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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Early 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Mid-2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.3 Late 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_national_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_national_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Notable national sections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_national_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charitable_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charitable_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Charitable status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charitable_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Objectives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Objectives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_focus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_focus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Country focus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_focus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Internal controversies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_report_on_workplace_bullying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_report_on_workplace_bullying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 2019 report on workplace bullying </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_report_on_workplace_bullying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_budgetary_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_budgetary_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 2019 budgetary crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_budgetary_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_secret_payout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_secret_payout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 2020 secret payout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_secret_payout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_accusation_of_systemic_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_accusation_of_systemic_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.4 2021 accusation of systemic bias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_accusation_of_systemic_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_report_on_systemic_racism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_report_on_systemic_racism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.5 2022 report on systemic racism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_report_on_systemic_racism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nayirah_testimony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nayirah_testimony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nayirah testimony </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nayirah_testimony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 United Kingdom and the Commonwealth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_CAGE_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_CAGE_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 2010 CAGE controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_CAGE_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_Irene_Khan_payout" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_Irene_Khan_payout"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 2011 Irene Khan payout </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_Irene_Khan_payout-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019_Kurdish_hunger_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_Kurdish_hunger_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 2019 Kurdish hunger strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_Kurdish_hunger_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Awards and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights_concerts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_concerts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Human rights concerts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_concerts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Amnesty_Candle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Amnesty_Candle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 The Amnesty Candle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Amnesty_Candle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Amnesty International</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnestie_Internasionaal" title="Amnestie Internasionaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amnestie Internasionaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="منظمة العفو الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظمة العفو الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnist%C3%ADa_Internacional" title="Amnistía Internacional – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amnistía Internacional" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="অ্যামনেস্টি ইন্টারন্যাশনাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামনেস্টি ইন্টারন্যাশনাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Міжнародная амністыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародная амністыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="एमनेस्टी इंटरनेशनल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एमनेस्टी इंटरनेशनल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Амнести Интернешънъл – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амнести Интернешънъл" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnistia_Internacional" title="Amnistia Internacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amnistia Internacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnest_Rhyngwladol" title="Amnest Rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amnest Rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Διεθνής Αμνηστία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνής Αμνηστία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnist%C3%ADa_Internacional" title="Amnistía Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amnistía Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnestio_Internacia" title="Amnestio Internacia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amnestio Internacia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnistia_Internazionala" title="Amnistia Internazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amnistia Internazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84" title="عفو بین‌الملل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عفو بین‌الملل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnist%C3%ADa_Internacional" title="Amnistía Internacional – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amnistía Internacional" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%95%B0%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0" title="국제앰네스티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제앰네스티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%AC" title="Ամնեսթի ինթերնեյշնլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամնեսթի ինթերնեյշնլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="एमनेस्टी इण्टरनेशनल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एमनेस्टी इण्टरनेशनल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnestio_Internaciona" title="Amnestio Internaciona – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amnestio Internaciona" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C" title="אמנסטי אינטרנשיונל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמנסטי אינטרנשיונל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅಮ್ನೆಸ್ಟಿ ಇಂಟರ್‌ನ್ಯಾಶನಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮ್ನೆಸ್ಟಿ ಇಂಟರ್‌ನ್ಯಾಶನಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAxistina_Ef%C3%BBy%C3%AA_ya_Navnetewey%C3%AE" title="Rêxistina Efûyê ya Navneteweyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêxistina Efûyê ya Navneteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnestia_internationalis" title="Amnestia internationalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Amnestia internationalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Амнести интернешенал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амнести интернешенал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BD" title="ആംനസ്റ്റി ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആംനസ്റ്റി ഇന്റർനാഷണൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BB" title="Эмнести Интернэшнл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эмнести Интернэшнл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လွတ်ငြိမ်းချမ်းသာခွင့်အဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လွတ်ငြိမ်းချမ်းသာခွင့်အဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2" title="एमनेस्टी इन्टरनेसनल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एमनेस्टी इन्टरनेसनल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AB" title="アムネスティ・インターナショナル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムネスティ・インターナショナル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnistia_Internacionala" title="Amnistia Internacionala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amnistia Internacionala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਐਮਨੈਸਟੀ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਮਨੈਸਟੀ ਇੰਟਰਨੈਸ਼ਨਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ایمنیسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایمنیسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්ෂමා සංවිධානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්ෂමා සංවිධානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84" title="ايمنسٽي انٽرنيشنل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايمنسٽي انٽرنيشنل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ڕێکخراوەی لێبوردنی نێونەتەوەیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێکخراوەی لێبوردنی نێونەتەوەیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பன்னாட்டு மன்னிப்பு அவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு மன்னிப்பு அவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuref_agra%C9%A3lan" title="Asuref agraɣlan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asuref agraɣlan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆమ్నెస్టీ ఇంటర్నేషనల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆమ్నెస్టీ ఇంటర్నేషనల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5" title="แอมเนสตี้ อินเตอร์เนชั่นแนล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอมเนสตี้ อินเตอร์เนชั่นแนล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_Af_%C3%96rg%C3%BCt%C3%BC" title="Uluslararası Af Örgütü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Af Örgütü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Amnesty International" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تنظیم برائے بین الاقوامی عفو عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82n_x%C3%A1_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Ân xá Quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ân xá Quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Amnesty International</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Amnesty_International_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Amnesty_International_logo.svg/250px-Amnesty_International_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Amnesty_International_logo.svg/375px-Amnesty_International_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ee/Amnesty_International_logo.svg/500px-Amnesty_International_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="206" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">July 1961; 63 years ago (1961-07) United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founders</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Benenson" title="Peter Benenson">Peter Benenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Baker_(activist)" title="Eric Baker (activist)">Eric Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">INGO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/WC_postcode_area" title="WC postcode area">WC1</a> United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Global</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Services</th><td class="infobox-data note">Protecting human rights</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data">Media attention, direct-appeal campaigns, research, lobbying</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Members </div></th><td class="infobox-data">More than ten million members and supporters<a href="#cite_note-whoai-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary-General">Secretary-General</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a><a href="#cite_note-Agnes-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en">amnesty.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Amnesty International (also referred to as Amnesty or AI) is an <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international non-governmental organization</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. The organization says it has more than ten million members and supporters around the world.<a href="#cite_note-whoai-1">[1]</a> The stated mission of the organization is to campaign for "a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> and other <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments" title="International human rights instruments">international human rights instruments</a>."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The organization has played a notable role on human rights issues due to its frequent citation in media and by world leaders.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> AI was founded in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1961 by the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benenson" title="Peter Benenson">Peter Benenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forgotten-6">[6]</a> In what he called "The Forgotten Prisoners" and "An Appeal for Amnesty", which appeared on the front page of the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a>, Benenson wrote about two students who toasted to freedom in Portugal and four other people who had been jailed in other nations because of their beliefs. AI's original focus was <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>, with its remit widening in the 1970s, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ennals" title="Martin Ennals">Martin Ennals</a>, to include <a href="/wiki/Miscarriages_of_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Miscarriages of justice">miscarriages of justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>. In 1977, it was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>. In the 1980s, its secretary general was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg" title="Thomas Hammarberg">Thomas Hammarberg</a>, succeeded in the 1990s by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_San%C3%A9" title="Pierre Sané">Pierre Sané</a>. In the 2000s, it was led by <a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a>. Amnesty draws attention to human rights abuses and campaigns for compliance with <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international laws</a> and standards. It works to mobilize <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> to generate pressure on governments where abuse takes place.<a href="#cite_note-aboutai-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3></div> Amnesty International was founded in London in July 1961 by English barrister <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benenson" title="Peter Benenson">Peter Benenson</a>, who had previously been a founding member of the UK law reform organization <a href="/wiki/Justice_(organisation)" title="Justice (organisation)">JUSTICE.</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Benenson was influenced by his friend <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blom-Cooper" title="Louis Blom-Cooper">Louis Blom-Cooper</a>, who led a political prisoners' campaign.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> According to Benenson's own account, he was travelling on the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> on 19 November 1960 when he read that two Portuguese students from <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> had been sentenced to seven years of imprisonment in Portugal for allegedly "having drunk a toast to liberty".<a href="#cite_note-fn1-11">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keane-12">[11]</a> Researchers have never traced the alleged newspaper article in question.<a href="#cite_note-fn1-11">[a]</a> In 1960, Portugal was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The government was authoritarian in nature and strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a>, suppressing enemies of the state as anti-Portuguese. In his significant newspaper article "<a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Prisoners" title="The Forgotten Prisoners">The Forgotten Prisoners</a>", Benenson later described his reaction as follows: <blockquote>Open your newspaper any day of the week and you will find a story from somewhere of someone being imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government... The newspaper reader feels a sickening sense of impotence. Yet if these feelings of disgust could be united into common action, something effective could be done.<a href="#cite_note-Forgotten-6">[6]</a></blockquote> Benenson worked with his friend <a href="/wiki/Eric_Baker_(activist)" title="Eric Baker (activist)">Eric Baker</a> – a member of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> who had been involved in funding the British <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Nuclear_Disarmament" title="Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament">Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament</a> as well as becoming head of <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Quaker Peace and Social Witness</a>. In his memoirs, Benenson described him as "a partner in the launching of the project".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers and, in particular, Alec Digges, they wrote via <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blom-Cooper" title="Louis Blom-Cooper">Louis Blom-Cooper</a> to <a href="/wiki/David_Astor" title="David Astor">David Astor</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a> newspaper, who, on 28 May 1961, published Benenson's article "The Forgotten Prisoners". The article brought the reader's attention to those "imprisoned, tortured or executed because his opinions or religion are unacceptable to his government"<a href="#cite_note-Forgotten-6">[6]</a> or, put another way, to violations, by governments, of articles 18 and 19 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR). The article described these violations occurring, on a global scale, in the context of restrictions to press freedom, to political oppositions, to timely <a href="/wiki/Public_trial" title="Public trial">public trial</a> before impartial courts, and to asylum. It marked the launch of "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961", the aim of which was to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, whom Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".<a href="#cite_note-buchanan1-15">[14]</a> The "Appeal for Amnesty" was reprinted by a large number of international newspapers. In the same year, Benenson had a book published, Persecution 1961, which detailed the cases of nine <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a> investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker (Maurice Audin, <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Jones" title="Ashton Jones">Ashton Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Duncan_(anti-apartheid_activist)" title="Patrick Duncan (anti-apartheid activist)">Patrick Duncan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Ivinskaya" title="Olga Ivinskaya">Olga Ivinskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Taruc" title="Luis Taruc">Luis Taruc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Noica" title="Constantin Noica">Constantin Noica</a>, Antonio Amat and <a href="/wiki/Hu_Feng" title="Hu Feng">Hu Feng</a>).<a href="#cite_note-buchanan1-15">[14]</a> In July 1961, the leadership had decided that the appeal would form the basis of a permanent organization, Amnesty, with the first meeting taking place in London. Benenson ensured that all three major political parties were represented, enlisting members of parliament from the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">the Conservative Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">the Liberal Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-16">[15]</a> On 30 September 1962, it was officially named "Amnesty International". Between the "Appeal for Amnesty, 1961" and September 1962 the organization had been known simply as "Amnesty".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> By the mid-1960s, Amnesty International's global presence was growing and an International Secretariat and International Executive Committee were established to manage Amnesty International's national organizations, called "Sections", which had appeared in several countries. They were secretly supported by the British government at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a> The international movement was starting to agree on its core principles and techniques. For example, the issue of whether or not to adopt prisoners who had advocated violence, like <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, brought unanimous agreement that it could not give the name of "Prisoner of Conscience" to such prisoners. Aside from the work of the library and groups, Amnesty International's activities were expanding to helping prisoners' families, sending observers to trials, making representations to governments, and finding asylum or overseas employment for prisoners. Its activity and influence were also increasing within intergovernmental organizations; it would be awarded consultative status by the United Nations, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> before the decade ended.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> In 1966, Benenson suspected that the British government in collusion with some Amnesty employees had suppressed a report on British atrocities in Aden.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> He began to suspect that many of his colleagues were part of a British intelligence conspiracy to subvert Amnesty, but he could not convince anybody else at AI.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[20]</a> Later in the same year, there were further allegations, when the US government reported that <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a>, the former Irish foreign minister and Amnesty's first chairman, had been involved with a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> funding operation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> MacBride denied knowledge of the funding, but Benenson became convinced that MacBride was a member of a CIA network.<a href="#cite_note-:2-21">[20]</a> Benenson resigned as Amnesty's president on the grounds that it was bugged and infiltrated by the secret services, and said that he could no longer live in a country where such activities were tolerated.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a> (See <a href="#Relationship_with_the_British_Government">Relationship with the British Government</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s–1980s">1970s–1980s</h3></div> Amnesty International's membership increased from 15,000 in 1969<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> to 200,000 by 1979.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> At the intergovernmental level Amnesty International pressed for the application of the UN's <a href="/wiki/Standard_Minimum_Rules_for_the_Treatment_of_Prisoners" title="Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners">Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners</a> and of existing humanitarian conventions; to secure ratifications of the two <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">UN Covenants on Human Rights</a> in 1976, and was instrumental in obtaining additional instruments and provisions forbidding the practice of maltreatment. Consultative status was granted at the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Amnesty International established its Japan chapter in 1970, in part a response to the Republic of China (Taiwan)'s arrest and prosecution of Chen Yu-hsi, whom the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Garrison_Command" title="Taiwan Garrison Command">Taiwan Garrison Command</a> had alleged committed sedition by reading communist literature while studying in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:Cheng2-25">[24]</a>: 101–104  In 1976, Amnesty's British Section started a series of fund-raising events that came to be known as <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Policeman%27s_Ball" title="The Secret Policeman's Ball">The Secret Policeman's Balls</a> series. They were staged in London initially as comedy galas featuring what The Daily Telegraph called "the crème de la crème of the British comedy world"<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-26">[25]</a> including members of comedy troupe <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a>, and later expanded to also include performances by leading rock musicians. The series was created and developed by <a href="/wiki/Monty_Python" title="Monty Python">Monty Python</a> alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a> and entertainment industry executive <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_(humorist)" title="Martin Lewis (humorist)">Martin Lewis</a> working closely with Amnesty staff members <a href="/wiki/Peter_Luff_(Campaigner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Luff (Campaigner)">Peter Luff</a> (assistant director of Amnesty 1974–1978) and subsequently with Peter Walker (Amnesty Fund-Raising Officer 1978–1982). Cleese, Lewis and Luff worked together on the first two shows (1976 and 1977). Cleese, Lewis and Walker worked together on the 1979 and 1981 shows, the first to carry what The Daily Telegraph described as the "rather brilliantly re-christened" Secret Policeman's Ball title.<a href="#cite_note-Monahan-26">[25]</a> The organization was awarded the 1977 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for its "defence of human dignity against <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>"<a href="#cite_note-AINobelLec-27">[26]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a> in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-AIUNAward-28">[27]</a> During the mid-to-late-1980s, Amnesty organized two major musical events took place to increase awareness of Amnesty and of human rights. The 1986 <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_Hope" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy of Hope">Conspiracy of Hope</a> tour, which played five concerts in the US, and culminated in a daylong show, featuring some thirty-odd acts at Giants Stadium, and the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Now!" title="Human Rights Now!">Human Rights Now!</a> world tour. Human Rights Now!, which was timed to coincide with the 40th anniversary of the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (UDHR), played a series of concerts on five continents over six weeks. Both tours featured some of the most famous musicians and bands of the day.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> Throughout the 1990s, Amnesty continued to grow, to a membership of over seven million in over 150 countries and territories,<a href="#cite_note-whoai-1">[1]</a> led by Senegalese Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Pierre_San%C3%A9" title="Pierre Sané">Pierre Sané</a>. At the intergovernmental level, Amnesty International argued in favour of creating a <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> (established 1993) and an <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a> (established 2002).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Amnesty continued to work on a wide range of issues and world events. For example, South African groups joined in 1992 and hosted a visit by Pierre Sané to meet with the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> government to press for an investigation into allegations of police abuse, an end to arms sales to the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region and the abolition of the death penalty. In particular, Amnesty International brought attention to violations committed on specific groups, including <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, racial/ethnic/religious minorities, women and those executed or on <a href="/wiki/Death_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Death Row">Death Row</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> In 1995, when AI wanted to promote how <a href="/wiki/Shell_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell Oil Company">Shell Oil Company</a> was involved with the execution of an environmental and human-rights activist <a href="/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a> in Nigeria, it was stopped. Newspapers and advertising companies refused to run AI's ads because Shell Oil was a customer of theirs as well. Shell's main argument was that it was drilling oil in a country that already violated human rights and had no way to enforce human-rights policies. To combat the buzz that AI was trying to create, it immediately publicized how Shell was helping to improve overall life in Nigeria. <a href="/wiki/Salil_Shetty" title="Salil Shetty">Salil Shetty</a>, the director of Amnesty, said, "Social media re-energises the idea of the global citizen".<a href="#cite_note-guardian1-16">[15]</a> James M. Russell notes how the drive for profit from private media sources conflicts with the stories that AI wants to be heard.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-30">[29]</a> Amnesty International became involved in the legal battle over <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, former Chilean dictator, who sought to avoid extradition to Spain to face charges after his arrest in London in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hoffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hoffman">Lord Hoffman</a> had an indirect connection with Amnesty International, and this led to an important test for the appearance of bias in legal proceedings in UK law. There was a suit<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> against the decision to release Senator Pinochet, taken by the then British <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> Jack Straw, before that decision had actually been taken, in an attempt to prevent the release of Senator Pinochet. The English <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> refused<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> the application, and Senator Pinochet was released and returned to Chile. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3></div> After 2000, Amnesty International's primary focus turned to the challenges arising from <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> and the reaction to the <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a> in the United States. The issue of globalization provoked a major shift in Amnesty International policy, as the scope of its work was widened to include economic, social and cultural rights, an area that it had declined to work on in the past. Amnesty International felt this shift was important, not just to give credence to its principle of the indivisibility of rights, but because of what it saw as the growing power of companies and the undermining of many nation-states as a result of globalization.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> In the aftermath of 11 September attacks, the new Amnesty International Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a>, reported that a senior government official had said to Amnesty International delegates: "Your role collapsed with the collapse of the Twin Towers in New York."<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In the years following the attacks, some[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] believe that the gains made by human rights organizations over previous decades had possibly been eroded.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Amnesty International argued that human rights were the basis for the security of all, not a barrier to it. Criticism came directly from the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, when Khan, in 2005, likened the US government's detention facility at <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp" title="Guantanamo Bay detention camp">Guantanamo Bay, Cuba</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Soviet Gulag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> During the first half of the new decade, Amnesty International turned its attention to <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">violence against women</a>, controls on the world <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms trade</a>, concerns surrounding the effectiveness of the UN, and ending torture.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> With its membership close to two million by 2005,<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> Amnesty continued to work for prisoners of conscience. In 2007, AI's executive committee decided to support access to abortion "within reasonable gestational limits...for women in cases of rape, incest or violence, or where the pregnancy jeopardizes a mother's life or health".<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Amnesty International reported, concerning the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, on 17 March 2008, that despite claims the security situation in Iraq has improved in recent months, the human rights situation is disastrous, after the start of the war five years earlier in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 2009, Amnesty International accused Israel and the Palestinian Hamas movement of committing war crimes during Israel's January offensive in Gaza, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a>, that resulted in the deaths of more than 1,400 Palestinians and 13 Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> The 117-page Amnesty report charged Israeli forces with killing hundreds of civilians and wanton destruction of thousands of homes. Amnesty found evidence of Israeli soldiers using Palestinian civilians as human shields. A subsequent <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_Gaza_Conflict" title="United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict">United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict</a> was carried out; Amnesty stated that its findings were consistent with those of Amnesty's own field investigation, and called on the UN to act promptly to implement the mission's recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg/220px-Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg/330px-Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg/440px-Aktionstag_anl%C3%A4sslich_des_100._Internationalen_Frauentages_-_Amnesty_International.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3847" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty International, 19 March 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg/220px-Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg/330px-Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg/440px-Meguro_2014_amnesty_international.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>Japanese branch of Amnesty International, 23 May 2014</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_2010s">Early 2010s</h4></div> In February 2010, <a href="/wiki/Gita_Sahgal#Amnesty_International_controversy" title="Gita Sahgal">Amnesty suspended</a> <a href="/wiki/Gita_Sahgal" title="Gita Sahgal">Gita Sahgal</a>, its gender unit head, after she criticized Amnesty for its links with <a href="/wiki/Moazzam_Begg" title="Moazzam Begg">Moazzam Begg</a>, director of <a href="/wiki/Cageprisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Cageprisoners">Cageprisoners</a>. She said it was "a gross error of judgment" to work with "Britain's most famous supporter of the Taliban".<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-JoanSmith-46">[45]</a> Amnesty responded that Sahgal was not suspended "for raising these issues internally... [Begg] speaks about his own views ..., not Amnesty International's".<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Among those who spoke up for Sahgal were <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Denis_MacShane" title="Denis MacShane">Denis MacShane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Smith_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Smith (writer)">Joan Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bright" title="Martin Bright">Martin Bright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanie_Phillips" title="Melanie Phillips">Melanie Phillips</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Nick Cohen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JoanSmith-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-denis-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-mel-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> In July 2011, Amnesty International celebrated its 50 years with an animated short film directed by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lascano" title="Carlos Lascano">Carlos Lascano</a>, produced by Eallin Motion Art and Dreamlife Studio, with music by Academy Award-winner <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmer" title="Hans Zimmer">Hans Zimmer</a> and nominee Lorne Balfe.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> In August 2012, Amnesty International's chief executive in India sought an impartial investigation, led by the United Nations, to render justice to those affected by war crimes in Sri Lanka.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-2010s">Mid-2010s</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg/220px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg/330px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg/440px-Cologne_Germany_Cologne-Gay-Pride-2014_Parade-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="2141" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of Amnesty International at Cologne Pride Parade 2014</figcaption></figure> On 18 August 2014, in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Ferguson_unrest" title="Ferguson unrest">demonstrations</a> sparked by people protesting about the <a href="/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting of Michael Brown">fatal police shooting of Michael Brown</a>, an unarmed 18-year-old who assaulted a police officer and then resisted arrest, and subsequent acquittal of Darren Wilson, the officer who shot him, Amnesty International sent a 13-person contingent of human rights activists to seek meetings with officials as well as to train local activists in non-violent protest methods.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters.Amnesty-57">[56]</a> This was the first time that the organization has deployed such a team to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> In the 2015 annual Amnesty International UK conference, delegates narrowly voted (468 votes to 461) against a motion proposing a campaign against <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">antisemitism</a> in the UK. The debate on the motion formed a consensus that Amnesty should fight "discrimination against all ethnic and religious groups", but the division among delegates was over the issue of whether it would be appropriate for an anti-racism campaign with a "single focus".<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The Jewish Chronicle noted that Amnesty International had previously published a report on discrimination against Muslims in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> In August 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported that Yasmin Hussein, then Amnesty's director of faith and human rights and previously its head of international advocacy and a prominent representative at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, had "undeclared private links to men alleged to be key players in a secretive network of global <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a>", including the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[64]</a> The Times also detailed instances where Hussein was alleged to have had inappropriately close relationships with the al-Qazzaz family, members of which were high-ranking government ministers in the administration of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohammed Morsi</a> and Muslim Brotherhood leaders at the time.<a href="#cite_note-:4-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[64]</a> Ms Hussein denied supporting the Muslim Brotherhood and told Amnesty that "any connections are purely circumstantial".<a href="#cite_note-:4-64">[63]</a> In June 2016, Amnesty International called on the United Nations General Assembly to "immediately suspend" <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Richard Bennett, head of Amnesty's UN Office, said: "The credibility of the U.N. Human Rights Council is at stake. Since joining the council, Saudi Arabia's dire human rights record at home has continued to deteriorate and the coalition it leads has unlawfully killed and injured thousands of civilians in the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">conflict in Yemen</a>."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> In December 2016, Amnesty International revealed that <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_Victims" title="Voiceless Victims">Voiceless Victims</a>, a fake non-profit organization which claims to raise awareness for migrant workers who are victims of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">human rights abuses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, had been trying to spy on their staff.<a href="#cite_note-lemondecommentuneongfantome-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-forbesthisfakenonprofit-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_2010s">Late 2010s</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg/220px-WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg/330px-WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg/440px-WorldPride_2017_-_Madrid_-_Manifestaci%C3%B3n_-_170701_210636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5355" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty International sign at the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Pride" title="Madrid Pride">WorldPride Madrid</a> in July 2017</figcaption></figure> In October 2018, an Amnesty International researcher was abducted and beaten while observing demonstrations in Magas, the capital of Ingushetia, Russia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> On 25 October, federal officers raided the <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> office for 10 hours on a suspicion that the organization had violated foreign direct investment guidelines on the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Directorate" title="Enforcement Directorate">Enforcement Directorate</a>. Employees and supporters of Amnesty International say this is an act to <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">intimidate organizations</a> and people who question the authority and capabilities of government leaders. Aakar Patel, the executive director of the Indian branch claimed, "The Enforcement Directorate's raid on our office today shows how the authorities are now treating <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organization">human rights organizations</a> like criminal enterprises, using heavy-handed methods. On Sep 29, the Ministry of Home Affairs said Amnesty International using "glossy statements" about humanitarian work etc. as a "ploy to divert attention" from their activities which were in clear contravention of laid down Indian laws. Amnesty International received permission only once in Dec 2000, since then it had been denied Foreign Contribution permission under the Foreign Contribution Act by successive Governments. However, in order to circumvent the FCRA regulations, Amnesty UK remitted large amounts of money to four entities registered in India by classifying it as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The current Prime Minister of India, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, has been criticized by foreign medias for harming civil society in India, specifically by targeting advocacy groups.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> India has cancelled the registration of about 15,000 nongovernmental organizations under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Contribution_Regulation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Contribution Regulation Act">Foreign Contribution Regulation Act</a> (FCRA); the U.N. has issued statements against the policies that allow these cancellations to occur.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Though nothing was found to confirm these accusations, the government plans on continuing the investigation and has frozen the <a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">bank accounts</a> of all the offices in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. A spokesperson for the Enforcement Directorate has said the investigation could take three months to complete.<a href="#cite_note-:0-76">[75]</a> On 30 October 2018, Amnesty called for the arrest and prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigerian</a> security forces claiming that they used excessive force against Shi'a protesters during a peaceful religious procession around Abuja, Nigeria. At least 45 were killed and 122 were injured during the event.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In November 2018, Amnesty reported the arrest of 19 or more rights activists and lawyers in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The arrests were made by the Egyptian authorities as part of the regime's ongoing crackdown on dissent. One of the arrested was Hoda Abdel-Monaim, a 60-year-old human rights lawyer and former member of the National Council for Human Rights. Amnesty reported that following the arrests Egyptian Coordination for Rights and Freedoms (ECRF) decided to suspend its activities due to the hostile environment towards civil society in the country.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> On 5 December 2018, Amnesty International strongly condemned the execution of the leaders of the "<a href="/wiki/Black_realtors" title="Black realtors">black realtors</a>" gang <a href="/wiki/Ihar_Hershankou" title="Ihar Hershankou">Ihar Hershankou</a> and Siamion Berazhnoy in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> They were shot despite <a href="/wiki/UN_Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a> request for a delay.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg/220px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg/330px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg/440px-Marche_des_fiert%C3%A9s_rouen_20190504_-_amnesty_international.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty International sign in <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, 4 May 2019</figcaption></figure> In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign after an <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amnesty_International#2019_Bullying_Report" title="Criticism of Amnesty International">independent report</a> found what it called a "toxic culture" of <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a>, and found evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, after being asked to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicides</a> of 30-year Amnesty veteran Gaetan Mootoo in Paris in May 2018 (who left a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">note</a> citing work pressures), and 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-RTE2019-02-23a-83">[82]</a> In April 2019, Amnesty International's deputy director for research in Europe, Massimo Moratti, warned that if extradited to the United States, <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Julian Assange</a> would face the "risk of serious human rights violations, namely detention conditions, which could violate the prohibition of torture".<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> On 14 May 2019, Amnesty International filed a petition with the District Court of Tel Aviv, Israel, seeking a revocation of the export licence of surveillance technology firm <a href="/wiki/NSO_Group" title="NSO Group">NSO Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The filing states that "staff of Amnesty International have an ongoing and well-founded fear they may continue to be targeted and ultimately surveilled"<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> by NSO technology. Other lawsuits have also been filed against NSO in Israeli courts over alleged human-rights abuses, including a December 2018 filing by Saudi dissident Omar Abdulaziz, who claimed NSO's software targeted his phone during a period in which he was in regular contact with murdered journalist <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Kashoggi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-87">[86]</a> In September 2019, European Commission President-elect <a href="/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen" title="Ursula von der Leyen">Ursula von der Leyen</a> created the new position of "Vice President for <a href="/wiki/Von_der_Leyen_Commission" title="Von der Leyen Commission">Protecting our European Way of Life</a>", who will be responsible for upholding the rule-of-law, internal security and migration.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Amnesty International accused the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> of "using the framing of the far right" by linking migration with security.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> On 24 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/Anil_Raj" title="Anil Raj">Anil Raj</a>, a former Amnesty International board member, was killed by a car bomb while working with the United Nations Development Project. U.S. Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a> announced Raj's death at a briefing 26 Nov, during which he discussed other acts of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3></div> In August 2020, Amnesty International expressed concerns about what it called the "widespread torture of peaceful protesters" and treatment of detainees in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The organization also said that more than 1,100 people were killed by bandits in rural communities in northern Nigeria during the first six months of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Amnesty International investigated what it called "excessive" and "unlawful" killings of teenagers by Angolan police who were enforcing restrictions during the coronavirus pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> In May 2020, the organization raised concerns about security flaws in a <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> contact tracing app mandated in <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> In September 2020, Amnesty shut down its India operations after the government froze its bank accounts due to alleged financial irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> On 2 November 2020, Amnesty International reported that 54 people – mostly <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> women and children and elderly people – were <a href="/wiki/2020_Oromo_schoolyard_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Oromo schoolyard massacre">killed by the OLF</a> in the village of Gawa Qanqa, Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet by <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a>, its newly appointed Secretary General, asserting that Israel had killed <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>; Callamard herself has not deleted the tweet.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In February 2022, Amnesty accused Israel of committing the <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">crime of apartheid</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, joining other human rights organizations that had previously accused Israel of the <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a>. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%27tselem" class="mw-redirect" title="B'tselem">B'tselem</a> both <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">accused Israel of apartheid</a> for its treatment of the Palestinians in the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Berger_2022-101">[100]</a> An Amnesty report stated that Israel maintains "an institutionalized regime of oppression and domination of the Palestinian population for the benefit of Jewish Israelis".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2022-102">[101]</a> The Israeli Foreign Ministry stated that Amnesty was peddling "lies, inconsistencies, and unfounded assertions that originate from well-known anti-Israeli hate organisations". The Palestinian Foreign Ministry called the report a "detailed affirmation of the cruel reality of entrenched racism, exclusion, oppression, colonialism, apartheid, and attempted erasure that the Palestinian people have endured".<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2022-102">[101]</a> In March 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director, speaking to a Women's National Democratic Club audience in the US, stated: "We are opposed to the idea—and this, I think, is an existential part of the debate—that Israel should be preserved as a state for the Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty takes no political views on any question, including the right of the State of Israel to survive."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Amnesty_International#undue" title="Talk:Amnesty International">discuss</a>] On 7 April 2022, six weeks after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Justice">Russian Ministry of Justice</a> announced that the offices of Amnesty International and 14 other well-known <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> had been closed for "violations of Russian law".<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg/400px-Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg/600px-Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg/800px-Amnesty_International_Sections_2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty International Sections, 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goodwin_House2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Goodwin_House2.JPG/220px-Goodwin_House2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Goodwin_House2.JPG/330px-Goodwin_House2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Goodwin_House2.JPG/440px-Goodwin_House2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Amnesty Canadian headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a></figcaption></figure> Amnesty International is largely made up of voluntary members but retains a small number of paid professionals. In countries in which Amnesty International has a strong presence, members are organized as "sections". In 2019 there were 63 sections worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The highest governing body is the Global Assembly which meets annually, attended by the chair and executive director of each section. The International Secretariat (IS) is responsible for the conduct and daily affairs of Amnesty International under direction from the International Board.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> It is run by approximately 500 professional staff members and is headed by a Secretary General. Its offices have been located in London since its establishment in the mid-1960s. <ul><li>Amnesty International Sections, 2005 Algeria; Argentina; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Australia" title="Amnesty International Australia">Australia</a>; Austria; Belgium (Dutch-speaking); Belgium (French-speaking); Benin; Bermuda; Canada (English-speaking); Canada (French-speaking); Chile; Côte d'Ivoire; Denmark; Faroe Islands; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Guyana; Hong Kong; Iceland; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Ireland" title="Amnesty International Ireland">Ireland</a>; Israel; Italy; Japan; Korea (Republic of); Luxembourg; Mauritius; Mexico; Morocco; Nepal; Netherlands; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesty International Aotearoa New Zealand">New Zealand</a>; Norway; Peru; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Philippines" title="Amnesty International Philippines">Philippines</a>; Poland; Portugal; Puerto Rico; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Taiwan; Togo; Tunisia; United Kingdom; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">United States of America</a>; Uruguay; Venezuela</li> <li>Amnesty International Structures, 2005 Belarus; Bolivia; Burkina Faso; Croatia; Curaçao; Czech Republic; Gambia; Hungary; Malaysia; Mali; Moldova; Mongolia; Pakistan; Paraguay; Slovakia; <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_South_Africa" title="Amnesty International South Africa">South Africa</a>; Thailand; Turkey; Ukraine; Zambia; Zimbabwe</li> <li>International Board (formerly known as "IEC") Chairpersons <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a>, 1965–74; Dirk Börner, 1974–17; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg" title="Thomas Hammarberg">Thomas Hammarberg</a>, 1977–79; <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zalaquett" title="José Zalaquett">José Zalaquett</a>, 1979–82; Suriya Wickremasinghe, 1982–85; Wolfgang Heinz, 1985–96; Franca Sciuto, 1986–89; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Duffy" title="Peter Duffy">Peter Duffy</a>, 1989–91; <a href="/wiki/Anette_Fischer" title="Anette Fischer">Anette Fischer</a>, 1991–92; Ross Daniels, 1993–19; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Waltz" title="Susan Waltz">Susan Waltz</a>, 1996–98; Mahmoud Ben Romdhane, 1999–2000; Colm O Cuanachain, 2001–02; Paul Hoffman, 2003–04; Jaap Jacobson, 2005; Hanna Roberts, 2005–06; <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Gon%C3%A7alves-Ho_Kang_You" title="Lilian Gonçalves-Ho Kang You">Lilian Gonçalves-Ho Kang You</a>, 2006–07; Peter Pack, 2007–11; Pietro Antonioli, 2011–13; and Nicole Bieske, 2013–2018, Sarah Beamish (2019 to current).</li> <li>Secretaries General</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Amnesty International Secretaries General </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Secretary General </th> <th>Office </th> <th>Origin </th></tr> <tr> <td>Peter Benenson<a href="/wiki/Peter_Benenson" title="Peter Benenson">Peter Benenson</a> </td> <td>1961–1966 </td> <td>Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eric Baker<a href="/wiki/Eric_Baker_(activist)" title="Eric Baker (activist)">Eric Baker</a> </td> <td>1966–1968 </td> <td>Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martin Ennals<a href="/wiki/Martin_Ennals" title="Martin Ennals">Martin Ennals</a> </td> <td>1968–1980 </td> <td>Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thomas Hammarberg<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hammarberg" title="Thomas Hammarberg">Thomas Hammarberg</a> </td> <td>1980–1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avery_Brundage" title="Avery Brundage">Avery Brundage</a><a href="/wiki/Ian_Martin_(UN_official)" title="Ian Martin (UN official)">Ian Martin</a> </td> <td>1986–1992 </td> <td>Britain </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pierre Sané<a href="/wiki/Pierre_San%C3%A9" title="Pierre Sané">Pierre Sané</a> </td> <td>1992–2001 </td> <td>Senegal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irene Zubaida Khan<a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a> </td> <td>2001–2010 </td> <td>Bangladesh </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salil Shetty<a href="/wiki/Salil_Shetty" title="Salil Shetty">Salil Shetty</a> </td> <td>2010–2018 </td> <td>India </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kumi Naidoo<a href="/wiki/Kumi_Naidoo" title="Kumi Naidoo">Kumi Naidoo</a> </td> <td>2018–2020<a href="#cite_note-AI-110">[109]</a> </td> <td>South Africa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Julie Verhaar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Verhaar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Verhaar (page does not exist)">Julie Verhaar</a> </td> <td>2020–2021 (Acting) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agnès Callamard<a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a> </td> <td>2021–present<a href="#cite_note-Agnes-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>France </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_national_sections">Notable national sections</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Ghana" title="Amnesty International Ghana">Amnesty International Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Australia" title="Amnesty International Australia">Amnesty International Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_India" title="Amnesty International India">Amnesty International India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Ireland" title="Amnesty International Ireland">Amnesty International Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Amnesty International Aotearoa New Zealand">Amnesty International New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Philippines" title="Amnesty International Philippines">Amnesty International Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_South_Africa" title="Amnesty International South Africa">Amnesty International South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_Thailand" title="Amnesty International Thailand">Amnesty International Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable_status">Charitable status</h3></div> In the UK Amnesty International has two components which are <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">registered charities</a> under English law: Amnesty International Charity<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> and Amnesty International UK Section Charitable Trust.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2></div> The core principle of Amnesty International is a focus on <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_conscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>, those persons imprisoned or prevented from expressing an opinion by means of violence. Along with this commitment to opposing repression of freedom of expression, Amnesty International's founding principles included non-intervention on political questions, a robust commitment to gathering facts about the various cases and promoting human rights.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> One key issue in the principles is in regards to those individuals who may advocate or tacitly support resorting to violence in struggles against repression. AI does not judge whether recourse to violence is justified or not. However, AI does not oppose the political use of violence in itself since <a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Universal Declaration of Human Rights">The Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, in its preamble, foresees situations in which people could "be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression". If a prisoner is serving a sentence imposed, after a fair trial, for activities involving violence, AI will not ask the government to release the prisoner. AI neither supports nor condemns the resort to violence by political opposition groups in itself, just as AI neither supports nor condemns a government policy of using military force in fighting against armed opposition movements. However, AI supports minimum humane standards that should be respected by governments and armed opposition groups alike. When an opposition group tortures or kills its captives, takes hostages, or commits deliberate and arbitrary killings, AI condemns these abuses.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Amnesty_International#Dubious" title="Talk:Amnesty International">discuss</a>] Amnesty International considers <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> to be the ultimate, irreversible denial of human rights and opposes capital punishment in all cases, regardless of the crime committed, the circumstances surrounding the individual or the method of execution.<a href="#cite_note-death-penalty-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Amnesty International's vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights standards. In pursuit of this vision, Amnesty International's mission is to undertake research and action focused on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to promote all human rights. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">-Statute of Amnesty International, 27th International Council meeting, 2005</cite> </div> Amnesty International primarily targets governments, but also reports on non-governmental bodies and private individuals ("<a href="/wiki/Non-state_actors" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-state actors">non-state actors</a>"). There are six key areas which Amnesty deals with:<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">children's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minorities'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">indigenous rights</a></li> <li>Ending <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a></li> <li>Abolition of the death penalty</li> <li>Rights of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a></li> <li>Rights of <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a></li> <li>Protection of <a href="/wiki/Human_dignity" class="mw-redirect" title="Human dignity">human dignity</a>.</li></ul> Some specific aims are to: abolish the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-death-penalty-115">[114]</a> end <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">extra judicial executions</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">disappearances</a>", ensure prison conditions meet international human rights standards, ensure prompt and fair trial for all <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, ensure free education to all children worldwide, decriminalize abortion,<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> fight <a href="/wiki/Impunity" title="Impunity">impunity</a> from systems of justice, end the recruitment and use of <a href="/wiki/Military_use_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Military use of children">child soldiers</a>, free all <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoners of conscience</a>, promote economic, social and cultural rights<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> for marginalized communities, protect <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_defender" title="Human rights defender">human rights defenders</a>, promote <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a>, protect <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights">LGBT rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> stop torture and ill-treatment,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> stop unlawful killings in armed conflict,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> uphold the rights of refugees,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">migrants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seeker" title="Asylum seeker">asylum seekers</a>, and protect human dignity. They also support worldwide <a href="/wiki/Decriminalizing_sex_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Decriminalizing sex work">decriminalisation of prostitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG/220px-AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG/330px-AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG/440px-AmInt2009MarchaGayDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty International at the 2009 Marcha Gay in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, 20 June 2009</figcaption></figure> Amnesty International launched a free human rights learning mobile application called Amnesty Academy in October 2020. It offered learners across the globe access to courses both, online and offline. All courses are downloadable within the application, which is available for both <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_focus">Country focus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg/220px-HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg/330px-HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg/440px-HRM_TLV_091211_212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Protesting about <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s policy against <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_from_Africa_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel">African refugees</a>, Tel Aviv, 9 December 2011</figcaption></figure> Amnesty reports disproportionately on relatively more democratic and open countries,<a href="#cite_note-amnesty.org-125">[124]</a> arguing that its intention is not to produce a range of reports which statistically represents the world's human rights abuses, but rather to apply the pressure of public opinion to encourage improvements. The <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_effect" title="Demonstration effect">demonstration effect</a> of the behaviour of both key Western governments and major non-Western states is an important factor; as one former Amnesty Secretary-General pointed out, "for many countries and a large number of people, the United States is a model", and according to one Amnesty manager, "large countries influence small countries."<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> In addition, with the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Amnesty felt that a greater emphasis on human rights in the North was needed to improve its credibility with its Southern critics by demonstrating its willingness to report on human rights issues in a truly global manner.<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> According to one academic study, as a result of these considerations, the frequency of Amnesty's reports is influenced by a number of factors, besides the frequency and severity of human rights abuses. For example, Amnesty reports significantly more (than predicted by human rights abuses) on more economically powerful states; and on countries that receive US military aid, on the basis that this Western complicity in abuses increases the likelihood of public pressure being able to make a difference.<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> In addition, around 1993–94, Amnesty consciously developed its media relations, producing fewer background reports and more press releases, to increase the impact of its reports. Press releases are partly driven by news coverage, to use existing news coverage as leverage to discuss Amnesty's human rights concerns. This increases Amnesty's focus on the countries the media is more interested in.<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Kristyan_Benedict" title="Kristyan Benedict">Kristyan Benedict</a>, Amnesty UK's campaign manager whose main focus is Syria, listed several countries as "regimes who abuse peoples' basic universal rights": <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Benedict was criticized for including Israel in this short list on the basis that his opinion was garnered solely from "his own visits", with no other objective sources.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peretz-128">[127]</a> Amnesty's country focus is similar to that of some other comparable NGOs, notably <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>: between 1991 and 2000, Amnesty and HRW shared eight of ten countries in their "top ten" (by Amnesty press releases; 7 for Amnesty reports).<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> In addition, six of the 10 countries most reported on by Human Rights Watch in the 1990s also made <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>'s "most covered" lists during that time.<a href="#cite_note-ISQ05-126">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2></div> Amnesty International is financed largely by fees and donations from its worldwide membership. It says that it does not accept donations from governments or governmental organizations.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> However, Amnesty International has received grants over the past ten years from the UK <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">Department for International Development</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-130">[129]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> and other governments.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a> has received funding from the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> but these funds are only used "in support of its human rights education work."<a href="#cite_note-auto-130">[129]</a> It has also received many grants from the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> over the years.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_controversies">Criticism and controversies</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amnesty_International" title="Criticism of Amnesty International">Criticism of Amnesty International</a></div> Criticism of Amnesty International includes claims about publishing incorrect reports, associating with organizations with a dubious record on human rights protection, <a href="/wiki/Selection_bias" title="Selection bias">selection bias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> and foreign policy bias, and the issue of institutional discrimination within the organization.<a href="#cite_note-CAQ_FBoyle-138">[137]</a> Following the suicide of two staff members in 2019, Amnesty launched a review of the workplace culture at the organization. The report found an internal toxic work environment, including cases of bullying and discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Since the report multiple staff members around the world spoke about systemic abuse at Amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Numerous governments and their supporters have criticized Amnesty's criticism of their policies, including those of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>;<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>;<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>;<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>;<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>; <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Peretz-128">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>;<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>;<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>;<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>;<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> for what they assert is one-sided reporting or a failure to treat threats to security as a mitigating factor. The actions of these governments, and of other governments critical of Amnesty International, have been the subject of human rights concerns voiced by Amnesty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_controversies">Internal controversies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_report_on_workplace_bullying">2019 report on workplace bullying</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amnesty_International#2019_Bullying_Report" title="Criticism of Amnesty International">Criticism of Amnesty International § 2019 Bullying Report</a></div> In February 2019, Amnesty International's management team offered to resign after an independent report found what it called a "toxic culture" of <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a>. Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> was uncovered after two 2018 suicides were investigated: that of 30-year Amnesty veteran <a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_Mootoo" title="Gaëtan Mootoo">Gaëtan Mootoo</a> in Paris in May 2018 (who left a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_note" title="Suicide note">note</a> citing work pressures); and that of 28-year-old intern Rosalind McGregor in Geneva in July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-RTE2019-02-23a-83">[82]</a> An internal survey by the Konterra group with a team of psychologists was conducted in January 2019, after the 2 employees had killed themselves in 2018. The report stated that Amnesty had a toxic work culture and that workers frequently cited mental and physical health issues as a result of their work for the organization. The report found that: "39 per cent of Amnesty International staff reported that they developed mental or physical health issues as the direct result of working at Amnesty". The report concluded, "organisational culture and management failures are the root cause of most staff wellbeing issues."<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> Elaborating on this the report mentioned that bullying, public humiliation and other abuses of power are commonplace and routine practice by the management. It also claimed the us versus them culture among employees and the severe lack of trust in the senior management at Amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> By October 2019 five of the seven members of the senior leadership team at Amnesty's international secretariat left the organization with "generous" redundancy packages.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> Among them, Anna Neistat, who was Gaëtan Mootoo's senior manager directly implicated in the independent report on Mootoo's death. According to Mootoo's former collaborator, Salvatore Saguès, "Gaëtan's case is merely the tip of the iceberg at Amnesty. A huge amount of suffering is caused to employees. Since the days of Salil Shetty, when top management were being paid fabulous salaries, Amnesty has become a multinational where the staff are seen as dispensable. Human resources management is a disaster and nobody is prepared to stand up and be counted. The level of impunity granted to Amnesty's bosses is simply unacceptable."<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> After none of the managers responsible of bullying at Amnesty were held accountable a group of workers petitioned for Amnesty's chief <a href="/wiki/Kumi_Naidoo" title="Kumi Naidoo">Kumi Naidoo</a> to resign. On 5 December 2019 Naidoo resigned from his post of Amnesty's Secretary General citing ill health<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-158">[157]</a> and appointing Julie Verhaar as an interim Secretary General. In their petition, workers demanded her immediate resignation as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_budgetary_crisis">2019 budgetary crisis</h4></div> In May 2019, Amnesty International's Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Kumi_Naidoo" title="Kumi Naidoo">Kumi Naidoo</a> admitted to a hole in the organization's budget of up to £17m in donor money to the end of 2020. In order to deal with the budgetary crisis, Naidoo announced to staff that the organization's headquarters would have cut almost 100 jobs as a part of urgent restructuring. <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Union" title="Unite the Union">Unite the Union</a>, the UK's biggest trade union, said the redundancies were a direct result of "overspending by the organization's senior leadership team" and have occurred "despite an increase in income".<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Unite, which represents Amnesty's staff, feared that cuts would fall heaviest on lower-income staff. It said that in the previous year the top 23 highest earners at Amnesty International were paid a total of £2.6m– an average of £113,000 per year. Unite demanded a review of whether it is necessary to have so many managers in the organization.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> Amnesty's budgetary crisis became public after the two staff suicides in 2019. A subsequent independent review of workplace culture found a "state of emergency" at the organization after a restructuring process. Following several reports that labelled Amnesty a toxic workplace, in October 2019 five of the seven high-paid senior directors at Amnesty's international secretariat in London left the organization with "generous" redundancy packages.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> This included Anna Neistat, who was a senior manager directly implicated in the independent report on the suicide of Amnesty's West Africa researcher Gaëtan Mootoo in the organization's Paris office. The size of exit packages granted to former senior management caused anger among other staff and an outcry among Amnesty's members,<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> and led to the resignation of Naidoo in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_secret_payout">2020 secret payout</h4></div> In September 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> reported that Amnesty International paid £800,000 in compensation over the workplace suicide of <a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%ABtan_Mootoo" title="Gaëtan Mootoo">Gaëtan Mootoo</a> and demanded his family keep the deal secret.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The pre-trial agreement between London-based Amnesty's International Secretariat and Motoo's wife was reached on the condition that she keeps the deal secret by signing NDA. This was done particularly to prevent discussing the settlement with the press or on social media. The arrangement led to criticism on social media, with people asking why an organization such as Amnesty would condone the use of non-disclosure agreements. Shaista Aziz, a co-founder of the feminist advocacy group NGO Safe Space, questioned on Twitter why the "world's leading human rights organisation" was employing such contracts.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> The source of the money was unknown. Amnesty stated that the payout to Motoo's family "will not be made from donations or membership fees". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2021_accusation_of_systemic_bias">2021 accusation of systemic bias</h4></div> In April 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> reported that the workers of Amnesty International alleged systemic bias and use of racist language by senior staff.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-166">[165]</a> The internal review at Amnesty's international secretariat, the report of which was published in October 2020 but not released to the press, recorded multiple examples of alleged racism reported by workers—racial slurs, systemic bias, problematic comments towards religious practices, being some of the examples.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> The staff at the Amnesty International UK based in London also made claims of racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-166">[165]</a> The report also documented use of the ethnic slur "<a href="/wiki/Nigger" title="Nigger">nigger</a>" with any objection from employees about its use being downplayed. <a href="/wiki/Vanessa_Tsehaye" title="Vanessa Tsehaye">Vanessa Tsehaye</a>, the Horn of Africa Campaigner based in the UK, has refused to comment as of April 2021. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022_report_on_systemic_racism">2022 report on systemic racism</h4></div> In June 2022, a 106-page independent investigation by the management consultancy firm Global HPO Ltd (GHPO) concluded that Amnesty International UK (AIUK) exhibits institutional and systemic racism. This report was fully accepted by Amnesty International and Amnesty International UK published the findings of the inquiry in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-GHPO_(2022)-168">[167]</a> GHPO's independent investigation found that UKAIUK "has failed to embed principles of anti-racism into its own DNA and faces bullying issues within the organisation."<a href="#cite_note-Focus_Washington_(2022)-169">[168]</a> GHPO's report includes recommendations for improvement actions to be taken by the organization. The alghemeiner reports that AIUK stated it "accepted all the recommendations," and that the "press' insistence on describing Amnesty as a 'leading human rights group' is furthermore problematic given the anti-Jewish racism that the NGO has displayed for years."<a href="#cite_note-Algemeiner_(2022)-170">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nayirah_testimony">Nayirah testimony</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah testimony</a></div> In 1990, when the United States government was deciding whether or not to invade <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, a Kuwaiti woman, only identified to Congress by the first name <a href="/wiki/Nayirah_testimony" title="Nayirah testimony">Nayirah</a>, testified to congress that when Iraq invaded <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, she stayed behind after some of her family left the country. She said she was volunteering in a local hospital when Iraqi soldiers stole the <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(neonatal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Incubator (neonatal)">incubators</a> with children in them and left them to freeze to death. Amnesty International, which had human rights investigators in Kuwait, confirmed the story and helped spread it among the Western public. The organization also inflated the number of children who were killed by the robbery to over 300, more than the number of incubators available in the city hospitals of the country. Her testimony aired on <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nightline" title="Nightline">Nightline</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News" title="NBC Nightly News">NBC Nightly News</a> reaching an estimated audience between 35 and 53 million Americans.<a href="#cite_note-Sriramesh,_p._864-171">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rowse_1992-172">[171]</a> Seven senators cited Nayirah's testimony in their speeches backing the use of force.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> President George Bush repeated the story at least ten times in the following weeks.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> Her account of the atrocities helped to stir American opinion in favour of participation in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lantos_nyt_interview-177">[176]</a> It was often cited by people, including the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Congress">members of Congress</a> who voted to approve the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, as one of the reasons to fight. After the war, it was found that the testimony was entirely fabricated and that "Nayirah" was in fact the daughter of a Kuwaiti delegate to America with a leading role in the pro-war think tank responsible for organizing the hearing.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3></div> In 2010 Frank Johansson, the chairman of Amnesty International-<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, called Israel a nilkkimaa, a derogatory term variously translated as "scum state", "creep state" or "punk state".<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weinthatl-180">[179]</a> Johansson stood by his statement, saying that it was based on Israel's "repeated flouting of international law", and his own personal experiences with Israelis. When asked by a journalist if any other country on earth that could be described in these terms, he said that he could not think of any, although some individual "Russian officials" could be so described.<a href="#cite_note-Weinthatl-180">[179]</a> In November 2012, Amnesty UK began a disciplinary process against staffer <a href="/wiki/Kristyan_Benedict" title="Kristyan Benedict">Kristyan Benedict</a>, Amnesty UK campaigns manager, because of a posting on his <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> account, said to be <a href="/wiki/Anti-semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semitic">anti-semitic</a>, regarding three <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Members_of_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of parliament">members of parliament</a> and Operation Pillar of Defense where he wrote: "<a href="/wiki/Louise_Ellman" title="Louise Ellman">Louise Ellman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Halfon" title="Robert Halfon">Robert Halfon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciana_Berger" title="Luciana Berger">Luciana Berger</a> walk into a bar ... each orders a round of <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">B52s</a> ... #Gaza". Amnesty International UK said "the matter has been referred to our internal and confidential processes." Amnesty's campaigns director Tim Hancock said, "We do not believe that humour is appropriate in the current circumstances, particularly from our own members of staff." An Amnesty International UK spokesperson later said the charity had decided that "the tweet in question was ill-advised and had the potential to be offensive and inflammatory but was not racist or antisemitic."<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> In November 2016, Amnesty International conducted a second internal investigation of Benedict for comparing Israel to the Islamic state.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> In April 2021, Amnesty International distanced itself from a tweet written in 2013 by its new Secretary General, <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Callamard" title="Agnès Callamard">Agnès Callamard</a>, which read: ""NYT Interview of Shimon Perres [sic] where he admits that Yasser Arafat was murdered"; Amnesty responded by saying: "The tweet was written in haste and is incorrect. It does not reflect the position of Amnesty International or Agnès Callamard."<a href="#cite_note-:0b-185">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> Callamard herself has not deleted the tweet.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-185">[184]</a> On 11 March 2022, Paul O'Brien, the Amnesty International USA Director, stated at a private event: "We are opposed to the idea — and this, I think, is an existential part of the debate — that Israel should be preserved as a state for the Jewish people", while adding "Amnesty takes no political views on any question, including the right of the State of Israel to survive."<a href="#cite_note-:1b-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2b-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3b-190">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> He also rejected a poll that found 8 in 10 American Jews were pro-Israel, saying: "I believe my gut tells me that what Jewish people in this country want is to know that there's a sanctuary that is a safe and sustainable place that the Jews, the Jewish people can call home."<a href="#cite_note-:1b-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2b-189">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3b-190">[189]</a> On 14 March 2022, all 25 Jewish Democrats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> issued a rare joint statement rebuking O'Brien, saying that he "has added his name to the list of those who, across centuries, have tried to deny and usurp the Jewish people's independent agency" and "condemning this and any antisemitic attempt to deny the Jewish people control of their own destiny."<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-mr-193">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> On 25 March 2022, O'Brien wrote to the Jewish congressmen: "I regret representing the views of the Jewish people."<a href="#cite_note-mr-193">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Amnesty_International#Alexei_Navalny" title="Criticism of Amnesty International">Criticism of Amnesty International § Alexei Navalny</a></div> Amnesty International designated <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Navalny" title="Alexei Navalny">Alexei Navalny</a> a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience" title="Prisoner of conscience">prisoner of conscience</a> in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-RFE185-195">[194]</a> However, in February 2021, it stripped Navalny of the status, due to lobbying about videos and pro-nationalist statements he made in 2007-2008 that allegedly constituted hate speech.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> Amnesty's decision was described by western media as "a huge victory for Russian state propaganda" which undermined Amnesty's support of Navalny's release.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times_AI-201">[200]</a> The designation of Navalny as a prisoner of conscience was reinstated in May 2021. Amnesty apologized for making the decision and stated that "by confirming Navalny's status as prisoner of conscience, we are not endorsing his political programme, but are highlighting the urgent need for his rights, including access to independent medical care, to be recognized and acted upon by the Russian authorities."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2021_apologises-202">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_and_the_Commonwealth">United Kingdom and the Commonwealth</h3></div> During the early history of Amnesty International, as it is now proven by various documents, it was secretly supported by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a>. In 1963, the FO instructed its operatives abroad to provide "discreet support" for Amnesty's campaigns. In the same year, Benenson wrote to Minister of State for the Colonies <a href="/wiki/George_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_8th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="George Petty-Fitzmaurice, 8th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a> a proposal to prop up a "refugee counsellor" on the border between the <a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland Protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa_(1948-1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Africa (1948-1994)">apartheid South Africa</a>. Amnesty intended to assist people fleeing across the border from neighbouring South Africa, but not those who were actively engaged in the struggle against apartheid. Benenson wrote:<blockquote>I would like to reiterate our view that these [British] territories should not be used for offensive political action by the opponents of the South African Government (...) Communist influence should not be allowed to spread in this part of Africa, and in the present delicate situation, Amnesty International would wish to support Her Majesty's Government in any such policy.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a></blockquote>The year after, the AI dropped <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> as a "prisoner of conscience", because he was convicted of violence by the South African Government. Mandela had also been a member of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In a trip to Haiti, the British FO had also assisted Benenson in his mission to Haiti, where he was disguised because of fear of the Haitians finding out that the British government sponsored his visit. When his disguise was revealed, Benenson was severely criticized by the media.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">British colony of Aden</a>, Hans Goran Franck, the chairman of Amnesty's Swedish section, wrote a report on allegations of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> at an interrogation centre run by the colonial government. Amnesty refused to publish the report; according to Benenson, Amnesty general-secretary Robert Swann had suppressed it in deference to the Foreign Office. According to co-founder <a href="/wiki/Eric_Baker_(activist)" title="Eric Baker (activist)">Eric Baker</a>, both Benenson and Swann had met Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">George Brown</a> in September and told him that they were willing to hold up publication if the Foreign Office promised no more allegations of torture would surface again. A memo by Lord Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gardiner,_Baron_Gardiner" title="Gerald Gardiner, Baron Gardiner">Gerald Gardiner</a>, a Labour Party politician, states that: <blockquote>Amnesty held the Swedish complaint as long as they could simply because Peter Benenson did not want to do anything to hurt a Labour government.<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a></blockquote>Benenson then travelled to Aden and reported that he had never seen an "uglier situation" in his life. He then said that British government agents had infiltrated Amnesty and suppress the report's publication. Later, documents surfaced implicating Benenson had connections to the British government, which started the <a href="/wiki/Harry_letters_affair" title="Harry letters affair">Harry letters affair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a> He then resigned, claiming that British and American intelligence agents had infiltrated Amnesty and subverted its values.<a href="#cite_note-:1-20">[19]</a> After this set of events, which were dubbed by some the "Amnesty Crisis of 1966–67",<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> the relationship between Amnesty and the British Government was suspended. AI vowed that in future, it "must not only be independent and impartial but must not be put into a position where anything else could even be alleged" and the Foreign Office cautioned that "for the time being our attitude to Amnesty International must be one of reserve".<a href="#cite_note-:3-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_CAGE_controversy">2010 CAGE controversy</h4></div> Amnesty International suspended <a href="/wiki/Gita_Sahgal" title="Gita Sahgal">Gita Sahgal</a>, its gender unit head, after she criticized Amnesty in February 2010 for its high-profile associations with <a href="/wiki/Moazzam_Begg" title="Moazzam Begg">Moazzam Begg</a>, the director of <a href="/wiki/Cageprisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Cageprisoners">Cageprisoners</a>, representing men in extrajudicial detention.<a href="#cite_note-kerbaj-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> "To be appearing on platforms with Britain's most famous supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, Begg, whom we treat as a human rights defender, is a gross error of judgment," she said.<a href="#cite_note-kerbaj-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-aar-208">[207]</a> Sahgal argued that by associating with Begg and Cageprisoners, Amnesty was risking its reputation on human rights.<a href="#cite_note-kerbaj-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> "As a former Guantanamo detainee, it was legitimate to hear his experiences, but as a supporter of the Taliban it was absolutely wrong to legitimize him as a partner," Sahgal said.<a href="#cite_note-kerbaj-206">[205]</a> She said she repeatedly brought the matter up with Amnesty for two years, to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-dd-211">[210]</a> A few hours after the article was published, Sahgal was suspended from her position.<a href="#cite_note-sigstate-212">[211]</a> Amnesty's Senior Director of Law and Policy, Widney Brown, later said Sahgal raised concerns about Begg and Cageprisoners to her personally for the first time a few days before sharing them with the Sunday Times.<a href="#cite_note-dd-211">[210]</a> Sahgal issued a statement saying she felt that Amnesty was risking its reputation by associating with and thereby politically legitimizing Begg, because Cageprisoners "actively promotes Islamic Right ideas and individuals".<a href="#cite_note-sigstate-212">[211]</a> She said the issue was not about Begg's "freedom of opinion, nor about his right to propound his views: he already exercises these rights fully as he should. The issue is ... the importance of the human rights movement maintaining an objective distance from groups and ideas that are committed to systematic discrimination and fundamentally undermine the universality of human rights."<a href="#cite_note-sigstate-212">[211]</a> The controversy prompted responses by politicians, the writer <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, and journalist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, among others who criticized Amnesty's association with Begg. After her suspension and the controversy, Sahgal was interviewed by numerous media and attracted international supporters. She was interviewed on the US <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> (NPR) on 27 February 2010, where she discussed the activities of Cageprisoners and why she deemed it inappropriate for Amnesty to associate with Begg.<a href="#cite_note-npr-213">[212]</a> She said that Cageprisoners' Asim Qureshi spoke supporting global <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> rally.<a href="#cite_note-npr-213">[212]</a> She stated that a best-seller at Begg's bookshop was a book by <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Azzam">Abdullah Azzam</a>, a mentor of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and a founder of the terrorist organization <a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dd-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr-213">[212]</a> In a separate interview for the Indian <a href="/wiki/Daily_News_%26_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News & Analysis">Daily News & Analysis</a>, Sahgal said that, as Quereshi affirmed Begg's support for global jihad on a <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> programme, "these things could have been stated in his [Begg's] introduction" with Amnesty.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> She said that Begg's bookshop had published The Army of Madinah, which she characterized as a jihad manual by <a href="/wiki/Dhiren_Barot" title="Dhiren Barot">Dhiren Barot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_Irene_Khan_payout">2011 Irene Khan payout</h4></div> In February 2011, newspaper stories in the UK revealed that <a href="/wiki/Irene_Khan" title="Irene Khan">Irene Khan</a> had received a payment of £533,103 from Amnesty International following her resignation from the organization on 31 December 2009,<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> a fact pointed to from Amnesty's records for the 2009–2010 financial year. The sum paid to her was more than four times her annual salary (£132,490).<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> The deputy secretary general, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Gilmore_(UN_official)" title="Kate Gilmore (UN official)">Kate Gilmore</a>, who also resigned in December 2009, received an ex-gratia payment of £320,000.<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>, Peter Pack, the chairman of Amnesty's International Executive Committee (IEC), initially stated on 19 February 2011: "The payments to outgoing secretary general Irene Khan shown in the accounts of AI (Amnesty International) Ltd for the year ending 31 March 2010 include payments made as part of a confidential agreement between AI Ltd and Irene Khan"<a href="#cite_note-expr-217">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] and that "It is a term of this agreement that no further comment on it will be made by either party."<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> The payment and AI's initial response to its leakage to the press led to a considerable outcry. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Davies" title="Philip Davies">Philip Davies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> MP for <a href="/wiki/Shipley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Shipley (UK Parliament constituency)">Shipley</a>, criticized the payments, telling the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a>: "I am sure people making donations to Amnesty, in the belief they are alleviating poverty, never dreamed they were subsidising a fat cat payout. This will disillusion many benefactors."<a href="#cite_note-expr-217">[216]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] On 21 February 2011, Peter Pack issued a further statement, in which he said that the payment was a "unique situation" that was "in the best interest of Amnesty's work" and that there would be no repetition of it.<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> He stated that "the new secretary general, with the full support of the IEC, has initiated a process to review our employment policies and procedures to ensure that such a situation does not happen again."<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> Pack also stated that Amnesty was "fully committed to applying all the resources that we receive from our millions of supporters to the fight for human rights".<a href="#cite_note-civsoc-216">[215]</a> On 25 February 2011, Pack sent a letter to Amnesty members and staff. In 2008, it stated, the IEC decided not to prolong Khan's contract for a third term. In the following months, IEC discovered that due to British employment law, it had to choose between three options: offering Khan a third term; discontinuing her post and, in their judgement, risking legal consequences; or signing a confidential agreement and issuing a pay compensation.<a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2019_Kurdish_hunger_strike">2019 Kurdish hunger strike</h4></div> In April 2019, 30 <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> activists, some of whom are on an indefinite <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>, occupied Amnesty International's building in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in a peaceful protest, in order to speak out against Amnesty's silence on the isolation of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Abdullah Öcalan</a> in a Turkish prison.<a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The hunger strikers have also spoken out about "delaying tactics" by Amnesty, and being denied access to toilets during the occupation, despite this being a human right.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a> Two of the hunger strikers, Nahide Zengin and Mehmet Sait Zengin, received <a href="/wiki/Paramedic" title="Paramedic">paramedic</a> treatment and were taken to hospital during the occupation. Late in the evening of 26 April 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">London Met</a> police arrested 21 remaining occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Amnesty_International#undue" title="Talk:Amnesty International">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3></div> On 4 August 2022, during the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Amnesty International published a report accusing the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Ukraine" title="Armed Forces of Ukraine">Armed Forces of Ukraine</a> of endangering civilians through their combat tactics, particularly stating that Ukraine had set up military bases in residential areas (including schools and hospitals) and launched attacks from populated civilian areas.<a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_UA_fighting_tactics-223">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oksana_Pokalchuk" title="Oksana Pokalchuk">Oksana Pokalchuk</a>, leader of Amnesty Ukraine, said that the report "was compiled by foreign observers, without any assistance from local staff".<a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a> She resigned from her post and left the organization following the publication of the report.<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> Human rights lawyers Wayne Jordash and Anna Mykytenko argued that the 4 August report contained "little to none of the military or humanitarian context essential to any reasoned view of what was (or was not) necessary in the prevailing military context" and that the report was "short on facts and analysis and long on intemperate accusation."<a href="#cite_note-UAPravda_what_is_wrong-226">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">RUSI</a> researcher Jack Watling stated that "you need to balance military necessity with proportionality, so you need to take reasonable measures to protect civilians but that must be balanced with your orders to defend an area", thus the report's suggestions that Ukrainian forces should relocate to a nearby field or forest "demonstrated a lack of understanding of military operations and damages the credibility of the research."<a href="#cite_note-BylineTimes_why_did_Amnesty_ignore-227">[226]</a> RUSI researcher Natia Seskuria called the report "out of touch with current reality" and stated that the Ukrainian army can legitimately house in the towns they defend, even if they have civilians nearby, because the Ukrainian authorities constantly call for evacuations from frontline towns, and forced relocations of civilian population would violate international humanitarian law.<a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Garlasco" title="Marc Garlasco">Marc Garlasco</a>, a United Nations war crimes investigator specializing in civilian harm mitigation, said that "Ukraine can place forces in areas they are defending" and "there is no requirement to stand shoulder to shoulder in a field — this isn't the 19th century", and expressed concern that the report could endanger Ukrainian civilians by giving Russian forces an excuse to "expand their targeting of civilian areas".<a href="#cite_note-nytukr-229">[228]</a> Journalist Tom Mutch stated that he had participated in and reported on an evacuation of civilians in one of Amnesty's cases, which he contrasted with Amnesty's statement that it was "not aware that the Ukrainian military who located themselves in civilian structures in residential areas asked or assisted civilians to evacuate nearby buildings".<a href="#cite_note-BylineTimes_why_did_Amnesty_ignore-227">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Kyiv_Independent" title="The Kyiv Independent">The Kyiv Independent</a> editorial team strongly criticized the report, pointing out flaws in reasoning and stating that the "Amnesty [International] could not properly articulate who the main perpetrator of violence in Ukraine was".<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> The report sparked outrage in Ukraine and the West. Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> accused Amnesty of trying to "amnesty the terrorist state and shift the responsibility from the aggressor to the victim", while Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ukraine)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ukraine)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Kuleba" title="Dmytro Kuleba">Dmytro Kuleba</a>, stated that the report creates "a false balance between the oppressor and the victim".<a href="#cite_note-nytukr-229">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> The report was praised by several Russian and pro-Russian figures, including the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Russia,_London" title="Embassy of Russia, London">Russian embassy in London</a>, causing further criticism against the organization.<a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> On 12 August, Amnesty International reported that "the conclusions were not conveyed with the delicacy and accuracy that should be expected from Amnesty", and said that "this also applies to the subsequent communication and reaction of the International Secretariat to public criticism." The organization condemned "the instrumentalization of the press release by the Russian authorities" and promised that the report will be verified by independent experts.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> The criticism resulted in AI calling an internal review committee composed of independent <a href="/wiki/International_humanitarian_law" title="International humanitarian law">international humanitarian law</a> (IHL) experts to review the report, whose conclusions were not published by AI but nonetheless obtained by New York Times. The review concluded that while AI was right to include Ukraine in its analysis in general as IHL applies to all sides of a conflict, its conclusions in respect to Ukraine were biased and not sufficiently substantiated by available evidence, and the vague language of the report could leave an impression, even if this was not intended and not supported by evidence, that "Ukrainian forces were primarily or equally to blame for the death of civilians resulting from attacks by Russia". To the contrary, the review concluded that on the basis of the evidence that AI had collected it was "simply impossible to assert that generally civilians died" as result of negligence of Ukrainian army, while "imprudent language" of the report suggested this.<a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div> In 1977, Amnesty International was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for "having contributed to securing the ground for freedom, for justice, and thereby also for peace in the world".<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> In 1984, Amnesty International received the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a> in the category of Freedom of Speech.<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_impact">Cultural impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_concerts">Human rights concerts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_concerts" title="Human rights concerts">Human rights concerts</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg/225px-HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg/338px-HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg/450px-HumanRightsNowPhiladelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Opening stages of the 19 September 1988 show at <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/A_Conspiracy_of_Hope" title="A Conspiracy of Hope">A Conspiracy of Hope</a> was a short tour of six <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit concerts</a> on behalf of Amnesty International that took place in the United States during June 1986. The purpose of the tour was not to raise funds but rather to increase awareness of human rights and of Amnesty's work on its 25th anniversary. The shows were headlined by <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Adams" title="Bryan Adams">Bryan Adams</a> and also featured <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a>. The last three shows featured a reunion of <a href="/wiki/The_Police" title="The Police">The Police</a>. At a press conference in each city, at related media events, and through their music at the concerts themselves, the artists engaged with the public on themes of human rights and human dignity. The six concerts were the first of what subsequently became known collectively as the Human Rights Concerts – a series of music events and tours staged by <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_USA" title="Amnesty International USA">Amnesty International USA</a> between 1986 and 1998. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Now!" title="Human Rights Now!">Human Rights Now!</a> was a worldwide tour of twenty <a href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit concerts</a> on behalf of Amnesty International that took place over six weeks in 1988. Held not to raise funds but to increase awareness of both the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> on its 40th anniversary and the work of Amnesty International, the shows featured <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen_and_the_E_Street_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band">Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sting_(musician)" title="Sting (musician)">Sting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gabriel" title="Peter Gabriel">Peter Gabriel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Chapman" title="Tracy Chapman">Tracy Chapman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Youssou_N%27Dour" title="Youssou N'Dour">Youssou N'Dour</a>, plus guest artists from each of the countries where concerts were held. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Amnesty_Candle">The Amnesty Candle</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amnesty_(494638036).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg/220px-Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg/330px-Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg/440px-Amnesty_%28494638036%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Amnesty candle</figcaption></figure> The organization's logo combines two recognizable images inspired by the proverb, "<a href="/wiki/Better_to_light_a_candle_than_curse_the_darkness" title="Better to light a candle than curse the darkness">Better to light a candle than curse the darkness</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Airey-239">[238]</a> The candle represents the organization's efforts to bring light to the fact that political prisoners are held all over the world and its commitment to bring the prisoners hope for fair treatment and release. The barbed wire represents the hopelessness of people unjustly put in jail.<a href="#cite_note-candle-240">[239]</a> The logo was designed by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Redhouse" title="Diana Redhouse">Diana Redhouse</a> in 1963 as Amnesty's first Christmas card.<a href="#cite_note-241">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_of_Conscience_Award" title="Ambassador of Conscience Award">Ambassador of Conscience Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International_UK_Media_Awards" title="Amnesty International UK Media Awards">Amnesty International UK Media Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Amnesty_International_UK_Media_Awards_winners" title="List of Amnesty International UK Media Awards winners">List of Amnesty International UK Media Awards winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholars_at_Risk" title="Scholars at Risk">Scholars at Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Coalition_Against_the_Death_Penalty" title="World Coalition Against the Death Penalty">World Coalition Against the Death Penalty</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn1_11-1">b</a> The anthropologist Linda Rabben refers to the origin of Amnesty as a "creation myth" with a "kernel of truth": "The immediate impetus to form Amnesty did come from Peter Benenson's righteous indignation while reading a newspaper in the London tube on 19 November 1960."<a href="#cite_note-Rabben-242">[241]</a> The historian Tom Buchanan traced the origins story to a radio broadcast by Peter Benenson in 1962. The 4 March 1962 BBC news story did not refer to a "toast to liberty", but Benenson said his tube ride was on 19 December 1960. Buchanan was unable to find the newspaper article about the Portuguese students in The Daily Telegraph for either month. Buchanan found many news stories reporting on the repressive Portuguese political arrests in The Times for November 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Buchanan-87">[86]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whoai-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoai_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoai_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoai_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are">"Who we are"</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+we+are&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwho-we-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agnes-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agnes_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agnes_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/03/dr-agnes-callamard-appointed-as-secretary-general-of-amnesty-international/">"Dr Agnès Callamard appointed as Secretary General of Amnesty International"</a>. amnesty.org. 29 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Dr+Agn%C3%A8s+Callamard+appointed+as+Secretary+General+of+Amnesty+International&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flatest%2Fnews%2F2021%2F03%2Fdr-agnes-callamard-appointed-as-secretary-general-of-amnesty-international%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927020727/https://www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/how-were-run/amnesty-internationals-statute/">"Amnesty International's Statute"</a>. Amnesty International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/about-us/how-were-run/amnesty-internationals-statute">the original</a> on 27 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International%27s+Statute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fhow-were-run%2Famnesty-internationals-statute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2012" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Wendy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.cttq43kj">Internal Affairs: How the Structure of NGOs Transforms Human Rights</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fj.cttq43kj">10.7591/j.cttq43kj</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5079-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5079-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-5079-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.cttq43kj.8">10.7591/j.cttq43kj.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internal+Affairs%3A+How+the+Structure+of+NGOs+Transforms+Human+Rights&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.cttq43kj.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fj.cttq43kj&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5079-2&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7591%2Fj.cttq43kj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2022" class="citation cs2">Srivastava, Swati (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/hybrid-sovereignty-in-world-politics/shadowing-for-human-rights-through-amnesty-international/8B59CA1CC3A176C75A5D634BBD3D2646">"Shadowing for Human Rights through Amnesty International"</a>, Hybrid Sovereignty in World Politics, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 185–228, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009204453.007">10.1017/9781009204453.007</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-20445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-20445-3"><bdi>978-1-009-20445-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hybrid+Sovereignty+in+World+Politics&rft.atitle=Shadowing+for+Human+Rights+through+Amnesty+International&rft.pages=185-228&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009204453.007&rft.isbn=978-1-009-20445-3&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fhybrid-sovereignty-in-world-politics%2Fshadowing-for-human-rights-through-amnesty-international%2F8B59CA1CC3A176C75A5D634BBD3D2646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forgotten-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forgotten_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forgotten_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forgotten_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenenson1961" class="citation web cs1">Benenson, Peter (28 May 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1961/may/28/fromthearchive.theguardian">"The Forgotten Prisoners"</a>. The Observer. Retrieved 28 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Prisoners&rft.date=1961-05-28&rft.aulast=Benenson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F1961%2Fmay%2F28%2Ffromthearchive.theguardian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutai-7"><a href="#cite_ref-aboutai_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/who-we-are/about-amnesty-international">"About Amnesty International"</a>. Amnesty International. Retrieved 20 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Amnesty+International&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fwho-we-are%2Fabout-amnesty-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildsStorry2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike, eds. (2002). "Amnesty International". Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 22–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+British+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agnionline.bu.edu/essay/amnesty-international-myth-and-reality">"AGNI Online: Amnesty International: Myth and Reality by Linda Rabben"</a>. agnionline.bu.edu. 15 October 2001. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishnews.com/notices/livesremembered/2018/09/29/news/sir-louis-blom-cooper-campaigning-lawyer-had-strong-links-with-northern-ireland-1443623/">the original</a> on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Sir+Louis+Blom-Cooper%3A+Campaigning+lawyer+had+strong+links+with+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2018-09-29&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnotices%2Flivesremembered%2F2018%2F09%2F29%2Fnews%2Fsir-louis-blom-cooper-campaigning-lawyer-had-strong-links-with-northern-ireland-1443623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keane-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Keane_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane2006" class="citation book cs1">Keane, Elizabeth (2006). An Irish Statesman and Revolutionary: The Nationalist and Internationalist Politics of Sean MacBride. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-125-0"><bdi>978-1-84511-125-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Irish+Statesman+and+Revolutionary%3A+The+Nationalist+and+Internationalist+Politics+of+Sean+MacBride&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-125-0&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelerOpello2010" class="citation cs2">Wheeler, Douglas L; Opello, Walter C (2010), Historical Dictionary of Portugal, Scarecrow Press, p. xxvi</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Portugal&rft.pages=xxvi&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Douglas+L&rft.au=Opello%2C+Walter+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Benenson, P. (1983). Memoir </li> <li id="cite_note-buchanan1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buchanan1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-buchanan1_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2002" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, T. (2002). "The Truth Will Set You Free: The Making of Amnesty International". Journal of Contemporary History. 37 (4): 575–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220094020370040501">10.1177/00220094020370040501</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3180761">3180761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154183908">154183908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Truth+Will+Set+You+Free%3A+The+Making+of+Amnesty+International&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=575-97&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154183908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3180761%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220094020370040501&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian1_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian1_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcVeigh2011" class="citation news cs1">McVeigh, Tracy (29 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/may/29/amnesty-international-marks-50th-birthday">"Amnesty International marks 50 years of fighting for free speech"</a>. The Observer. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International+marks+50+years+of+fighting+for+free+speech&rft.date=2011-05-29&rft.aulast=McVeigh&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fmay%2F29%2Famnesty-international-marks-50th-birthday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Report 1962. Amnesty International. 1963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+1962&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_18-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sellars, Kirsten (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1969187">"Peter Benenson in David P. Forsythe (ed.), (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 162–165"</a>. The Encyclopaedia of Human Rights.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=Peter+Benenson+in+David+P.+Forsythe+%28ed.%29%2C+%28New+York%3A+Oxford+University+Press%2C+2009%29%2C+pp.+162%E2%80%93165.&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1969187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1979" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Egon (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flameinbarbedwir00lars">A flame in barbed wire : the story of Amnesty International</a> (1st American ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393012132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393012132"><bdi>978-0393012132</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4832507">4832507</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+flame+in+barbed+wire+%3A+the+story+of+Amnesty+International&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4832507&rft.isbn=978-0393012132&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflameinbarbedwir00lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-benenson-13233.html">"Peter Benenson"</a>. The Independent. 28 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525205141/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/peter-benenson-13233.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Peter+Benenson&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fpeter-benenson-13233.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1981" class="citation book cs1">Power, Jonathan (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VegiAQAAMAAJ">Amnesty International, the Human Rights Story</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050597-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-050597-1"><bdi>978-0-07-050597-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International%2C+the+Human+Rights+Story&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-07-050597-1&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVegiAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Amnesty International Report 1968-69. Amnesty International. 1969.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1968-69&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Amnesty International Report 1979. Amnesty International. 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+Report+1979&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://static.amnesty.org/ai50/ai50-amnesty-international-timeline.pdf">"THE AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL TIMELINE"</a> (PDF). Amnesty International. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amnesty+International&rft.atitle=THE+AMNESTY+INTERNATIONAL+TIMELINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatic.amnesty.org%2Fai50%2Fai50-amnesty-international-timeline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Cheng2-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:Cheng2_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2023" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Wendy (2023). Island X: Taiwanese Student Migrants, Campus Spies, and Cold War Activism. Seattle, WA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295752051" title="Special:BookSources/9780295752051"><bdi>9780295752051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+X%3A+Taiwanese+Student+Migrants%2C+Campus+Spies%2C+and+Cold+War+Activism&rft.place=Seattle%2C+WA&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780295752051&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monahan-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monahan_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monahan_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonahan2008" class="citation news cs1">Monahan, Mark (4 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561631/Hot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html">"Hot ticket: The Secret Policeman's Ball at the Royal Albert Hall, London"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/3561631/Hot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hot+ticket%3A+The+Secret+Policeman%27s+Ball+at+the+Royal+Albert+Hall%2C+London&rft.date=2008-10-04&rft.aulast=Monahan&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2F3561631%2FHot-ticket-The-Secret-Policemans-Ball-at-the-Royal-Albert-Hall-London.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AINobelLec-27"><a href="#cite_ref-AINobelLec_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1977/press.html">"The Nobel Peace Prize 1977 – Presentation Speech"</a>. Nobel Prize.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+1977+%E2%80%93+Presentation+Speech&rft.pub=Nobel+Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1977%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AIUNAward-28"><a href="#cite_ref-AIUNAward_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Press/previous_recipients.pdf">"United Nations Prize in the field of Human Rights"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Prize+in+the+field+of+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FPress%2Fprevious_recipients.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/When-State-Kills-Penalty-Rights/dp/0862101646/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&qid=1467710016&sr=8-3&keywords=When+the+state+kills">When the State Kills: The Death Penalty Vs. Human Rights</a>, Amnesty International, 1989 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0862101640" title="Special:BookSources/978-0862101640">978-0862101640</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2002" class="citation journal cs1">Russell, James M. (2002). "The Ambivalence about the Globalization of Telecommunications: The Story of Amnesty International, Shell Oil Company and Nigeria". 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RFE/RL. 18 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113113510/http://www.rferl.org/content/amnesty-navalny-udaltsov-prisoners-of-conscience/24584838.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2013. 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Retrieved 1 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Logo+Design+Love&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft.aulast=Airey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.logodesignlove.com%2Famnesty-international-logo-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-candle-240"><a href="#cite_ref-candle_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618203138/http://www.amnesty.ca/about/history/history_of_amnesty_international/meaning_of_the_Amnesty_candle.php">"History – The Meaning of the Amnesty Candle"</a>. Amnesty International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnesty.ca/about/history/history_of_amnesty_international/meaning_of_the_Amnesty_candle.php">the original</a> on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+The+Meaning+of+the+Amnesty+Candle&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.ca%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_of_amnesty_international%2Fmeaning_of_the_Amnesty_candle.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_and_Denis_Baron2007" class="citation news cs1">Yvonne and Denis Baron (7 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2007/dec/07/guardianobituaries.society">"Diana Redhouse"</a>. Obituary. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary&rft.atitle=Diana+Redhouse&rft.date=2007-12-07&rft.au=Yvonne+and+Denis+Baron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fdec%2F07%2Fguardianobituaries.society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabben-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Rabben_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabben2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rabben, Linda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012010655/http://www.bu.edu/agni/essays/print/2001/54-rabben.html">"Amnesty International: Myth and Reality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AGNI_(magazine)" title="AGNI (magazine)">AGNI</a> (54). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/agni/essays/print/2001/54-rabben.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 25 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AGNI&rft.atitle=Amnesty+International%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.issue=54&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Rabben&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fagni%2Fessays%2Fprint%2F2001%2F54-rabben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Buchanan, Tom. (2002) " 'The truth will set you free': The making of Amnesty International." Journal of Contemporary History 37.4 (2002): 575–597. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/history/ecc/events/writingrights/workshopprogramme/readingmaterials/buchanan_on_amnestys_early_years.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Buchanan, Tom. "Amnesty International in crisis, 1966–7." Twentieth Century British History 15.3 (2004): 267–289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/tcbh/article-abstract/15/3/267/1702572">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2001" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Anne Marie (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomacyofconsc00clar">Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05743-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05743-9"><bdi>978-0-691-05743-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacy+of+Conscience%3A+Amnesty+International+and+Changing+Human+Rights+Norms&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05743-9&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Anne+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiplomacyofconsc00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ganzfried, Miriam (2021). Amnesty International and Women's Rights Feminist Strategies, Leadership Commitment and Internal Resistances. ( transcript Verlag). ISBN 978-3-8376-6008-1.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirot2011" class="citation book cs1">Girot, Marc (2011). Amnesty International, Enquête sur une organisation génétiquement modifiée. Editions du Cygne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782849242469" title="Special:BookSources/9782849242469"><bdi>9782849242469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International%2C+Enqu%C3%AAte+sur+une+organisation+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9tiquement+modifi%C3%A9e&rft.pub=Editions+du+Cygne&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782849242469&rft.aulast=Girot&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Habibe, K. A. R. A. "Human Rights in China In The Xi Jinping Era: From The Perspective of Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International." Doğu Asya Araştırmaları Dergisi 2.1: 66–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/631602">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopgood2006" class="citation book cs1">Hopgood, Stephen (2006). <a href="/wiki/Keepers_of_the_Flame:_Understanding_Amnesty_International" title="Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International">Keepers of the Flame: Understanding Amnesty International</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4402-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4402-9"><bdi>978-0-8014-4402-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keepers+of+the+Flame%3A+Understanding+Amnesty+International&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4402-9&rft.aulast=Hopgood&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf6tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Amnesty+International.&pg=PR6">online</a></li> <li>Meirelles, Renata. State Violence, Torture, and Political Prisoners: On the Role Played by Amnesty International in Brazil During the Dictatorship (1964–1985) (Routledge, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZa0DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Amnesty+International.&pg=PT10">online</a>.</li> <li>Neier, Aryeh. "Amnesty International." in The International Human Rights Movement (Princeton UP, 2020) pp. 186–203.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower1981" class="citation book cs1">Power, Jonathan (1981). Amnesty International: The Human Rights Story. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028902-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-028902-1"><bdi>978-0-08-028902-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International%3A+The+Human+Rights+Story&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-08-028902-1&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/5616/1/195.pdf.pdf">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellars2002" class="citation book cs1">Sellars, Kirsten (April 2002). The Rise and Rise of Human Rights. Sutton Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2755-0"><bdi>978-0-7509-2755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Rise+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2002-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7509-2755-0&rft.aulast=Sellars&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Savelsberg, Joachim J. "Global Human Rights Organizations and National Patterns: Amnesty International's Responses to Darfur." Societies Without Borders 12.2 (2021): 13+. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1247&context=swb">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2022" class="citation journal cs1">Srivastava, Swati (9 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/isq/article/doi/10.1093/isq/sqab009/6144693">"Navigating NGO–Government Relations in Human Rights: New Archival Evidence from Amnesty International, 1961–1986"</a>. International Studies Quarterly. 66 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqab009">10.1093/isq/sqab009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8833">0020-8833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Navigating+NGO%E2%80%93Government+Relations+in+Human+Rights%3A+New+Archival+Evidence+from+Amnesty+International%2C+1961%E2%80%931986&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqab009&rft.issn=0020-8833&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisq%2Farticle%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fisq%2Fsqab009%2F6144693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmnesty+International" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Thakur, Ramesh. (1994) "Human rights: Amnesty international and the United Nations." Journal of Peace Research 31.2 (1994): 143–160. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0022343394031002003">online</a></li> <li>Vestergaard, Anne. "Humanitarian branding and the media: The case of Amnesty International." Journal of language and politics 7.3 (2008): 471–493. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anne-Vestergaard/publication/233588813_Humanitarian_branding_and_the_media_The_case_of_Amnesty_International/links/565c2afb08ae4988a7bb6327/Humanitarian-branding-and-the-media-The-case-of-Amnesty-International.pdf?_sg%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone&origin=journalDetail&_rtd=e30%3D">online</a></li> <li>Vik, Hanne Hagtvedt, and Skage Alexander Østberg. "Sweden, Amnesty International and legal entrepreneurs in global anti-torture politics, 1967–1977." International History Review 44.3 (2022): 633–652. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/07075332.2021.1955726">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Amnesty_International" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/">Amnesty International official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/ngos/credib/2003/1306interview.htm">Is Amnesty International Biased?</a>, 2002 discussion by Dennis Bernstein and Dr. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyle" title="Francis Boyle">Francis Boyle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrc.epexio.com/records/AMI">Catalogue of the Amnesty International archives</a>, held at the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Records_Centre,_University_of_Warwick" title="Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick">Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/10/16/amnesty_international_head_irene_khan_on">Amnesty International Head Irene Khan on The Unheard Truth: Poverty and Human Rights</a> – video by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714210751/http://shorts.nthword.com/2010/06/ad-of-week-amnesty-international-death.html">Amnesty International Promotion to Eliminate the Death Penalty</a> – video by <a href="/wiki/TBWA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBWA">TBWA</a>/Paris and <a href="/wiki/Pleix" title="Pleix">Pleix</a> for Amnesty International France</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10622/COLL00146">Amnesty International Poster Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Social_History" title="International Institute of Social History">International Institute of Social History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/537">Amnesty International</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42970#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_human_rights_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International human rights organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_human_rights_organisations_and_institutions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">organisations</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">institutions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_group" title="Human rights group">Human rights group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_commission" title="Human rights commission">Human rights commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_human_rights_institution" title="National human rights institution">Human rights institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_commission" title="Truth commission">Truth and reconciliation commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">International institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Committee on the Rights of the Child">Committee on the Rights of the Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">UN Human Rights Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regional bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Torture" title="Committee for the Prevention of Torture">European Committee for the Prevention of Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-lateral bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organisation of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs">UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization (ILO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization (WHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV/AIDS" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS">Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="United Nations Commission on the Status of Women">Commission on the Status of Women (CSW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">UN Population Fund (UNFPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UN Children's Fund (UNICEF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Fund_for_Women" title="United Nations Development Fund for Women">UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UN Development Programme (UNDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Settlements_Programme" title="United Nations Human Settlements Programme">UN Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">Major <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">FIDH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_(organization)" title="Emergency (organization)">Emergency NGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_First" title="Human Rights First">Human Rights First</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;font-weight:normal;">ICRC – organization with special status based on <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Template talk:1977 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1977_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1977 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1977_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1977 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a> (Belgium)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amnesty International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">John Hasbrouck Van Vleck</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Sussman Yalow</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Bertil Ohlin</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a> (United Kingdom)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1972 Nobel Prize winners">1972</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1973_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1973 Nobel Prize winners">1973</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1974_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1974 Nobel Prize winners">1974</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1975_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1975 Nobel Prize winners">1975</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1976 Nobel Prize winners">1976</a></dd> <dd>1977 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1978_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1978 Nobel Prize winners">1978</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1979_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1979 Nobel Prize winners">1979</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1980_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1980 Nobel Prize winners">1980</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1981_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1981 Nobel Prize winners">1981</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1982_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1982 Nobel Prize winners">1982</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Olof_Palme_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Footer_Olof_Palme_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Footer Olof Palme Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Footer_Olof_Palme_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Footer Olof Palme Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footer_Olof_Palme_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Footer Olof Palme Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Olof_Palme_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme_Prize" title="Olof Palme Prize">Olof Palme Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Cyril Ramaphosa</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">UN Peace Keeping Operation</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_D%C3%A9sir" title="Harlem Désir">Harlem Désir</a>, <a href="/wiki/SOS_Racisme" title="SOS Racisme">SOS Racisme</a> (1990)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amnesty International</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arzu_Abdullayeva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arzu Abdullayeva (page does not exist)">Arzu Abdullayeva</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anahit_Bayandour&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anahit Bayandour (page does not exist)">Anahit Bayandour</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Students_for_Sarajevo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Students for Sarajevo (page does not exist)">Students for Sarajevo</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jingsheng" title="Wei Jingsheng">Wei Jingsheng</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatah_Youth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatah Youth (page does not exist)">Fatah Youth</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Israeli_Labor_Young_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Israeli Labor Young Leadership (page does not exist)">Israeli Labor Young Leadership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_Now" title="Peace Now">Peace Now</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Alianza" title="Casa Alianza">Casa Alianza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_C._Harris" title="Bruce C. Harris">Bruce C. Harris</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salima_Ghezali" title="Salima Ghezali">Salima Ghezali</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veran_Mati%C4%87" title="Veran Matić">Veran Matić</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Senad_Pe%C4%87anin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senad Pećanin (page does not exist)">Senad Pećanin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Ivan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Ivančić">Viktor Ivančić</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdo_Baksi" title="Kurdo Baksi">Kurdo Baksi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bj%C3%B6rn_Fries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Björn Fries (page does not exist)">Björn Fries</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klippan_Parent_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klippan Parent Group (page does not exist)">Klippan Parent Group</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Stevenson" title="Bryan Stevenson">Bryan Stevenson</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazle_Hasan_Abed" title="Fazle Hasan Abed">Fazle Hasan Abed</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi" title="Hanan Ashrawi">Hanan Ashrawi</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Alexeyeva" title="Lyudmila Alexeyeva">Lyudmila Alexeyeva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kovalev" title="Sergei Kovalev">Sergei Kovalev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Politkovskaya" title="Anna Politkovskaya">Anna Politkovskaya</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mossaad_Mohamed_Ali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mossaad Mohamed Ali (page does not exist)">Mossaad Mohamed Ali</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvin_Ardalan" title="Parvin Ardalan">Parvin Ardalan</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Jensen" title="Carsten Jensen">Carsten Jensen</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyad_al-Sarraj" title="Eyad al-Sarraj">Eyad al-Sarraj</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Cacho" title="Lydia Cacho">Lydia Cacho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Saviano" title="Roberto Saviano">Roberto Saviano</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radhia_Nasraoui" title="Radhia Nasraoui">Radhia Nasraoui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waleed_Abulkhair" title="Waleed Abulkhair">Waleed Sami Abulkhair</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Taikon" title="Rosa Taikon">Rosa Taikon</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Youyu" title="Xu Youyu">Xu Youyu</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Levy" title="Gideon Levy">Gideon Levy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitri_Raheb" title="Mitri Raheb">Mitri Raheb</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Galinos" title="Spyridon Galinos">Spyridon Galinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giusi_Nicolini" title="Giusi Nicolini">Giusi Nicolini</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9di_Fried" title="Hédi Fried">Hédi Fried</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerich_Roth" title="Emerich Roth">Emerich Roth</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_le_Carr%C3%A9" title="John le Carré">John le Carré</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abortion in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abortion in the United Kingdom">Abortion in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malicious_Shooting_or_Stabbing_Act_1803" title="Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803">Malicious Shooting or Stabbing Act 1803</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1828" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1828">Offences Against the Person Act 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1837" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1837">Offences Against the Person Act 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offences_Against_the_Person_Act_1861" title="Offences Against the Person Act 1861">Offences Against the Person Act 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_Life_(Preservation)_Act_1929" title="Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929">Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Justice_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1945" title="Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945">Criminal Justice Act (Northern Ireland) 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Act_1967" title="Abortion Act 1967">Abortion Act 1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Fertilisation_and_Embryology_Act_1990" title="Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990">Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Executive_Formation_etc)_Act_2019" title="Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019">Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Act 2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Rights_(organisation)" title="Abortion Rights (organisation)">Abortion Law Reform Association (ALRA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Pregnancy_Advisory_Service" title="British Pregnancy Advisory Service">British Pregnancy Advisory Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSI_Reproductive_Choices" title="MSI Reproductive Choices">Marie Stopes International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(advocacy_group)" title="Liberty (advocacy group)">National Council for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amnesty International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Planning_Association" title="Family Planning Association">Family Planning Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Supporter" title="Sister Supporter">Sister Supporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_Off_Scotland" title="Back Off Scotland">Back Off Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_Support_Network" title="Abortion Support Network">Abortion Support Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Chance" title="Janet Chance">Janet Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_Browne" title="Stella Browne">Stella Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Jenkins" title="Alice Jenkins">Alice Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Malleson" title="Joan Malleson">Joan Malleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Frida Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGillivray" title="Ian MacGillivray">Ian MacGillivray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Baird" title="Dugald Baird">Dugald Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Vernon_Hubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Vernon Hubble">Douglas Vernon Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cole_(sexologist)" title="Martin Cole (sexologist)">Martin Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Houghton" title="Vera Houghton">Vera Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Houghton" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Houghton">Douglas Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Munday" title="Diane Munday">Diane Munday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Simms" title="Madeleine Simms">Madeleine Simms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitte" title="François Lafitte">François Lafitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paintin" title="David Paintin">David Paintin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Neustatter" title="Walter L. Neustatter">Walter L. Neustatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Eliot Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin,_1st_Baron_Silkin" title="Lewis Silkin, 1st Baron Silkin">Lewis Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Silkin" title="John Silkin">John Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Silkin" title="Samuel Silkin">Samuel Silkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Potts" title="Malcolm Potts">Malcolm Potts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Deys" title="Caroline Deys">Caroline Deys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glanville_Williams" title="Glanville Williams">Glanville Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggory" title="Peter Diggory">Peter Diggory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Winstanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Winstanley">Michael Winstanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dunwoody" title="John Dunwoody">John Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Dunwoody" title="Gwyneth Dunwoody">Gwyneth Dunwoody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(politician)" title="Peter Jackson (politician)">Peter Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Short" title="Renée Short">Renée Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sinclair_(politician)" title="George Sinclair (politician)">George Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">David Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Robinson_(British_politician)" title="Kenneth Robinson (British politician)">Kenneth Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Richard Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mikardo" title="Ian Mikardo">Ian Mikardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marks_(doctor)" title="John Marks (doctor)">John Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Richardson" title="Jo Richardson">Jo Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Furedi" title="Ann Furedi">Ann Furedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hewson" title="Barbara Hewson">Barbara Hewson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Lo" title="Anna Lo">Anna Lo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Unborn_Children" title="Society for the Protection of Unborn Children">Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Action,_Research_and_Education" title="Christian Action, Research and Education">Christian Action, Research and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_(UK_organisation)" title="Life (UK organisation)">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Both_Lives_Matter" title="Both Lives Matter">Both Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Catholic Church in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProLife_Alliance" title="ProLife Alliance">ProLife Alliance</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleck_Bourne" title="Aleck Bourne">Aleck Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Bowman" title="Phyllis Bowman">Phyllis Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Braine" title="Bernard Braine">Bernard Braine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dunn_(British_politician)" title="James Dunn (British politician)">James Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Knight" title="Jill Knight">Jill Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Mahon" title="Simon Mahon">Simon Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">Norman St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dempsey_(Scottish_politician)" title="James Dempsey (Scottish politician)">James Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_White_(Scottish_politician)" title="James White (Scottish politician)">James White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Campbell_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Campbell (Scottish politician)">Ian Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corrie" title="John Corrie">John Corrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Benyon" title="Bill Benyon">Bill Benyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ancram" title="Michael Ancram">Michael Ancram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alton" title="David Alton">David Alton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gillick" title="Victoria Gillick">Victoria Gillick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Scarisbrick" title="Jack Scarisbrick">Jack Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuala_Scarisbrick" title="Nuala Scarisbrick">Nuala Scarisbrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Benton" title="Joe Benton">Joe Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Dobbin" title="Jim Dobbin">Jim Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Dorries" title="Nadine Dorries">Nadine Dorries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Flello" title="Rob Flello">Rob Flello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Coffey" title="Thérèse Coffey">Thérèse Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Jepson" title="Joanna Jepson">Joanna Jepson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidi_Crowter" title="Heidi Crowter">Heidi Crowter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_Study_of_Sex_Psychology" title="British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology">British Society for the Study of Sex Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Sexual_Reform" title="World League for Sexual Reform">World League for Sexual Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planned_Parenthood_Federation" title="International Planned Parenthood Federation">International Planned Parenthood Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Population_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Population Fund">UN Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Stopes" title="Marie Stopes">Marie Stopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Abortion in the Republic of Ireland">Abortion in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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