,"asset_id":30131043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32570513,"first_name":"Guido","last_name":"Alfani","domain_name":"unibocconi","page_name":"GuidoAlfani","display_name":"Guido Alfani","profile_url":"https://unibocconi.academia.edu/GuidoAlfani?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32570513/14715907/15538151/s65_guido.alfani.jpg"},{"id":2439890,"first_name":"ROBERTA","last_name":"FRIGENI","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"ROBERTAFRIGENI","display_name":"ROBERTA FRIGENI","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/ROBERTAFRIGENI?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2439890/907185/1134037/s65_roberta.frigeni.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":137,"name":"Economic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_History?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2808,"name":"Poverty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":11721,"name":"Equality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Equality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1010216,"name":"History of Ideas and Social History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Ideas_and_Social_History?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75727554" data-work_id="75727554" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75727554/Estimating_the_Impact_of_Social_and_Economic_Factors_on_Income_Inequality_in_Indonesia">Estimating the Impact of Social and Economic Factors on Income Inequality in Indonesia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The motivation of this research comes from United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) and their impacts by 2030. The UN highlighted 17 SDGs that address relevant local and global issues, one of which is the 10th SDG goal of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75727554" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The motivation of this research comes from United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) and their impacts by 2030. The UN highlighted 17 SDGs that address relevant local and global issues, one of which is the 10th SDG goal of reducing inequality. This study aims to determine the effect of the Human Development Index, GDP per capita, foreign investment, national investment and average years of schooling on income inequality in Indonesia during the period 2010 to 2020. This study uses panel data regression analysis, with research data that obtained from publications provided by Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that the Human Development Index variable and Mean Years of Schooling negative and significant effect on income inequality. This shows that the Human Development Index and mean years of schooling can reduce income inequality in Indonesia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75727554" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="81545decf045fc028ad61159e72a73d3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83382784,"asset_id":75727554,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83382784/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="203838155" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ReskaResmawati">Reska Resmawati</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="203838155" type="text/json">{"id":203838155,"first_name":"Reska","last_name":"Resmawati","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ReskaResmawati","display_name":"Reska Resmawati","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ReskaResmawati?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/203838155/64717958/53043650/s65_reska.resmawati.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75727554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75727554"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75727554, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75727554", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75727554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75727554; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75727554"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75727554 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75727554"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75727554; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75727554]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75727554").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75727554").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75727554"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="91070" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality">Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="91070" type="text/json">{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75727554]'), work: {"id":75727554,"title":"Estimating the Impact of Social and Economic Factors on Income Inequality in Indonesia","created_at":"2022-04-07T07:02:22.503-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75727554/Estimating_the_Impact_of_Social_and_Economic_Factors_on_Income_Inequality_in_Indonesia?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_75727554","summary":"The motivation of this research comes from United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs) and their impacts by 2030. The UN highlighted 17 SDGs that address relevant local and global issues, one of which is the 10th SDG goal of reducing inequality. This study aims to determine the effect of the Human Development Index, GDP per capita, foreign investment, national investment and average years of schooling on income inequality in Indonesia during the period 2010 to 2020. This study uses panel data regression analysis, with research data that obtained from publications provided by Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that the Human Development Index variable and Mean Years of Schooling negative and significant effect on income inequality. This shows that the Human Development Index and mean years of schooling can reduce income inequality in Indonesia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83382784,"asset_id":75727554,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":203838155,"first_name":"Reska","last_name":"Resmawati","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ReskaResmawati","display_name":"Reska Resmawati","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ReskaResmawati?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/203838155/64717958/53043650/s65_reska.resmawati.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44962585" data-work_id="44962585" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44962585/Commentary_on_The_Deprivation_Protest_Paradox_How_the_Perception_of_Unfair_Economic_Inequality_Leads_to_Civic_Unrest">Commentary on The Deprivation-Protest Paradox How the Perception of Unfair Economic Inequality Leads to Civic Unrest</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44962585" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ebd507e7b0e3a326a6776cca3db1918" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65495672,"asset_id":44962585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65495672/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="178083" href="https://smith.academia.edu/PinkyHota">Pinky Hota</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="178083" type="text/json">{"id":178083,"first_name":"Pinky","last_name":"Hota","domain_name":"smith","page_name":"PinkyHota","display_name":"Pinky Hota","profile_url":"https://smith.academia.edu/PinkyHota?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178083/88883/733442/s65_pinky.hota.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44962585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44962585"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44962585, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44962585", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44962585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44962585; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44962585"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44962585 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44962585"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44962585; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44962585]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44962585").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44962585").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44962585"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology">Cultural Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5067" type="text/json">{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44962585]'), work: {"id":44962585,"title":"Commentary on The Deprivation-Protest Paradox How the Perception of Unfair Economic Inequality Leads to Civic Unrest","created_at":"2021-01-23T13:59:36.278-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44962585/Commentary_on_The_Deprivation_Protest_Paradox_How_the_Perception_of_Unfair_Economic_Inequality_Leads_to_Civic_Unrest?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_44962585","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65495672,"asset_id":44962585,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":178083,"first_name":"Pinky","last_name":"Hota","domain_name":"smith","page_name":"PinkyHota","display_name":"Pinky Hota","profile_url":"https://smith.academia.edu/PinkyHota?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/178083/88883/733442/s65_pinky.hota.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5067,"name":"Cultural Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Psychology?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51124750" data-work_id="51124750" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51124750/Black_Lives_Matter_On_Challenging_the_Soul_of_Legal_Education">Black Lives Matter: On Challenging the Soul of Legal Education</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement moved to the fore. Many Americans understood for the first time that racism persists in countless aspects of American society and that the legacy of our past is deep and structural. The legal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51124750" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement moved to the fore. Many Americans understood for the first time that racism persists in countless aspects of American society and that the legacy of our past is deep and structural. The legal academy, and higher education more broadly, responded by hiring more racialized scholars and making curricular changes. While I salute this effort, I argue that law schools chose to take the easiest path, instead of seizing the opportunity to question, and challenge, the structure and nature of legal education. I consider the structural characteristics of legal education that contribute to the exclusion of racialized and historically marginalized groups. I conclude that meaningfully advancing equity in our law schools, and responding to the Black Lives Matter movement, will remain hindered by the structure and nature of legal education – its soul. To truly challenge the legacy of racism, we will need to challenge the soul of legal education.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51124750" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b5e26a2d8b63d3c6efe7ffba41e5571" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81735243,"asset_id":51124750,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81735243/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76949835" href="https://umoncton.academia.edu/PhilLord">Phil Lord</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76949835" type="text/json">{"id":76949835,"first_name":"Phil","last_name":"Lord","domain_name":"umoncton","page_name":"PhilLord","display_name":"Phil Lord","profile_url":"https://umoncton.academia.edu/PhilLord?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/76949835/19098818/36329137/s65_phil.lord.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51124750 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51124750"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51124750, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51124750", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_51124750 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51124750; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_51124750"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_51124750 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51124750"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51124750; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51124750]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_51124750").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_51124750").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="51124750"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="534" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law">Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="534" type="text/json">{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Education">Legal Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1060" type="text/json">{"id":1060,"name":"Legal Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2432" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Studies">Critical Race Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2432" type="text/json">{"id":2432,"name":"Critical Race Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51124750]'), work: {"id":51124750,"title":"Black Lives Matter: On Challenging the Soul of Legal Education","created_at":"2021-08-31T11:58:19.496-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/51124750/Black_Lives_Matter_On_Challenging_the_Soul_of_Legal_Education?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_51124750","summary":"In 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement moved to the fore. Many Americans understood for the first time that racism persists in countless aspects of American society and that the legacy of our past is deep and structural. The legal academy, and higher education more broadly, responded by hiring more racialized scholars and making curricular changes. While I salute this effort, I argue that law schools chose to take the easiest path, instead of seizing the opportunity to question, and challenge, the structure and nature of legal education. I consider the structural characteristics of legal education that contribute to the exclusion of racialized and historically marginalized groups. I conclude that meaningfully advancing equity in our law schools, and responding to the Black Lives Matter movement, will remain hindered by the structure and nature of legal education – its soul. To truly challenge the legacy of racism, we will need to challenge the soul of legal education.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81735243,"asset_id":51124750,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":76949835,"first_name":"Phil","last_name":"Lord","domain_name":"umoncton","page_name":"PhilLord","display_name":"Phil Lord","profile_url":"https://umoncton.academia.edu/PhilLord?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/76949835/19098818/36329137/s65_phil.lord.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":534,"name":"Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":1060,"name":"Legal Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":2432,"name":"Critical Race Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Studies?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=17709"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7559,"name":"Comparative Studies on Legal Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Studies_on_Legal_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":7561,"name":"Comparative Legal Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Legal_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":26743,"name":"Intersectionality and Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intersectionality_and_Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":29719,"name":"Critical Mixed Race Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Mixed_Race_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":95088,"name":"Poverty and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_and_Inequality-1?f_ri=17709"},{"id":132736,"name":"Race and Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":461038,"name":"Social Stratification and Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Stratification_and_Inequality?f_ri=17709"},{"id":622086,"name":"Legal Issues in Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Issues_in_Education?f_ri=17709"},{"id":957019,"name":"Sociology of Ethnicity and Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Ethnicity_and_Race?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1036542,"name":"American Race Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Race_Relations?f_ri=17709"},{"id":1901957,"name":"Black Lives Matter","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Lives_Matter?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71816164" data-work_id="71816164" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71816164/The_Inclusion_of_Economic_Inequality_in_the_Social_Studies_Curriculum">The Inclusion of Economic Inequality in the Social Studies Curriculum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71816164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6795e9ec86439e3690ef8aec9ba61e35" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81007962,"asset_id":71816164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81007962/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="241680" href="https://uam-mx.academia.edu/LEONELPEREZ">Leonel Pérez Expósito</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="241680" type="text/json">{"id":241680,"first_name":"Leonel","last_name":"Pérez Expósito","domain_name":"uam-mx","page_name":"LEONELPEREZ","display_name":"Leonel Pérez Expósito","profile_url":"https://uam-mx.academia.edu/LEONELPEREZ?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/241680/2794395/62247486/s65_leonel.perez_exposito.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71816164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71816164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71816164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71816164", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71816164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71816164; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71816164"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71816164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71816164"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71816164; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71816164]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71816164").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71816164").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71816164"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3488" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Studies_Education">Social Studies Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3488" type="text/json">{"id":3488,"name":"Social Studies Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Studies_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4567" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civic_Education">Civic Education</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4567" type="text/json">{"id":4567,"name":"Civic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civic_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="46644" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality">Social Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="46644" type="text/json">{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71816164]'), work: {"id":71816164,"title":"The Inclusion of Economic Inequality in the Social Studies Curriculum","created_at":"2022-02-18T14:23:07.979-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71816164/The_Inclusion_of_Economic_Inequality_in_the_Social_Studies_Curriculum?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_71816164","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81007962,"asset_id":71816164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":241680,"first_name":"Leonel","last_name":"Pérez Expósito","domain_name":"uam-mx","page_name":"LEONELPEREZ","display_name":"Leonel Pérez Expósito","profile_url":"https://uam-mx.academia.edu/LEONELPEREZ?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/241680/2794395/62247486/s65_leonel.perez_exposito.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3488,"name":"Social Studies Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Studies_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":4567,"name":"Civic Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civic_Education?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":46644,"name":"Social Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":91070,"name":"Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35043939" data-work_id="35043939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35043939/Economic_Inequality_docx">Economic Inequality.docx</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Wealth, incomes, and consumption are three economic pillars. The two most important factors causing economic inequality recently are new technologies and globalization.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35043939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ac89b164112d62abdc8baa20a2c848e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54904672,"asset_id":35043939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54904672/download_file?st=MTczMjQ4MzEyNiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="29988920" href="https://miami.academia.edu/ChristopheBarbier">Christophe L Barbier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="29988920" type="text/json">{"id":29988920,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Barbier","domain_name":"miami","page_name":"ChristopheBarbier","display_name":"Christophe L Barbier","profile_url":"https://miami.academia.edu/ChristopheBarbier?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29988920/10298609/14126157/s65_christophe.barbier.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35043939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35043939"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35043939, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35043939", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35043939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35043939; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35043939"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35043939 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35043939"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35043939; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35043939]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35043939").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35043939").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35043939"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6276" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy">International Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6276" type="text/json">{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11395" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development">Economic Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11395" type="text/json">{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality">Economic Inequality</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17709" type="text/json">{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35043939]'), work: {"id":35043939,"title":"Economic Inequality.docx","created_at":"2017-11-03T08:27:47.143-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35043939/Economic_Inequality_docx?f_ri=17709","dom_id":"work_35043939","summary":"Wealth, incomes, and consumption are three economic pillars. The two most important factors causing economic inequality recently are new technologies and globalization.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54904672,"asset_id":35043939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29988920,"first_name":"Christophe","last_name":"Barbier","domain_name":"miami","page_name":"ChristopheBarbier","display_name":"Christophe L Barbier","profile_url":"https://miami.academia.edu/ChristopheBarbier?f_ri=17709","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29988920/10298609/14126157/s65_christophe.barbier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":11395,"name":"Economic Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Development?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":17709,"name":"Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709","nofollow":false},{"id":133222,"name":"Poverty Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poverty_Studies?f_ri=17709"},{"id":574574,"name":"Social, Political and Economic Inequality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Political_and_Economic_Inequality?f_ri=17709"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?after=50%2C34423925" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filipino_American_Studies">Filipino American Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="36619">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="36619">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Sociology_and_Sociology_of_Culture">Cultural Sociology and Sociology of Culture</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="1032683">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="1032683">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Filipino_Diaspora_Studies">Filipino Diaspora Studies</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="99590">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="99590">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Race_Identity">Mixed Race Identity</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="80848">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="80848">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_and_Quebec_Politics">Canadian and Quebec Politics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="94954">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="94954">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inequality_Economics_">Inequality (Economics)</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="20009">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="20009">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regional_Inequality">Regional Inequality</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="8889">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="8889">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Politics">Canadian Politics</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="12322">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="12322">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Women_of_Color_Feminism">Women of Color Feminism</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="24774">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="24774">Following</a></div></li><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Financialization">Financialization</a></div></div><div class="media-right media-middle"><a class="u-tcGreen u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-follow-ri-id="25115">Follow</a><a class="u-tcGray u-textDecorationNone u-linkUnstyled u-fw500 hidden" data-unfollow-ri-id="25115">Following</a></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>(function() { var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script></div></div></div> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "943561100a2439d4ffafb8bfdca82f0845788093eee2752a5d5c7515c82f1530", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="2U75vw2j2wROvDXg2qDTyilKpDxPVCGJFg2eNX14kHwNiwjpWcfVzjilPGt3AJdEUuccbM3O7+0PBmU6mBSalg==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Inequality" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="1M9NihI0DbnwTX5V/U5nte1eW2RDiQ60Souo10lhzKgACrzcRlADc4ZUd95Q7iM7lvPjNMETwNBTgFPYrA3GQg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://medium.com/academia">Blog</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>