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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disappearances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Disappearances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disappearances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_graves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_graves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8.1 Mass graves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_graves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrajudicial_killings_by_security_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrajudicial_killings_by_security_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Extrajudicial killings by security personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrajudicial_killings_by_security_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Torture </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kashmiri_militants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kashmiri_militants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Kashmiri militants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kashmiri_militants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Kashmiri militants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Kashmiri_militants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin_zarafin_bil%27adama_a_Jammu_da_Kashmir" title="Cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="जम्मू और कश्मीर में मानवाधिकार हनन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जम्मू और कश्मीर में मानवाधिकार हनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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For human rights abuses in Pakistani-administered territory, see <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> Notes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_People%27s_Tribunal_on_Human_Rights_and_Justice_in_Kashmir" title="International People's Tribunal on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir">International People's Tribunal on Human Rights and Justice in Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission">Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_II" title="Papa II">Papa II</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1990</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Gawkadal_massacre" title="1990 Gawkadal massacre">1990 Gawkadal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Zakoora_and_Tengpora_massacre" title="1990 Zakoora and Tengpora massacre">1990 Zakoora and Tengpora massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1991</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Kunan_Poshpora_incident" title="1991 Kunan Poshpora incident">1991 Kunan Poshpora incident</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1993</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Lal_Chowk_fire" title="1993 Lal Chowk fire">1993 Lal Chowk fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bijbehara_massacre" title="1993 Bijbehara massacre">1993 Bijbehara massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Kishtwar_massacre" title="1993 Kishtwar massacre">1993 Kishtwar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Sopore_massacre" title="1993 Sopore massacre">1993 Sopore massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1995</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/1995_kidnapping_of_Western_tourists_in_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir">1995 kidnapping of Western tourists in Kashmir</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1996</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jalil_Andrabi" title="Murder of Jalil Andrabi">Murder of Jalil Andrabi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1997</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1997_Sangrampora_massacre" title="1997 Sangrampora massacre">1997 Sangrampora massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 1998</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Wandhama_massacre" title="1998 Wandhama massacre">1998 Wandhama massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Chapnari_massacre" title="1998 Chapnari massacre">1998 Chapnari massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Prankote_massacre" title="1998 Prankote massacre">1998 Prankote massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2000</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Chittisinghpura_massacre" title="2000 Chittisinghpura massacre">2000 Chittisinghpura massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2001</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kishtwar_massacre" title="2001 Kishtwar massacre">2001 Kishtwar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Chalwalkote_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Chalwalkote massacre">2001 Chalwalkote massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2002</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Kaluchak_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Kaluchak massacre">2002 Kaluchak massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Qasim_Nagar_massacre" title="2002 Qasim Nagar massacre">2002 Qasim Nagar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Raghunath_temple_attacks" title="2002 Raghunath temple attacks">2002 Raghunath temple attacks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2003</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nadimarg_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nadimarg Massacre">2003 Nadimarg Massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2004</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Teli_Katha_massacre" title="2004 Teli Katha massacre">2004 Teli Katha massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2006</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Doda_massacre" title="2006 Doda massacre">2006 Doda massacre</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E0F2F7"> 2009</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Shopian_rape_and_murder_case" title="2009 Shopian rape and murder case">2009 Shopian rape and murder case</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template talk:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuse">Human rights abuses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> range from mass killings, <a href="/wiki/Missing_person" title="Missing person">enforced disappearances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rape_in_the_Kashmir_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape in the Kashmir conflict">rape and sexual abuse</a> to political repression and suppression of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Reserve_Police_Force" title="Central Reserve Police Force">Central Reserve Police Force</a> (CRPF), and <a href="/wiki/Border_Security_Force" title="Border Security Force">Border Security Personnel</a> (BSF) have been accused of committing severe human rights abuses against <a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri civilians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rnews-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindwan-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartjen-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-4">[4]</a> According to Seema Kazi, militant groups have also been held responsible for similar crimes, but the vast majority of abuses have been perpetrated by the armed forces of the Indian government.<a href="#cite_note-Kazi-5">[5]</a> A 2006 report by <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> claimed that at least 20,000 civilians had died from 1990 to 2017.<a href="#cite_note-HRW2006-6">[6]</a> The Indian government claims 14,000 civilians have died because of <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">the insurgency against Indian rule</a> as of March 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_rights_abuses_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir&action=edit">[update]</a>, with most of these deaths having taken place in the 1990s and early 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-ht2017-7">[7]</a> Pakistani officials say India has killed more than 100,000 Kashmiri civilians, of which 7,200 died from custodial torture.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-9">[9]</a> Moreover, they also claim 162,000 Kashmiris have been <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">tortured</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-9">[9]</a> India and Pakistan accuse each other of violating the ceasefire and targeting civilians at the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a>, the de facto border between Indian-administered Kashmir and <a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Pakistan-administered Kashmir</a>. India also accuses alleged state-sponsored militants from Pakistan of committing human rights violations against Kashmiri civilians.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">Leaked diplomatic cables</a> revealed that the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">Red Cross</a> had briefed US officials in Delhi in 2005 about the use of torture from 2002 to 2004 by security forces against hundreds of detainees suspected of being connected to or having information about militants.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In a 1993 report, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> stated that Indian security forces "assaulted civilians during search operations, tortured and summarily executed detainees in custody and murdered civilians in reprisal attacks"; according to the report, militants had also targeted civilians, but to a lesser extent than security forces. <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a> was regularly used as a means to "punish and humiliate" communities.<a href="#cite_note-HRW-935-18">[18]</a> Scholar Seema Kazi says it is used as a weapon of war by the state against the population.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] A 2010 US state department report stated that the Indian army in Jammu and Kashmir had carried out <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> of civilians and suspected insurgents. The report also described killings and abuse being carried out by insurgents and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_separatist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri separatist movement">separatists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USgov2010-20">[20]</a> In 2010, statistics presented to the Indian government's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Committee_on_Security" title="Cabinet Committee on Security">Cabinet Committee on Security</a> showed that for the first time since the 1980s, the number of civilian deaths attributed to the Indian forces was higher than those attributed to insurgents' actions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Indian Army claims that 97% of the reports about the human rights abuse have been found to be "fake or motivated" based on the investigation performed by the Army.<a href="#cite_note-DNA-22">[22]</a> However, a report by the US State Department said, "Indian authorities use Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) to avoid holding its security forces responsible for the deaths of civilians in Jammu and Kashmir."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Militant violence in the 1990s, led by the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a> against <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Hindu Pandits</a> has led to the <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">exodus</a> of several hundred thousands of them out of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir valley">Kashmir valley</a>, who comprised an estimated ~5% of the valley's population before.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-25">[25]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights watch">Asia Watch</a>, the militant organisations forced the Hindus residing in the Kashmir valley to flee and become refugees in Delhi and Jammu. The chief perpetrators were the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a>. Migration continued until a vast majority of the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> were evicted out of the valley after having suffered many acts of violence, including sexual assault on women, arson, torture and extortion of property.<a href="#cite_note-Rnews-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-24">[24]</a> Some of the separatist leaders in Kashmir reject this, while others accept it. The Indian government is attempting to reinstate the displaced Pandits in Kashmir. According to the J & K government an amount of ₹71.95 crore was spent in providing relief and other facilities to the Kashmiri migrants living in Jammu and other parts in 2007–08, ₹70.33 crore in 2008-09 and ₹68.59 crore from 2009 up to January 2010.<a href="#cite_note-thehindu.com-25">[25]</a> The remnants of Kashmiri Pandits have been living in <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, but most of them believe that, until the violence ceases, returning to Kashmir is not an option.<a href="#cite_note-BBCuk-26">[26]</a> According to a 2022 report by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, repression by Indian government has intensified in the region after the <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">abrogation of article 370 in 2019</a>. Amnesty recognized at least 60 instances of human rights violations. The internet was shut down for 18 months after the revocation of special status of the region. The information coming out of the region is totally controlled by the government, with regular internet shut downs and passing policies like 2020 Revised Media Policy and 2021 Film Policy, which restrict press freedom. Indian government shut down Kashmir Press Club which led to further decline in the media coverage and freedom in the region. At least six journalists, human rights activists, and academics were denied travelling abroad despite having all the required documents, restricting freedom of movement without a court warrant or a written explanation.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Armed_Forces">Indian Armed Forces</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> Thousands of Kashmiris have been reported to be killed by Indian security forces in custody, extrajudicial executions and enforced disappearances and these human right violations are said to be carried out by Indian security forces under total impunity.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Civilians including women and children have been killed in "reprisal" attacks by Indian security forces. International NGOs, as well as the US State Department, have documented human rights abuses including disappearances, torture, and arbitrary executions carried out during India's counter-terrorism operations.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-24">[24]</a> United Nations has expressed serious concerns over large number of killings by Indian security forces.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Human Rights groups have also accused the Indian security forces of using <a href="/wiki/Child_soldiers_in_India" title="Child soldiers in India">child soldiers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> although the Indian government denies this allegation.<a href="#cite_note-Hartjen-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[note 1]</a> So far more than 15,000 inhabitants, reportedly including teenagers, have joined these self-defence groups.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> At the Asia-Pacific Conference on the Use of Children as Soldiers in May 2000 the representative of the state government of Jammu and Kashmir denied the involvement of children in VDCs. He acknowledged that there may have been some instances of young boys taking up arms to defend themselves under attack, but that there was "no policy to encourage young boys to become members of the <a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Committees">Village Defence Committees</a>." Torture, widely used by Indian security sources, whose severity is described as beyond comprehension by Amnesty International, has been responsible for the huge number of deaths in custody.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>, citing a WikiLeaks report, quotes the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)</a> that Indian security forces were physically abusing detainees with beatings, electrocutions and sexual interference. These detainees weren't Islamic insurgents or Pakistani-backed insurgents but civilians, in contrast to India's continual allegations of Pakistani involvement. The detainees were "connected to or believed to have information about the insurgents". According to ICRC, 681 of the 1296 detainees whom it interviewed claimed torture. US officials have been quoted reporting "terrorism investigations and court cases tend to rely upon confessions, many of which are obtained under duress if not beatings, threats, or in some cases torture."<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-20101217-35">[34]</a> Amnesty International accused security forces of exploiting the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Special_Powers_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces Special Powers Act">Armed Forces Special Powers Act</a> (AFSPA) that enables them to "hold prisoners without trial". The group argues that the law, which allows security to detain individuals for as many as two years "without presenting charges, violating prisoners' human rights".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The Army sources maintain that "any move to revoke AFSPA in Jammu and Kashmir would be detrimental to the security of the Valley and would provide a boost to the terrorists."<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(India)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (India)">Indian Army Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">General V. K. Singh</a> rejected the accusations that the action was not taken in the cases of human rights violations by Army personnel. On 24 October 2010, he has said that 104 Army personnel had been punished in Jammu and Kashmir in this regard, including 39 officers. He also said that 95% of the allegations of human rights abuses against Indian Army were proved to be false, of which he remarked, had apparently been made with the "ulterior motive of maligning the armed forces". Going into details, he said: 'since 1994, 988 allegations against the Army personnel were received in Jammu and Kashmir. Out of these, 965 cases were investigated in which 940 were found to be untrue, accounting for 95.2%, leaving only 25 genuine allegations.'<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> However, according to Human Rights Watch, the military courts in India, in general, were proved to be incompetent to deal with cases of serious human rights abuses and were responsible in covering up evidence and protecting the involved officers.<a href="#cite_note-:11-39">[38]</a> Amnesty International in its report in 2015, titled "Denied"-Failures in Accountability in Jammu and Kashmir, says, "...with respect to investigations, an inquiry that is conducted by the same authority accused of the crime raises serious questions about the independence and impartiality of those proceedings", adding that according to the international law, an independent authority that is not involved in the alleged violations has to investigate such crimes.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In the later revelations on 24 September 2013 made by General V. K. Singh, he said that the state politicians of Jammu and Kashmir are funded by an Army secret service to keep the general public at calm and this activity is there since the partition.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_Army">Indian Army</h3></div> The soldiers of the 4th <a href="/wiki/Rajputana_Rifles" title="Rajputana Rifles">Rajputana Rifles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> on 23 February 1991 launched a search operation for the militants in a village <a href="/wiki/Kunan_Poshpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunan Poshpora">Kunan Poshpora</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Kupwara_district" title="Kupwara district">Kupwara district</a> of Jammu and Kashmir and after which they were accused by locals of allegedly raping 23 women.<a href="#cite_note-Joshi1999-43">[42]</a>: 490  Later, interviews of victims and eyewitnesses were documented into a short film <a href="/wiki/Ocean_of_Tears" title="Ocean of Tears">Ocean of Tears</a> which was prevented from being broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Nevertheless, the Indian committee that led a thorough investigation concluded that the allegations were "grossly exaggerated" and the Kunan rape story was "a massive hoax orchestrated by militant groups and their sympathisers and mentors in Kashmir and abroad as a part of sustained and cleverly contrived strategy of psychological warfare and as an entry point for re-inscribing Kashmir on the International Agenda as a Human rights issue."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> However, Human Rights organisations including <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> have reported that the number of raped women could be as high as 100.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-abdication-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The Indian Army has also harmed the health care system in the valley. Major hospitals in Kashmir have experienced crackdowns and army men have even entered the operation theatres in search of insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-violations_in_kashmir-50">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_Security_Force">Border Security Force</h3></div> On 22 October 1993, the 13th Battalion of the Border Security Forces was accused of arbitrarily firing on a crowd and killing 37 civilians in <a href="/wiki/Bijbehara" title="Bijbehara">Bijbehara</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Massacre:_22_October_1993-52">[51]</a> The number of reported dead and wounded vary by source. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> reported that at least 51 people died and 200 were wounded on that day.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International_Report_2004-53">[52]</a> The Indian government conducted two official enquiries and the <a href="/wiki/National_Human_Rights_Commission_of_India" title="National Human Rights Commission of India">National Human Rights Commission of India</a> (NHRC) conducted a third. In March 1994 the government indicted the Border Security Force (BSF) for firing into the crowd "without provocation" and charged 13 BSF officers with murder.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-51">[50]</a> In another incident which took place at <a href="/wiki/Handwara" title="Handwara">Handwara</a> on 25 January 1990, 9 protesters were killed by the same unit.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Reserve_Police_Force">Central Reserve Police Force</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">Amarnath land transfer controversy</a> more than 40 unarmed protesters were killed by the personnel of Central Reserve Police Force.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The same practice was again repeated by the personnel of the Central Reserve Police Force, during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_Unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Kashmir Unrest">2010 Kashmir Unrest</a>, which resulted in 112 deaths, including many teenager protesters at various incidents.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters20100930-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_Operations_Group">Special Operations Group</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Group_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Special Operations Group (Jammu and Kashmir)">Special Operations Group</a> was raised in 1994 for counter-terrorism. A volunteer force, mainly comprising police officers and policemen from the <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Police" title="Jammu and Kashmir Police">Jammu and Kashmir Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The group is accused of torture and custodial killings.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> A Senior Superintendent of this group and his deputy are among the 11 personnel, who were convicted for a fake encounter, which killed a local carpenter, and was labelled as a militant to get the promotions and rewards.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act,_1958">Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958</h3></div> In September 1990 the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act" title="Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act">Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act</a> was enacted in <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_(Special_Powers)_Act#The_Armed_Forces_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)_Special_Powers_Act,_1990" title="Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act">Jammu and Kashmir</a> after passing in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> to handle the rise in <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Kashmir_conflict#1987–present:_Kashmir_Insurgency" title="Timeline of the Kashmir conflict">Kashmir Insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-afspa-62">[61]</a> Human rights group Amnesty claim that the special powers under (AFSPA) gives the security force immunity from alleged violations committed,<a href="#cite_note-Egyesült-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> and condemn it.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-AI_Press_Release_Feb_2012-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrustLaw-67">[66]</a> United Nations <a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="High Commissioner for Human Rights">High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Navanethem_Pillay" class="mw-redirect" title="Navanethem Pillay">Navanethem Pillay</a> has urged India to repeal AFSPA and to investigate the disappearances in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Navi_Pillay-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres">Massacres</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir">List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> The Indian security forces are also accused of many massacres. Some of them include: <a href="/wiki/Gawkadal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawkadal massacre">Gawakadal massacre</a>: On 21 January 1990, 51 civilians were killed by CRPF troopers during protests against earlier raids in which wanton arrests and molestation of women were conducted by CRPF troops.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Handwara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwara massacre">Handwara massacre</a>: On 25 January 1990, two BSF patrolling parties in Handwara indiscriminately fired at peaceful protesters and killed 25 people. Many people were injured.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zakoora_and_Tengpora_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakoora and Tengpora massacre">Zakoora and Tengpora massacre</a>: Indian forces killed 33 protesters and injured 47 on 1 March 1990 at Zakoora Crossing and Tengpora Bypass Road in Srinagar. The killers were not punished.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawal_massacre" title="Hawal massacre">Hawal massacre</a>: At the funeral of <a href="/wiki/Mirwaiz_Maulvi_Farooq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq">Mirwaiz Muhammad Farooq</a> on 21 May 1990 over 60 civilians were killed by paramilitary forces and hundreds injured in the indiscriminate firing on the funeral procession.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sopore_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopore massacre">Sopore massacre</a>: On 6 January 1993 Indian troops killed 55 civilians in the town of Sopore and set fire to many homes and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bijbehara_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijbehara Massacre">Bijbehara Massacre</a>: On 22 October 1993 the Indian Army killed 51 civilians during protests over the siege of the Hazratbal Mosque. 25 of those killed were students None of the accused were punished.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kupwara_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kupwara massacre">Kupwara massacre</a>: On 27 January 1994 the Indian Army fired at and killed 27 civilians, mainly traders, in Kupwara district. Survivors say that the soldiers carried out the massacre to punish people for observing shutdown on 26 January.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fake_encounters_and_killings">Fake encounters and killings</h3></div> Hundreds of civilians including women and children have reportedly been extrajudicially executed by Indian security forces and the killings are concealed as fake encounters.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-65">[64]</a> Despite government denial, Indian security officials have reportedly confessed to Human Rights Watch of the widespread occurrence of fake encounters and its encouragement for awards and promotions<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-76">[75]</a> According to a BBC interview with an anonymous security person, 'fake encounter' killings are those in which security personnel kill someone in cold blood while claiming that the casualty occurred in a gun battle. It also asserts that the security personnel are Kashmiris and "even surrendered militants".<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In 2010 three men were reported missing proceeding these missing reports 3 men claimed to be militants were killed in a staged gun battle the army also claimed they had found Pakistani currency among the dead. The major was subsequently suspended and a senior soldier transferred from his post.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In 2011, a Special Police Officer and an Indian Army <a href="/wiki/Soldier" title="Soldier">Jawan</a> were charged by the Kashmir police for murder of a civilian whom the duo had killed in an encounter claiming that he was a top <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> militant.<a href="#cite_note-deccan-Let-fake-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disappearances">Disappearances</h3></div> Indian security forces have been implicated in many reports for <a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearances" class="mw-redirect" title="Enforced disappearances">enforced disappearances</a> of thousands of Kashmiris whereas the security forces deny having their information and/or custody. This is often in association with torture or extrajudicial killing. The extent of male disappearances has been so large that a new term "<a href="/wiki/Half-widow" title="Half-widow">half-widows</a>" has been created for their wives who end up with no information of their husbands' whereabouts. Human right activists estimate the number of disappeared to be over eight thousand, last seen in government detention.<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The disappeared are believed to be dumped in thousands of mass graves across Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mass_graves">Mass graves</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Mass_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass graves">Mass graves</a> have been identified all over Kashmir by human right activists believed to contain bodies of thousands of Kashmiris of enforced disappearances.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[84]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Human_Rights_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission">State Human Rights Commission</a> inquiry in 2011, has confirmed there are thousands of bullet-ridden bodies buried in unmarked graves in Jammu and Kashmir. Of the 2730 bodies uncovered in 4 of the 14 districts, 574 bodies were identified as missing locals in contrast to the Indian governments insistence that all the graves belong to foreign militants<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(law)" title="Deposition (law)">deposition</a> submitted by <a href="/wiki/Parvez_Imroz" title="Parvez Imroz">Parvez Imroz</a> and his field workers in 2011, the total number of unmarked graves was more than 6,000.<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrajudicial_killings_by_security_personnel">Extrajudicial killings by security personnel</h3></div> In a 1994 report, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> described <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> of detainees as a "hallmark" of counter-insurgency operations by Indian security forces in Kashmir. The report further stated that such <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a> were often administered within hours of arrest, and were carried out not as aberrations but as a "matter of policy".<a href="#cite_note-HRW498-89">[88]</a> In a 1995 report, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> stated that hundred of civilians had been victims of such killings, which were often claimed by officers as occurring during "encounters" or "cross-fire".<a href="#cite_note-ASA1995-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture">Torture</h3></div> Indian security forces and police have been accused of the systematic use of torture. US officials first showed concern regarding the widespread use of torture in 2007 where they presented evidence to Indian diplomats.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-93">[92]</a> In 2012, human rights lawyer <a href="/wiki/Parvez_Imroz" title="Parvez Imroz">Parvez Imroz</a> and his field workers commenced the first statewide study of torture in Kashmir and his report concluded that torture in Kashmir is both endemic and systematic. The report suggests that one in six Kashmiris have faced torture. In Imroz's study sample of 50 villages, more than 2,000 extreme cases of torture were identified and documented, where he found that there were 50 centers run by the army and paramilitaries, where torture has been practised since 1989.<a href="#cite_note-:4-93">[92]</a> In 2023, armed forces entered the mosque in Zadoora, Jammu and Kashmir, and forced the villagers to chant pro-Hindu slogans. This event was condemned by various political leaders and was seen as assault on religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> <a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_violence">Sexual violence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape during the Kashmir conflict</a></div> Although both security forces and militants are guilty of rape, according to scholar Seema Kazi and Jeffrey Kenney, rape by the former outstrips the latter in both scale and frequency.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kenney2013-99">[98]</a> Rape is said to have been used as a weapon of war against the Kashmiri population.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frederick2001-101">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-102">[101]</a> The frequent rape of Kashmiri Muslim women by Indian state security forces routinely goes unpunished.<a href="#cite_note-BakshHarcourt2015-103">[102]</a> According to a report by Human Rights Watch in 1993, the security forces use rape as a method of retaliation against Kashmiri civilians during reprisal attacks after militant ambushes.<a href="#cite_note-:42-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Professor William Baker states that rape in Kashmir was not the result of a few undisciplined soldiers but an active strategy of the security forces to humiliate and intimidate the Kashmiri population.<a href="#cite_note-:6-106">[105]</a> Human rights groups state that 150 top officers, of the rank of major or above, have participated in torture as well as sexual violence and that the Indian government was covering up such acts.<a href="#cite_note-:2-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suicide_and_psychological_problems">Suicide and psychological problems</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape during the Kashmir conflict</a></div> Kashmiri women are reportedly said to be highly prone to suicidal tendencies due to the conflict-situations. The fear, stress, tension, and uncertainty prevailing in the state are said to be the main reasons for this. According to a survey in 2012, 17,000 people, mostly women, have committed suicide during the past 20 years in the Valley.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-SIK-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> According to a study by the <a href="/wiki/Medecins_Sans_Frontieres" class="mw-redirect" title="Medecins Sans Frontieres">Medecins Sans Frontieres</a>, <blockquote>"Women in Kashmir have suffered enormously since the separatist struggle became violent in 1989–90. Like the women in other conflict zones, they have been raped, tortured, maimed, and killed. A few of them were even jailed for years together. Kashmiri women are among the worst sufferers of sexual violence in the world. Sexual violence has been routinely perpetrated on Kashmiri women, with 11.6% of respondents saying they were victims of sexual abuse".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a></blockquote> Due to the impact of the conflict, a number of people in the valley suffer from various psychological problems like stress (normal or related to traumatic event), anxiety, mood, and post-traumatic disorders. At the beginning of the insurgency, there were 1200 patients in the valley's sole mental hospital.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_response">International response</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/OHCHR_reports_on_Kashmir" title="OHCHR reports on Kashmir">OHCHR reports on Kashmir</a></div> A 2010 US State Department report cited extrajudicial killings by security forces in areas of conflict such as Kashmir as a major human rights problem in India.<a href="#cite_note-USgov2010-20">[20]</a> The British parliament expressed its sadness and regret over the discovery of over 6,000 unmarked graves in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christof_Heyns" title="Christof Heyns">Christof Heyns</a>, a special rapporteur on <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial execution">extrajudicial executions</a>, has warned India that "all of these draconian laws had no place in a functioning democracy and should be scrapped".<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> On 14 June 2018 for the first time ever UN human rights council released a report of 49 pages on human rights violations in Kashmir and accused both India and Pakistan on the issue. The report also urges to set up a COI to investigate the issue of human rights violations in Kashmir. Pakistan welcomed the step while India rejected, saying the report violates India's sovereignty. Further India says facts in the report are not authentic and misleading, use of term armed group instead of terrorist group and leaders instead of terrorists is not acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kashmiri_militants">Kashmiri militants</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Kashmir_conflict" title="Rape during the Kashmir conflict">Rape during the Kashmir conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a></div> Reports from <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, Human Rights Watch and the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_of_Jurists" title="International Commission of Jurists">International Commission of Jurists</a> have confirmed Indian reports of systematic human rights violations by militants who claim Jammu and Kashmir to be a part of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jammu_Kashmir_Liberation_Front" title="Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front">Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front</a> (JKLF) has also been blamed of carrying out human rights violations, ranging from kidnapping to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of several hundred thousand <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forsythe-24">[24]</a> A 2010 US state department report blamed separatist insurgents in Kashmir and other parts of the country of committing several serious abuses, including the killing of security personnel as well as civilians, and of engaging in widespread torture, rape, beheadings, kidnapping, and extortions.<a href="#cite_note-USgov2010-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Pandits">Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> had been a favoured section of the population during Dogra rule (1846–1947). About 20 per cent of them had left the Kashmir valley by 1950 after the land reforms<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> and they began to leave in much greater numbers in the 1990s. According to a number of authors, approximately 100,000 of the total Kashmiri Pandit population of 140,000 left the valley during that decade.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Other authors have suggested a higher figure for the exodus, ranging from the entire population of over 150,000,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> to 190,000 of a total Pandit population of 200,000,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> to a number as high as 253,000.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_-_The_World_Factbook-118">[117]</a> The US government has reported on the terrorist threat to Pandits still living in the Kashmir region.<a href="#cite_note-USDS-119">[118]</a> The alleged rigging of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">1987 Assembly Elections</a> by the ruling party, <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_National_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir National Conference">National Conference</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> saw the rise of an armed rebellion among Kashmiris associated with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_United_Front" title="Muslim United Front">Muslim United Front</a> (MUF), a conglomerate of several Muslim political organisations opposed to National Conference. During the eruption of the armed rebellion, the insurgents are reported to have specifically targeted the Pandits, with torture and killings.<a href="#cite_note-BBCuk-26">[26]</a> Reports by Indian government state that 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed from 1989 to 2004 and around 140,000 migrated due to militancy while over 3000 stayed in the valley<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The local organisation of Pandits in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, Kashmir Pandit Sangharsh Samiti after carrying out a survey in 2008 and 2009, claimed that 399 <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits" title="Kashmiri Pandits">Kashmiri Pandits</a> were killed by insurgents from 1990 to 2011 with 75% of them being killed during the first year of the Kashmiri insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Motilal Bhat, the president of the Pandit Hindu Welfare Society, rejected the figure of 399 killed and said that only 219 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[124]</a> Kashmiri separatists believe that the then Governor <a href="/wiki/Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a> encouraged the exodus of Kashmiri Pandits from the Valley by deliberately creating an atmosphere of paranoia. This, they claim, was done to "facilitate the counter-insurgency" operations and suppressing the anti-Indian uprising in Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> The mass migration of Kashmiri Pandits from the Valley started on 19 January 1990 immediately preceding the first massacre of Kashmiri Muslims at <a href="/wiki/Gawakadal_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gawakadal massacre">Gawakadal</a>. The Gawakadal massacre was followed by eight other major massacres and allegations of fake encounters, enforced disappearances, tortures and crackdown operations.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>].<a href="#cite_note-:0-125">[124]</a> Pro-India commentators have refuted this version as a false allegation "to hide the truth".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;">Our people were killed. I saw a girl tortured with cigarette butts. Another man had his eyes pulled out and his body hung on a tree. The armed separatists used a chainsaw to cut our bodies into pieces. It wasn't just the killing but the way they tortured and killed.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>A crying old Kashmiri Hindu in refugee camps of Jammu told BBC news reporter<a href="#cite_note-BBCuk-26">[26]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The violence against Kashmiri Pandits was condemned and labelled as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> in a 2006 resolution passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> It stated that insurgents infiltrated the region in 1989 and began an ethnic cleansing campaign to convert Kashmir to a Muslim state. According to the same, the population of Kashmiri Pandits in Kashmir had declined from 400,000 in 1989 to 4,000 in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-USHR-130">[129]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mridu_Rai" title="Mridu Rai">Mridu Rai</a> says that such high numbers are not credible because the total Kashmiri Pandit population was only 160,000 to 170,000 at the time of their departure.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The CIA has reported nearly 506,000 people, about half of which are Pandit Hindus are displaced due to the insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_-_The_World_Factbook-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a> reports that there are roughly 1.5 million refugees from Indian-administered Kashmir, bulk of whom arrived in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan administered Kashmir">Pakistan administered Kashmir</a> and in Pakistan after the situation on the Indian side worsened in 1989 <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">insurgency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNHR-133">[132]</a> Post-1989, Kashmiri Pandits and other minority groups in Jammu and Kashmir have been targets of jihadi elements which India alleges and blames on the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raman-134">[133]</a> The Kashmiri Pandits, a community of Hindu Brahmins, then comprising 5% of the population of the state were the primary targets of Islamic militants, who also sought to also eliminate Kashmir's record of 5000 years of Hindu Sanskrit culture and scholarship as well as the tolerant indigenous multiculturalism referred to as <a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Knuth2006-135">[134]</a> As many as 170,000 Kashmiri Pandits are estimated to have fled the state due to being targeted and threatened by militant groups.<a href="#cite_note-Columbus2004-136">[135]</a> In 1989, attacks on Pandits escalated and Muslim paramilitaries selectively raped, tortured and killed Kashmiri Pandits, burnt their temples, idols and holy books. The Pandits fled en masse from the state after which their houses were burnt by militants and their artwork and sculptures were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Knuth2006-135">[134]</a> In August 2000, militant groups killed 30 Hindu pilgrims in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/2000_Amarnath_pilgrimage_massacre" title="2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre">2000 Amarnath pilgrimage massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-137">[136]</a> The Indian government blamed the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> for the killings.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> writes that "hundreds of Hindu labourers ha[d] been leaving the Kashmir Valley" in August 2000 due to targeted killings against Hindu workers.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2000-137">[136]</a> Other minorities such as Kashmiri <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> were also targeted. According to Chitkara, the killing of Sikhs near <a href="/wiki/Anantnag" title="Anantnag">Anantnag</a> in 2001, by the Jehadis was aimed at ethnic cleansing. Hindus have migrated from most of the Kashmir valley, Sikhs who form a very small percentage could be forced to migrate in the wake of such killings.<a href="#cite_note-Chitkara2002-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> has been blamed by Indian government for the <a href="/wiki/Chittisinghpura_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittisinghpura massacre">Chittisinghpura massacre</a>, which killed 36 Sikhs at the time of Clinton's visit to India.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a> (LeT) associate <a href="/wiki/David_Headley" title="David Headley">David Headley</a>, who was arrested in connection with the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, confessed to the <a href="/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency" title="National Investigation Agency">National Investigation Agency</a> that the LeT carried out the Chittisinghpura massacre.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaish-e-Mohammed" title="Jaish-e-Mohammed">Jaish-e-Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizbul_Mujahideen" title="Hizbul Mujahideen">Hizbul Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses_in_Azad_Kashmir" title="Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir">Human rights abuses in Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_India" title="Human rights in India">Human rights in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_II" title="Papa II">Papa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The Indian Government claims that even though children can join the armed forces, they are not formally enrolled into regular service before the age of 18. [..]In Jammu and Kashmir, the Indian army has armed local <a href="/wiki/Village_Defence_Committees" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Defence Committees">Village Defence Committees</a> (VDC) – primarily Hindus – in Doda, Udhampur and the border districts to assist security forces in anti-insurgency operations.(HRW, Behind the Kashmir Conflict: Abuses by Indian Security Forces and Militant Groups Continue, op. cit.; Bukhari, S., "Militants kill 19 in Jammu", The Hindu, 21 July 1999.) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes_2">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rnews-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rnews_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rnews_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/column/kashmiri-pandits-remain-refugees-in-their-own-nation/20120119.htm">"23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rediff_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Rediff News">Rediff News</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff+News&rft.atitle=23+years+on%2C+Kashmiri+Pandits+remain+refugees+in+their+own+nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2Fcolumn%2Fkashmiri-pandits-remain-refugees-in-their-own-nation%2F20120119.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindwan-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindwan_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindwan1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hindwan, Sudhir (1998). Verma, Bharat (ed.). "Policing the police". Indian Defence Review. 13 (2): 95. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-2512">0970-2512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Defence+Review&rft.atitle=Policing+the+police&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0970-2512&rft.aulast=Hindwan&rft.aufirst=Sudhir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartjen-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartjen_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartjen_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartjenS._Priyadarsini2011" class="citation book cs1">Hartjen, Clayton; S. Priyadarsini (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalvictimizat00hart">The Global Victimization of Children: Problems and Solutions</a> (2012 ed.). Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalvictimizat00hart/page/n120">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-2178-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-2178-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-2178-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Victimization+of+Children%3A+Problems+and+Solutions&rft.pages=106&rft.edition=2012&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-2178-8&rft.aulast=Hartjen&rft.aufirst=Clayton&rft.au=S.+Priyadarsini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalvictimizat00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amnesty_International-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amnesty_International_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/022/2002/en/">"Document – India: Jammu/Kashmir government should implement human rights program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>. 27 October 2002. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Document+%E2%80%93+India%3A+Jammu%2FKashmir+government+should+implement+human+rights+program&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2002-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fasa20%2F022%2F2002%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kazi-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Kazi_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazi" class="citation book cs1">Kazi, Seema. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213021611/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1">Gender and Militarization in Kashmir</a>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t343/e0165?_hi=0&_pos=1">the original</a> on 13 December 2019. <q>Sordid and gruesome as the militant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Militarization+in+Kashmir&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Kazi&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft343%2Fe0165%3F_hi%3D0%26_pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW2006-6"><a href="#cite_ref-HRW2006_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0906web.pdf">Everyone Lives in Fear: Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. September 2006. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Everyone+Lives+in+Fear%3A+Patterns+of+Impunity+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2Findia0906web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ht2017-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ht2017_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayanth_JacobAurangzeb_Naqshbandi" class="citation news cs1">Jayanth Jacob; Aurangzeb Naqshbandi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-anatomy-of-kashmir-militancy-in-numbers/story-UncrzPTGhN22Uf1HHe64JJ_amp.html">"41,000 deaths in 27 years: The anatomy of Kashmir militancy in numbers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 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Human Rights Watch. pp. 88–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05614-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05614-3"><bdi>978-0-300-05614-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Under+Siege%3A+Human+Rights+in+India&rft.pages=88-91&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05614-3&rft.au=James+Goldston&rft.au=Patricia+Gossman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrGwSsSchRUC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-violations_in_kashmir-50"><a href="#cite_ref-violations_in_kashmir_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanrightscrisi00asia">The Human Rights Crisis in Kashmir: A Pattern of Impunity</a>. 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HR Resolution 344], <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, 2006-02-15 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-USHR-130"><a href="#cite_ref-USHR_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/report/resolution-on-kashmiri-pandits-in-us-house/20110805.htm">"Resolution on Kashmiri Pandits in US House"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+The+Pandit+question&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.aulast=Essa&rft.aufirst=Azad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fspotlight%2Fkashmirtheforgottenconflict%2F2011%2F07%2F2011724204546645823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaleo.org/2.13229/kashmir-the-predicament-1.1790247">Ka Leo The Voice – Kashmir: The Predicament</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110926215555/http://www.kaleo.org/2.13229/kashmir-the-predicament-1.1790247">Archived</a> 26 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHR-133"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHR_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees2008" class="citation web cs1">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0.html">"Refworld | Freedom in the World 2008 – Kashmir [Pakistan]"</a>. United Nations High Commission for Refugees. Retrieved 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+Freedom+in+the+World+2008+%E2%80%93+Kashmir+%5BPakistan%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=United+Nations+High+Commission+for+Refugees&rft.date=2008-07-02&rft.au=United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Refugees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2Frefworld%2Ftopic%2C463af2212%2C469f2dcf2%2C487ca21a2a%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raman-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Raman_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Raman2012" class="citation news cs1">B. Raman (19 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?279630">"Future of Kashmiri Pandits"</a>. Outlook. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outlook&rft.atitle=Future+of+Kashmiri+Pandits&rft.date=2012-01-19&rft.au=B.+Raman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outlookindia.com%2Farticle.aspx%3F279630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knuth2006-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knuth2006_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knuth2006_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnuth2006" class="citation book cs1">Knuth, Rebecca (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67CWswHay3QC&pg=PA77">Burning books and leveling libraries: extremist violence and cultural destruction</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99007-7"><bdi>978-0-275-99007-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+books+and+leveling+libraries%3A+extremist+violence+and+cultural+destruction&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99007-7&rft.aulast=Knuth&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67CWswHay3QC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbus2004-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbus2004_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeather2004" class="citation book cs1">Leather, Kaia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5XEAQLuY0sC&pg=PA156">"Kashmiri Separatists : Origins, Competing Ideologies and Prospects for Resolution of the Conflict"</a>. In Columbus, Frank (ed.). Asian economic and political issues, Volume 10. Nova Publishers. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59454-089-9"><bdi>978-1-59454-089-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmiri+Separatists+%3A+Origins%2C+Competing+Ideologies+and+Prospects+for+Resolution+of+the+Conflict&rft.btitle=Asian+economic+and+political+issues%2C+Volume+10&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59454-089-9&rft.aulast=Leather&rft.aufirst=Kaia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5XEAQLuY0sC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2000-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2000_137-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/866133.stm">Amarnath pilgrimage resumes</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 2000-08-04 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/2011/05/coll-likely-bin-laden-successor-will-struggle.html">"Steve Coll: "Zawahiri's record suggests he will struggle" | FRONTLINE"</a>. PBS. 2 May 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steve+Coll%3A+%22Zawahiri%27s+record+suggests+he+will+struggle%22+%26%23124%3B+FRONTLINE&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2011-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2F2011%2F05%2Fcoll-likely-bin-laden-successor-will-struggle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804025219/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/killings_jk_august_03_2000.htm">"Prime Minister Vajpayee's statement in Parliament regarding the recent massacre in Jammu & Kashmir"</a>. Embassy of India. 4 August 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianembassy.org/new/killings_jk_august_03_2000.htm">the original</a> on 4 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prime+Minister+Vajpayee%27s+statement+in+Parliament+regarding+the+recent+massacre+in+Jammu+%26+Kashmir&rft.pub=Embassy+of+India&rft.date=2000-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianembassy.org%2Fnew%2Fkillings_jk_august_03_2000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitkara2002-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Chitkara2002_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._G._Chitkara2002" class="citation book cs1">M. G. Chitkara (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CK0DFijayQC&pg=PA172">Kashmir Shaivism: under siege</a>. APH Publishing. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-360-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-360-5"><bdi>978-81-7648-360-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir+Shaivism%3A+under+siege&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-360-5&rft.au=M.+G.+Chitkara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CK0DFijayQC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111191820/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/2008/1130_india_terrorism_riedel.aspx">Terrorism in India and the Global Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2008/1130_india_terrorism_riedel.aspx">the original</a> on 11 November 2011, <q>LeT has been linked to numerous terrorist attacks in India including the massacre of dozens of Sikhs in Kashmir in March 2000 during President Clinton's visit to India, bombings in New Delhi in 2005 and bombings in Varanasi and Mumbai in 2006</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+India+and+the+Global+Jihad&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2F2008%2F1130_india_terrorism_riedel.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101031025808/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lashkar-behind-Sikh-massacre-in-Kashmir-in-2000-says-Headley/Article1-617459.aspx">Lashkar behind Sikh massacre in Kashmir in 2000, says Headley</a>. Hindustan Times. 25 October 2010. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose1997" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sumantra (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EhuAAAAMAAJ">The challenge in Kashmir: democracy, self-determination, and a just peace</a>, New Delhi: Sage Publications, in association with The Book Review Literary Trust, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9350-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-9350-1"><bdi>978-0-8039-9350-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+challenge+in+Kashmir%3A+democracy%2C+self-determination%2C+and+a+just+peace&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%2C+in+association+with+The+Book+Review+Literary+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-9350-1&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EhuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose2005" class="citation cs2">Bose, Sumantra (2005), Kashmir: roots of conflict, paths to peace, Harvard University Press. Pp. 307, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01817-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01817-4"><bdi>978-0-674-01817-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+roots+of+conflict%2C+paths+to+peace&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press.+Pp.+307&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01817-4&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sumantra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadan2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Triloki_Nath_Madan" class="mw-redirect" title="Triloki Nath Madan">Madan, T. N.</a> (2008), "Kashmir, Kashmiris, Kashmiriyat: An Introductory Essay", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Delhi: Manohar. Pp. xviii, 758, pp. 1–36, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-751-0"><bdi>978-81-7304-751-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kashmir%2C+Kashmiris%2C+Kashmiriyat%3A+An+Introductory+Essay&rft.btitle=The+Valley+of+Kashmir%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+a+Composite+Culture%3F&rft.pages=1-36&rft.pub=Delhi%3A+Manohar.+Pp.+xviii%2C+758&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-751-0&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2005" class="citation cs2">Malik, Iffat (2005), Kashmir: Ethnic Conflict, International Dispute, Karachi and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xxvi, 392, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579622-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579622-3"><bdi>978-0-19-579622-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kashmir%3A+Ethnic+Conflict%2C+International+Dispute&rft.pub=Karachi+and+Oxford%3A+Oxford+University+Press.+Pp.+xxvi%2C+392&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579622-3&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iffat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Metcalf" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Metcalf">Metcalf, Barbara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Metcalf" title="Thomas R. Metcalf">Metcalf, Thomas R.</a> (2006), A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. Pp. xxxiii, 372, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68225-1"><bdi>978-0-521-68225-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Modern+India+%28Cambridge+Concise+Histories%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+and+New+York%3A+Cambridge+University+Press.+Pp.+xxxiii%2C+372&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68225-1&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mridu_Rai" title="Mridu Rai">Rai, Mridu</a> (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, Princeton University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. xii, 335., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-202-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-202-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Rulers%2C+Muslim+Subjects%3A+Islam%2C+Rights%2C+and+the+History+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2FPermanent+Black.+Pp.+xii%2C+335.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-202-6&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Mridu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZutshi2003" class="citation cs2">Zutshi, Chitralekha (2003), Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir, Oxford University Press/Permanent Black. Pp. 359, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521939-5"><bdi>978-0-19-521939-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+of+belonging%3A+Islam%2C+regional+identity%2C+and+the+making+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2FPermanent+Black.+Pp.+359&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521939-5&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=Chitralekha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZutshi2008" class="citation cs2">Zutshi, Chitraleka (2008), "Shrines, Political Authority, and Religious Identities in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-century Kashmir", in Rao, Aparna (ed.), The Valley of Kashmir: The Making and Unmaking of a Composite Culture?, Delhi: Manohar. Pp. xviii, 758, pp. 235–258, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-751-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-751-0"><bdi>978-81-7304-751-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shrines%2C+Political+Authority%2C+and+Religious+Identities+in+Late-Nineteenth+and+Early-Twentieth-century+Kashmir&rft.btitle=The+Valley+of+Kashmir%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+a+Composite+Culture%3F&rft.pages=235-258&rft.pub=Delhi%3A+Manohar.+Pp.+xviii%2C+758&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-751-0&rft.aulast=Zutshi&rft.aufirst=Chitraleka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+rights+abuses+in+Jammu+and+Kashmir" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;Emblem_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Union_Territory_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template:Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template talk:Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jammu and Kashmir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;Emblem_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Union_Territory_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir"><img alt="Emblem of Jammu and Kashmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/25px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/38px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg/50px-Government_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="697" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Union Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a> (Summer); <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> (Winter)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">History of Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajatarangini" title="Rajatarangini">Rajatarangini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitaditya_Muktapida" title="Lalitaditya Muktapida">Lalitaditya Muktapida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didda" title="Didda">Didda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayn_al-Abidin_(sultan_of_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)">Zayn al-Abidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Mir_dynasty" title="Shah Mir dynasty">Shah Mir dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_dynasty" title="Dogra dynasty">Dogra Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamwal" title="Jamwal">Jamwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir Committee">Kashmir Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darbar_Move" title="Darbar Move">Darbar Move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development_in_India" title="Economic development in India">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Government and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Reorganisation_Act_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act (2019)">Reorganisation Act (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_National_Conference" title="Jammu & Kashmir National Conference">Jammu & Kashmir National Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party">Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Parties_Hurriyat_Conference" title="All Parties Hurriyat Conference">All Parties Hurriyat Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_People%27s_Conference" title="Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference">Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">Instrument of Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_370_of_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Article 370 of the Constitution of India">Article 370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Elections in Jammu and Kashmir">Elections in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira%E2%80%93Sheikh_Accord" title="Indira–Sheikh Accord">Indira–Sheikh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Abdullah" title="Sheikh Abdullah">Sheikh Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Nath_Dogra" title="Prem Nath Dogra">Prem Nath Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad">Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdullah" title="Omar Abdullah">Omar Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Singh_(politician,_born_1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)">Jitendra Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Shah_Geelani" title="Syed Ali Shah Geelani">Syed Ali Shah Geelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehbooba_Mufti" title="Mehbooba Mufti">Mehbooba Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehr_Chand_Mahajan" title="Mehr Chand Mahajan">Mehr Chand Mahajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwaiz_Umar_Farooq" title="Mirwaiz Umar Farooq">Mirwaiz Umar Farooq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti_Muhammad_Sayeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufti Muhammad Sayeed">Mufti Muhammad Sayeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmal_Kumar_Singh" title="Nirmal Kumar Singh">Nirmal Kumar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Abdullah" title="Farooq Abdullah">Farooq Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Malik" title="Yasin Malik">Yasin Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Gani_Lone" title="Sajjad Gani Lone">Sajjad Gani Lone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabir_Shah" title="Shabir Shah">Shabir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Public_Safety_Act,_1978" title="Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978">Public Safety Act, 1978</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kashmir" title="Culture of Kashmir">Culture</a> and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiriyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir_and_Ladakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindu_festivals" title="Kashmiri Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazwan" title="Wazwan">Wazwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanger" title="Kanger">Kanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikara" title="Shikara">Shikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basohli_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Basohli painting">Basohli painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchi_Monastery" title="Alchi Monastery">Alchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_Temple" title="Amarnath Temple">Amarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulmarg" title="Gulmarg">Gulmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahalgam" title="Pahalgam">Pahalgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonamarg" title="Sonamarg">Sonamarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verinag" title="Verinag">Verinag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangath_Temple_complex" title="Wangath Temple complex">Wangath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusmarg" title="Yusmarg">Yusmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanskar" title="Zanskar">Zanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forts_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Forts in Jammu and Kashmir">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_parks_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:National parks in Jammu and Kashmir">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir">Lakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Jammu and Kashmir">Districts</a> and divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_division" title="Jammu division">Jammu division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathua_district" title="Kathua district">Kathua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_district" title="Jammu district">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_district" title="Samba district">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur_district" title="Udhampur district">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasi_district" title="Reasi district">Reasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajouri_district" title="Rajouri district">Rajouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_district,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Poonch district, India">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda_district" title="Doda district">Doda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_district" title="Ramban district">Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar_district" title="Kishtwar district">Kishtwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align: left; background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_division" title="Kashmir division">Kashmir division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag_district" title="Anantnag district">Anantnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam_district" title="Kulgam district">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama_district" title="Pulwama district">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian_district" title="Shopian district">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam_district" title="Budgam district">Badgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_district" title="Srinagar district">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal_district" title="Ganderbal district">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore_district" title="Bandipore district">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla_district" title="Baramulla district">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara_district" title="Kupwara district">Kupwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir_by_population" title="List of cities in Jammu and Kashmir by population">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar" title="Srinagar">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag" title="Anantnag">Anantnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla" title="Baramulla">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama" title="Pulwama">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara" title="Kupwara">Kupwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam" title="Budgam">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal" title="Ganderbal">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian" title="Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore" title="Bandipore">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam" title="Kulgam">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doda,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Doda, Jammu and Kashmir">Doda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch_(town)" title="Poonch (town)">Poonch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajouri" title="Rajouri">Rajouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)">Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasi" title="Reasi">Reasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Samba, Jammu and Kashmir">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur" title="Udhampur">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathua" title="Kathua">Kathua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwar" title="Kishtwar">Kishtwar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akingam" title="Akingam">Akingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal" title="Achabal">Achabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulwama" title="Pulwama">Pulwama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam" title="Budgam">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganderbal" title="Ganderbal">Ganderbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopian" title="Shopian">Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandipore" title="Bandipore">Bandipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulgam" title="Kulgam">Kulgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Srinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Srinagar">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Srinagar" title="Nowshera, Srinagar">Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurez" title="Gurez">Gurez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan" title="Pattan">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangan,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Kangan, Jammu and Kashmir">Kangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazratbal" title="Hazratbal">Hazratbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awantipora" title="Awantipora">Awantipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tral" title="Tral">Tral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazigund" title="Qazigund">Qazigund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokernag" title="Kokernag">Kokernag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangus" title="Shangus">Shangus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijbehara" title="Bijbehara">Bijbehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doru_Shahabad" title="Doru Shahabad">Doru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahalgam" title="Pahalgam">Pahalgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan" title="Pattan">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Uri, Jammu and Kashmir">Uri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeri" title="Kreeri">Kreeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boniyar" title="Boniyar">Boniyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangmarg" title="Tangmarg">Tangmarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore" title="Sopore">Sopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafiabad,_India" title="Rafiabad, India">Rafiabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnah" title="Karnah">Karnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupwara" title="Kupwara">Kupwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolab" class="mw-redirect" title="Lolab">Lolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwara" title="Handwara">Handwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langate" title="Langate">Langate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charari_Sharief" title="Charari Sharief">Charari Sharief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwah,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Beerwah, Jammu and Kashmir">Beerwah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadoora" title="Chadoora">Chadoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh_e_Mehtab" title="Bagh e Mehtab">Bagh e Mehtab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbal,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sumbal, Jammu and Kashmir">Sumbal Sonawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Quimoh">Quimoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahloo" title="Pahloo">Pahloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damhal_Hanji_Pora" title="Damhal Hanji Pora">Damhal Hanji Pora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soura,_Srinagar" title="Soura, Srinagar">Soura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchpora" title="Buchpora">Buchpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Nagar_Srinagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawahar Nagar Srinagar">Jawahar Nagar Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbagh" title="Rajbagh">Rajbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemina" title="Bemina">Bemina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisuma" title="Maisuma">Maisuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karan_Nagar" title="Karan Nagar">Karan Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Nagar,_Srinagar" title="Indira Nagar, Srinagar">Indira Nagar, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Chowk" title="Lal Chowk">Lal Chowk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonwar_Bagh" title="Sonwar Bagh">Sonwar Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowhatta" title="Nowhatta">Nowhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Bagh,_Srinagar" title="Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar">Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bazar" title="Lal Bazar">Lal Bazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukura" class="mw-redirect" title="Jukura">Jukura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munawar_Abad" title="Munawar Abad">Munawar Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Bagh" title="Badami Bagh">Badami Bagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Srinagar" title="Nowshera, Srinagar">Nowshera, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhpora" title="Singhpora">Singhpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magam" title="Magam">Magam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksum" title="Daksum">Daksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinthan_top" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinthan top">Sinthan top</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Famous villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padgampora" title="Padgampora">Padgampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskander_Pora,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Iskander Pora, Jammu and Kashmir"> Iskander Pora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhom" title="Mazhom">Mazhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathsoon">Rathsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botingoo" title="Botingoo">Botingoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpora" title="Fatehpora">Fatehpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durhama" title="Durhama">Durhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanjiwera" title="Hanjiwera">Hanjiwera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardu-Aboora" title="Hardu-Aboora">Hardu-Aboora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keran,_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Keran, Jammu and Kashmir">Keran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreeri" title="Kreeri">Kreeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladoora" title="Ladoora">Ladoora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogmuna" title="Ogmuna">Ogmuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeloo" title="Seeloo">Seeloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazun" title="Zazun">Zazun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakura" title="Wakura">Wakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabagh_Ganderbal" title="Nawabagh Ganderbal">Nawabagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratnipora" title="Ratnipora">Ratnipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichgam" title="Ichgam">Ichgam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Railways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar%E2%80%93Jammu_line" title="Jalandhar–Jammu line">Jalandhar–Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Baramulla_line" title="Jammu–Baramulla line">Jammu–Baramulla</a></li></ul></li> <li>Stations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar_railway_station" title="Srinagar railway station">Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Tawi_railway_station" title="Jammu Tawi railway station">Jammu Tawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Udhampur railway station">Udhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazigund_railway_station" title="Qazigund railway station">Qzaigund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadura_railway_station" title="Sadura railway station">Sadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantnag_railway_station" title="Anantnag railway station">Anantang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budgam_railway_station" title="Budgam railway station">Budgam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baramulla_railway_station" title="Baramulla railway station">Baramulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampore_railway_station" title="Pampore railway station">Pampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakapora_railway_station" title="Kakapora railway station">Kakapora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadigam_railway_station" title="Nadigam railway station">Nadigam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhom_railway_station" title="Mazhom railway station">Mazhom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banihal_railway_station" title="Banihal railway station">Banihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bijbehara_railway_station" title="Bijbehara railway station">Bijbehara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattan_railway_station" title="Pattan railway station">Pattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopore_railway_station" title="Sopore railway station">Sopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awantipora_railway_station" title="Awantipora railway station">Awantipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katra_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Katra railway station">Katra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Highway_1A_(India,_old_numbering)" title="National Highway 1A (India, old numbering)">National Highway 1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Srinagar_National_Highway" title="Jammu–Srinagar National Highway">Jammu–Srinagar National Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Baramulla_highway" title="Srinagar–Baramulla highway">Srinagar–Baramulla highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhampur%E2%80%93Jammu_highway" title="Udhampur–Jammu highway">Udhampur–Jammu highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leh%E2%80%93Manali_Highway" title="Leh–Manali Highway">Leh–Manali Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Road" title="Mughal Road">Mughal Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/90_Feet_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="90 Feet Road">90 Feet Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly" title="Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly">Local elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Elections in Jammu and Kashmir">Elections in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sports in Jammu and Kashmir">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Cricket_Association" title="Jammu & Kashmir Cricket Association">Cricket Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_cricket_team" title="Jammu and Kashmir cricket team">Cricket team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_%26_Kashmir_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu & Kashmir Football Association">Football association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jammu_%26_Kashmir_International_Cricket_Stadium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jammu & Kashmir International Cricket Stadium (page does not exist)">International Cricket Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_International_Half_Marathon" title="Kashmir International Half Marathon">Kashmir International Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Springs_Golf_Course,_Srinagar" title="Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar">Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Marathon" title="Ladakh Marathon">Ladakh Marathon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Military_Observer_Group_in_India_and_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan">UNMOGIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_and_the_Jammu_and_Kashmir_floods,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Armed Forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014">Indian Armed Forces and the Jammu and Kashmir floods, 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_stations_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Template:Power stations of Jammu and Kashmir">Power stations</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human rights abuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_control_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Crowd control in Jammu and Kashmir">Crowd control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Women's rights in Jammu and Kashmir">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Media in Jammu and Kashmir">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Template talk:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India–Pakistan relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–Pakistan_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Pakistan&#124;link=Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">India–Pakistan relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_Pakistan" title="List of high commissioners of India to Pakistan">High Commissioners of India to Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commission_of_Pakistan,_New_Delhi" title="High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi">High Commission of Pakistan, New Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karachi_Agreement" title="Karachi Agreement">Karachi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%E2%80%93Mountbatten_talks" title="Jinnah–Mountbatten talks">Jinnah–Mountbatten talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat%E2%80%93Nehru_Pact" title="Liaquat–Nehru Pact">Liaquat–Nehru Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuee_Trust_Property_Board" title="Evacuee Trust Property Board">Evacuee Trust Property Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Waters_Treaty" title="Indus Waters Treaty">Indus Waters Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Indus_Commission" title="Permanent Indus Commission">Permanent Indus Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Declaration" title="Tashkent Declaration">Tashkent Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Agreement" title="Simla Agreement">Simla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Agreement" title="Delhi Agreement">Delhi Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Visits_to_Religious_Shrines_1974" title="Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974">Protocol on Visits to Religious Shrines 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Nuclear_Aggression_Agreement" title="Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement">Non-Nuclear Aggression Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan%E2%80%93India_Pipeline" title="Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline">Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Declaration" title="Lahore Declaration">Lahore Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline" title="Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline">Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Summit" title="Agra Summit">Agra Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pak_Joint_Judicial_Committee" title="Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee">Indo-Pak Joint Judicial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_maritime_trespassing" title="India–Pakistan maritime trespassing">India–Pakistan maritime trespassing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Creek" title="Sir Creek">Sir Creek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir/Sadqi_International_Parade_Ground" title="Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground">Mahavir/Sadqi International Parade Ground</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Armed Forces in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir">Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Junagadh" title="Annexation of Junagadh">Annexation of Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1965" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1965">Indo-Pakistani war of 1965</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gibraltar" title="Operation Gibraltar">Operation Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_for_Enemy_Property_for_India" title="Custodian for Enemy Property for India">Custodian for Enemy Property for India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Pakistani Instrument of Surrender">Pakistani Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad%E2%80%93New_Delhi_hotline" title="Islamabad–New Delhi hotline">Islamabad–New Delhi hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Prisoners of war in the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Control" title="Line of Control">Line of Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJ9842" title="NJ9842">NJ9842</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tupac" title="Operation Tupac">Operation Tupac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir">Indian Army operations in Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarnath_land_transfer_controversy" title="Amarnath land transfer controversy">2008 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kashmir_unrest" title="2010 Kashmir unrest">2010 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_Kashmir_unrest" title="2016–2017 Kashmir unrest">2016–2017 Kashmir unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Jammu_and_Kashmir_lockdown" title="2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown">2019–2021 lockdown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence_activities_in_India" title="Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India">Inter-Services Intelligence activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Amritsar_train_massacre" title="1947 Amritsar train massacre">1947 Amritsar train massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_water_dispute_of_1948" title="Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948">Indo-Pakistani water dispute of 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Canberra_shootdown" title="1959 Canberra shootdown">1959 Canberra shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Indian_Airlines_hijacking" title="1971 Indian Airlines hijacking">1971 Indian Airlines hijacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Singh" title="Kashmir Singh">Kashmir Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_spy_scandal" title="Samba spy scandal">Samba spy scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_423" title="Indian Airlines Flight 423">Indian Airlines Flight 423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravindra_Kaushik" title="Ravindra Kaushik">Ravindra Kaushik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Pan Am Flight 73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks" title="Operation Brasstacks">Operation Brasstacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabjit_Singh" title="Sarabjit Singh">Sarabjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaullah_Haq" title="Sanaullah Haq">Sanaullah Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="1992 India–Pakistan floods">1992 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Pakistan_Breguet_1150_Atlantic_shootdown" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown">1999 Pakistan Breguet 1150 Atlantic shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_Bhausaheb_Maruti_Talekar" title="Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar">Beheading of Bhausaheb Maruti Talekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack" title="2001 Indian Parliament attack">2001 Indian Parliament attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff">2001–2002 standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Samjhauta_Express_bombings" title="2007 Samjhauta Express bombings">2007 Samjhauta Express bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="2008 India–Pakistan standoff">2008 military standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmish" title="2011 India–Pakistan border skirmish">2011 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleel_Chishty" title="Khaleel Chishty">Khaleel Chishty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_floods" title="2014 India–Pakistan floods">2014 India–Pakistan floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Wagah_border_suicide_attack" title="2014 Wagah border suicide attack">2014 Wagah border suicide attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulbhushan_Jadhav" title="Kulbhushan Jadhav">Kulbhushan Jadhav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Uri_attack" title="2016 Uri attack">2016 Uri attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Indian_Line_of_Control_strike" title="2016 Indian Line of Control strike">2016 Indian Line of Control strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2019 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Jammu_and_Kashmir_airstrikes" title="2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes">2019 Jammu and Kashmir airstrikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff" title="Media coverage of 2019 India–Pakistan standoff">Media coverage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2020–21 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Lahore_bombing" title="2021 Lahore bombing">2021 Lahore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_missile_incident" title="2022 India–Pakistan missile incident">2022 missile incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_India-Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2023 India-Pakistan border skirmishes">2023 border skirmishes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border" title="India–Pakistan border">Border</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Attari" title="Attari">Attari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attari%E2%80%93Wagah_border_ceremony" title="Attari–Wagah border ceremony">Attari–Wagah border ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganda_Singh_Wala" title="Ganda Singh Wala">Ganda Singh Wala</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hussainiwala" title="Hussainiwala">Hussainiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartarpur_Corridor" title="Kartarpur Corridor">Kartarpur Corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Pakistan" title="Indians in Pakistan">Indians in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_India" title="Pakistanis in India">Pakistanis in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Anti-Pakistan sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India" title="Illegal immigration to India">Illegal immigration to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees" title="East Bengali refugees">East Bengali refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_sports_rivalries" title="India–Pakistan sports rivalries">Sports rivalries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_cricket_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan cricket rivalry">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_rivalry" title="India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry">Field hockey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_between_India_and_Pakistan" title="Transport between India and Pakistan">Transport between India and Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi%E2%80%93Lahore_Bus" title="Delhi–Lahore Bus">Delhi–Lahore Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu%E2%80%93Sialkot_line" title="Jammu–Sialkot line">Jammu–Sialkot line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poonch-Rawalakot_Bus" title="Poonch-Rawalakot Bus">Poonch-Rawalakot Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjhauta_Express" title="Samjhauta Express">Samjhauta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinagar%E2%80%93Muzaffarabad_Bus" title="Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus">Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Express" title="Thar Express">Thar Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sind_Mail" title="Sind Mail">Sind Mail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House" title="Jinnah House">Jinnah House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaghaz-e-Dosti" title="Aaghaz-e-Dosti">Aaghaz-e-Dosti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aman_ki_Asha" title="Aman ki Asha">Aman ki Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reunification" title="Indian reunification">Indian reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indo-Pakistani Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy" title="Hindi–Urdu controversy">Hindi–Urdu controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_textbooks_controversy" title="Pakistani textbooks controversy">Pakistani textbooks controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishanganga_Hydroelectric_Project" title="Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project">Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">India and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction">Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_India_with_a_Thousand_Cuts" title="Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts">Bleed India with a Thousand Cuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Concept_of_War_Fighting" title="New Concept of War Fighting">New Concept of War Fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Start_(military_doctrine)" title="Cold Start (military doctrine)">Cold Start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodistan" title="Foodistan">Foodistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar%E2%80%93Ehsaan%E2%80%93Loy_Inspiration:_Aman_Ki_Aasha_tour" title="Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour">Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy Inspiration: Aman Ki Aasha tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Category:India–Pakistan relations">Category:India–Pakistan relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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