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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overleden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overleden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Overleden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overleden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_link" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_link"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externe link</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_link-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Elmina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 30 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_(%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="ألمينا (غانا) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمينا (غانا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אלמינה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלמינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A" title="エルミナ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルミナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%98" title="엘미나 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘미나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Елмина – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елмина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elmina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Ельміна – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ельміна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ایلمینا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلمینا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3" title="埃尔米纳 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃尔米纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q968662#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Overleg:Elmina" rel="discussion" title="Overleg over deze pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Taalvariant wijzigen" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nederlands</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergaven"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmina"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=history" title="Eerdere versies van deze pagina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Paginahulpmiddelen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hulpmiddelen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Meer opties" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handelingen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Elmina"><span>Lezen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit" title="Deze pagina bewerken [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit" title="Broncode van deze pagina bewerken [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Brontekst bewerken</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=history"><span>Geschiedenis weergeven</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:VerwijzingenNaarHier/Elmina" title="Lijst met alle pagina's die naar deze pagina verwijzen [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Links naar deze pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingenGelinkt/Elmina" rel="nofollow" title="Recente wijzigingen in pagina's waar deze pagina naar verwijst [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Gerelateerde wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=nl" title="Bestanden uploaden [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Bestand uploaden</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&oldid=67584145" title="Permanente koppeling naar deze versie van deze pagina"><span>Permanente koppeling</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=info" title="Meer informatie over deze pagina"><span>Paginagegevens</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Citeren&page=Elmina&id=67584145&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informatie over hoe u deze pagina kunt citeren"><span>Deze pagina citeren</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElmina"><span>Verkorte URL verkrijgen</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fnl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FElmina"><span>QR-code downloaden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Afdrukken/exporteren </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Elmina"><span>Boek aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Elmina&action=show-download-screen"><span>Downloaden als PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&printable=yes" title="Printvriendelijke versie van deze pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Afdrukversie</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In andere projecten </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elmina" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="tpl_Coordinaten"><span class="plainlinks" title="Klik op de coördinaten om een plattegrond of satellietfoto te bekijken" style="font-size:87%;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Coördinaten"><img alt="Coördinaten" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/23px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/35px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Internet-web-browser.svg/46px-Internet-web-browser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=5_05_0_N_1_21_0_W_type:city(25560)_region:GH&pagename=Elmina&title=text_coordinates">5° 5′ NB, 1° 21′ WL</a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <caption class="notheme" style="font-size:large; margin-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Elmina</b><br />São Jorge da Mina </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Plaats in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Ghana"><img alt="Vlag van Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:white; color:inherit; padding:0;" class="center" colspan="2"><div style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; width: 266px; max-width: 266px; float:none; clear:both;"><div style="position: relative;border: 1px solid none; padding: 0px; width: 266px; max-width: 266px;"><span class="notpageimage noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Ghana_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elmina (Ghana)"><img alt="Elmina (Ghana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_adm_location_map.svg/266px-Ghana_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_adm_location_map.svg/399px-Ghana_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ghana_adm_location_map.svg/532px-Ghana_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span><br /><div style="position: absolute; z-index: 2; top: 91.5%; left: 44.1%; height: 0; width: 0; margin: 0; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; text-align: center; left: -4px; top: -4px; width: 8px; font-size: 8px; line-height:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Elmina"><img alt="Elmina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; position: relative; top: -1.5em; width: 6em; top:-2.65em; left:-3em; text-align: center;"><span style="padding: 1px;"></span></div></div></div><div style="font-size: 90%"> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Situering </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Regio%27s_van_Ghana" title="Regio's van Ghana">Regio</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_(Ghana)" title="Central (Ghana)">Central</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Geografische_co%C3%B6rdinaten" title="Geografische coördinaten">Coördinaten</a> </th> <td><span class="plainlinks"><span class="coordinates plainlinks"><span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=nl&params=5_05_00_N_1_021_00_W_type:city_scale:25000&pagename=Elmina">5° 5′ NB, 1° 21′ WL</a></span></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Bevolking" title="Bevolking">Inwoners</a> </th> <td>35.000 </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Overig </th></tr> <tr> <th>Website </th> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://keeama.gov.gh/">Officiële website</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" colspan="2">Foto's </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Het fort van Elmina vandaag de dag"><img alt="Het fort van Elmina vandaag de dag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/266px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/399px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Elmina_slave_castle.jpg/532px-Elmina_slave_castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="872" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="2" style="font-size:85%">Het fort van Elmina vandaag de dag </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" colspan="2"> <table style="border-collapse:collapse;" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Afrika" title="Portaal:Afrika">Afrika</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3">São Jorge da Mina </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kaart van Elmina, uit Atlas van der Hem (ca. 1665-1668)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg/266px-ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg/399px-ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg/532px-ElMina_AtlasBlaeuvanderHem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2347" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Kaart van Elmina, uit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlas_van_der_Hem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atlas van der Hem (de pagina bestaat niet)">Atlas van der Hem</a> (ca. 1665-1668)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Land </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nederlands tussen </th> <td colspan="2">1637 - 1872 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Verworven door </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West-Indische_Compagnie" title="West-Indische Compagnie">West-Indische Compagnie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Veroverd op </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Afgestaan aan </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Verenigd Koninkrijk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Bezetting </th> <td colspan="2">onbekend. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Handelsdoel </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Slavenhandel" title="Slavenhandel">slavenhandel</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:St_Jago.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Jago.JPG/330px-St_Jago.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Jago.JPG/500px-St_Jago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/St_Jago.JPG/960px-St_Jago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Historisch aanzicht op Elmina in de 17e eeuw, met rechts <a href="/wiki/Coenraadsburg" title="Coenraadsburg">Coenraadsburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Amina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amina.jpg/260px-Amina.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amina.jpg/390px-Amina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Amina.jpg/520px-Amina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>16e-eeuwse kaart van West-Afrika met de Portugese aanspraken op "Guine" en "Amina".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Elmina</b> (ook <b>São Jorge da Mina</b>) is een stadje van 35.000 inwoners, gelegen in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, de vroegere <a href="/wiki/Goudkust_(gebied)" title="Goudkust (gebied)">Goudkust</a>, op 155 kilometer ten westen van de hoofdstad <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1482 bouwden de Portugezen hier het <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sint_George_(Ghana)" title="Fort Sint George (Ghana)">fort São Jorge da Mina</a> (later omgedoopt tot fort Sint George), de eerste Europese nederzetting in West-Afrika. In eerste instantie was het fort bedoeld om de goudwinning en de mijn te beschermen en als opslagplaats te dienen, vandaar de 'Mina' in de naam. Al vanaf 1596 ondernamen de Hollanders pogingen om het fort te veroveren, maar zonder succes. Zelfs nadat in 1615 een zware aardbeving het fort ernstig had beschadigd, lukte het de Hollanders niet om het te veroveren. </p><p>Nadat de WIC vanaf 1630 een gedeelte van Portugees-Brazilië had veroverd werd de noodzaak voor de aanvoer van slaven naar het inmiddels genoemde <a href="/wiki/Nederlands-Brazili%C3%AB" title="Nederlands-Brazilië">Nieuw-Holland</a> al snel duidelijk, immers, de zeer lucratieve verbouwing van suiker moest weer opgepakt worden. Dit bracht de compagnie ertoe om in 1637 een poging te wagen Elmina te veroveren om zo ook de <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantische_slavenhandel" title="Trans-Atlantische slavenhandel">slavenhandel</a> van de Portugezen over te nemen. Het inmiddels als onneembaar bekendstaande fort had immers ook een belangrijke rol in de slavenhandel gekregen. De eeuwen er na zou het fort het centrum van de <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantische_slavenhandel" title="Trans-Atlantische slavenhandel">slavenhandel</a> van de <a href="/wiki/West-Indische_Compagnie" title="West-Indische Compagnie">West-Indische Compagnie</a> vormen (om dezelfde reden werden <a href="/wiki/Luanda_(stad)" title="Luanda (stad)">Sao Paolo de Luanda</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sao_Tom%C3%A9_(eiland)" title="Sao Tomé (eiland)">Sao Tomé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> veroverd door <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Jol" title="Cornelis Jol">Cornelis Jol</a>, maar de Portugezen wisten deze plaatsen in 1648 geheel terug te veroveren). </p><p>De verovering van Elmina door de Hollanders ging relatief eenvoudig. Ze gingen aan land bij de nabijgelegen heuvel St. Jago en bezetten daar de onderbezette Portugese versterking. Van bovenaf beschoten ze met enkele stukken geschut het lager gelegen Elmina. Na enkele dagen gaven de Portugezen zich over. Aan beide zijden vielen nauwelijks slachtoffers, voor die tijd ongekend. Om te voorkomen dat hen hetzelfde zou overkomen, werd door de Hollanders al vrij snel na de verovering begonnen met de bouw van een fort op de St. Jago heuvel. Het kreeg de naam <a href="/wiki/Coenraadsburg" title="Coenraadsburg">Coenraadsburg</a>. </p><p>Het waren goede tijden voor de Nederlanders.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1642 was heel Portugees Afrika in het bezit van de WIC. Zelden tevoren is zoveel goud in Nederland aangevoerd. Het goud, aangevoerd uit de binnenlanden werd geruild tegen textiel, koperwaren, kralen en brandewijn.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaarlijks werden 2.000 slaven overgebracht naar de West-Indische eilanden of Zuid-Amerika, minimaal vier schepen per jaar. Ook de <a href="/wiki/Deense_West-Indische_en_Guineese_Compagnie" title="Deense West-Indische en Guineese Compagnie">Deense</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zweedse_Afrika_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweedse Afrika Compagnie">Zweedse Afrika Compagnie</a> werd steeds meer actief in dit gebied. Deze compagnieën bezaten zo weinig kapitaal dat ze het niet kon stellen zonder steun van de kapitaalkrachtige Amsterdamse en Hamburgse kooplieden. </p><p>In 1642 is <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Coymans" title="Isaac Coymans">Isaac Coymans</a> benoemd tot opperkoopman en boekhouder te Elmina; in 1648 werd <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Carloff" title="Hendrik Carloff">Hendrik Carloff</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiscaal" title="Fiscaal">fiscaal</a>; in 1656 is <a href="/wiki/Jan_Valkenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Valkenburg">Jan Valkenburg</a> directeur-generaal van de handelspost. In 1668 werd de dichter <a href="/wiki/Willem_Godschalck_van_Focquenbroch" title="Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch">Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch</a> als <a href="/wiki/Chirurgijn" title="Chirurgijn">chirurgijn</a> aangesteld. <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_van_Aerssen_van_Sommelsdijk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijk">Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijk</a> zorgde ervoor dat de WIC de aanvoer van slaven naar Suriname van 1683 vergrootte. In 1687 werd het fort aangevallen door <a href="/wiki/Jean_du_Casse" title="Jean du Casse">Jean du Casse</a>, een <a href="/wiki/Boekanier" title="Boekanier">boekanier</a> en slaventransporteur. Na 1720 legde de <a href="/wiki/Middelburgse_Commercie_Compagnie" class="mw-redirect" title="Middelburgse Commercie Compagnie">Middelburgse Commercie Compagnie</a> zich met succes toe op de slaventransporten. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieter_Theodoor_Huydecoper" title="Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper">Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper</a> kwam in 1756 in Elmina aan; in 1764 werd hij directeur-generaal. Hij kreeg de beschikking over een <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapuya (de pagina bestaat niet)">tapoejerin</a>, een dochter van een blanke man en een inheemse vrouw, die naast gezelschap, ook strategische betekenis had.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1767 en 1768 zijn 42 schepen naar de Goudkust uitgevaren, achttien hadden de opdracht slaven te vervoeren. </p><p>Tot in 1850 werden er in het fort Elmina soldaten geworven voor dienst in het <a href="/wiki/KNIL" class="mw-redirect" title="KNIL">KNIL</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Orang_Blanda_Itam" title="Orang Blanda Itam">Orang Blanda Itam</a> (= Zwarte Hollanders).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ondanks de bevoorrechte positie van de Orang Blanda Itam binnen het KNIL, werd deze werving na 1871 op aandringen van de Engelsen gestaakt om de schijn van verkapte slavernij weg te nemen. De geschiedenis van de Ghanezen in dienst van het KNIL is uitgebreid te zien in het Java museum in Elmina. </p><p>Het fort zou tot 1871 in Nederlandse handen blijven en werd uiteindelijk met veel andere Nederlandse bezittingen in Afrika aan Engeland verkocht voor het bedrag van fl. 47.000,- Hoewel <a href="/wiki/Willem_III_der_Nederlanden" title="Willem III der Nederlanden">koning Willem III</a> om chauvinistische redenen hier sterk tegen ageerde, was het een logische stap. De forten hadden eigenlijk hun functie verloren en vormden met elkaar een enorme kostenpost vanwege het continue onderhoud dat moest worden gepleegd en de salariskosten van de ambtenaren die er verbleven. De verkoop van de Nederlands-Afrikaanse bezittingen aan Engeland was geregeld in het <a href="/wiki/Verdrag_van_Sumatra" title="Verdrag van Sumatra">Verdrag van Sumatra</a>. </p><p>Vanaf 2004 tot 2015 had Elmina een projectband met de Nederlandse stad <a href="/wiki/Gouda" title="Gouda">Gouda</a>. Gouda heeft bestuurlijk en ambtelijk invulling aan dit project gegeven. Bij de start werden goede resultaten geboekt en in 2007 is besloten om voor 10 jaar door te gaan. In 2015 staakte de samenwerking mede omdat hogere ambtenaren in Elmina regelmatig werden vervangen waardoor de vooruitgang van de projecten ernstig werden beperkt.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Elmina is een Nederlandse begraafplaats, een Nederlandse wijk en veel bewoners hebben een Nederlandse achternaam, zoals Bartels, Van Dyck, de Graft, de Heer, Vroom, de Veer of van der Puye. </p><p>De belangrijkste bron van inkomsten is de visserij, maar ook <a href="/wiki/Zoutwinning" title="Zoutwinning">zoutwinning</a> en botenbouw zijn belangrijke inkomstenbronnen. Men probeert het fort nu te renoveren.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bezoekers krijgen er (ook 400 jaar na dato) door de veel te kleine slavenruimten nog altijd een goede indruk hoe de slaven werden behandeld. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overleden">Overleden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Overleden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Overleden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> (1762-1818), <a href="/wiki/Patriotten" title="Patriotten">patriot</a>, militair en <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur-generaal_van_Nederlands-Indi%C3%AB" title="Gouverneur-generaal van Nederlands-Indië">gouverneur-generaal van Nederlands-Indië</a> (1808-1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Godschalck_van_Focquenbroch" title="Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch">Willem Godschalck van Focquenbroch</a> (1640-1670), Nederlandse dichter en toneelschrijver</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_Directeurs-Generaal_op_de_Goudkust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van Directeurs-Generaal op de Goudkust">Lijst van Directeurs-Generaal op de Goudkust</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elmina&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Delepeleire, Yves</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethesis.net/wic/wic_inhoud.htm">Nederlands Elmina: een socio-economische analyse van de Tweede Westindische Compagnie in West-Afrika in 1715</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethesis.net/wic/wic_deel_1.htm">WIC en de forten op de Slavenkust</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226102312/http://www.ethesis.net/wic/wic_deel_1.htm">Gearchiveerd</a> op 26 december 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Dillen, J.G. van</span> (1970) <i>Van Rijkdom en Regenten. Handboek tot de economische en sociale geschiedenis van Nederland tijdens de Republiek</i>, p.?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kooymans, L.</span> (1997) <i>Vriendschap en de kunst van het overleven in de zeventiende en achttiende eeuw</i>, pp.284 en 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kessel, Ineke van</span> <i>Zwarte Hollanders. Afrikaanse soldaten in Nederlands-Indië</i> (met een voorwoord van Arthur Japin). Amsterdam, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">ChristenUnie Gouda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gouda.christenunie.nl/k/n6063/news/view/922601/64628/elmina-en-gloucester-exit.html">Elmina en Gloucester exit, 8 juni 2015</a>, geraadpleegd op 25 december 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120175010/https://gouda.christenunie.nl/k/n6063/news/view/922601/64628/elmina-en-gloucester-exit.html">Gearchiveerd</a> op 20 januari 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ester van Steekelenburg (ed.): <i>Elmina. Building on the past to create a better future</i>. Amsterdam, KIT Publishers, 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elmina#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elmina">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elmina#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elmina">Elmina</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmina&oldid=67584145">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmina&oldid=67584145</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Elmina" title="Categorie:Elmina">Elmina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Nederlandse_Goudkust" title="Categorie:Nederlandse Goudkust">Nederlandse Goudkust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Portugese_Goudkust" title="Categorie:Portugese Goudkust">Portugese Goudkust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Nederlandse_slavenhandel" title="Categorie:Nederlandse slavenhandel">Nederlandse slavenhandel</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Co%C3%B6rdinaten_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 26 mei 2024 om 13:58.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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