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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Size_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Size and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neologisms_(new_words)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neologisms_(new_words)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neologisms (new words)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neologisms_(new_words)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neologisms_that_maintain_the_sound_of_their_external_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neologisms_that_maintain_the_sound_of_their_external_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Neologisms that maintain the sound of their external source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neologisms_that_maintain_the_sound_of_their_external_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guestwords,_foreignisms_and_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guestwords,_foreignisms_and_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guestwords,_foreignisms_and_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phono-semantic_matches,_semanticized_phonetic_matches_and_phonetic_matches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phono-semantic_matches,_semanticized_phonetic_matches_and_phonetic_matches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Phono-semantic matches, semanticized phonetic matches and phonetic matches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phono-semantic_matches,_semanticized_phonetic_matches_and_phonetic_matches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Role of morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Compounding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diachronic_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diachronic_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diachronic mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diachronic_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second-language_lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second-language_lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second-language lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second-language_lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lexicon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%85" title="معجم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9xicu" title="Léxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Léxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksika" title="Leksika – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leksika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سؤزلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سؤزلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лексіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лексыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriaoueg" title="Geriaoueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Geriaoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexic%C3%B3" title="Lexicó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lexicó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon_(lingvistik)" title="Leksikon (lingvistik) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leksikon (lingvistik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9xico" title="Léxico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Léxico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksiko" title="Leksiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leksiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiko" title="Lexiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lexiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="واژگان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واژگان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexique" title="Lexique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lexique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurdskat" title="Wurdskat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wurdskat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexic%C3%B3n" title="Lexicón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lexicón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Բառապաշար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բառապաշար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शब्दसंग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शब्दसंग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexiko" title="Lexiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lexiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leksikon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessico" title="Lessico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lessico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikoni" title="Leksikoni – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Leksikoni" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლექსიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლექსიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksika" title="Leksika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leksika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksika" title="Leksika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leksika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%B3kincs" title="Szókincs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szókincs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voambolana" title="Voambolana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voambolana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessiku" title="Lessiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lessiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Валлувкссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Валлувкссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शब्दसंग्रह – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शब्दसंग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BD%99%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%B2" title="語彙目録 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="語彙目録" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Мутвундо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мутвундо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksika" title="Leksika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leksika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6-%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਭੰਡਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਭੰਡਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9xico" title="Léxico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Léxico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexic" title="Lexic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lexic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lexicon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikoni" title="Leksikoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leksikoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وشەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksikon" title="Leksikon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Leksikon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лексика – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лексика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вожагон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Вожагон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk%C3%A7e" title="Sözlükçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon_(linguistics)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicon (linguistics)">Lexicon (linguistics)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the linguistic concept. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lexicon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lexicon (disambiguation)">Lexicon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>lexicon</b> (plural: <b>lexicons</b>, rarely <b>lexica</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> or branch of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Nautical" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical">nautical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, a lexicon is a language's inventory of <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a>. The word <i>lexicon</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koine Greek language">Greek</a> word <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λεξικόν</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lexikon</i></span>), neuter of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λεξικός</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">lexikos</i></span>) meaning 'of or for words'.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic theories generally regard human languages as consisting of two parts: a lexicon, essentially a catalogue of a language's words (its wordstock); and a <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, a system of rules which allow for the combination of those words into meaningful sentences. The lexicon is also thought to include <a href="/wiki/Bound_morpheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Bound morpheme">bound morphemes</a>, which cannot stand alone as words (such as most <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some analyses, <a href="/wiki/Compound_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound word">compound words</a> and certain classes of <a href="/wiki/Idiom" title="Idiom">idiomatic</a> expressions, <a href="/wiki/Collocation" title="Collocation">collocations</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Phraseme" title="Phraseme">phrasemes</a> are also considered to be part of the lexicon. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionaries</a> are lists of the lexicon, in alphabetical order, of a given language; usually, however, bound morphemes are not included. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size_and_organization">Size and organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Size and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Items in the lexicon are called lexemes, lexical items, or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both phonological and morphological components. When describing the lexicon, a reductionist approach is used, trying to remain general while using a minimal description. To describe the size of a lexicon, <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a> are grouped into lemmas. A <a href="/wiki/Lemma_(morphology)" title="Lemma (morphology)">lemma</a> is a group of lexemes generated by <a href="/wiki/Inflection#Inflectional_morphology" title="Inflection">inflectional morphology</a>. Lemmas are represented in dictionaries by headwords that list the <a href="/wiki/Citation_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation form">citation forms</a> and any <a href="/wiki/English_irregular_verbs" title="English irregular verbs">irregular forms</a>, since these must be learned to use the words correctly. Lexemes derived from a word by derivational morphology are considered new lemmas. The lexicon is also organized according to open and closed categories. <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Closed categories</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, are rarely given new lexemes; their function is primarily <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactic</a>. Open categories, such as <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, have highly active generation mechanisms and their lexemes are more <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic</a> in nature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicalization_and_other_mechanisms_in_the_lexicon">Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lexicalization and other mechanisms in the lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central role of the lexicon is documenting established <i>lexical norms and conventions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lexicalization" title="Lexicalization">Lexicalization</a> is the process by which new words, having gained widespread usage, enter the lexicon. Since lexicalization<sup id="cite_ref-Geert2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geert2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may modify lexemes phonologically and morphologically, it is possible that a single etymological source may be inserted into a single lexicon in two or more forms. These pairs, called a <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublet</a>, are often close semantically. Two examples are <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aptitude" class="extiw" title="wikt:aptitude">aptitude</a></i> versus <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/attitude" class="extiw" title="wikt:attitude">attitude</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/employ" class="extiw" title="wikt:employ">employ</a></i> versus <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/imply" class="extiw" title="wikt:imply">imply</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Skeat_2010_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skeat_2010-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanisms, not mutually exclusive, are:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Innovation,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the planned creation of new roots (often on a large-scale), such as <i>slang</i>, <i>branding</i>.</li> <li>Borrowing of foreign words.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compounding</a> (composition), the combination of lexemes to make a single word.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviation</a> of compounds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms">Acronyms</a>, the reduction of compounds to their initial letters, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/NASA" class="extiw" title="wikt:NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/laser" class="extiw" title="wikt:laser">laser (from "LASER")</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">Inflection</a>, a morphology change with a category, such as a number or tense.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_derivation" title="Morphological derivation">Derivation</a>, a morphological change resulting in a change of category.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">Agglutination</a>, the compounding of morphemes into a single word.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neologisms_(new_words)"><span id="Neologisms_.28new_words.29"></span>Neologisms (new words)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neologisms (new words)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">Neologisms</a> are new lexeme candidates which, if they gain wide usage over time, become part of a language's lexicon. Neologisms are often introduced by children who produce erroneous forms by mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaeger2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaeger2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common sources are slang and advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neologisms_that_maintain_the_sound_of_their_external_source">Neologisms that maintain the sound of their external source</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Neologisms that maintain the sound of their external source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two types of borrowings (neologisms based on external sources) that retain the sound of the <a href="/wiki/Source_language_(translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source language (translation)">source language</a> material: </p> <ul><li>Borrowing using the source language lexical item as the basic material for the neologization: guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords</li> <li>Borrowing using a target language lexical items as the basic material for the neologization: phono-semantic matching, semanticized phonetic matching and phonetic matching.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guestwords,_foreignisms_and_loanwords"><span id="Guestwords.2C_foreignisms_and_loanwords"></span>Guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Guestwords, foreignisms and loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of external lexical expansion using the <a href="/wiki/Source_language_(translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Source language (translation)">source language</a> lexical item as the basic material for the neologization, listed in decreasing order of phonetic resemblance to the original lexical item (in the source language):<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Guestword (in German: <i>Gastwort</i>): unassimilated borrowing.</li> <li>Foreignism (in German: <i>Fremdwort</i>): foreign word, e.g. phonetic adaptation.</li> <li>Loanword (in German: <i>Lehnwort</i>): totally assimilated borrowing, e.g. morphemic adaptation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phono-semantic_matches,_semanticized_phonetic_matches_and_phonetic_matches"><span id="Phono-semantic_matches.2C_semanticized_phonetic_matches_and_phonetic_matches"></span>Phono-semantic matches, semanticized phonetic matches and phonetic matches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phono-semantic matches, semanticized phonetic matches and phonetic matches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are examples of simultaneous external and internal lexical expansion using <a href="/wiki/Target_language_(translation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Target language (translation)">target language</a> lexical items as the basic material for the neologization but still resembling the sound of the lexical item in the source language:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">Phono-semantic matching</a> (PSM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item both phonetically and semantically.</li> <li>Semanticized phonetic matching (SPM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item phonetically, and only in a loose way semantically.</li> <li>Phonetic matching (PM): the target language material is originally similar to the source language lexical item phonetically but not semantically.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_morphology">Role of morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role of morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another mechanism involves <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative</a> devices that combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Suffix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffix (linguistics)">suffix</a> "-able" is usually only added to <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a>, as in "readable" but not "cryable". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounding">Compounding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Compounding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A compound word is a lexeme composed of several established lexemes, whose semantics is not the sum of that of their constituents. They can be interpreted through <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">common sense and, most commonly, context</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geert2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geert2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compound words can have simple or complex morphological structures. Usually, only the head requires inflection for agreement. Compounding may result in lexemes of unwieldy proportion. This is compensated by mechanisms that reduce the length of words. A similar phenomenon has been recently shown to feature in social media also where hashtags compound to form longer-sized hashtags that are at times more popular than the individual constituent hashtags forming the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Maity2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maity2016-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounding is the most common of word formation strategies cross-linguistically. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diachronic_mechanisms">Diachronic mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diachronic mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Comparative historical linguistics studies the evolution of languages and takes a <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">diachronic</a> view of the lexicon. The evolution of lexicons in different languages occurs through a parallel mechanism. Over time historical forces work to shape the lexicon,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it simpler to acquire and often creating an illusion of great regularity in language. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">Phonological assimilation</a>, the modification of loanwords to fit a new language's sound structure more effectively. If, however, a loanword sounds too "foreign", inflection or derivation rules may not be able to transform it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">Analogy</a>, where new words undergo inflection and derivation analogous to that of words with a similar sound structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Emphasis</a>, the modification of words' stress or accent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphor</a>, a form of semantic extension.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second-language_lexicon">Second-language lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second-language lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bilingual_lexical_access" title="Bilingual lexical access">Bilingual lexical access</a></div> <p>The term "lexicon" is generally used in the context of a single language. Therefore, multi-lingual speakers are generally thought to have multiple lexicons. Speakers of language variants (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>, for example) may be considered to possess a single lexicon. Thus a <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cash_dispenser" class="extiw" title="wikt:cash dispenser">cash dispenser</a></i> (British English) as well as an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/automatic_teller_machine" class="extiw" title="wikt:automatic teller machine">automatic teller machine</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ATM" class="extiw" title="wikt:ATM">ATM</a> in American English would be understood by both American and British speakers, despite each group using different dialects. </p><p>When linguists study a lexicon, they consider such things as what constitutes a word; the word/<a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concept</a> relationship; <a href="/wiki/Lexical_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical access">lexical access</a> and lexical access failure; how a word's <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, and meaning intersect; the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>-word relationship; vocabulary structure within a given language; language use (<a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>); <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a>; the history and evolution of words (<a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a>); and the relationships between words, often studied within <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">philosophy of language</a>. </p><p>Various models of how lexicons are organized and how words are retrieved have been proposed in <a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">psycholinguistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">neurolinguistics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">computational linguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">Lexical Markup Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dlecikos">λεξικός</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514152114/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=lecikos">Archived</a> 2021-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i> (Perseus Digital Library). Sc. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">βιβλίον</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">biblios</i></span> 'book'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDominiekTaft1994" class="citation book cs1">Dominiek, Sandra; Taft, Marcus (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKvziaqXzXwC&q=morphemes+lexicon&pg=PA235"><i>Morphological structure, lexical representation, and lexical access</i></a>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863779268" title="Special:BookSources/9780863779268"><bdi>9780863779268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphological+structure%2C+lexical+representation%2C+and+lexical+access&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780863779268&rft.aulast=Dominiek&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.au=Taft%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKvziaqXzXwC%26q%3Dmorphemes%2Blexicon%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geert2005-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geert2005_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geert2005_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeert2005" class="citation book cs1">Geert, Booij (2005). <i>The grammar of words : an introduction to linguistic morphology</i>. Oxford textbooks in linguistics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-928042-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-928042-8"><bdi>0-19-928042-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+grammar+of+words+%3A+an+introduction+to+linguistic+morphology&rft.series=Oxford+textbooks+in+linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-928042-8&rft.aulast=Geert&rft.aufirst=Booij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skeat_2010-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skeat_2010_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkeat2010" class="citation book cs1">Skeat, Walter (2010-04-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wRGhnkZq3HQC"><i>A Concise Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i></a>. Forgotten Books. p. 648. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5722-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-5722-9"><bdi>978-1-4400-5722-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=648&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2010-04-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-5722-9&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwRGhnkZq3HQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrnan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Uzzi_Ornan" title="Uzzi Ornan">Ornan, Uzzi</a> (2003). <i>The Final Word — Mechanism For Hebrew Word Generation</i> (in Hebrew). Haifa: Haifa University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Word+%E2%80%94+Mechanism+For+Hebrew+Word+Generation&rft.place=Haifa&rft.pub=Haifa+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ornan&rft.aufirst=Uzzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2002" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Allan (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/predictingnewwor00alla"><i>Predicting New Words — The Secrets of Their Success</i></a></span>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-13006-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-13006-3"><bdi>0-618-13006-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Predicting+New+Words+%E2%80%94+The+Secrets+of+Their+Success&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-618-13006-3&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpredictingnewwor00alla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaeger2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jaeger2005_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger2005" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Jeri J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1YGd1FkRgAC"><i>Kid's slips: what young children's slips of the tongue reveal about language development</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3579-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3579-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-3579-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kid%27s+slips%3A+what+young+children%27s+slips+of+the+tongue+reveal+about+language+development&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-3579-3&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Jeri+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg1YGd1FkRgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 8 in <i><a href="/wiki/Language_Contact_and_Lexical_Enrichment_in_Israeli_Hebrew" title="Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew">Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Ghil%27ad_Zuckermann" title="Ghil'ad Zuckermann">Ghil'ad Zuckermann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Page 8 in <i>Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew</i>, by Ghil'ad Zuckermann, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maity2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maity2016_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suman Kalyan Maity, Ritvik Saraf and Animesh Mukherjee (2016). #Bieber + #Blast = #BieberBlast: Early Prediction of Popular Hashtag Compounds. In <i>ACM CSCW</i>, San Francisco, CA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Deutscher_(linguist)" title="Guy Deutscher (linguist)">Deutscher, Guy</a> (May 19, 2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unfoldingoflangu00deut"><i>The Unfolding of Language: An Evolutionary Tour of Mankind's Greatest Invention</i></a></span>. Metropolitan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805079074" title="Special:BookSources/9780805079074"><bdi>9780805079074</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unfolding+of+Language%3A+An+Evolutionary+Tour+of+Mankind%27s+Greatest+Invention&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft.isbn=9780805079074&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funfoldingoflangu00deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALexicon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lexicon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lexicon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:lexicon">lexicon</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Aitchison" title="Jean Aitchison">Aitchison, Jean</a>. <i>Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon.</i> Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexicography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">Advanced learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagram_dictionary" title="Anagram dictionary">Anagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">Defining vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary" title="Explanatory dictionary">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dictionary" title="Historical dictionary">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_dictionary" title="Idiom dictionary">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-for-specific-purposes_dictionary" title="Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary">Language-for-specific-purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_dictionary" title="Reverse dictionary">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">Rhyming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling#Standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">Spelling dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries" title="List of online dictionaries">List of online dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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