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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_gender_distinctions_in_personal_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 No gender distinctions in personal pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_gender_distinctions_in_personal_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Grammatical gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_distinctions_only_in_third-person_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_distinctions_only_in_third-person_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Gender distinctions only in third-person pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_distinctions_only_in_third-person_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_concerning_gender_and_pronoun_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_concerning_gender_and_pronoun_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues_concerning_gender_and_pronoun_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender-neutral_pronouns_in_modern_standard_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender-neutral_pronouns_in_modern_standard_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Gender-neutral pronouns in modern standard English </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender-neutral_pronouns_in_modern_standard_English-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gender-neutral pronouns in modern standard English subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gender-neutral_pronouns_in_modern_standard_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Singular_they_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singular_they_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Singular they as a gender-neutral pronoun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singular_they_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antecedents_for_singular_they" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antecedents_for_singular_they"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Antecedents for singular they </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antecedents_for_singular_they-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speaker_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speaker_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Speaker variation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speaker_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_to_males_and_females" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_to_males_and_females"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Reference to males and females </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_to_males_and_females-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generic_he" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generic_he"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Generic he </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generic_he-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-He_or_she,_(s)he" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#He_or_she,_(s)he"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 He or she, (s)he </div> </a> <ul id="toc-He_or_she,_(s)he-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternation_of_she_and_he" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternation_of_she_and_he"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Alternation of she and he </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternation_of_she_and_he-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-It_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#It_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 It as a gender-neutral pronoun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-It_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-For_human_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_human_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 For human children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_human_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-For_non-human_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#For_non-human_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 For non-human animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-For_non-human_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 One as a gender-neutral pronoun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Historical, regional, and proposed gender-neutral singular pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Table_of_standard_and_non-standard_third-person_singular_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Table_of_standard_and_non-standard_third-person_singular_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Table of standard and non-standard third-person singular pronouns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Table_of_standard_and_non-standard_third-person_singular_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_gender-neutral_pronouns_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_gender-neutral_pronouns_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Emergence of gender-neutral pronouns in languages with grammatical gender </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_of_gender-neutral_pronouns_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emergence of gender-neutral pronouns in languages with grammatical gender subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_gender-neutral_pronouns_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_iel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_iel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 French iel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_iel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_onu_and_ono" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_onu_and_ono"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Polish onu and ono </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_onu_and_ono-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swedish_hen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swedish_hen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Swedish hen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swedish_hen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian_hen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_hen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Norwegian hen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_hen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_pronouns_in_languages_without_grammatical_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_gendered_pronouns_in_languages_without_grammatical_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Emergence of gendered pronouns in languages without grammatical gender </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_pronouns_in_languages_without_grammatical_gender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emergence of gendered pronouns in languages without grammatical gender subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_pronouns_in_languages_without_grammatical_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandarin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandarin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Mandarin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandarin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lack_of_gender_contrasts_in_spoken_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_gender_contrasts_in_spoken_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Lack of gender contrasts in spoken language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_gender_contrasts_in_spoken_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_gender_contrasts_via_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_gender_contrasts_via_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Emergence of gender contrasts via orthography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_gender_contrasts_via_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Japanese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_third-person_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_gendered_third-person_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Emergence of gendered third-person forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_third-person_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_first-person_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_gendered_first-person_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Emergence of gendered first-person forms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_gendered_first-person_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Specific languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender-neutral_pronoun&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-neutral pronoun">Gender-neutral pronoun</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical situation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"S/he" and "He/she" redirect here. 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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Special:EditPage/Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22">"Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Gender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A third-person pronoun is a <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> that refers to an entity other than the speaker or listener.<a href="#cite_note-WALS-1">[1]</a> Some languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>, with gender-specific pronouns have them as part of a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a> system, a system of <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> where most or all nouns have a value for this grammatical category. A few languages with gender-specific pronouns, such as English, <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yazgulyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazgulyam language">Yazgulyam</a>, lack grammatical gender; in such languages, gender usually adheres to "<a href="/wiki/Natural_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gender">natural gender</a>", which is often based on biological sex.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Other languages, including most <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, lack gender distinctions in personal pronouns entirely, as well as any system of grammatical gender.<a href="#cite_note-WALS-1">[1]</a> In languages with pronominal gender, problems of usage may arise in contexts where a person of unspecified or unknown <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">social gender</a> is being referred to but commonly available pronouns are gender-specific. Different solutions to this issue have been proposed and used in various languages. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_of_grammar_patterns_in_languages">Overview of grammar patterns in languages</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview of grammar patterns in languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_gender_distinctions_in_personal_pronouns">No gender distinctions in personal pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: No gender distinctions in personal pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages" title="Gender neutrality in genderless languages">Gender neutrality in genderless languages</a></div> Many languages of the world (including most <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, many <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan languages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a><a href="#cite_note-WALS-1">[1]</a>) do not have gender distinctions in personal pronouns, just as most of them lack any system of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. In others, such as many of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo languages</a>, there is a system of grammatical gender (or <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun classes</a>), but the divisions are based on <a href="/wiki/Noun_class#Common_criteria_for_noun_classes" title="Noun class">classifications other than sex</a>, such as animacy, rationality, or countability.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a>, for example, the independent third person pronoun yeye 'she/he' can be used to refer to a female or male being. What matters in this case is that the referent belongs to the animate class (i.e humans or non-human animals) as opposed to an inanimate class.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since pronouns do not distinguish the social gender of the referent, they are considered neutral in this kind of system.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_gender">Grammatical gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammatical gender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Contextual_determination_of_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender § Contextual determination of gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender</a></div> In other languages – including most <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Asiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> languages – third-person <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> (at least those used to refer to people) intrinsically distinguish male from female. This feature commonly co-exists with a full system of grammatical gender, where all nouns are assigned to classes such as masculine, feminine and neuter. In languages with grammatical gender, even pronouns which are semantically gender-neutral may be required to take a gender for such purposes as grammatical <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a>. Thus in <a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a>, for example, the first- and second-person personal pronouns may behave as either masculine or feminine depending on the sex of the <a href="/wiki/Referent" title="Referent">referent</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite pronouns</a> such as quelqu'un ('someone') and personne ('no one') are treated conventionally as masculine, even though personne as a noun ('person') is only feminine regardless of the sex of the referent. (See <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender#Grammatical_gender_can_be_realized_on_pronouns" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender § Grammatical gender can be realized on pronouns</a>.) There are both direct and indirect options for nonbinary referents, although the use of some forms is contested.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Example of agreement in a language with grammatical gender<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <pre>(1) Les tomates, elles sont encore vertes.   Formal French 'The tomatoes, they are still green.' <a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">FP</a>, (Lambrecht 1981:40, cited by Gelderen, 2022, p. 33) </pre> <pre>(2) C'est que chacun, il a sa manière de ...   Swiss spoken French 'Everyone has his own way of ...' (Fronseca-Greber 2000:338, cited by Gelderen, 2022, p. 33) </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_distinctions_only_in_third-person_pronouns">Gender distinctions only in third-person pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender distinctions only in third-person pronouns">edit</a>]</div> A grammatical gender system can erode as observed in languages such as Odia (formerly Oriya), <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_English" title="Gender in English">English</a> and Persian.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In English, a general system of noun gender has been lost, but gender distinctions are preserved in the third-person singular pronouns. This means that the relation between pronouns and nouns is no longer syntactically motivated in the system at large. Instead, the choice of anaphoric pronouns is controlled by referential gender or social gender.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Example of agreement in English<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <pre>(3) Maryi described Billj to herselfi. </pre> <pre>(4) Johnj came in and hej was wearing a hat. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Issues_concerning_gender_and_pronoun_usage">Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage">edit</a>]</div> Issues concerning gender and pronoun usage commonly arise in situations where it is necessary to choose between gender-specific pronouns, even though the sex of the person or persons being referred to is not known, not specified, or (for plurals) mixed. In English and many other languages, the masculine form has sometimes served as the default or <a href="/wiki/Markedness" title="Markedness">unmarked</a> form; that is, masculine pronouns have been used in cases where the referent or referents are not known to be (all) female.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> This collective masculine is also the case in ancient languages, like <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Classical Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> and have influenced the modern forms. This leads to sentences such as (5a) in English, and (6a) in French. Example of gender-neutral masculine: English <pre>(5) a. If anybody comes, tell him. masculine him used to refer to a person of unknown sex b. *If anybody comes, tell her. feminine her is not used to refer to a person of unknown sex </pre> Example of collective masculine: French <pre>(6) a. Vos amis sont arrivés — Ils étaient en avance. 'Your friends have arrived - they were early.' Note: plural masculine ils used if group has men and women b. Vos amies sont arrivées — Elles étaient en avance. 'Your friendsFEM have arrivedFEM - theyFEM were early.' Note: plural feminine elles used if group has only women; noun is feminine (amies), as is past participle (arrivées) </pre> As early as 1795, dissatisfaction with the convention of the collective masculine led to calls for gender-neutral pronouns, and attempts to invent pronouns for this purpose date back to at least 1850, although the use of <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular they</a> as a natural gender-neutral pronoun in English has persisted since the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender-neutral_pronouns_in_modern_standard_English">Gender-neutral pronouns in modern standard English</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gender-neutral pronouns in modern standard English">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_English" title="Gender in English">Gender in English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">Gender neutrality in English</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> has gender-specific personal pronouns in the third-<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> singular. The masculine pronoun is <a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">he</a> (with the related forms him, his and himself); the feminine is <a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">she</a> (with the related forms her, hers and herself); the neuter is it (with the related forms its and itself). The third-person plural they (and its related forms them, their, themselves) are gender-neutral and can also be used to refer to singular, personal antecedents, as in (7). <pre>(7) Where a recipient of an allowance under section 4 absents themself from Canada, payment of the allowance shall ...<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </pre> Generally speaking, he refers to males, and she refers to females. When a person has adopted a persona of a different gender (such as when <a href="/wiki/Acting" title="Acting">acting</a> or performing in <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a>), pronouns with the gender of the persona are used. In <a href="/wiki/Gay_slang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay slang">gay slang</a>, the gender of pronouns is sometimes reversed (<a href="/wiki/Gender_transposition" title="Gender transposition">gender transposition</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He and she are normally used for humans; use of it can be dehumanizing, and, more importantly, implies a lack of gender even if one is present, and is usually, thus, inappropriate. It is sometimes used to refer to a baby or a child in a generic sense as in response to the question What is it? when a baby has been born: -It's a girl/boy. However, when talking to parents of intersex babies, some doctors are advised to use your baby instead.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> It is often used for non-human animals of unknown sex, but he or she is frequently used for a non-human animal with a known sex. He or she are also for a non-human animal who is referred to by a proper name, as in (8) where Fido is understood to be the name of a dog.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston_2002_gender-16">[16]</a> At least one grammar states that he or she is obligatory for animals referred to by a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper name</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Huddleston_2002_gender-16">[16]</a> <pre>(8) Fido adores his blanket. </pre> The other English pronouns (the first- and second-person personal pronouns I, we, you, etc.; the third-person plural personal pronoun they; the <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite pronouns">indefinite pronouns</a> one, someone, anyone, etc.; and others) do not make male–female gender distinctions; that is, they are gender-neutral. The only distinction made is between personal and non-personal reference (someone vs. something, anyone vs. anything, who vs. what, whoever vs. whatever, etc.). She is sometimes used for named ships and countries; this may be considered old-fashioned and is in decline.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In some local dialects and casual speech she and he are used for various objects and named vehicles (like a personal car). Animate objects like <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice assistant">voice assistants</a> are often assumed to have a gender and sometimes have a name with a matching gender. (See <a href="/wiki/Gender_in_English#Metaphorical_gender" title="Gender in English">Gender in English § Metaphorical gender</a>.) For people who are <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, style guides and associations of journalists and health professionals advise use of the <a href="/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">pronoun preferred</a> or considered appropriate by the person in question.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> When dealing with clients or patients, health practitioners are advised to take note of the pronouns used by the individuals themselves,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> which may involve using different pronouns at different times.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stitt-23">[23]</a> This is also extended to the name preferred by the person referred to.<a href="#cite_note-Stitt-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> LGBTQ+ advocacy groups also advise using the pronouns and names preferred or considered appropriate by the person referred to.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> They further recommend avoiding gender confusion when referring to the background of transgender people, such as using a title or rank to avoid a gendered pronoun or name.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> For English, there is no universal agreement on a gender-neutral third-person pronoun which could be used for a person whose gender is unknown or who is a <a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-binary gender identity">non-binary gender identity</a>; various alternatives are described in the following sections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singular_they_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun">Singular they as a gender-neutral pronoun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Singular they as a gender-neutral pronoun">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">Singular they</a></div> Since at least the 14th century, they (including related forms such as them, their, theirs, themselves, and themself) has been used with a plural verb form to refer to a singular antecedent.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This usage is known as the <a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular they</a>, as it is equivalent to the corresponding singular form of the pronoun.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <pre>(9) There's not a man I meet but doth salute me As if I were their well-acquainted friend <(William Shakespeare, A Comedy of Errors, 1623)<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">[30]</a> instead of: As if I were his well-acquainted friend </pre> This is the generalized usage in third person. To imply 'his' is incorrect. <pre>(10) Every fool can do as they're bid. <(Jonathan Swift, Polite Conversation, 1738)<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">[30]</a> instead of: Every fool can do as he's bid. </pre> <pre>(11) Both sisters were uncomfortable enough. Each felt for the other, and of course for themselves. <(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813)<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">[30]</a> instead of: Each felt for the other, and of course for herself. </pre> Prescription against singular they has historically impacted more formal registers of writing. Conversely, to the present day, singular they continues to be attested in both speech and less formal registers of writing in British and American English.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">[30]</a> Recent corpus data suggest that English dialects in Hong Kong, India, and Singapore use this <a href="/wiki/Epicenity" title="Epicenity">epicene</a> less than British English.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary include the following examples among the possible uses of singular they, which they note is not universally adopted by all speakers. <pre>(12) Anyone who arrives at the door can let themself in using this key.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </pre> <pre>(13) I knew certain things about ... the person I was interviewing ... They had adopted their gender-neutral name a few years ago, when they began to consciously identify as nonbinary ... (Amy Harmon)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> </pre> While many speakers recognize the need for gender neutral pronouns, they nevertheless deem referential singular they, as in (13), ungrammatical or unfit for the job due to the ambiguity it can create in certain contexts.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> New <a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">pronouns</a> such as ve (used in Science Fiction) and ze/hir have been proposed in order to avoid the perceived limitations of singular they.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Currently, these new pronouns are only used by a small percentage of speakers while singular they remains the most widely selected option.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antecedents_for_singular_they">Antecedents for singular they</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antecedents for singular they">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_(1a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg/380px-Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg/570px-Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg/760px-Singular_they_--Syntax_tree_%281a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2523" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>Syntax tree showing coreference in sentence (14) a</figcaption></figure> Generally speaking, there are three kinds of <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedents</a> with which the singular they can be used.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>In (14), singular they occurs with a quantified singular antecedent or a singular antecedent of unknown gender.</li> <li>In (15), singular they occurs with a singular antecedent known to be nonbinary or ungendered.</li> <li>In (16), singular they occurs with a singular antecedent of any gender, with no restriction on description or name.</li></ul> In examples (14-16), subscripti indicates <a href="/wiki/Coreference" title="Coreference">coreference</a>; moreover, examples such as (15) and (16) are sometimes referred to as 'referential they'.<a href="#cite_note-Conrod_2019-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moulton_et_al._2020-40">[40]</a> <pre>(14) a. Anyonei who thinks theyi need more time should ask for an extension.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> b. The personi at the door left before I could see who theyi were.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> </pre> <pre>(15) a. Kellyi said theyi were leaving early.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> b. The strongest studenti will present theiri paper next.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> </pre> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_(3a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg/380px-Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg/570px-Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg/760px-Singular_they_-Syntax_tree_%283a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2599" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>Syntax tree showing coreference in sentence (16) a</figcaption></figure> <pre>(16) a. Mariai wants to send theiri students on the field trip.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> b. We heard from Arthuri that theyi needed time to think about the idea.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> c. We asked [the first girl in line]i to introduce themself/themselvesi.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> d. Your brotheri called to say theyi would be late.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speaker_variation">Speaker variation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Speaker variation">edit</a>]</div> In the twenty-first century, syntactic research differentiates three groups of English speakers which can be identified, based on their judgments about pronoun usage for (14), (15) and (16).<a href="#cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> <ul><li>Group A speakers judge only (14) to be acceptable. Such speakers reject "referential" singular when they know the referent's binary gender, which is taken to indicate that gender features are contrastive in their <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon (linguistics)">lexicons</a>. For this group of speakers, usage of singular they in (14) is acceptable to because the quantified antecedent anyone and the definite description the person lack a gender specification.</li> <li>Group B speakers judge both (14) and (15) to be acceptable. For these speakers, gender is thought to still be contrastive in their <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon (linguistics)">lexicons</a>; however, they have created special entries for individuals that use the singular they pronoun.</li> <li>Group C speakers judge (14), (15) and (16) to be acceptable. It has been proposed[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] that gender is losing its featural contrast in these speakers' <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon (linguistics)">lexicons</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Speaker variation with singular they pronoun usage </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>antecedent </th> <th>group A usage </th> <th>group B usage </th> <th>group C usage </th></tr> <tr> <td>quantified, or gender is unknown, (14) </td> <td>yes </td> <td>yes </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>nonbinary or ungendered, (15) </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td> <td>yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>any gender, (16) </td> <td>no </td> <td>no </td> <td>yes </td></tr></tbody></table> A recent study by Kirby Conrod found these speaker groups to be correlated with age and gender identity.<a href="#cite_note-Conrod_2019-39">[39]</a> Relative to age, participants of all ages accepted the usage in (14), whereas younger participants rated usage of referential they in (15) and (16) higher than did their older counterparts. Relative to gender identity, non-binary and transgender participants rated referential they higher than did <a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">cisgender</a> participants. Elsewhere, cisgender speakers with at least one trans or non-binary family member have also been found to rate all three cases as acceptable.<a href="#cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">[38]</a> Another study found a correlation between resistance to the second and third uses and prescriptivist attitudes about language.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Work by Keir Moulton and colleagues, published in 2020, has also found that the presence of a linguistic <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">antecedent</a> — which is the case for examples (14), (15), and (16) — significantly improves the acceptability judgments of singular they. In sentences with a linguistic antecedent, such as (17a), the use of singular they is judged to be equally acceptable whether or not the hearer knows the (binary) gender of the referent. In sentences where singular they is purely <a href="/wiki/Deixis" title="Deixis">deictic</a> and has no linguistic antecedent, such as (17b), the use of singular they is judged to be less acceptable than the use of a singular gendered pronoun (such as he or she) when the hearer knows the referent's (binary) gender. The authors suggest that the use of a gender-neutral antecedent (e.g. server or reporter) may signal the irrelevance of gender in the discourse context, making singular they more acceptable. Additionally, having a linguististic antecedent clarified that the speaker was referring to a singular antecedent, rather than a plural one. In the deictic case, without a linguistic antecedent, these signals were not overt, and the speakers' judgment depended more on their experience with the pronoun itself.<a href="#cite_note-Moulton_et_al._2020-40">[40]</a> Type of antecedent affects acceptability of singular their (subscript i denotes <a href="/wiki/Coreference" title="Coreference">coreference</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Moulton_et_al._2020-40">[40]</a> <pre>(17) a. The reporteri said that theiri cellphone was recording the whole interview. Note: judged as more acceptable b. Theyi said that theiri cellphone was recording the whole interview. Note: judged as less acceptable </pre> Another study found an effect of social distance on speaker judgments of singular they use.<a href="#cite_note-Camilliere_et_al._2019-42">[42]</a> Usage was judged to be more acceptable when the speaker was not personally close with the referent, compared to use for referents with whom the speaker was personally close.<a href="#cite_note-Camilliere_et_al._2019-42">[42]</a> The authors suggested that, in the former case, the referent's gender may be less likely to be known or relevant.<a href="#cite_note-Camilliere_et_al._2019-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_to_males_and_females">Reference to males and females</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reference to males and females">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generic_he">Generic he</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Generic he">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">He (pronoun)</a> and <a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">She (pronoun)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Male_as_norm" title="Male as norm">Male as norm</a></div> Forms of the pronoun he were used for both males and females during the Middle English and Modern English periods. Susanne Wagner observed that "There was rather an extended period of time in the history of the English language when the choice of a supposedly masculine personal pronoun (him) said nothing about the <a href="/wiki/Gender_or_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender or sex">gender or sex</a> of the referent."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> An early example of prescribing the use of he to refer to a person of unknown gender is Anne Fisher's 1745 grammar book A New Grammar.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Older editions of <a href="/wiki/A_Dictionary_of_Modern_English_Usage" title="A Dictionary of Modern English Usage">Fowler</a> also took this view.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This usage continues to this day: <pre>(18) a. The customer brought his purchases to the cashier for checkout. b. In a supermarket, a customer can buy anything he needs. c. When a customer argues, always agree with him. </pre> This may be compared to usage of <a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">the word man</a> for humans in general (although that was the original sense of the word "man" in the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, much as the Latin word for "human in general", homo, came to mean "male human"—which was vir, in Latin—in most of the Romance languages). <pre>(19) a. All men are created equal. b. Man cannot live by bread alone. </pre> The use, in formal English, of he, him or his as a gender-neutral pronoun has traditionally been considered grammatically correct.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> in his "On Language" column in The New York Times approved of the use of generic he, mentioning the mnemonic phrase "the male embraces the female".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A reader replied with an example of use of the purportedly gender-neutral he, as in (20). Such examples point to the fact indiscriminate use of generic he leads to non-sensical violations of semantic gender agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">[48]</a> <pre>(20) "The average American needs the small routines of getting ready for work. As he shaves or blow-dries his hair or pulls on his panty-hose, he is easing himself by small stages into the demands of the day." (C. Badendyck, The New York Times (1985);<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> as quoted by Miller and Swift.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">[48]</a>) </pre> The use of generic he has increasingly been a source of controversy, as it can be perceived as reflecting a positive bias towards men and a male-centric society, and a negative bias against women.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In some contexts, the use of he, him or his as a gender-neutral pronoun may give a jarring or ridiculous impression: <pre>(21) a. "... everyone will be able to decide for himself whether or not to have an abortion." (Albert Bleumenthal, N.Y. State Assembly (cited in Longman 1984, as quoted in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-51">[51]</a> b. "... the ideal that every boy and girl should be so equipped that he shall not be handicapped in his struggle for social progress..." (<a href="/wiki/C._C._Fries" class="mw-redirect" title="C. C. Fries">C. C. Fries</a>, American English Grammar (1940), quoted in <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a> 1983; as cited in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-51">[51]</a> c. "... She and Louis had a game—who could find the ugliest photograph of himself." (Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin (1971), quoted in Reader's Digest 1983; as cited in Merriam-Webster's Concise Dictionary of English Usage)<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-51">[51]</a> </pre> The use of generic he has also been seen as prejudicial by some, as in the following cases: <ul><li>The Massachusetts Medical Society effectively blocked membership of female physicians on the grounds that the society's by-laws used the pronoun he when referring to members.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">[48]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persons_Case" class="mw-redirect" title="Persons Case">Persons Case</a>, the legal battle over whether <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> women counted as legal persons eligible to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, partially turned on use of "he" to refer to a (generic) person qualified to be a senator.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li></ul> Avoidance of the generic he is seen by proponents of non-sexist writing as indicating that the purportedly gender-neutral he is in fact not gender-neutral since it "brings a male image to mind".<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">[48]</a> The same would apply to the generic she, bringing a female image to mind. She has traditionally been used as a generic pronoun when making generalizations about people belonging to a group when most members of that group are assumed to be female:<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">[48]</a> <pre>(22) a. A secretary should keep her temper in check. b. A nurse must always be kind to her patients. </pre> The 19th and 20th centuries saw an upsurge in consciousness and advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, and this has led in particular to advocacy for <a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">gender-neutral language</a>. In this context, the usage of generic he has declined in favor of other alternatives. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="He_or_she,_(s)he">He or she, (s)he</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: He or she, (s)he">edit</a>]</div> To disambiguate contexts where a referent encompasses both males and females, <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrasis</a> is used. Though cumbersome, this solution is attested with the full range of English pronouns, include the subject pronouns he or she (23), the object pronouns him or her (24), the possessive pronoun his or hers (25), and the reflective pronouns himself or herself (26). In writing, these periphrastic forms are sometimes abbreviated to he/she, (s)he, s/he, him/her, his/her, himself/herself, hers/his, but are not easily abbreviated in verbal communication.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_s/he-53">[53]</a> With the exception of (s)he and s/he, a writer does in principle have the choice of which pronoun to place first. However, usage indicates that the masculine pronouns is most often mentioned first. <pre>(23) a. If any employee needs to take time off, s/he should contact the Personnel Department.<a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_s/he-53">[53]</a> b. Talk to your doctor and see if s/he knows of any local groups.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> c. Each employee must sign the register when she/he enters or leaves.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> d. Read to children and let them participate from time to time by telling them what they think the author would add if she or he was present with them.<a href="#cite_note-Dubois_&_Crouch_1987-56">[56]</a> </pre> <pre>(24) a. How often do you perform small acts of kindness for your partner (like making him or her coffee in the morning)?.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> b. Clearly, no one in the entire United States simply meets someone, talks with him or her a while, and falls in love any more.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </pre> <pre>(25) a. We must fight the tradition that forces the actor to accept poverty as a precondition of his or her profession.<a href="#cite_note-Dubois_&_Crouch_1987-56">[56]</a> b. [insert example] </pre> <pre>(26) a. ... at the collegiate level the student must advocate for himself or herself.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> b. ... no student, of any background, should be expected at the outset to recognize him or herself in it.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> c. Everyone will improve him/herself in his/her area ...<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </pre> Some observers, such as the linguist James McCawley, suggest that the use of periphrastic forms may promote stereotypes: "he and she [can foster] the standard sexual stereotypes [in that] if you say he or she, you imply that women aren't included unless they are specifically mentioned, and you make it easier to talk about cases where only one sex is included than where both are."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternation_of_she_and_he">Alternation of she and he</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Alternation of she and he">edit</a>]</div> Authors sometimes employ rubrics[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>] for selecting she or he such as: <ul><li>Use the gender of the primary author.</li> <li>Alternate between "she" and "he".</li> <li>Alternate by paragraph or chapter.</li> <li>Use she and he to make distinctions between two groups of people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="It_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun">It as a gender-neutral pronoun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: It as a gender-neutral pronoun">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">It (pronoun)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> had <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>, and thus <a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)#History" title="It (pronoun)">commonly used "it" for people</a>, even where they were clearly female or male: <ul><li>cild (meaning 'child') had grammatical neuter gender, as did compound words formed from it, e.g. wæpnedcild 'male-child' and wifcild 'female-child'. All three were pronominalized by the neuter pronoun it (hit).</li> <li>wif (meaning "female", modern "<a href="/wiki/Wife#Summary/Etymology" title="Wife">wife</a>") had grammatical neuter gender, and so were pronominalized by the neuter pronoun it "it". When wif was the non-head member of a compound — as with wif<a href="/wiki/Man_(word)" title="Man (word)">mann</a> 'female-person', modern 'woman' — the gender of the compound was determined by the head of the compound, in this case mann, which had grammatical masculine gender, and so was pronominalized by the masculine pronoun he.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></li></ul> Over time, English gradually developed a system of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gender">natural gender</a> (gender based on semantic meaning) which now holds sway in <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_human_children">For human children</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: For human children">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more on usage of it, see <a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)#Semantics" title="It (pronoun)">It (pronoun)#Semantics</a>.</div> In Modern English, pronouns referring to adult humans are typically gendered: feminine she, masculine he. However, in some contexts, children may be referred to with the gender-neutral pronoun it. When not referring specifically to children, it is not generally applied to people, even in cases where their gender is unknown. The 1985 edition of the Quirk et al. grammar observes that whereas he and she are used for entities treated as people (including <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphized</a> entities), the pronoun it is normally used for entities not regarded as persons. But the pronoun it can be used of children in some circumstances, for instance when the sex is indefinite or when the writer has no emotional connection to the child, as in a scientific context lsuch as (26).<a href="#cite_note-Quirk_et_al._1985-65">[65]</a> According to The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing (1995), it is also sometimes the "obvious" choice for children.<a href="#cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p58-66">[66]</a> Examples given include (27a), and the more colloquial (27b). It may even be used when the child's sex is known: In the passage given in (27c), the characters refer to the boy-child at the center of the narrative as a he, but then the narrator refers to it as an it. In this case, the child has yet to be developed into a character that can communicate with the reader. <pre>(27) a. A child learns to speak the language of its environment. (Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language (1985), p. 316–317, 342) b. To society, a baby's sex is second in importance to its health. (Miller & Swift, The Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing (1995), p. 58) c. "He looks like nobody but himself," said Mrs. Owens, firmly. ... It was then that ... the child opened its eyes wide in wakefulness. It stared around it ... (Neil Gaiman, The Graveyard Book (2008), p. 25) </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="For_non-human_animals">For non-human animals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: For non-human animals">edit</a>]</div> The Quirk et al. 1985 grammar states that the use of gendered he or she is optional for non-human animals of known sex.<a href="#cite_note-Quirk_et_al._1985-65">[65]</a> It gives the following example, which illustrates the use of both the gender-neutral possessive its and the gendered possessive her to refer to a bird: <pre>(28) The robin builds its nest in a well-chosen position ... and, after the eggs have hatched, the mother bird feeds her young there for several weeks ... (Quirk et al., A comprehensive grammar of the English language (1985), p. 316–317, 342) </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One_as_a_gender-neutral_pronoun">One as a gender-neutral pronoun</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: One as a gender-neutral pronoun">edit</a>]</div> Another gender-neutral pronoun that can be used to refer to people is the <a href="/wiki/Impersonal_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonal pronoun">impersonal pronoun</a> "<a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a>". This can be used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Generic_he" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic he">generic he</a> according to the preference and style of the writer. <ul><li>Each student should save his questions until the end.</li> <li>One should save one's questions until the end.</li> <li>One should save his questions until the end.</li></ul> In everyday language, <a href="/wiki/Generic_you" title="Generic you">generic you</a> is often used instead of one: <ul><li>You should save your questions until the end.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns">Historical, regional, and proposed gender-neutral singular pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historical, regional, and proposed gender-neutral singular pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">Neopronoun</a></div> Historically, there were two gender-neutral pronouns native to English dialects, ou and (h)a.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Baron" title="Dennis Baron">Dennis Baron</a>'s Grammar and Gender:<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1789, William H. Marshall records the existence of a dialectal English <a href="/wiki/Epicene" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicene">epicene</a> pronoun, singular "ou": "'Ou will' expresses either he will, she will, or it will." Marshall traces "ou" to Middle English epicene "a", used by the 14th century English writer John of Trevisa, and both the OED and Wright's English Dialect Dictionary confirm the use of "a" for he, she, it, they, and even I. This "a" is a reduced form of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Anglo-Saxon</a> he = "he" and heo = "she".</blockquote> Relics of these gender-neutral terms survive in some British dialects of Modern English — for example hoo for 'she', in Yorkshire — and sometimes a pronoun of one gender can be applied to a human or non-human animal of the opposite gender. <ul><li>hoo is also sometimes used in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> and south-west England as a common gender pronoun<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li>er can be used in place of either he or she in some <a href="/wiki/West_Country_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Country dialect">West Country dialects</a>, although only in weak (<a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a>) positions such as in <a href="/wiki/Tag_questions" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag questions">tag questions</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li>hye could refer to either he<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> or she<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> in the south-east of England, in the Middle English period</li> <li>yo: a 2007 paper reports that in some schools in the city of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yo_(greeting)" title="Yo (greeting)">yo</a> has come to be used as a gender-neutral pronoun.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li></ul> Since at least the 19th century, numerous proposals for the use of other non-standard gender-neutral pronouns have been introduced: <ul><li>e, (es, em) is the oldest recorded English gender-neutral (ungendered) pronoun with declension, coined by Francis Augustus Brewster in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-Baron_2020-75">[75]</a> E, es, em, and emself were also proposed by James Rogers in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The aim was to provide a neutral, ungendered pronoun because the link of pronouns to sex was considered a major flaw. Donald G. MacKay (1980) experimented with the use of e, es, em, and eself.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li> <li>thon, proposed by Charles Crozat Converse in 1884 — other sources date its coinage to 1858<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> — received the greatest mainstream acceptance. A contraction of 'that one', thon was listed in Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary from 1898 through to 1964, and was also included in Webster's Second New International Dictionary (but not in its the first and third editions).<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li>co was coined by the feminist writer Mary Orovan in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> It is in common usage in <a href="/wiki/Intentional_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional communities">intentional communities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Egalitarian_Communities" title="Federation of Egalitarian Communities">Federation of Egalitarian Communities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> appearing in the bylaws of several of these communities.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In addition to using co when the gender of the antecedent is unknown or indeterminate, some use co as <a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">gender-blind</a> language, where co replaces gendered pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>ze has several variants (see table below) and is used to meet the needs of unspecified gender situations and <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> persons.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Kate Bornstein</a>, an American transgender author, uses the pronoun forms ze and hir in the 1996 book Nearly Roadkill: An Infobahn Erotic Adventure.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Carver" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeffrey A. Carver">Jeffrey A. Carver</a>, an American science fiction writer, uses the pronoun hir in the 1989 novel From a Changeling Star for a different-gendered nonhuman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_standard_and_non-standard_third-person_singular_pronouns">Table of standard and non-standard third-person singular pronouns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Table of standard and non-standard third-person singular pronouns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Special:EditPage/Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Source </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative (subject)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">Oblique (object)</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Independent genitive</a> (<a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">possessive</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Possessive_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive pronoun">Dependent genitive</a> (possessive) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="background:#ffdead;">Standard pronoun usage </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)" title="He (pronoun)">he</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>he is laughing</td> <td>I called him</td> <td>his eyes gleam</td> <td>that is his</td> <td>he likes himself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)" title="She (pronoun)">she</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>she is laughing</td> <td>I called her</td> <td>her eyes gleam</td> <td>that is hers</td> <td>she likes herself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">they (singular)</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>they are laughing </td> <td>I called them </td> <td>their eyes gleam </td> <td>that is theirs </td> <td>they like themself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>it is laughing</td> <td>I called it</td> <td>its eyes gleam</td> <td>that is its</td> <td>it likes itself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>one is laughing</td> <td>I called one</td> <td>one's eyes gleam</td> <td>that is one's</td> <td>one likes oneself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/They" title="They">they</a> (plural) </th> <td> </td> <td>they are laughing</td> <td>I called them</td> <td>their eyes gleam</td> <td>that is theirs</td> <td>they like themselves </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%27em" class="extiw" title="wikt:'em">'em</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>–</td> <td>I called 'em</td> <td>–</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="background:#ffdead;">Orthographic conventions for gender-neutral pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>she/he </th> <td> </td> <td>he/she is laughing</td> <td>I called him/her</td> <td>his/her eyes gleam</td> <td>that is his/hers</td> <td>he/she likes him/herself </td></tr> <tr> <th>s/he </th> <td> </td> <td>s/he is laughing</td> <td>I called him/r[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td> <td>his/r eyes gleam</td> <td>that is his/rs</td> <td>s/he likes him/herself </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7" style="background:#ffdead;"><a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">Artificial and proposed epicene pronouns</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td>Brewster, 1841<a href="#cite_note-Baron_2020-75">[75]</a> </td> <td>e is laughing</td> <td>I called em</td> <td>es eyes gleam</td> <td>that is es</td> <td>e likes emself </td></tr> <tr> <th>thon </th> <td>Converse, 1884<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td> <td>thon is laughing</td> <td>I called thon</td> <td>thons eyes gleam</td> <td>that is thons</td> <td>thon likes thonself </td></tr> <tr> <th>e </th> <td>Rogers, 1890<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td> <td>e is laughing</td> <td>I called em</td> <td>es eyes gleam</td> <td>that is es</td> <td>e likes emself </td></tr> <tr> <th>ae </th> <td><a href="/wiki/A_Voyage_to_Arcturus" title="A Voyage to Arcturus">Lindsay</a>, 1920[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>ae is laughing</td> <td>I called aer</td> <td>aer eyes gleam</td> <td>that is aers</td> <td>ae likes aerself </td></tr> <tr> <th>tey </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Casey_Miller" title="Casey Miller">Miller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Swift" title="Kate Swift">Swift</a>, 1971[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>tey is laughing</td> <td>I called tem</td> <td>ter eyes gleam</td> <td>that is ters</td> <td>tey likes temself </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xe" class="extiw" title="wikt:xe">xe</a> </th> <td>Rickter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1973<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td> <td>xe is laughing</td> <td>I called xem/xim</td> <td>xyr/xis eyes gleam</td> <td>that is xyrs/xis</td> <td>xe likes xemself/ximself </td></tr> <tr> <th>te </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Warren_Farrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Farrel">Farrel</a>, 1974[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td>te is laughing</td> <td>I called tir</td> <td>tes eyes gleam</td> <td>that is tes</td> <td>te likes tirself </td></tr> <tr> <th>ey </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Spivak_pronoun" title="Spivak pronoun">Elverson</a>, 1975<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </td> <td>ey is laughing</td> <td>I called em</td> <td>eir eyes gleam</td> <td>that is eirs</td> <td>ey likes emself </td></tr> <tr> <th>per </th> <td>Piercy, 1979<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] </td> <td>per is laughing</td> <td>I called per</td> <td>per eyes gleam</td> <td>that is pers</td> <td>per likes perself </td></tr> <tr> <th>ve </th> <td>Hulme, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1980<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td>ve is laughing</td> <td>I called ver</td> <td>vis eyes gleam</td> <td>that is vis</td> <td>ve likes verself </td></tr> <tr> <th>hu </th> <td>Newborn, 1982<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">not specific enough to verify</a>] </td> <td>hu is laughing</td> <td>I called hum</td> <td>hus eyes gleam</td> <td>that is hus</td> <td>hu likes humself </td></tr> <tr> <th>E </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Spivak_pronoun" title="Spivak pronoun">Spivak</a>, 1983<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td>e is laughing</td> <td>I called em</td> <td>eir eyes gleam</td> <td>that is eirs</td> <td>e likes emself </td></tr> <tr> <th>hes </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ching_Hai" title="Ching Hai">Ching Hai</a>, 1989<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> </td> <td>hes is laughing </td> <td>I called hirm </td> <td>hiers eyes gleam </td> <td>that is hiers </td> <td>hes likes hirmself </td></tr> <tr> <th>ze, mer </th> <td>Creel, 1997<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td> <td>ze is laughing</td> <td>I called mer</td> <td>zer eyes gleam</td> <td>that is zers</td> <td>ze likes zemself </td></tr> <tr> <th>ze, hir </th> <td>Bornstein, 1998<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>ze is laughing</td> <td>I called hir</td> <td>hir eyes gleam</td> <td>that is hirs</td> <td>ze likes hirself </td></tr> <tr> <th>sie, hir </th> <td>Hyde, 2001<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td> <td>sie is laughing</td> <td>I called hir</td> <td>hir eyes gleam</td> <td>that is hirs</td> <td>sie likes hirself </td></tr> <tr> <th>sey, seir, sem </th> <td>Rogerson, 2013<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </td> <td>sey is laughing</td> <td>I called sem</td> <td>seir eyes gleam</td> <td>that is seirs</td> <td>sey likes semself </td></tr> <tr> <th>fae<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>fae is laughing </td> <td>I called faer </td> <td>faer eyes gleam </td> <td>that is faers </td> <td>fae likes faerself </td></tr> <tr> <th>eh </th> <td>Steinbach, 2018<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> </td> <td>eh is laughing</td> <td>I called ehm</td> <td>ehs eyes gleam</td> <td>that is ehs</td> <td>eh likes ehmself </td></tr> <tr> <th>thay </th> <td>Gori Suture, 2022<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>thay are laughing </td> <td>I called thym </td> <td>thayr eyes gleam </td> <td>that is thayrs </td> <td>thay like thymself </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_gender-neutral_pronouns_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender">Emergence of gender-neutral pronouns in languages with grammatical gender</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Emergence of gender-neutral pronouns in languages with grammatical gender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_type_of_grammatical_genders" title="List of languages by type of grammatical genders">List of languages by type of grammatical genders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_iel">French iel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: French iel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iel_(pronoun)" title="Iel (pronoun)">iel (pronoun)</a></div> In 2021, the dictionary <a href="/wiki/Petit_Robert" title="Petit Robert">Le Petit Robert de la Langue Française</a> added a third-person gender neutral pronoun to its lexicon: <a href="/wiki/Iel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iel">iel</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> (plural iels). Although <a href="/wiki/Petit_Robert" title="Petit Robert">Petit Robert</a> has added iel, there is no discussion in its entry regarding how the language, which uses a grammatical gender system in which every content word has a gender, should proceed with agreement.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> As reported in the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a>, this merger of the third person masculine pronoun il 'he' and the third person feminine pronoun elle 'she' is used to refer to a person of any gender. It has caused controversy amongst both linguists and politicians who claim that the French language cannot be manipulated.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_&_Gallois_2021-113">[113]</a> The dictionary takes the position that it is observing how the French language evolves, adding it as a point of reference. However, the <a href="/wiki/Larousse_du_XIXe" class="mw-redirect" title="Larousse du XIXe">Larousse</a> (a prominent encyclopedia of the French language) disagrees, calling <a href="/wiki/Iel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iel">iel</a> a "pseudo pronoun".<a href="#cite_note-Cohen_&_Gallois_2021-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_onu_and_ono">Polish onu and ono</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Polish onu and ono">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Onu_(pronoun)" title="Onu (pronoun)">onu (pronoun)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish language</a> does not have officially recognized and standardized gender-neutral pronoun. The most popular <a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">neopronoun</a>, created to address nonbinary people, is <a href="/wiki/Onu_(pronoun)" title="Onu (pronoun)">onu</a>. It was originally created by science fiction and fantasy writer <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Dukaj" title="Jacek Dukaj">Jacek Dukaj</a>, for his 2004 book <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Imperfection" title="Perfect Imperfection">Perfect Imperfection</a>. From the surname of the author, this, and similar neopronouns created by him, are referred to as dukaizmy, and after term coined by him, the post-gender pronouns (Polish: zaimki postpłciowe).<a href="#cite_note-zaimki1-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-zaimki2-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Some nonbinary Polish-speakers also use ono, which corresponds to the English it.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The use of ono as a gender-neutral pronoun was recommended in a grammar book in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Pronoun onu </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>nominative </th> <td>onu </td> <td>ony </td></tr> <tr> <th>genitive </th> <td>jenu / nu / nienu </td> <td>ich / ich / nich </td></tr> <tr> <th>dative </th> <td>wu </td> <td>im </td></tr> <tr> <th>accusative </th> <td>nu </td> <td>ni </td></tr> <tr> <th>instrumental </th> <td>num </td> <td>nimi </td></tr> <tr> <th>locative </th> <td>num </td> <td>nich </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-zaimki1-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-zaimki2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Suffixes corresponding to onu </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>first person </th> <td>-um </td> <td>–ałuśmy </td></tr> <tr> <th>second person </th> <td>–uś </td> <td>–ałuście </td></tr> <tr> <th>third person </th> <td>–u </td> <td>–ły </td></tr> <tr> <th>adjectives </th> <td>–u </td> <td>-y </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="#cite_note-zaimki1-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-zaimki2-115">[115]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swedish_hen">Swedish hen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Swedish hen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hen_(pronoun)" title="Hen (pronoun)">hen (pronoun)</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish language</a> has a four-gender distinction for definite singular third-person pronouns: <ul><li>masculine singular han 'he'</li> <li>feminine singular hon 'she'</li> <li>common singular den 'it'</li> <li>neuter singular det 'it'</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">indefinite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Impersonal_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonal pronoun">impersonal</a> third person is gender-neutral, as is the plural third person: <ul><li>plural third person de 'they'</li> <li>man 'someone'</li></ul> As for first-person and second-person pronouns, they are gender-neutral in both the singular and plural <ul><li>first person: singular jag; plural vi</li> <li>second-person: singular du; plural ni</li></ul> On nouns, the neuter gender is marked by the definite singular suffixal article -t, whereas common gender is marked with the suffix with -n. The same distinction applies to the indefinite adjectival singular forms. For people and animals with specified gender, the masculine or feminine pronouns are used, but the nouns still take either neutral or common articles. There is no gender distinction in the plural. In Swedish, the word hen was introduced generally in the 2000s as a complement to the gender-specific hon ("she") and han ("he"). It can be used when the gender of a person is not known or when it is not desirable to specify them as either a "she" or "he". The word was proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Dun%C3%A5s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Dunås (page does not exist)">Rolf Dunås</a> in 1966 and could be used occasionally, like in a guideline from the Swedish building council from 1980, authored by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rolf_Reimers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rolf Reimers (page does not exist)">Rolf Reimers</a>. Its origin may have been a combination of han and hon. It was proposed again in 1994, with reference to the Finnish hän, similarly pronounced, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronoun</a> that is gender-neutral, since <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> completely lacks <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a>. In 2009 it was included in <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a>. However, it did not receive widespread recognition until around 2010, when it began to be used in some texts, and provoked some media debates and controversy, but is included since 2015 in <a href="/wiki/Svenska_Akademiens_ordlista" title="Svenska Akademiens ordlista">Svenska Akademiens ordlista</a>, the most authoritative <a href="/wiki/Spelling#Spelling_standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">spelling dictionary</a> of the Swedish language, by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Benaissa-121">[121]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit">[update]</a>, Swedish <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual of style">manuals of style</a> treat hen as a <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a>. Major newspapers like <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter" title="Dagens Nyheter">Dagens Nyheter</a> have recommended against its usage, though some journalists still use it. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language Council">Swedish Language Council</a> has not issued any general recommendations against the use of hen, but advises against the use of the object form henom ("her/him"); it instead recommends using hen as both the subject and object form. Hen has two basic usages: as a way to avoid a stated preference to either gender; or as a way of referring to individuals who are <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, who prefer to identify themselves as belonging to a <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third gender</a> or who reject the division of male/female gender roles on ideological grounds. Its entry will cover two definitions: as a reference to an individual's belonging to a third gender, or where the sex is not specified.<a href="#cite_note-Benaissa-121">[121]</a> Traditionally, Swedish offers other ways of avoiding using gender-specific pronouns; e.g., "vederbörande" ("the referred person") and "man" ("one", as in "Man borde ..."/"One should ...") with its objective form "en" or alternatively "en" as both subjective and objective since "man"/"one" sounds the same as "man"/"male adult" although they are discernible through syntax. "Denna/Denne" ("this one or she/he") may refer to a non-gender-specific referent already or soon-to-be mentioned ("Vederbörande kan, om denne så vill, ..."/"The referent may, if he wishes, ..."). Because "denne" is objectively masculine, the use of the word to refer to anyone irrespective of gender is not recommended. One method is rewriting into the plural, as Swedish – like English – has only gender-neutral pronouns in the plural. Another method is writing the pronoun in the referent's grammatical gender ("Barnet får om det vill."/"The child is allowed to, if it wants to." The word "barn"/child is grammatically neuter, thus the use of the third-person neuter pronoun "det"); some nouns retain their traditional pronouns, e.g., "man"/"man" uses "han"/"he", and "kvinna"/"woman" uses "hon"/"she". While grammatically correct, using "den/det" to refer to human beings may sound as if the speaker regards the referenced human beings as objects, so "han"/"hon" is preferred, for example about children or work titles such as "föraren" ("driver") or "rörmokaren" ("plumber"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norwegian_hen">Norwegian hen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Norwegian hen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns" title="Special:EditPage/Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> As a continuation of earlier discussions along the same lines as well as the continuing uptake, the <a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a> proposes the gender-neutral pronoun hen (from Swedish hen; compare Finnish hän) to be recognised officially.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Previously, the gender-neutral pronoun hin has been proposed to fill the gap between the third person pronouns hun ('she') and han ('he').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, the usage of hin has not widely embraced, as it is rarely used, and even then only by limited special interest groups.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A reason for the marginal interest in a neuter gender word is the constructed nature of the word, together with the fact that the word is homonymous with several older words both in official language and dialectal speech, such as hin ('the other') and hinsides ('beyond').[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One can also use man or en or den (en means 'one'). These three are considered <a href="/wiki/Impersonal_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Impersonal pronoun">impersonal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Amongst <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> interest groups the word hen is now in use after the Swedish implementation in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_of_gendered_pronouns_in_languages_without_grammatical_gender">Emergence of gendered pronouns in languages without grammatical gender</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Emergence of gendered pronouns in languages without grammatical gender">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandarin">Mandarin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mandarin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pronouns#Personal_pronouns" title="Chinese pronouns">Chinese pronouns § Personal pronouns</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lack_of_gender_contrasts_in_spoken_language">Lack of gender contrasts in spoken language</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lack of gender contrasts in spoken language">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, the third person pronoun in Mandarin is gender-neutral. In spoken <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">standard Mandarin</a>, there is no gender distinction in personal pronouns: tā can mean 'he' or 'she' (or even 'it' for non-human objects). Although it is claimed that when the antecedent of the spoken pronoun tā is unclear, native speakers assume it is a male person,<a href="#cite_note-Ettner-124">[124]</a> no evidence is given to support this claim. Many studies instead demonstrate the opposite: Mandarin speakers do not differentiate pronoun genders in the composition of the preverbal message that guides grammatical encoding during language production.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Even proficient bilingual Mandarin-English learners do not process gender information in the conceptualizer.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> As a result, Mandarin speakers often mix up the gendered pronouns of European languages in speech.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Even if they seldom make other types of errors, native Mandarin speakers can make such pronoun errors when speaking in English. This is even the case after they have been living in an immersive environment and after having attained a relatively high English level.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_gender_contrasts_via_orthography">Emergence of gender contrasts via orthography</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Emergence of gender contrasts via orthography">edit</a>]</div> Although spoken Mandarin remains ungendered, a specific written form for 'she' (她 tā) was created in the early twentieth century under the influence of European languages. In today's written Chinese, the same sound is written with different characters: 他 (tā) for 'he', 她 (tā) for 'she' and 它 (tā) for 'it'. However, such distinction did not exist before the late 1910s. There was only 他 (tā) as a general third person pronoun (he/she/it'), which did not specify gender or humanness. In 1917, the influential poet and linguist <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bannong" title="Liu Bannong">Liu Bannong</a> borrowed the <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> graph 她 (tā, with the <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a> nǚ 女 which means 'female') into the written language to specifically represent 'she'. As a result, the old character 他 (tā), which previously could also refer to females, has become sometimes restricted to meaning 'he' only in written texts. The character 他 has the <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a> rén (人) with means 'human', which also shows it originally was a generic term for people in general instead of a term for males, which should take the <a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a> for male, nán (男), like other Chinese characters that represent specifically male concepts.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-129">[129]</a> The creation of gendered pronouns in Chinese orthography was part of the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> to modernize Chinese culture, and specifically an attempt to assert sameness between Chinese and European languages, which generally have gendered pronouns.<a href="#cite_note-Ettner-124">[124]</a> The leaders of the movement also coined other characters, such as 它 for objects, 牠 (<a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a>: niú 牛, "cow") for animals, and 祂 (<a href="/wiki/Radical_(Chinese_characters)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical (Chinese characters)">radical</a>: shì 示, 'spirit') for gods. Their pronunciations were all tā. The latter two have fallen out of use in mainland China. Liu and other writers of that period tried to popularize a different pronunciation for the feminine pronoun, including yi from the <a href="/wiki/Wu_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu dialect">Wu dialect</a> and tuo from a <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary reading</a>, but these efforts failed, and all forms of the third-person pronoun retain identical pronunciation. (This situation of identical pronunciation with split characters is present not only in Mandarin but also in many other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Liu-129">[129]</a>) The <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> third-person-singular pronoun is keui5 (佢), and may refer to people of any gender. For a specifically female pronoun, some writers replace the person radical rén (亻) with the female radical nǚ (女), forming the character keui5 (姖). However, this analogous variation to tā is neither widely accepted in standard <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">written Cantonese</a> nor grammatically or semantically required. Moreover, while the character keui5 (佢) has no meaning in classical Chinese, the character keui5 (姖) has a separate meaning unrelated to its dialectic use in standard or classical Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> As of 2013, there is a recent trend on the Internet for people to write "TA" in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> romanization of Chinese, as a gender-neutral pronoun.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> For second-person pronouns, 你 is used for both genders. In addition, the character 妳 has sometimes been used as a female second-person pronoun in Taiwan and Hong Kong.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Romanization" title="Wikipedia:Romanization">romanization needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japanese">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences in Japanese</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_gendered_third-person_forms">Emergence of gendered third-person forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Emergence of gendered third-person forms">edit</a>]</div> Pure <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal pronouns">personal pronouns</a> do not exist in traditional <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pronouns are generally dropped</a>. In addition, reference to a person is using their name with a suffix such as the gender-neutral san added to it. For example: 'She (Ms. Saitō) came' would be 斎藤さんが来ました (Saitō-san ga kimashita). In modern Japanese, kare (彼) is the male and kanojo (彼女) the female third-person pronouns. Historically, kare was a word in the demonstrative paradigm (i.e., a system involving demonstrative prefixes, ko-, so-, a- (historical: ka-), and do-), used to point to an object that is physically far but psychologically near. The feminine counterpart kanojo, on the other hand, is a combination of kano (<a href="/wiki/Adnominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Adnominal">adnominal</a> (rentaishi) version of ka-) and jo ('woman'), coined for the translation of its Western equivalents. It was not until the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> that kare and kanojo were commonly used as the masculine and feminine pronoun in the same way as their Western equivalents. Although their usage as the Western equivalent pronouns tends to be infrequent—because pronouns tend to be dropped—kare-shi and kanojo are commonly used today to mean 'boyfriend' and 'girlfriend' respectively.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence_of_gendered_first-person_forms">Emergence of gendered first-person forms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Emergence of gendered first-person forms">edit</a>]</div> First-person pronouns, ore, boku, and atashi, while not explicitly carrying gender, can strongly imply gender based on inherent levels of politeness or formality as well as hierarchical connotations.<a href="#cite_note-Okamoto_&_Shibato_Smith_2004-134">[134]</a> While boku and ore are traditionally characterized as masculine pronouns, atashi is characterized as feminine. In addition, of the two masculine-leaning pronouns, boku is considered to be less masculine than ore and often connote a softer form of masculinity. When wishing to connote a sense of authority and confidence to their interlocutors, male speakers tend to use the first-person form ore.<a href="#cite_note-Okamoto_&_Shibato_Smith_2004-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epicenity" title="Epicenity">Epicenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages" title="Gender neutrality in genderless languages">Gender neutrality in genderless languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_antecedent" title="Generic antecedent">Generic antecedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun_game" title="Pronoun game">Pronoun game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Feminist language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT linguistics">LGBT linguistics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_languages">Specific languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Specific languages">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">Gender neutrality in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_reform_in_Esperanto#Gender-neutral_pronouns" title="Gender reform in Esperanto">Gender-neutral pronouns in Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Spanish" title="Gender neutrality in Spanish">Gender neutrality in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_Portuguese" title="Gender neutrality in Portuguese">Gender neutrality in Portuguese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WALS-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WALS_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WALS_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WALS_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSiewierska2005" class="citation book cs1">Siewierska, Anna (2005). "Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns". In Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S.; Gil, David; Comrie, Bernard (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 182–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-925591-1"><bdi>0-19-925591-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+Distinctions+in+Independent+Personal+Pronouns&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures&rft.pages=182-185&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-925591-1&rft.aulast=Siewierska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudring2008" class="citation journal cs1">Audring, Jenny (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11525-009-9124-y">"Gender assignment and gender agreement: Evidence from pronominal gender languages"</a>. Morphology. 18 (2): 93–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11525-009-9124-y">10.1007/s11525-009-9124-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1871-5621">1871-5621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morphology&rft.atitle=Gender+assignment+and+gender+agreement%3A+Evidence+from+pronominal+gender+languages&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93-116&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11525-009-9124-y&rft.issn=1871-5621&rft.aulast=Audring&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11525-009-9124-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2011" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Greville G. 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Retrieved 27 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sex-based+and+Non-sex-based+Gender+Systems&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Digital+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Greville+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fchapter%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMpiranya2015" class="citation book cs1">Mpiranya, Fidèle (2015). Swahili Grammar and Workbook. 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Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588110826" title="Special:BookSources/1588110826"><bdi>1588110826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+across+languages&rft.btitle=Gender+Across+Languages%3A+The+Linguistic+Representation+of+Women+and+Men&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+Philadelphia&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1588110826&rft.aulast=Hellinger&rft.aufirst=Marlis&rft.au=Bu%C3%9Fmann%2C+Hadumod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellingerBußmann2001" class="citation book cs1">Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hadumod (2001). "Gender across languages". Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1588110826" title="Special:BookSources/1588110826"><bdi>1588110826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+across+languages&rft.btitle=Gender+Across+Languages%3A+The+Linguistic+Representation+of+Women+and+Men&rft.place=Amsterdam+%2F+Philadelphia&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1588110826&rft.aulast=Hellinger&rft.aufirst=Marlis&rft.au=Bu%C3%9Fmann%2C+Hadumod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSporticheKoopmanStabler2014" class="citation book cs1">Sportiche, Dominique; Koopman, Hilda Judith; Stabler, Edward P. (2014). An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 166, 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118470480" title="Special:BookSources/9781118470480"><bdi>9781118470480</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861536792">861536792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Syntactic+Analysis+and+Theory&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pages=166%2C+176&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861536792&rft.isbn=9781118470480&rft.aulast=Sportiche&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Koopman%2C+Hilda+Judith&rft.au=Stabler%2C+Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Garner, Bryan A.</a> (2016). Garner's Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 821. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190491482" title="Special:BookSources/9780190491482"><bdi>9780190491482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=821&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780190491482&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation web cs1">Williams, John (30 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205220746/http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/history.html">"History — Modern Neologism"</a>. Gender-Neutral Pronoun FAQ (Ver. 0.9.13 ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/history.html#net">the original</a> on 5 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gender-Neutral+Pronoun+FAQ&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%94+Modern+Neologism&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aetherlumina.com%2Fgnp%2Fhistory.html%23net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/W-3.pdf">"Canadian War Veterans Allowance Act (1985) as amended 12 December 2013"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. 12 December 2013. p. 18. R.S.C., 1985, c. W-3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430035041/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/W-3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+War+Veterans+Allowance+Act+%281985%29+as+amended+12+December+2013&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2013-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaws-lois.justice.gc.ca%2FPDF%2FW-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell-Ginet2014" class="citation book cs1">McConnell-Ginet, S. (2014). "Gender and its relation to sex: The myth of 'natural' gender". In Corbett, G. (ed.). The Expression of Gender. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110306606" title="Special:BookSources/9783110306606"><bdi>9783110306606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+its+relation+to+sex%3A+The+myth+of+%27natural%27+gender&rft.btitle=The+Expression+of+Gender&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783110306606&rft.aulast=McConnell-Ginet&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huddleston_2002_gender-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_gender_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huddleston_2002_gender_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey</a> (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521431468" title="Special:BookSources/0521431468"><bdi>0521431468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=488-489&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521431468&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivision_of_Public_Affairs2011" class="citation web cs1">Division of Public Affairs (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanderbilt.edu/styleguide.pdf">"Style Guide"</a> (PDF). Vanderbilt University. p. 34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100217012929/http://www.vanderbilt.edu/styleguide.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Style+Guide&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University&rft.date=2011-09&rft.au=Division+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanderbilt.edu%2Fstyleguide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"transgender". <a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press_Stylebook" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press Stylebook">The Associated Press Stylebook 2015</a>. Associated Press. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465097937" title="Special:BookSources/9780465097937"><bdi>9780465097937</bdi></a>. <q>Use the pronoun preferred by the individuals who have acquired the physical characteristics of the opposite sex or present themselves in a way that does not correspond with their sex at birth. If that preference is not expressed, use the pronoun consistent with the way the individuals live publicly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=transgender&rft.btitle=The+Associated+Press+Stylebook+2015&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780465097937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020025808/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt">"Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility"</a>. The Fenway Institute. p. 24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt">the original</a> (PowerPoint (.ppt)) on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+Health+Care+Needs+of+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+%28LGBT%29+People%3A+The+End+to+LGBT+Invisibility&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+Fenway+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fresources%2Fdoc%2Fglbt%2Ftfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElizondoWilkinsonDaley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elizondo, Paul M. III; Wilkinson, Willy; Daley, Christopher (13 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/gender-issues/working-transgender-persons">"Working With Transgender Persons"</a>. Psychiatric Times. 29 (9). Phychiatric Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321011252/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/gender-issues/working-transgender-persons">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>If you are not sure which pronoun to use, you can ask the patient</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatric+Times&rft.atitle=Working+With+Transgender+Persons&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft.aulast=Elizondo&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.+III&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Willy&rft.au=Daley%2C+Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychiatrictimes.com%2Fgender-issues%2Fworking-transgender-persons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenwayhealth.org/documents/the-fenway-institute/handouts/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf">"Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms"</a> (PDF). Fenway Health. January 2010. pp. 2 and 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014410/http://www.fenwayhealth.org/documents/the-fenway-institute/handouts/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015. <q>listen to your clients – what terms do they use to describe themselves .... Pronoun preference typically varies, including alternately using male or female pronouns using the pronoun that matches the gender presentation at that time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Gender+and+Transgender+Terms&rft.pages=2+and+5&rft.pub=Fenway+Health&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fenwayhealth.org%2Fdocuments%2Fthe-fenway-institute%2Fhandouts%2FHandout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/ALGBTIC_Competencies.pdf">"Competencies for Counseling with Transgender Clients"</a> (PDF). Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling. 18 September 2009. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503183246/https://www.counseling.org/Resources/Competencies/ALGBTIC_Competencies.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2018. <q>honor the set of pronouns that clients select and use them throughout the counseling process</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competencies+for+Counseling+with+Transgender+Clients&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Association+for+Lesbian%2C+Gay%2C+Bisexual%2C+and+Transgender+Issues+in+Counseling&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.counseling.org%2FResources%2FCompetencies%2FALGBTIC_Competencies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stitt-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stitt_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stitt_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStitt2020" class="citation book cs1">Stitt, Alex (2020). ACT For Gender Identity: The Comprehensive Guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785927997" title="Special:BookSources/9781785927997"><bdi>9781785927997</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089850112">1089850112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ACT+For+Gender+Identity%3A+The+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089850112&rft.isbn=9781785927997&rft.aulast=Stitt&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commonground.richmond.edu/common/pdfs/trans-etiquette.pdf">"Frequently Asked Questions on Trans Identity"</a> (PDF). Common Ground – Trans Etiquette. University of Richmond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022140504/http://commonground.richmond.edu/common/pdfs/trans-etiquette.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use the correct name and pronoun – Most names and pronouns are gendered. It's important to be considerate of one's gender identity by using the pronouns of the respective gender pronouns [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], or gender-neutral pronouns, they use</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Common+Ground+%E2%80%93+Trans+Etiquette&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+Trans+Identity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommonground.richmond.edu%2Fcommon%2Fpdfs%2Ftrans-etiquette.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlicksman2013" class="citation web cs1">Glicksman, Eve (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx">"Transgender terminology: It's complicated"</a>. American Psychological Association. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925130527/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transgender+terminology%3A+It%27s+complicated&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Glicksman&rft.aufirst=Eve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fmonitor%2F2013%2F04%2Fcomplicated.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry/transgender-faq">"Transgender FAQ"</a>. Resources. Human Rights Campaign. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908194703/http://www.hrc.org/resources/entry/transgender-faq">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>should be identified with their preferred pronoun</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Resources&rft.atitle=Transgender+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrc.org%2Fresources%2Fentry%2Ftransgender-faq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender">"Names, Pronoun Usage & Descriptions"</a> (PDF). GLAAD Media Reference Guide. <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a>. May 2010. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530061657/http://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2013. <q>It is usually best to report on transgender people's stories from the present day instead of narrating them from some point or multiple points in the past, thus avoiding confusion and potentially disrespectful use of incorrect pronouns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GLAAD+Media+Reference+Guide&rft.atitle=Names%2C+Pronoun+Usage+%26+Descriptions&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glaad.org%2Freference%2Ftransgender&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPullum2012" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey</a> (13 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3898">"Sweden's gender-neutral third-person singular pronoun"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508062955/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=3898">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016. <q>our pronoun they was originally borrowed into English from the Scandinavian language family ... and since then has been doing useful service in English as the morphosyntactically plural but singular-antecedent-permitting gender-neutral pronoun known to linguists as singular they</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweden%27s+gender-neutral+third-person+singular+pronoun&rft.date=2012-04-13&rft.aulast=Pullum&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D3898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler, H. W.</a> (2015). Butterfield, Jeremy (ed.). Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. p. 814. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199661350" title="Special:BookSources/9780199661350"><bdi>9780199661350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fowler%27s+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=814&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780199661350&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bjorkman_2017-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_2017_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_2017_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_2017_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_2017_30-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bjorkman_2017_30-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorkman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bjorkman, Bronwyn M. (6 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/4942/">"Singular they and the syntactic representation of gender in English"</a>. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 2 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.374">10.5334/gjgl.374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-1835">2397-1835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208231352/https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/4942/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossa%3A+A+Journal+of+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Singular+they+and+the+syntactic+representation+of+gender+in+English&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017-09-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fgjgl.374&rft.issn=2397-1835&rft.aulast=Bjorkman&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glossa-journal.org%2Farticle%2Fid%2F4942%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodine1975" class="citation journal cs1">Bodine, Anne (1975). "Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: Singular they, sex-indefinite he, and he or she". Language in Society. 4 (2): 129–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404500004607">10.1017/S0047404500004607</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4166805">4166805</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146362006">146362006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Androcentrism+in+prescriptive+grammar%3A+Singular+they%2C+sex-indefinite+he%2C+and+he+or+she&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-146&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146362006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4166805%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404500004607&rft.aulast=Bodine&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNúñez-PertejoPérez-GuerraLópez-CousoMéndez-Naya2020" class="citation book cs1">Núñez-Pertejo, Paloma; Pérez-Guerra, Javier; López-Couso, María José; Méndez-Naya, Belén (2020). "Introduction". Crossing Linguistic Boundaries. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350053885.0007">10.5040/9781350053885.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350053885" title="Special:BookSources/9781350053885"><bdi>9781350053885</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243285248">243285248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Crossing+Linguistic+Boundaries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243285248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350053885.0007&rft.isbn=9781350053885&rft.aulast=N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez-Pertejo&rft.aufirst=Paloma&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Guerra%2C+Javier&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Couso%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Jos%C3%A9&rft.au=M%C3%A9ndez-Naya%2C+Bel%C3%A9n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. Pullum">Pullum, Geoffrey K.</a> (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge University Press. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521431468" title="Special:BookSources/0521431468"><bdi>0521431468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0521431468&rft.aulast=Huddleston&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Pullum%2C+Geoffrey+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/they">"Definition of THEY"</a>. www.merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629021839/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/they">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+THEY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fthey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell-Ginet2014" class="citation book cs1">McConnell-Ginet, S. (2014). "Gender and its relation to sex: The myth of 'natural' gender". In Corbett, G. (ed.). The Expression of Gender. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 3–38 [22]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110306606" title="Special:BookSources/9783110306606"><bdi>9783110306606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+its+relation+to+sex%3A+The+myth+of+%27natural%27+gender&rft.btitle=The+Expression+of+Gender&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=3-38+22&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9783110306606&rft.aulast=McConnell-Ginet&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauthamer2021" class="citation book cs1">Krauthamer, H. S. (2021). The great pronoun shift: The big impact of little parts of speech. New York: Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367210175" title="Special:BookSources/9780367210175"><bdi>9780367210175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+pronoun+shift%3A+The+big+impact+of+little+parts+of+speech&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780367210175&rft.aulast=Krauthamer&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauthamer2021" class="citation book cs1">Krauthamer, H. S. (2021). The great pronoun shift: The big impact of little parts of speech. New York: Routledge. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367210175" title="Special:BookSources/9780367210175"><bdi>9780367210175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+pronoun+shift%3A+The+big+impact+of+little+parts+of+speech&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97-98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780367210175&rft.aulast=Krauthamer&rft.aufirst=H.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konnely_&_Cowper_2020_38-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonnellyCowper2020" class="citation journal cs1">Konnelly, Lex; Cowper, Elizabeth (29 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5288/">"Gender diversity and morphosyntax: An account of singular they"</a>. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 5 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.1000">10.5334/gjgl.1000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-1835">2397-1835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201083227">201083227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211208234218/https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5288/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossa%3A+A+Journal+of+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Gender+diversity+and+morphosyntax%3A+An+account+of+singular+they&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201083227%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2397-1835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fgjgl.1000&rft.aulast=Konnelly&rft.aufirst=Lex&rft.au=Cowper%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glossa-journal.org%2Farticle%2Fid%2F5288%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conrod_2019-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conrod_2019_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conrod_2019_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConrod2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Conrod, Kirby (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.washington.edu/research/graduate/pronouns-raising-and-emerging">Pronouns raising and emerging</a> (Thesis). U of Washington. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212013950/https://linguistics.washington.edu/research/graduate/pronouns-raising-and-emerging">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pronouns+raising+and+emerging&rft.inst=U+of+Washington&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Conrod&rft.aufirst=Kirby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.washington.edu%2Fresearch%2Fgraduate%2Fpronouns-raising-and-emerging&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moulton_et_al._2020-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moulton_et_al._2020_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moulton_et_al._2020_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moulton_et_al._2020_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoultonHanBlockGendron2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moulton, Keir; Han, Chung-hye; Block, Trevor; Gendron, Holly; Nederveen, Sander (23 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5370/">"Singular they in context"</a>. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 5 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fgjgl.1012">10.5334/gjgl.1012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-1835">2397-1835</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234453318">234453318</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211212024401/https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/id/5370/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossa%3A+A+Journal+of+General+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Singular+they+in+context&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234453318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2397-1835&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fgjgl.1012&rft.aulast=Moulton&rft.aufirst=Keir&rft.au=Han%2C+Chung-hye&rft.au=Block%2C+Trevor&rft.au=Gendron%2C+Holly&rft.au=Nederveen%2C+Sander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glossa-journal.org%2Farticle%2Fid%2F5370%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bradley, Evan D. 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Language Sciences. 78: 101272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2020.101272">10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0388-0001">0388-0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213389978">213389978</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164335/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0388000120300048">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+linguistic+and+social+attitudes+on+grammaticality+judgments+of+singular+%27they%27&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=101272&rft.date=2020-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213389978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0388-0001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.langsci.2020.101272&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Evan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0388000120300048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camilliere_et_al._2019-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Camilliere_et_al._2019_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camilliere_et_al._2019_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Camilliere_et_al._2019_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamilliereIzesLeventhalGrodner2019" class="citation conference cs1">Camilliere, Sadie; Izes, Amanda; Leventhal, Olivia; Grodner, Daniel (2019). 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XPrag 2019, University of Edinburgh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Pragmatic+and+grammatical+factors+that+license+singular+they&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Camilliere&rft.aufirst=Sadie&rft.au=Izes%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Leventhal%2C+Olivia&rft.au=Grodner%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Wagner, Susanne (22 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/1412/pdf/Diss_Freidok.pdf">Gender in English Pronouns: Myth and Reality</a> (PDF) (PhD). <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwigs_University_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg">Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127073353/http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/1412/pdf/Diss_Freidok.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Gender+in+English+Pronouns%3A+Myth+and+Reality&rft.inst=Albert-Ludwigs-Universit%C3%A4t+Freiburg&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freidok.uni-freiburg.de%2Fvolltexte%2F1412%2Fpdf%2FDiss_Freidok.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnerKellerman2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_T._O%27Conner" title="Patricia T. 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Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=All-purpose+Pronoun&rft.date=2009-07-21&rft.aulast=O%27Conner&rft.aufirst=Patricia+T.&rft.au=Kellerman%2C+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F07%2F26%2Fmagazine%2F26FOB-onlanguage-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Watson_Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Watson Fowler">Fowler, H. W.</a> (2009) [1926]. A Dictionary of Modern English Usage. Oxford University Press. pp. 648–649. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199585892" title="Special:BookSources/9780199585892"><bdi>9780199585892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage&rft.pages=648-649&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199585892&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> Reprint of the original 1926 edition, with an introduction and notes by <a href="/wiki/David_Crystal" title="David Crystal">David Crystal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuddlestonPullum2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Huddleston" title="Rodney Huddleston">Huddleston, Rodney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_K._Pullum" title="Geoffrey K. 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Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=On+Language%3A+You+Not+Tarzan%2C+Me+Not+Jane&rft.pages=46-47&rft.date=1985-04-28&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F04%2F28%2Fmagazine%2Fon-language-you-not-tarzan-me-not-jane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p46-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p46_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p46_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p46_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p46_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p46_48-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSwift1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Casey; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Swift" title="Kate Swift">Swift, Kate</a> (1995) [1981]. 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Random House. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231212741/https://www.thefreedictionary.com/she%2Fhe">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Random+House+Kernerman+Webster%27s+College+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fshe%252Fhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubois_&_Crouch_1987-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_&_Crouch_1987_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_&_Crouch_1987_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuboisCrouch1987" class="citation book cs1">Dubois, Betty Lou; Crouch, Isabel (1987). "Linguistic Disruption: He/She, S/He, He or She, He-She". In Penfield, Joyce (ed.). Women and Language in Transition. Vol. 10. 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The Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231215404/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/whatever-happened-to-boy-meets-girl/article1335459/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Whatever+happened+to+%27boy+meets+girl%27%3F&rft.date=2002-04-05&rft.aulast=Schneller&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Farts%2Fwhatever-happened-to-boy-meets-girl%2Farticle1335459%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelp2021" class="citation conference cs1">Delp, Deana R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peer.asee.org/38094">WIP: Practical Applications for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Freshman Engineering Curriculum</a>. 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual Conference. American Study for Engineering Education (ASEE). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164341/https://peer.asee.org/wip-practical-applications-for-students-with-autism-spectrum-disorders-in-the-freshman-engineering-curriculum">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=American+Study+for+Engineering+Education+%28ASEE%29&rft.atitle=WIP%3A+Practical+Applications+for+Students+With+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders+in+the+Freshman+Engineering+Curriculum&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Delp&rft.aufirst=Deana+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeer.asee.org%2F38094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Justin E.H. (3 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/philosophys-western-bias/">"The Stone: Philosophy's Western Bias"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231214243/https://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/03/philosophys-western-bias/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Stone%3A+Philosophy%27s+Western+Bias&rft.date=2012-06-03&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+E.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F06%2F03%2Fphilosophys-western-bias%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtes2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ates, Haydar (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.06.205">"The Importance of Lifelong Learning has been Increasing"</a>. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 46: 4092–4096. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.06.205">10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Importance+of+Lifelong+Learning+has+been+Increasing&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=4092-4096&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2012.06.205&rft.aulast=Ates&rft.aufirst=Haydar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2012.06.205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/9f24fa7cd9286367f0d6e1b41fb430b2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816771">"Suggestion for gender-based language change"</a>. ProQuest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423172055/https://search.proquest.com/openview/9f24fa7cd9286367f0d6e1b41fb430b2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816771">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProQuest&rft.atitle=Suggestion+for+gender-based+language+change&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F9f24fa7cd9286367f0d6e1b41fb430b2%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1816771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Richard_Clark_Hall" title="John Richard Clark Hall">Hall, John Richard Clark</a> (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.uwplatt.edu/~ciesield/angd.pdf">A Concise Anglo−Saxon Dictionary</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 788. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830084524/http://people.uwplatt.edu/~ciesield/angd.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Anglo%E2%88%92Saxon+Dictionary&rft.pages=788&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+Richard+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.uwplatt.edu%2F~ciesield%2Fangd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgeoPyles2010" class="citation book cs1">Algeo, John; Pyles, Thomas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.margaliti.com/The%20Origins%20and%20Development%20Of%20the%20English%20Languages.pdf">The Origins and Development of the English Language</a> (PDF) (6th ed.). pp. 91–92, 167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906042727/https://www.margaliti.com/The%20Origins%20and%20Development%20Of%20the%20English%20Languages.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Development+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=91-92%2C+167&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Algeo&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Pyles%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.margaliti.com%2FThe%2520Origins%2520and%2520Development%2520Of%2520the%2520English%2520Languages.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quirk_et_al._1985-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quirk_et_al._1985_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quirk_et_al._1985_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuirkGreenbaumLeechSvartvik1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Quirk" title="Randolph Quirk">Quirk, Randolph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Greenbaum" title="Sidney Greenbaum">Greenbaum, Sidney</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Leech" title="Geoffrey Leech">Leech, Geoffrey</a>; Svartvik, Jan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00quir/page/316">A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language</a>. Harlow: Longman. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comprehensivegra00quir/page/316">316–317, 342</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582517349" title="Special:BookSources/9780582517349"><bdi>9780582517349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Grammar+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pages=316-317%2C+342&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780582517349&rft.aulast=Quirk&rft.aufirst=Randolph&rft.au=Greenbaum%2C+Sidney&rft.au=Leech%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Svartvik%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomprehensivegra00quir%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_&_Swift_p58-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_&_Swift_p58_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSwift1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Casey; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Swift" title="Kate Swift">Swift, Kate</a> (1995) [1981]. Mosse, Kate (ed.). The Handbook of Non-sexist Writing (3rd British ed.). London: Women's Press. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0704344424" title="Special:BookSources/0704344424"><bdi>0704344424</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Non-sexist+Writing&rft.place=London&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=3rd+British&rft.pub=Women%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0704344424&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft.au=Swift%2C+Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> As with all pronouns beginning in h, the h is dropped when the word is unstressed. The reduced form a is pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ə/</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1990s" class="citation web cs1">Williams, John (1990s). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061205220746/http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/history.html">"History - Native-English GNPs"</a>. Gender-Neutral Pronoun FAQ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/history.html#native">the original</a> on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gender-Neutral+Pronoun+FAQ&rft.atitle=History+-+Native-English+GNPs&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aetherlumina.com%2Fgnp%2Fhistory.html%23native&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-hoo" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=hoo">"hoo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hoo&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dhoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Arthur Hughes, Peter Trudgill, Dominic Watt, English Accents and Dialects: An Introduction to Social and Regional Varieties of English in the British Isles, 5th edition, Routledge, 2012, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-he" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=he">"he"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=he&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-she" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=she">"she"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=she&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStotkoTroyer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stotko, Elaine M.; Troyer, Margaret (21 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanspeech.dukejournals.org/content/82/3/262">"A New Gender-Neutral Pronoun in Baltimore, Maryland: A Preliminary Study"</a>. American Speech. 82 (3): 262–279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00031283-2007-012">10.1215/00031283-2007-012</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310082515/http://americanspeech.dukejournals.org/content/82/3/262">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2013 – via americanspeech.dukejournals.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=A+New+Gender-Neutral+Pronoun+in+Baltimore%2C+Maryland%3A+A+Preliminary+Study&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=262-279&rft.date=2007-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00031283-2007-012&rft.aulast=Stotko&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft.au=Troyer%2C+Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanspeech.dukejournals.org%2Fcontent%2F82%2F3%2F262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2008" class="citation web cs1">Liberman, Mark (7 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005298.html">"Language Log: Yo"</a>. 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The Web of Language. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 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American Speech. 56 (2): 83–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455007">10.2307/455007</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/455007">455007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=The+epicene+pronoun%3A+The+word+that+failed&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=83-97&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F455007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F455007%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Baron&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F455007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKay1980" class="citation journal cs1">MacKay, Donald G. 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Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFEC.org&rft.atitle=Bylaws+%E2%80%93+East+Wind+%E2%80%93+1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthefec.org%2Fnode%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thefec.org/node/73">"Bylaws – Twin Oaks"</a>. TheFEC.org. Federation of Egalitarian Communities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813151429/http://www.thefec.org/node/73">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheFEC.org&rft.atitle=Bylaws+%E2%80%93+Twin+Oaks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthefec.org%2Fnode%2F73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twinoaks.org/community/visit/guide.html#lingo">"Visitor Guide – Twin Oaks Community: What does all this stuff mean?"</a>. TwinOaks.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726162457/http://www.twinoaks.org/community/visit/guide.html#lingo">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TwinOaks.org&rft.atitle=Visitor+Guide+%E2%80%93+Twin+Oaks+Community%3A+What+does+all+this+stuff+mean%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twinoaks.org%2Fcommunity%2Fvisit%2Fguide.html%23lingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wou.edu/wp/safezone/terminology/pronouns/">"Pronouns - Safe Zone"</a>. WOU.edu. Western Oregon University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511081035/http://www.wou.edu/wp/safezone/terminology/pronouns/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WOU.edu&rft.atitle=Pronouns+-+Safe+Zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wou.edu%2Fwp%2Fsafezone%2Fterminology%2Fpronouns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-ze" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=ze">"ze"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ze&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanBornstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Sullivan, Caitlin; <a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein, Kate</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QV5bAAAAMAAJ">Nearly Roadkill: An Infobahn Erotic Adventure</a>. High Risk Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852424183" title="Special:BookSources/9781852424183"><bdi>9781852424183</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307174640/http://books.google.com/books?id=QV5bAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nearly+Roadkill%3A+An+Infobahn+Erotic+Adventure&rft.pub=High+Risk+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781852424183&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft.au=Bornstein%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQV5bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> proposed in 1884 by American lawyer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Crozat_Converse" title="Charles Crozat Converse">Charles Crozat Converse</a>. Reference: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19980812">"Epicene"</a>. The Mavens' Word of the Day. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. 12 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308233329/http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=19980812">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mavens%27+Word+of+the+Day&rft.atitle=Epicene&rft.date=1998-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randomhouse.com%2Fwotd%2Findex.pperl%3Fdate%3D19980812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1890" class="citation magazine cs1">Rogers, James (January 1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QQQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA312">"That Impersonal Pronoun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Writer" title="The Writer">The Writer</a>. Vol. 4, no. 1. Boston. pp. 12–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929155857/https://books.google.com/books?id=QQQ-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA312">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Writer&rft.atitle=That+Impersonal+Pronoun&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-13&rft.date=1890-01&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQQQ-AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburnGottschewskiGeorgeL2000" class="citation web cs1">Blackburn, J.; Gottschewski, K.; George, Elsa; L, Niki (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082825/http://archive.autistics.org/library/AE2000-ToM.html">"A Discussion about Theory of Mind: From an Autistic Perspective"</a>. Proceedings of Autism Europe's 6th International Congress, Glasgow, 19–21 May 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.autistics.org/library/AE2000-ToM.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016 – via Austistics.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+Autism+Europe%27s+6th+International+Congress%2C+Glasgow%2C+19%E2%80%9321+May+2000&rft.atitle=A+Discussion+about+Theory+of+Mind%3A+From+an+Autistic+Perspective&rft.date=2000-05&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Gottschewski%2C+K.&rft.au=George%2C+Elsa&rft.au=L%2C+Niki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.autistics.org%2Flibrary%2FAE2000-ToM.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> A paper that uses and defines these pronouns. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1975" class="citation news cs1">Black, Judie (23 August 1975). "Ey Has a Word for it". Chicago Tribune. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ey+Has+a+Word+for+it&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1975-08-23&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Judie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> MediaMOO's "person" gender, derived from Marge Piercy's <a href="/wiki/Woman_on_the_Edge_of_Time" title="Woman on the Edge of Time">Woman on the Edge of Time</a> (1979), in which people of 2137 use "per" as their sole third-person pronoun. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Proposed by New Zealand writer <a href="/wiki/Keri_Hulme" title="Keri Hulme">Keri Hulme</a> some time in the 1980s. Also used by writer Greg Egan for non-gendered <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligences</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asex</a>" humans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Egan, Greg</a> (July 1998). <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(novel)" title="Diaspora (novel)">Diaspora</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0752809253" title="Special:BookSources/0752809253"><bdi>0752809253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=1998-07&rft.isbn=0752809253&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Egan, Greg</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Distress_(novel)" title="Distress (novel)">Distress</a>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1857994841" title="Special:BookSources/1857994841"><bdi>1857994841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distress&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1857994841&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Used in several college humanities texts published by Bandanna Books. Originated by editor Sasha Newborn in 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Capitalized E, Eir, Eirs, Em. The change from ey to E means that, in speech, the Spivak subject pronoun would often be pronounced the same as he, since the h of he is not pronounced in unstressed positions. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation web cs1">Williams, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006153632/http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/technical.html">"Technical: 5.2. Declension of the Major Gender-neutral Pronouns"</a>. Gender-Neutral Pronoun FAQ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetherlumina.com/gnp/technical.html#declensiongnp">the original</a> on 6 October 2013 – via Aetherlumina.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gender-Neutral+Pronoun+FAQ&rft.atitle=Technical%3A+5.2.+Declension+of+the+Major+Gender-neutral+Pronouns&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aetherlumina.com%2Fgnp%2Ftechnical.html%23declensiongnp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeton2021" class="citation journal cs1">Beeton, Barbara (2021). "Michael D. Spivak, 1940–2020". TUGboat. 42 (3): 226–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47397%2Ftb%2F42-3%2Ftb132beeton-spivak">10.47397/tb/42-3/tb132beeton-spivak</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-3207">0896-3207</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244121636">244121636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TUGboat&rft.atitle=Michael+D.+Spivak%2C+1940%26ndash%3B2020&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=226-227&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244121636%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0896-3207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47397%2Ftb%2F42-3%2Ftb132beeton-spivak&rft.aulast=Beeton&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupreme_Master_Ching_Hai1989" class="citation book cs1">Supreme Master Ching Hai (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://smchbooks.com/ebook/data/english/E-SB-2024.pdf">The Key of Immediate Enlightenment—Sample Booklet</a> (PDF) (43rd ed.). Taiwan: The Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Key+of+Immediate+Enlightenment%E2%80%94Sample+Booklet&rft.place=Taiwan&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=43rd&rft.pub=The+Supreme+Master+Ching+Hai+International+Association+Publishing+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Supreme+Master+Ching+Hai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsmchbooks.com%2Febook%2Fdata%2Fenglish%2FE-SB-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreel1997" class="citation web cs1">Creel, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060512060324/http://www.apa.udel.edu/apa/archive/newsletters/v97n1/teaching/ze.asp">"Ze, Zer, Mer"</a>. APA Newsletters. American Philosophical Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.udel.edu/apa/archive/newsletters/v97n1/teaching/ze.asp">the original</a> on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 15 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA+Newsletters&rft.atitle=Ze%2C+Zer%2C+Mer&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Creel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.udel.edu%2Fapa%2Farchive%2Fnewsletters%2Fv97n1%2Fteaching%2Fze.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornstein1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein, Kate</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mygenderworkbook00kate">My Gender Workbook</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415916739" title="Special:BookSources/0415916739"><bdi>0415916739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Gender+Workbook&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0415916739&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmygenderworkbook00kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2001" class="citation thesis cs1">Hyde, Martin (2001). "Appendix 1 – Use of gender-neutral pronouns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0055498">Democracy Education and the Canadian Voting Age</a> (PhD). University of British Columbia. pp. 144–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2F1.0055498">10.14288/1.0055498</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311164340/https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0055498">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Democracy+Education+and+the+Canadian+Voting+Age&rft.inst=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2F1.0055498&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fcollections%2Fubctheses%2F831%2Fitems%2F1.0055498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogerson2013" class="citation book cs1">Rogerson, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.friesenpress.com/store/title/119734000011043227">This Moonless Sky</a>. 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Retrieved 29 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sveriges+Radio&rft.atitle=Svenska+Akademiens+ordlista+inf%C3%B6r+hen&rft.date=2014-07-29&rft.aulast=Benaissa&rft.aufirst=Mina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Fsida%2Fartikel.aspx%3Fprogramid%3D128%26artikel%3D5925135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrzyżyńska2022" class="citation news cs1">Strzyżyńska, Weronika (2 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/02/new-gender-neutral-pronoun-norwegian-dictionaries-hen-official-language">"New gender-neutral pronoun likely to enter Norwegian dictionaries"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220202125750/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/02/new-gender-neutral-pronoun-norwegian-dictionaries-hen-official-language">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+gender-neutral+pronoun+likely+to+enter+Norwegian+dictionaries&rft.date=2022-02-02&rft.aulast=Strzy%C5%BCy%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Weronika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F02%2Fnew-gender-neutral-pronoun-norwegian-dictionaries-hen-official-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVindenes2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vindenes, Urd (1 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aftenposten.no/viten/i/pAm6/boer-vi-begynne-aa-si-hen-i-tillegg-til-hun-og-han-ogsaa-i-norge">"Bør vi begynne å si "hen" i tillegg til "hun" og "han" også i Norge?"</a> [Should we start using "hen" [gender neutral neologism] in addition to "she" and "he" in Norway too?]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129134153/https://www.aftenposten.no/viten/i/pAm6/boer-vi-begynne-aa-si-hen-i-tillegg-til-hun-og-han-ogsaa-i-norge">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aftenposten&rft.atitle=B%C3%B8r+vi+begynne+%C3%A5+si+%22hen%22+i+tillegg+til+%22hun%22+og+%22han%22+ogs%C3%A5+i+Norge%3F&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft.aulast=Vindenes&rft.aufirst=Urd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fviten%2Fi%2FpAm6%2Fboer-vi-begynne-aa-si-hen-i-tillegg-til-hun-og-han-ogsaa-i-norge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ettner-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ettner_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ettner_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEttner2001" class="citation book cs1">Ettner, Charles (2001). "In Chinese, men and women are equal – or – women and men are equal?". In Hellinger, Marlis; Bußmann, Hadumod (eds.). Gender Across Languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men. Vol. 1. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Chinese%2C+men+and+women+are+equal+%E2%80%93+or+%E2%80%93+women+and+men+are+equal%3F&rft.btitle=Gender+Across+Languages%3A+The+Linguistic+Representation+of+Women+and+Men&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ettner&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF董李2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">董, 燕萍; 李, 倩 (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.13564/j.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013.html">"中国英语学习者he/she混用错误探源:语信编码中的代词性别信息缺失"</a>. 中国外语 (Foreign Languages in China) (in Chinese). 8 (3): 22–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13564%2Fj.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013">10.13564/j.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202356/https://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.13564/j.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD+%28Foreign+Languages+in+China%29&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%80%85he%2Fshe%E6%B7%B7%E7%94%A8%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90%3A%E8%AF%AD%E4%BF%A1%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E7%BC%BA%E5%A4%B1&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=22-29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13564%2Fj.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013&rft.aulast=%E8%91%A3&rft.aufirst=%E7%87%95%E8%90%8D&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%2C+%E5%80%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnki.net%2Fkcms%2Fdoi%2F10.13564%2Fj.cnki.issn.1672-9382.2011.03.013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongWenZengJi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dong, Yanping; Wen, Yun; Zeng, Xiaomeng; Ji, Yifei (1 December 2015). "Exploring the Cause of English Pronoun Gender Errors by Chinese Learners of English: Evidence from the Self-paced Reading Paradigm". Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 44 (6): 733–747. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10936-014-9314-6">10.1007/s10936-014-9314-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-6555">1573-6555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25178817">25178817</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11556837">11556837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psycholinguistic+Research&rft.atitle=Exploring+the+Cause+of+English+Pronoun+Gender+Errors+by+Chinese+Learners+of+English%3A+Evidence+from+the+Self-paced+Reading+Paradigm&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=733-747&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.issn=1573-6555&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11556837%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25178817&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10936-014-9314-6&rft.aulast=Dong&rft.aufirst=Yanping&rft.au=Wen%2C+Yun&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Xiaomeng&rft.au=Ji%2C+Yifei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Douglas (17 February 2017). Critical Translation Studies. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315387857" title="Special:BookSources/9781315387857"><bdi>9781315387857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Translation+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.isbn=9781315387857&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF余2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">余, 佳颖 (2016). "海外中国英语学习者口语中代词性别错误研究". 武陵学刊 (in Chinese). 41 (1): 138–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16514%2Fj.cnki.cn43-1506%2Fc.2016.01.023">10.16514/j.cnki.cn43-1506/c.2016.01.023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%AD%A6%E9%99%B5%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%8A&rft.atitle=%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0%E8%80%85%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%A3%E8%AF%8D%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=138-142&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16514%2Fj.cnki.cn43-1506%2Fc.2016.01.023&rft.aulast=%E4%BD%99&rft.aufirst=%E4%BD%B3%E9%A2%96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu1995" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Lydia H. (1995). Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated Modernity – China, 1900–1937. Stanford University Press. pp. 36–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804725354" title="Special:BookSources/9780804725354"><bdi>9780804725354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translingual+Practice%3A+Literature%2C+National+Culture%2C+and+Translated+Modernity+%E2%80%93+China%2C+1900%E2%80%931937&rft.pages=36-38&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780804725354&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Lydia+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/">"Chinese Character Database: Phonologically Disambiguated According to the Cantonese Dialect"</a>. Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk. Chinese University of Hong Kong. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221121712/http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 16 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk&rft.atitle=Chinese+Character+Database%3A+Phonologically+Disambiguated+According+to+the+Cantonese+Dialect&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2Flexi-can%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> The entry for "佢" notes its use as a third-person pronoun in Cantonese: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723062940/http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/search.php?q=%CA%5C">"佢"</a>. Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk. Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/search.php?q=%CA%5C">the original</a> on 23 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk&rft.atitle=%E4%BD%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2Flexi-can%2Fsearch.php%3Fq%3D%25CA%255C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> But the entry for "姖" does not; it only gives the pronunciation geoi6 and notes that it is used in place names: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722160615/http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/search.php?q=%CCN">"姖"</a>. Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk. Chinese University of Hong Kong. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/search.php?q=%CCN">the original</a> on 22 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanum.Arts.CUHK.edu.hk&rft.atitle=%E5%A7%96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk%2FLexis%2Flexi-can%2Fsearch.php%3Fq%3D%25CCN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mair" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Mair">Mair, Victor</a> (19 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630125925/http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4576">"He / she / it / none of the above"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Language_Log" title="Language Log">Language Log</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4576">the original</a> on 30 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Language+Log&rft.atitle=He+%2F+she+%2F+it+%2F+none+of+the+above&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flanguagelog.ldc.upenn.edu%2Fnll%2F%3Fp%3D4576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Mair" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Mair">Mair, Victor</a> (26 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/12/mandarin-chinese-a-gender-neutral-pronoun-meaning-he-she-or-it-gains-traction-in-china.html">"A Gender-neutral Pronoun (Re)emerges in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200830062048/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/12/mandarin-chinese-a-gender-neutral-pronoun-meaning-he-she-or-it-gains-traction-in-china.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2020. <q>others – all pronounced tā – are now being replaced by the actual letters 'ta'!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=A+Gender-neutral+Pronoun+%28Re%29emerges+in+China&rft.date=2013-12-26&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2013%2F12%2Fmandarin-chinese-a-gender-neutral-pronoun-meaning-he-she-or-it-gains-traction-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwasaki2002" class="citation book cs1">Iwasaki, Shoichi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161201161058/https://books.google.com/books?id=715Wgeae6IcC&pg=PA276&dq=japanese+kare+pronoun&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KPXjU9LzOob8igLyq4H4Cg&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=japanese%20kare%20pronoun&f=false">Japanese</a> (Revised ed.). Philadelphia: J. Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-7314-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-7314-6"><bdi>90-272-7314-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=715Wgeae6IcC&dq=japanese+kare+pronoun&pg=PA276">the original</a> on 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-272-7314-6&rft.aulast=Iwasaki&rft.aufirst=Shoichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D715Wgeae6IcC%26dq%3Djapanese%2Bkare%2Bpronoun%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okamoto_&_Shibato_Smith_2004-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Okamoto_&_Shibato_Smith_2004_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Okamoto_&_Shibato_Smith_2004_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkamotoShibamoto_Smith2004" class="citation book cs1">Okamoto, Shigeko; Shibamoto Smith, Janet S., eds. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926025428/https://books.google.com/books?id=j3J8P7g_O0wC&pg=PA265&lpg=PA265">Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534729-6"><bdi>978-0-19-534729-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3J8P7g_O0wC&dq=boku+ore+atashi+gender+connotation&pg=PA265">the original</a> on 26 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Language%2C+Gender%2C+and+Ideology%3A+Cultural+Models+and+Real+People&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534729-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3J8P7g_O0wC%26dq%3Dboku%2Bore%2Batashi%2Bgender%2Bconnotation%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurzan2003" class="citation book cs1">Curzan, Anne (2003). Gender shifts in the history of English. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521820073" title="Special:BookSources/9780521820073"><bdi>9780521820073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+shifts+in+the+history+of+English&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521820073&rft.aulast=Curzan&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"> (includes chapters on "she" for ships and <a href="/wiki/Generic_he" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic he">generic he</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_third-person_singular_pronouns" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns">Appendix:English third-person singular pronouns</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:List_of_protologisms/third_person_singular_gender_neutral_pronouns" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:List of protologisms/third person singular gender neutral pronouns">Appendix:List of protologisms/third person singular gender neutral pronouns</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcli.org/publication/gender-free-legal-writing-managing-personal-pronouns-0/?hilite=gender-free">Gender-free Legal Writing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/455007?seq=1">The Epicene Pronouns: A Chronology of the Word That Failed</a> (gender-neutral pronoun history)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2016" class="citation news cs1">Bennett, Jessica (31 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/31/fashion/pronoun-confusion-sexual-fluidity.html">"She? Ze? They? What's In a Gender Pronoun"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=She%3F+Ze%3F+They%3F+What%27s+In+a+Gender+Pronoun&rft.date=2016-01-31&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F01%2F31%2Ffashion%2Fpronoun-confusion-sexual-fluidity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090222112034/http://www.jinkies.org.uk/footnotes/pronouns.html">Footnotes: pronouns</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031225175200/http://www.japanlink.co.jp/ol/she.html">On the Creation of "She " in Japanese</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regender.com/">Regender</a> can translate webpages to use gender-neutral pronouns.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straightdope.com/21341923/is-there-a-gender-neutral-substitute-for-his-or-her">Is there a gender-neutral substitute for "his or her"?</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFogarty" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Fogarty" title="Mignon Fogarty">Fogarty, Mignon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803152306/https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/yo-as-a-pronoun">"Yo as Pronoun"</a>. Grammar Girl: Quick and Dirty tips for Better Writing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quickanddirtytips.com/education/grammar/yo-as-a-pronoun">the original</a> on 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grammar+Girl%3A+Quick+and+Dirty+tips+for+Better+Writing&rft.atitle=Yo+as+Pronoun&rft.aulast=Fogarty&rft.aufirst=Mignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quickanddirtytips.com%2Feducation%2Fgrammar%2Fyo-as-a-pronoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+neutrality+in+languages+with+gendered+third-person+pronouns" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530020324/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/sex-neutral-pronouns.html">FGA: "xe", "xem", and "xyr" are sex-neutral pronouns and adjectives</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_(pronoun)#Generic" title="He (pronoun)">generic he</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_(pronoun)#Generic" title="She (pronoun)">generic she</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_(pronoun)" title="It (pronoun)">it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_(pronoun)" title="One (pronoun)">one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_(pronoun)" title="Who (pronoun)">who</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singular_they" title="Singular they">singular they</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Table_of_standard_and_non-standard_third-person_singular_pronouns">neologisms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopronoun" title="Neopronoun">neopronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spivak_pronoun" title="Spivak pronoun">Spivak pronouns</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gender_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #D5DFCE;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_studies" title="Template:Gender studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg/80px-Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg/120px-Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg/160px-Gender_symbols_side_by_side.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgender" title="Cisgender">Cisgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-binary_gender" title="Non-binary gender">Non-binary gender</a> (or Genderqueer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">Gender variance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">Gender expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality" title="Gender neutrality">Gender neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gender_identities" title="List of gender identities">List of gender identities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_and_gender" title="Language and gender">Gender in language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnen-I" title="Binnen-I">Binnen-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Feminist language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminization_of_language" title="Feminization of language">Feminization of language</a></li> <li>Gender neutrality in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_English" title="Gender neutrality in English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_genderless_languages" title="Gender neutrality in genderless languages">Genderless languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_language" title="Gender-neutral language">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages with gendered third-person pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_grammatical_gender" title="Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender">Languages with grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-neutral_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-neutral pronoun">Pronouns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender paradox">Gender paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Grammatical gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-person_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-person pronoun">Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genderless_language" title="Genderless language">Genderless language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_marking_in_job_titles" title="Gender marking in job titles">Gender marking in job titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_gender" title="Language and gender">Language and gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender linguistics">Lavender linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_as_norm" title="Male as norm">Male as norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_gender_pronoun" title="Preferred gender pronoun">Preferred gender pronoun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality" title="Gender inequality">Gender inequality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_apartheid" title="Gender apartheid">Gender apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender-related_violence" title="Category:Gender-related violence">Gender-related violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_on_Wikipedia" title="Gender bias on Wikipedia">Gender bias on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_bias_in_medical_diagnosis" title="Gender bias in medical diagnosis">Gender bias in medical diagnosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_development" title="Gender and development">Gender and development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Empowerment_Measure" title="Gender Empowerment Measure">Gender Empowerment Measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Development_Index" title="Gender Development Index">Gender Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Research_on_Women" title="International Center for Research on Women">International Center for Research on Women (ICRW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_studies_academics" title="Category:Gender studies academics">Gender studies academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_NeuroGenderings_Network" title="The NeuroGenderings Network">The NeuroGenderings Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D5DFCE;">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gender_studies_journals" title="Category:Gender studies journals">Gender studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D5DFCE;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_religion" title="Gender and religion">Gender and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_Bible_translation" title="Gender in Bible translation">Gender in Bible translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #D5DFCE;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism" title="Template:Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Gender_and_sexual_identities" title="Template:Gender and sexual identities">Gender and sexual identities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexical_categories" title="Template talk:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical_categories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lexical categories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lexical_categories_and_their_features" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Lexical categories</a> and their features</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract / Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjectival_noun_(Japanese)" title="Adjectival noun (Japanese)">Adjectival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">Agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">Animacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_nouns" title="Bare nouns">Bare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">Countable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial-stress-derived_noun" title="Initial-stress-derived noun">Initial-stress-derived</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_adjunct" title="Noun adjunct">Noun adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_and_common_nouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper and common nouns">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_noun" title="Relational noun">Relational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_noun" title="Strong noun">Strong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Weak_noun" title="Weak noun">Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">Attributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converb" title="Converb">Converb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nonfinite_verb" title="Nonfinite verb">Nonfinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">Gerundive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">Participle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supine" title="Supine">Supine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_(linguistics)" title="Transgressive (linguistics)">Transgressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_noun" title="Verbal noun">Verbal noun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambitransitive_verb" title="Ambitransitive verb">Ambitransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andative_and_venitive" title="Andative and venitive">Andative / Venitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticausative_verb" title="Anticausative verb">Anticausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocausative_verb" title="Autocausative verb">Autocausative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captative_verb" title="Captative verb">Captative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catenative_verb" title="Catenative verb">Catenative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_verb" title="Compound verb">Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_verb" title="Defective verb">Defective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">Denominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">Deponent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditransitive_verb" title="Ditransitive verb">Ditransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_verb" title="Dynamic verb">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exceptional_case-marking" title="Exceptional case-marking">Exceptional case-marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">Frequentative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verb" title="Germanic strong verb">Germanic strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verb" title="Germanic weak verb">Germanic weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonal_verb" title="Impersonal verb">Impersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchoative_verb" title="Inchoative verb">Inchoative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">Intransitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labile_verb" title="Labile verb">Labile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_verb" title="Lexical verb">Lexical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_verb" title="Light verb">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_verb" title="Negative verb">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performative_verb" title="Performative verb">Performative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_verb" title="Predicative verb">Predicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verb#Preterite-presents" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic verb">Preterite-present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">Pure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_verb" title="Reflexive verb">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_and_irregular_verbs" title="Regular and irregular verbs">Regular / Irregular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stative_verb" title="Stative verb">Stative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_verb" title="Stretched verb">Stretched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">Transitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unaccusative_verb" title="Unaccusative verb">Unaccusative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unergative_verb" title="Unergative verb">Unergative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Anti-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_adjective" title="Collateral adjective">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">Nominalized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Non-intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositive_adjective" title="Postpositive adjective">Postpositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_adjective" title="Proper adjective">Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Pure intersective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Relative subsective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersective_modifier" title="Intersective modifier">Subsective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjunctive_adverb" title="Conjunctive adverb">Conjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverbial_genitive" title="Adverbial genitive">Genitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locative_adverb" title="Locative adverb">Locative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepositional_adverb" title="Prepositional adverb">Prepositional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronominal_adverb" title="Pronominal adverb">Pronominal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_variable_pronoun" title="Bound variable pronoun">Bound variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disjunctive_pronoun" title="Disjunctive pronoun">Disjunctive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributive_pronoun" title="Distributive pronoun">Distributive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_sentence" title="Donkey sentence">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_pronoun" title="Dummy pronoun">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">Formal / Informal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender-neutral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gender-specific_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender-specific pronoun">Gender-specific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">Inclusive / Exclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_pronoun" title="Indefinite pronoun">Indefinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pronoun" title="Intensive pronoun">Intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_pronoun" title="Reciprocal pronoun">Reciprocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexive_pronoun" title="Reflexive pronoun">Reflexive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resumptive_pronoun" title="Resumptive pronoun">Resumptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Weak pronoun">Strong / Weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_pronoun" title="Subject pronoun">Subject</a> / <a href="/wiki/Object_pronoun" title="Object pronoun">Object</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prepositional_pronoun" title="Prepositional pronoun">Prepositional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Adposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casally_modulated_preposition" title="Casally modulated preposition">Casally modulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflected_preposition" title="Inflected preposition">Inflected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_stranding" title="Preposition stranding">Stranded</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">Determiner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_quantifier" title="Generalized quantifier">Quantifier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_marker" title="Discourse marker">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_particle" title="Noun particle">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">Possessive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classifier_(linguistics)" title="Classifier (linguistics)">Classifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementizer" title="Complementizer">Complementizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverb" title="Coverb">Coverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">Ideophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">Onomatopoeia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preverb" title="Preverb">Preverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_word" title="Procedure word">Procedure word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-form" title="Pro-form">Pro-form</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-verb" title="Pro-verb">Pro-verb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pro-sentence" title="Pro-sentence">Pro-sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prop-word" class="mw-redirect" title="Prop-word">Prop-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">Yes and no</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pronouns_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_pronouns" title="Template talk:Language pronouns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language pronouns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pronouns_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronouns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li>Pronouns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">proto-language</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Germanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_pronouns" title="English pronouns">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_personal_pronouns" title="English personal pronouns">personal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_pronouns" title="Colognian pronouns">Colognian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_pronouns" title="German pronouns">German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_personal_pronouns" title="Catalan personal pronouns">personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugation_of_auxiliary_Catalan_verbs" title="Conjugation of auxiliary Catalan verbs">auxiliary verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_pronouns" title="French pronouns">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_personal_pronouns" title="French personal pronouns">personal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_personal_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese personal pronouns">personal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_pronouns" title="Spanish pronouns">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_object_pronouns" title="Spanish object pronouns">object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_personal_pronouns" title="Spanish personal pronouns">personal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_pronouns" title="Bulgarian pronouns">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_pronouns" title="Macedonian pronouns">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_pronouns" title="Slovene pronouns">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_pronouns" title="Circassian pronouns">Circassian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sino-Tibetan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pronouns" title="Burmese pronouns">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_pronouns" title="Cantonese pronouns">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pronouns" title="Hokkien pronouns">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_pronouns" title="Chinese pronouns">Mandarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austroasiatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_pronouns" title="Vietnamese pronouns">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pronouns" title="Korean pronouns">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_personal_pronouns" title="Austronesian personal pronouns">Austronesian personal pronouns</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gender neutrality in languages with gendered third-person pronouns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&oldid=1258857178#Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_neutrality_in_languages_with_gendered_third-person_pronouns&oldid=1258857178#Historical,_regional,_and_proposed_gender-neutral_singular_pronouns</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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