CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Genetically modified food in Hawaii - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"effabdac-8077-405b-95ec-c06d2e66933b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii","wgTitle":"Genetically modified food in Hawaii","wgCurRevisionId":1234536691,"wgRevisionId":1234536691,"wgArticleId":44169484,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2019","Articles with permanently dead external links","Genetic engineering and agriculture","Agriculture in Hawaii"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii","wgRelevantArticleId":44169484,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Genetic_engineering_in_Hawaii","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q18343741","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect", "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Genetically modified food in Hawaii - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii rootpage-Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Genetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Genetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Genetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventional_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conventional agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genetically modified agriculture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetically_modified_agriculture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetically modified agriculture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seed_crops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seed_crops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Seed crops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seed_crops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Papaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University_of_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_of_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>University of Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_of_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_efficient_maize_for_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_efficient_maize_for_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Water efficient maize for Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_efficient_maize_for_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improved_maize_for_African_soils" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improved_maize_for_African_soils"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Improved maize for African soils</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improved_maize_for_African_soils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Concerns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Concerns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gene_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gene_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Gene flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gene_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Labeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agricultural_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Agricultural chemicals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Local government action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_government_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local government action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_government_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kauai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kauai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kauai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kauai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaii_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaii_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hawaii Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaii_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maui" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maui"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Maui</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maui-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Allegations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights_and_authority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_and_authority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Rights and authority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_and_authority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moratorium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moratorium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Moratorium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moratorium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_Public_Health_Impacts_Study_(EPHIS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_Public_Health_Impacts_Study_(EPHIS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>Environmental and Public Health Impacts Study (EPHIS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_Public_Health_Impacts_Study_(EPHIS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.7</span> <span>Enforcement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syngenta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syngenta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Syngenta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syngenta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Genetically modified food in Hawaii</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 1 language" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-1" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">1 language</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="الغذاء المعدل وراثيا في هاواي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغذاء المعدل وراثيا في هاواي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18343741#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&oldid=1234536691" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&id=1234536691&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGenetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18343741" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetic_engineering_in_Hawaii&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Hawaii">Genetic engineering in Hawaii</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> <b>Genetic engineering in Hawaii</b> is a hotly contested political topic. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> counties of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> passed or considered laws restricting the practice within their borders due to concerns about the health, the environment and impacts on conventional and organic agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hawaii is attractive to researchers and seed companies because of its moderate year-round climate—an average of 75 °F (24 °C), which allows 3 or more harvests per year, greatly reducing the length of time required to develop a new seed.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main companies working with genetically modified crops in Hawaii are <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Hi-Bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneer Hi-Bred">Pioneer Hi-Bred</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycogen_Seeds" title="Mycogen Seeds">Mycogen Seeds</a> and Agrigentics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Companies listed seem to make sense, but make sure list is up-to-date (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gene manipulation is generally conducted elsewhere. Hawaii sites cross the engineered strains with other strains to eliminate undesirable traits and cultivate the hybrids to produce seeds that are then planted elsewhere. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1960s James Brewbaker, a recently arrived researcher at the University of Hawaii, noticed he could plant three crops a year in Hawaii's warm climate instead of one as on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seed companies began operating in Hawaii soon after, decades before genetic engineering was possible. Some 90 percent of U.S. corn strains were partially developed in Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DuPont subsidiary Pioneer Hi-Bred International began producing GM corn and soy in Hawaii in the mid-1990s, when the FDA approved the crops for commercial sale.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2008, Hawaii had been the site of more than 2,230 field trials of genetically modified (GM) crops, including <a href="/wiki/Corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Potatoes">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beets" class="mw-redirect" title="Beets">beets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safflower" title="Safflower">safflower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rose to 3,236 as of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventional_agriculture">Conventional agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conventional agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, Hawaii farmers produced 1.67 million tons of raw <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, nearly one million tons less than a decade earlier; only 13,900 acres (5,600 ha) were planted in <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapples</a> in 2006 [the latest year for which pineapple statistics are available) compared with 76,700 acres in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major crops include flowers and nursery plants, <a href="/wiki/Macadamia_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Macadamia nut">macadamia nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomatoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomatoes">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetically_modified_agriculture">Genetically modified agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genetically modified agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008 Some 4,800 acres (1,900 ha) were dedicated to GM crops across the state, of which 3,500 were corn and soybean seed crops, 1,000 acres papaya, and the remainder field trials for GM crops.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2013 this had increased to 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) of the state's 280,000 acres of agricultural land, on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a>. Nearly fifty percent of the total (11,000 acres) is on Kauai.<sup id="cite_ref-ny1310_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeds yielded $264 million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers. Seeds exceeded the value of the state's next several largest crops combined—including sugarcane and macadamia nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-ny1310_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008 genetically engineered corn seed was the top crop by value in Hawaii. It made up 92 percent of the state's GM seed industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seed_crops">Seed crops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Seed crops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seeds containing government-approved modifications are grown in the islands to evaluate how they perform in the field, to be crossed with unmodified strains to further improve the strain and to produce seed for sale. Cultivating corn seed involves having workers place paper bags over the tassels to catch <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> for use in hand pollinating other plots. At Syngenta plants are individually <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcoded</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Paper_punch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper punch">paper punches</a> are used to take leaf cuttings that are freeze dried and genetically analyzed in North Carolina. The analysis indicates whether each plant has the desired suite of traits. Undesirable plants are uprooted and the rest cultivated through another cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-cp1409_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successful strains are then planted in places such as Missouri, Manitoba, Canada and Mexico to make sure the corn is able to thrive in varied situations before they are marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Developing a new seed variety takes 10–12 growth cycles or 3–7 years, a fraction of the 13 years on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ny1310_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papaya">Papaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Papaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Papaya_ringspot_virus" title="Papaya ringspot virus">papaya ringspot virus</a> in the mid-'90s decimated Hawaii's papaya trees. GM papaya, endowed with a gene from the <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, immunized the tree. Both Japanese and American regulators approved the modified papaya. It subsequently reduced the use of pesticides that growers had used to control the virus-carrying <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010 Hawaii Island had around 200 papaya farmers. Papayas were the US' only commercial GM fruit and accounted for three-quarters of the island's 30 million pound harvest. GM papaya was developed primarily by academic scientists. Its lead developer was Hawaii-born <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gonsalves" title="Dennis Gonsalves">Dennis Gonsalves</a>. He and his team were awarded the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Prize">Humboldt Prize</a> for the most significant contribution to US agriculture in five years.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1405_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GM papaya is largely self-pollinating. If planted about 12 or more feet away from other varieties, little cross-pollination occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1405_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critic <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Smith" title="Jeffrey M. Smith">Jeffrey Smith</a> claimed that it could harm people because of the protein produced by the new gene and that no studies had been conducted. Gonsalves claimed that ringspot-infected papaya contained that same protein and that people had been eating infected papaya for decades with no ill effects.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1405_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One night in July 2011 thousands of papaya trees were destroyed on 10 acres of Hawaii Island farmland. Some farmers and Kevin Richards, director of regulatory relations for the <a href="/wiki/American_Farm_Bureau_Federation" title="American Farm Bureau Federation">American Farm Bureau Federation</a>, called the attack an act of <a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ap1108_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1108-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_activities">Research activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Research activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_of_Hawaii">University of Hawaii</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: University of Hawaii"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> has conducted research on disease-resistant bananas, a new variety of papaya, Spanish lime,<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the potential of gene flow between cotton strains, animal genomes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacia</a> <a href="/wiki/Koa" class="mw-redirect" title="Koa">koa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ctarh1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctarh1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 Monsanto donated $600,000 for student scholarships to the University's <a href="/wiki/College_of_Tropical_Agriculture_and_Human_Resources" title="College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources">College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources</a>, an amount that the college claimed represented about 1 percent of its budget.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1405_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, The Monsanto Fellowship Awards award CTARH 120,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ctarh1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctarh1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_efficient_maize_for_Africa">Water efficient maize for Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Water efficient maize for Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This public-private humanitarian project is led by African Agricultural Technology Foundation, a Kenyan <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a>. It is funded by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation</a>. It combines conventional breeding and genetic engineering. Monsanto donated its genetic engineering technology and Maui-grown seeds with insect and drought tolerance traits.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improved_maize_for_African_soils">Improved maize for African soils</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Improved maize for African soils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This humanitarian effort is led by the <a href="/wiki/International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center" title="International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center">International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center</a> in Mexico, funded by the Gates foundation and the <a href="/wiki/US_Agency_for_International_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="US Agency for International Development">US Agency for International Development</a>. Pioneer donates testing and breeding resources from Kauai. The project is developing nitrogen-efficient hybrids that can improve yields on African soils. The product will be made available royalty-free to seed companies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concerns">Concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since their inception genetically engineered crops have been subject to a variety of concerns, which in some jurisdictions led to restrictions on research, cultivation and/or consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any pesticide use, pests can become resistant to those used with (or incorporated into) GM crops. </p><p>For example, Bt corn incorporates the insecticidal <i>cry</i> genes from the <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis" title="Bacillus thuringiensis">Bacillus thuringiensis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>. Organic farmers have long used the bacteria as an insecticide. If insects become resistant, organic farmers will have to look elsewhere. "One of the biggest concerns with growing crops like Bt corn is that you're putting insects under the greatest selection pressure to become resistant to Bt", according to Bill Freese of the <a href="/wiki/Center_For_Food_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Center For Food Safety">Center For Food Safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gene_flow">Gene flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gene flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a> occurs when genes migrate from one strain to another by unintended pollination. Organic farmers continue to grow conventional (non-GM) papayas in Hawaii. Organic farmers and environmental organizations in Hawaii have expressed concern that crops grown from ostensibly non-GM seeds may test positive for modifications. This concern led South Korea to stop buying papayas from Hawaii Island and led Japan to require organic papaya farmers to test their crops.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labeling">Labeling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Labeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> does not require GM foods to be labeled, instead claiming that GM crops are as safe as crops developed by conventional breeding. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> certifies new GM products as safe for consumers and the environment. The European Union's 27 member states then individually decide whether to accept the certification. Genetically modified foods must be labeled. As of 2008 Bt corn had been approved to grow in Spain, Germany, the Czech Republic and Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seed companies conduct the safety tests for new GM food products, reporting safety and nutritional information to the FDA for its evaluation.<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_chemicals">Agricultural chemicals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Agricultural chemicals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2006 to 2008, students and teachers at Kauai's Waimea Canyon Middle School, which is near a Syngenta field, repeatedly complained of noxious odors. At one point, the buildings were evacuated and "some kids went to the hospital". Some doctors found unusually high rates of asthma, cancer and birth defects there.<sup id="cite_ref-ny1310_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A state report found that cancer incidence on Kauai, including the region around the school, was generally the same or lower than the state as a whole. Another study, paid for by the state and county, claimed that the odors were from <a href="/wiki/Stinkweed" title="Stinkweed">stinkweed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ny1310_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voluntary reporting by the companies showed substantial use of <a href="/wiki/Chlorpyrifos" title="Chlorpyrifos">chlorpyrifos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cp1409_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which at sufficient doses can have neurological impacts on children.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Use of conventional pesticides recommended for control of the <a href="/wiki/European_corn_borer" title="European corn borer">European corn borer</a> has dropped by about one-third since Bt corn was introduced,” according to the US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cp1409_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pioneer Hi-Bred claimed that since 1996 "over a trillion meals containing biotech ingredients have been consumed in the U.S. with no documented negative health impacts."<sup id="cite_ref-sa08_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural practitioners claimed that GMOs were not part of traditional Hawaiian agriculture and did not belong in Hawaii. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government_action">Local government action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Local government action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three of Hawaii's four counties have adopted or considered local regulation of pesticides, GMOs or both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kauai">Kauai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kauai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauai</a> County Council passed a law in 2013, over the mayor's veto, to require large farms to create 500 foot buffer zones around their fields and to disclose the pesticides that they use. Seed companies Syngenta, Pioneer, BASF and Agrigentics sued to stop the law, claiming that state and federal regulations were adequate.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014 US <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="District Court of Hawaii">District Court of Hawaii</a> judge Barry Kurren overturned the law, finding for the <a href="/wiki/Plaintiff" title="Plaintiff">plaintiffs</a>. The judge found that "the Ordinance is pre-empted by state law and is therefore invalid".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After it was overturned, Syngenta claimed that it had been voluntarily notifying nearby schools and residences one week before any pesticide applications and that while the law required 500 feet buffers, the company had not farmed within 1,500 feet of any dwelling for years.<sup id="cite_ref-cp1409_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaii_Island">Hawaii Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hawaii Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2008 the Hawaii County Council (county legislature) voted to ban the growth of GM <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a> (a Hawaiian staple) and coffee to prevent GM crop pollen from reaching other strains.<sup id="cite_ref-ap14_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013 a second bill banned the cultivation of any GM crop on the island, grandfathering in papaya and corn planted by a dairy to feed its cows. Field tests to study new GM crops were prohibited. Penalties were set at $1,000 per day.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1405_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maui">Maui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, 9,000 Maui citizens signed a petition sponsored by the SHAKA Movement calling for a moratorium on GMO production and research. The initiative specified penalties including fines and jail for knowing violations and did not limit its scope to commercial agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hnn1410_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn1410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initiative was to be voted on in the November 2014 election. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need to verify the date (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Proponents claimed that the moratorium would affect only 2% of the island's agricultural acreage and 1% of existing farms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponent Ashley Lukens, Hawaii Center for Food Safety Director said, "Hawaii hosts more genetic engineering test sites than any other state. We had 1,124 field tests last year. California had 184."<sup id="cite_ref-hnn1410_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn1410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposing group Citizens Against the Maui County Farming Ban Initiative claimed that the measure was 'anti-farming' and would cost the county 600 jobs. Other opponents including former State Attorney General Michael Lilly and Mayor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Arakawa" title="Alan Arakawa">Alan Arakawa</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who claimed that the initiative was poorly drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-hnn1410_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hnn1410-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mycogen employee Adolph Helm was claimed by a moratorium proponent to be the leader of the opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initiative passed on November 4 by about 50.2 to 47.9 percent, with the remaining ballots left blank.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal U.S. Magistrate Judge Barry Kurren said Maui County may not implement until he considers arguments in a lawsuit against the measure. Both sides have agreed to delay the date the law goes into effect. Monsanto Co. and a unit of Dow Chemical Co. sued the county to stop the law. Company employees and Maui County businesses joined the lawsuit. The suit claimed that the law would harm the economy and their businesses, citing the Kauai County case. They continued that the state, and not the county, has jurisdiction. The county and the plaintiffs must provide arguments for their position by December 1. Initiative supporters filed a separate suit in state court, attempting to compel the county to implement the law.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next sections summarize the initiative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allegations">Allegations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Allegations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GM agriculture threatens Hawaiian culture, the rest of Maui agriculture, human health and the environment. The claims were: </p> <ul><li>Commercial GM agriculture is growing rapidly and existing regulation is inadequate.</li> <li>Maui citizens have the right to suspend GM agriculture.</li> <li>GMOs are not native to Maui County and instead are possibly invasive species. The right to exclude GMOs is supported by the Hawaiian Public Trust Doctrine, the Hawaii State Constitution and other State and County environmental laws.</li> <li>Genetic engineering is imprecise, with unpredictable, uncontrollable results that produce unintended consequences. Mixing plant, animal, bacterial and viral genes is highly risky.</li> <li>The majority of GM crops are engineered for herbicide-resistance (93% of 2013 US soy), promoting indiscriminate use. Such crops have added 527 million pounds of herbicides to US farmland. These herbicides damage soil, harm wildlife, contaminate drinking water and risk consumer and farm worker health.</li> <li>GMO-driven herbicide overuse produced resistant "superweeds" that force farmers to use increasingly toxic and expensive herbicides.</li> <li>GMO-driven insecticide use risks producing resistant "superbugs" that force conventional and organic farmers to use more and/or stronger insecticides.</li> <li>Some GMO farmers simultaneously or in quick succession apply multiple pesticides, often on test crops, possibly creating unknown compounds. Testing and regulation of such combinations is inadequate, specifically in animal or human studies.</li> <li>Existing county, state and federal oversight is inadequate.</li> <li>The Hawaii Department of Agriculture's regulatory structure is inadequate to monitor GMOs or to aid in citizens' understanding of their impacts. These impacts have not been properly or independently evaluated.</li> <li>Organic farming is a rapidly expanding sector of Maui's agricultural economy.</li> <li>Protecting land and water is crucial to the success of tourism, the County's largest employer.</li> <li>Preserving the identity, quality and reliability of the County's agricultural products is critical to its economic well-being.</li> <li>Many foreign markets prohibit GMOs and a single instance of an accidental GM hybrid in a conventional or organic crop resulted in buyer rejection.</li> <li>Accidental cross-pollination, co-mingling of conventional and GM seeds and transfer by animals or weather events puts GM crops where they are not intended. More than 50% of Hawaii County conventional papaya have become pollinated by GM papaya.</li> <li>Those who lose acceptance as conventional and/or organic suppliers as a result of such accidents lack adequate legal recourse.</li> <li>No proven procedures exist to eliminate GMOs from an area once they have escaped their intended environment.</li> <li>GMOs in Maui County primarily involve seed and test crops that include repeated use of pesticides, risking significant harm to soil resources. Soil microbes are harmed by such pesticides.</li> <li>The County's groundwater is significantly contaminated with pesticides, including <a href="/wiki/DBCP" class="mw-redirect" title="DBCP">DBCP</a> and <a href="/wiki/1,2,3-Trichloropropane" title="1,2,3-Trichloropropane">TCP</a>, from prior pineapple crops. GMO production adds to the problem. (reference?)</li> <li>Pesticides are applied to fallow GM fields, adding to the problem of pesticide runoff, which harm ground and surface water, beaches and reefs.</li> <li>Wind-blown pesticide residues risk significant harm to air resources, farm workers and downwind residents.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rights_and_authority">Rights and authority</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rights and authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The initiative claimed that localities have the right to regulate GM crops because: </p> <ul><li>Hawaii Revised Statutes, Section 46-1.5(13) grants counties the right to pass ordinances to protect health, life, property and preserve order as long as such ordinances comply with any applicable state statue.</li> <li>Hawaii Constitution Article XI, Section 1 grants political subdivisions the right to uphold the Public Trust Doctrine, and grants all persons legal standing to enforce such rights.</li> <li>Hawaii State Constitution, Article XI, Section 9 grants each person the right to a clean and healthful environment and grants any person standing to enforce this right through the courts.</li> <li>Hawaii State Constitution, Article XI, Section 1 compels political subdivisions to conserve and protect Hawaii's natural beauty and natural resources in furtherance of the State's self-sufficiency.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Maine_v._Taylor" title="Maine v. Taylor">Maine v. Taylor</a>, 477 U.S. 131 (1986) that the <a href="/wiki/US_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="US Constitution">US Constitution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> did not preempt states and localities from protecting health and safety and natural resources or force them to wait for scientific consensus or potentially irreversible environmental damage occurs before acting. Taking action absent such consensus is known as the <a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">precautionary principle</a>.</li> <li>The County initiative process allows citizens to enact such protective ordinances.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purposes">Purposes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stated purposes of the ordinance are to: </p> <ul><li>protect against the spread of GMOs outside of their intended areas</li> <li>defend organic and conventional crops</li> <li>protect against hazardous practices including pesticides</li> <li>preserve citizens' right to reject GMOs for health, moral or other reasons;</li> <li>preserve the environment and Public Trust resources, while promoting Maui's cultural heritage and traditional Hawaiian agriculture.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moratorium">Moratorium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Moratorium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The moratorium ordinance prohibits propagating, cultivating or testing GMOs within the County. </p><p>The moratorium does not apply to: GMO crops in mid-growth cycle when the moratorium is enacted, GM products that have been incorporated into food or medicine already prepared for consumption; licensed health practitioners whose practice employs GMOs; and non-commercial research conducted under enclosed indoor laboratory conditions by accredited colleges or universities. </p><p>The moratorium is lifted once an Environmental and Public Health Impacts Study (EPHIS) approved by 6 of the 9 Council members and a public hearing is completed. The Council must further determine that the GMOs provide health benefits and protect the County's natural beauty and natural resources. </p><p>The initiative does not include specific restrictions on GM agriculture following the end of the moratorium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_and_Public_Health_Impacts_Study_(EPHIS)"><span id="Environmental_and_Public_Health_Impacts_Study_.28EPHIS.29"></span>Environmental and Public Health Impacts Study (EPHIS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environmental and Public Health Impacts Study (EPHIS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lifting the moratorium requires an Environmental and Public Health Impacts Study (EPHIS) conducted by the County through a two-phase, community-based process. The EPHIS must be funded by private entities. </p><p>Within ninety days of receiving such funding, the Council is to create a Joint Fact Finding Group (JFFG) of scientists and health experts with no GM industry ties, facilitated by a professional consultant, to design the study. The JFFG shall notify the community and allow a thirty-day public input period. The final scope, design, results and raw data must be published on the County's website. The study's minimum scope includes the potential for: </p> <ul><li>GMO release beyond GM operational boundaries</li> <li>Recall of released GMOs</li> <li>Pesticides used singly and in combination to harm groundwater, surface water, oceans and reefs</li> <li>Pesticide-laden air and dust to harm people and the environment;</li> <li>Untested pesticide combinations that may be harmful to people and the environment;</li> <li>Gene transfer from GMOs to other species</li> <li>Birth defects arising from proximity to GM operations in Maui County or Kauai County</li></ul> <p>The EPHIS must be conducted by a non-biased, professional consultant independent of GE industry ties overseen by the JFFG and completed within eighteen months of the publication of the study's final scope and design. The process includes a ninety-day public comment period with four public hearings, including one on Molokai. The study must address relevant information, data, comments and public concerns. The study may recommend actions for the County to address significant effects on the environment, Public Trust Resources and public health. The final results and all raw data must be published on the County's website. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enforcement">Enforcement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The County may implement regulations to manage the moratorium, but the regulations may not create any exemptions from the ordinance. </p><p>The County may seek a court order to enjoin any person or entity from violating the ordinance. </p><p>Civil penalties are: </p> <ul><li>$10,000.00 for a first violation</li> <li>$25,000.00 for a second violation</li> <li>$50,000.00 for each subsequent violation</li></ul> <p>Each day of violation is considered a separate violation. </p><p>Criminal penalties are in addition to civil penalties. Violations are misdemeanors punishable by a fine of up to $2,000, or imprisonment for up to one year, or both, for each offense. Each additional post-conviction day of violation constitutes an additional offense. In addition, 60 days after a notification of noncompliance, the County may enter the property and remove infringing crops at the violator's expense. </p><p>Sixty days after notifying the County and the alleged violator, any injured citizen may seek an injunction against the violation. The court may award the plaintiff reasonable costs and attorney fees, but not punitive damages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syngenta">Syngenta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Syngenta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syngenta earns $4 billion on its Bt corn, vegetable and flower seeds, which are grown in 90 countries. As of 2014 it cultivated 4,000 acres on Kauai.<sup id="cite_ref-cp1409_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">Genetic engineering in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering#Controversy" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering § Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Genetically modified food controversies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sa08-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa08_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2008" class="citation news cs1">Boyd, Robynne (December 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/genetically-modified-hawaii/">"Genetically Modified Hawaii New varieties of genetically engineered crops thrive in the world's most isolated landmass"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Genetically+Modified+Hawaii+New+varieties+of+genetically+engineered+crops+thrive+in+the+world%27s+most+isolated+landmass&rft.date=2008-12-08&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Robynne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fgenetically-modified-hawaii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ap14_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAVOY2014" class="citation news cs1">McAVOY, AUDREY (April 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711064034/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hawaii-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point">"Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/hawaii-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point">the original</a> on July 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hawaii+is+genetically+engineered+crop+flash+point&rft.date=2014-04-19&rft.aulast=McAVOY&rft.aufirst=AUDREY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigstory.ap.org%2Farticle%2Fhawaii-genetically-engineered-crop-flash-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isb.vt.edu/release-summary-data.aspx">"Release Summary Data and Charts(1987-Present)"</a>. Information Systems for Biotechnology. October 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Release+Summary+Data+and+Charts%281987-Present%29&rft.pub=Information+Systems+for+Biotechnology&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isb.vt.edu%2Frelease-summary-data.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ny1310-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ny1310_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny1310_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny1310_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny1310_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ny1310_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPOLLACK2013" class="citation news cs1">POLLACK, ANDREW (October 7, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/08/business/fight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html?pagewanted=all">"Unease in Hawaii's Cornfields"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Unease+in+Hawaii%27s+Cornfields&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft.aulast=POLLACK&rft.aufirst=ANDREW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F08%2Fbusiness%2Ffight-over-genetically-altered-crops-flares-in-hawaii.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cp1409-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cp1409_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp1409_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp1409_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp1409_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cp1409_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheat2014" class="citation news cs1">Wheat, Dan (September 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalpress.com/Research/20140918/gmos-face-the-test-in-hawaii">"GMOs face the test in Hawaii"</a>. Capital Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GMOs+face+the+test+in+Hawaii&rft.date=2014-09-18&rft.aulast=Wheat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.capitalpress.com%2FResearch%2F20140918%2Fgmos-face-the-test-in-hawaii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeu_R.A.Nagata_N.M.Fukada_M.T.Yonahara_B.Y.2002" class="citation report cs1">Heu R.A.; Nagata N.M.; Fukada M.T.; Yonahara B.Y. (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdoa.hawaii.gov/pi/files/2013/01/npa02-03_prvmaui.pdf">Papaya Ringspot Virus Established on Maui</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Hawaii Department of Agriculture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Papaya+Ringspot+Virus+Established+on+Maui&rft.pub=Hawaii+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2002-05&rft.au=Heu+R.A.&rft.au=Nagata+N.M.&rft.au=Fukada+M.T.&rft.au=Yonahara+B.Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdoa.hawaii.gov%2Fpi%2Ffiles%2F2013%2F01%2Fnpa02-03_prvmaui.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1405-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1405_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1405_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1405_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1405_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1405_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHARMON2014" class="citation news cs1">HARMON, AMY (January 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/05/us/on-hawaii-a-lonely-quest-for-facts-about-gmos.html">"A Lonely Quest for Facts on Genetically Modified Crops"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Lonely+Quest+for+Facts+on+Genetically+Modified+Crops&rft.date=2014-01-04&rft.aulast=HARMON&rft.aufirst=AMY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F01%2F05%2Fus%2Fon-hawaii-a-lonely-quest-for-facts-about-gmos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap1108-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap1108_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKELLEHER2011" class="citation news cs1">KELLEHER, JENNIFER SINCO (August 21, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/552670/Hawaii-s-genetically-m">"Hawaii's genetically modified papayas attacked"</a>. HONOLULU: The Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hawaii%27s+genetically+modified+papayas+attacked&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft.aulast=KELLEHER&rft.aufirst=JENNIFER+SINCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauinews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F552670%2FHawaii-s-genetically-m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/ProjectHatch.aspx">"Hatch Act Formula Grant"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hatch+Act+Formula+Grant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fsite%2FProjectHatch.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctarh1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ctarh1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ctarh1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/ProjectEx.aspx">"Extramural Grant Projects"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extramural+Grant+Projects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fsite%2FProjectEx.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2014" class="citation news cs1">Staff (October 30, 2014). "Gates and Buffett Foundation Projects in Africa Have Hawai'i Connections". <i>Maui Weekly</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maui+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gates+and+Buffett+Foundation+Projects+in+Africa+Have+Hawai%27i+Connections&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft.au=Staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaskos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Flaskos, John (February 25, 2012). "The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorus insecticides: A direct role for the oxon metabolites". <i>Toxicology Letters</i>. <b>209</b> (1): 86–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.toxlet.2011.11.026">10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22155227">22155227</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+Letters&rft.atitle=The+developmental+neurotoxicity+of+organophosphorus+insecticides%3A+A+direct+role+for+the+oxon+metabolites&rft.volume=209&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-93&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.toxlet.2011.11.026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22155227&rft.aulast=Flaskos&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCONNECT2014" class="citation news cs1">CONNECT, JACOB BUNGE (August 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-judge-overturns-gmo-crop-curbs-in-hawaii-1409009260">"U.S. Judge Overturns GMO Crop Curbs in Hawaii"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Judge+Overturns+GMO+Crop+Curbs+in+Hawaii&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.aulast=CONNECT&rft.aufirst=JACOB+BUNGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fu-s-judge-overturns-gmo-crop-curbs-in-hawaii-1409009260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021113647/http://www.shakamovement.org/law/">"A BILL PLACING A MORATORIUM ON THE CULTIVATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS"</a>. SHAKA Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakamovement.org/law">the original</a> on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+BILL+PLACING+A+MORATORIUM+ON+THE+CULTIVATION+OF+GENETICALLY+ENGINEERED+ORGANISMS&rft.pub=SHAKA+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakamovement.org%2Flaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hnn1410-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hnn1410_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn1410_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hnn1410_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin2014" class="citation news cs1">Joaquin, Tannya (October 7, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/26731381/voters-to-decide-on-maui-gmo-debate-in-one-month">"Voters to decide on Maui GMO debate in one month"</a>. <i>Hawaii News Now</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hawaii+News+Now&rft.atitle=Voters+to+decide+on+Maui+GMO+debate+in+one+month&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Tannya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiinewsnow.com%2Fstory%2F26731381%2Fvoters-to-decide-on-maui-gmo-debate-in-one-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’GarveyGreathouse2014" class="citation news cs1">O’Garvey, Liz; Greathouse, Jay (October 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141021050122/http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/532929/GMO-Opponents-Weigh-In-at-SHAKA-Movement-Presentation.html?nav=13#sthash.vrA4fEhY.dpuf">"GMO Opponents Weigh In at SHAKA Movement Presentation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/532929/GMO-Opponents-Weigh-In-at-SHAKA-Movement-Presentation.html?nav=13#sthash.vrA4fEhY.dpuf">the original</a> on 2014-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GMO+Opponents+Weigh+In+at+SHAKA+Movement+Presentation&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Garvey&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft.au=Greathouse%2C+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauiweekly.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F532929%2FGMO-Opponents-Weigh-In-at-SHAKA-Movement-Presentation.html%3Fnav%3D13%23sthash.vrA4fEhY.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020155247/http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/532928/Maui-County-Mayoral-Candidates-Talk-About-the-Issues.html?nav=13">"Maui County Mayoral Candidates Talk About the Issues: Maui economy and GMOs rank as top concerns"</a>. October 14, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauiweekly.com/page/content.detail/id/532928/Maui-County-Mayoral-Candidates-Talk-About-the-Issues.html?nav=13">the original</a> on October 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Maui+County+Mayoral+Candidates+Talk+About+the+Issues%3A+Maui+economy+and+GMOs+rank+as+top+concerns&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauiweekly.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F532928%2FMaui-County-Mayoral-Candidates-Talk-About-the-Issues.html%3Fnav%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2014" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Stephen Henry (October 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stephen-henry-fox/gmos-are-traditional-and-_b_5937920.html">"GMOs Attack! The Fight to Protect Maui's Environment from Big Ag"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=GMOs+Attack%21+The+Fight+to+Protect+Maui%27s+Environment+from+Big+Ag&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fstephen-henry-fox%2Fgmos-are-traditional-and-_b_5937920.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy2014" class="citation news cs1">Wendy, Osher (November 5, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mauinow.com/2014/11/05/monsanto-to-file-lawsuit-challenging-maui-gmo-moratorium/">"Monsanto to File Lawsuit Challenging Maui GMO Moratorium"</a>. <i>Mauinow.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mauinow.com&rft.atitle=Monsanto+to+File+Lawsuit+Challenging+Maui+GMO+Moratorium&rft.date=2014-11-05&rft.aulast=Wendy&rft.aufirst=Osher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmauinow.com%2F2014%2F11%2F05%2Fmonsanto-to-file-lawsuit-challenging-maui-gmo-moratorium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Associated_Press_and_Maui_News_staff2014" class="citation news cs1">The Associated Press and Maui News staff (November 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mauinews.com/page/content.detail/id/592066/Judge--GMO-moratorium-on-hold-as-review-done.html?nav=10">"Judge: GMO moratorium on hold as review done"</a>. <i>Maui News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Maui+News&rft.atitle=Judge%3A+GMO+moratorium+on+hold+as+review+done&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.au=The+Associated+Press+and+Maui+News+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mauinews.com%2Fpage%2Fcontent.detail%2Fid%2F592066%2FJudge--GMO-moratorium-on-hold-as-review-done.html%3Fnav%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021113647/http://www.shakamovement.org/law/">"A BILL PLACING A MORATORIUM ON THE CULTIVATION OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED ORGANISMS"</a>. SHAKA Movement. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakamovement.org/law">the original</a> on October 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+BILL+PLACING+A+MORATORIUM+ON+THE+CULTIVATION+OF+GENETICALLY+ENGINEERED+ORGANISMS&rft.pub=SHAKA+Movement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakamovement.org%2Flaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span> Text of Maui initiative</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoltzfus2014" class="citation web cs1">Stoltzfus, Rhonda Bode (October 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iowameetsmaui.wordpress.com/2014/10/19/an-open-letter-to-our-friends-on-maui/">"Iowa Meets Maui"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iowa+Meets+Maui&rft.date=2014-10-19&rft.aulast=Stoltzfus&rft.aufirst=Rhonda+Bode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiowameetsmaui.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2F19%2Fan-open-letter-to-our-friends-on-maui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span> Blogged riposte to SHAKA claims</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaiipapaya.com/ranbow.htm">"Rainbow Papaya Story"</a>. Hawaii Papaya Association. 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainbow+Papaya+Story&rft.pub=Hawaii+Papaya+Association&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaiipapaya.com%2Franbow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141029095011/http://www.co.maui.hi.us/documents/50/52/Monsanto_HI_2013_Annual_Report_201403051442203435.pdf">"2013 Monsanto Maui Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Monsanto. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.co.maui.hi.us/documents/50/52/Monsanto_HI_2013_Annual_Report_201403051442203435.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013+Monsanto+Maui+Annual+Report&rft.pub=Monsanto&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.co.maui.hi.us%2Fdocuments%2F50%2F52%2FMonsanto_HI_2013_Annual_Report_201403051442203435.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthonymshelton.wordpress.com/intro-tragic-papaya/">"12-Part Series on the Tragic Papaya in Hawaii"</a>. Dr. Anthony M Shelton. 25 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12-Part+Series+on+the+Tragic+Papaya+in+Hawaii&rft.pub=Dr.+Anthony+M+Shelton&rft.date=2015-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthonymshelton.wordpress.com%2Fintro-tragic-papaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGenetically+modified+food+in+Hawaii" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Genetic_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genetic_engineering" title="Template talk:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genetic engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Genetic_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetically <br />modified<br /> organisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">Crops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize" title="Genetically modified maize">Maize/corn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MON_810" title="MON 810">MON 810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MON_863" title="MON 863">MON 863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink_corn_recall#StarLink_corn" class="mw-redirect" title="Starlink corn recall">StarLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_genetically_modified_maize" title="List of varieties of genetically modified maize">List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_potato" title="Genetically modified potato">Potato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amflora" title="Amflora">Amflora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_rice" title="Genetically modified rice">Rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_soybean" title="Genetically modified soybean">Soybean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundup_ready_soybean" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundup ready soybean">Roundup ready soybean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistive_Gold" title="Vistive Gold">Vistive Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tomato" title="Genetically modified tomato">Tomato</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flavr_Savr" title="Flavr Savr">Flavr Savr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cotton#Genetic_modification" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bt_cotton" title="Bt cotton">Bt cotton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_wheat" title="Genetically modified wheat">Wheat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HB4_Wheat" title="HB4 Wheat">HB4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Apples" title="Arctic Apples">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_brinjal" title="Genetically modified brinjal">Brinjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_canola" title="Genetically modified canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaya#Genetically_engineered_cultivars" title="Papaya">Papaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_rose" title="Blue rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartStax" title="SmartStax">SmartStax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_sugar_beet" title="Genetically modified sugar beet">Sugar beet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco#Genetic_modification" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMH-11_Mustard" title="DMH-11 Mustard">Mustard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_animal" title="Genetically modified animal">Animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mammal" title="Genetically modified mammal">Mammals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_mouse" title="Genetically modified mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_mouse" title="Knockout mouse">Knockout mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncomouse" title="Oncomouse">Oncomouse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviropig" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviropig">Enviropig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_the_Bull" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman the Bull">Herman the Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockout_rat" title="Knockout rat">Knockout rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_(rabbit)" title="Alba (rabbit)">Rabbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_insect" title="Genetically modified insect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Fish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GloFish" title="GloFish">GloFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified bird">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism#Frogs" title="Genetically modified organism">Frogs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_bacteria" title="Genetically modified bacteria">Bacteria</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_virus" title="Genetically modified virus">viruses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria" title="Ice-minus bacteria">Ice-minus bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_vaccine" title="Hepatitis B vaccine">Hepatitis B vaccine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncolytic_virus" title="Oncolytic virus">Oncolytic virus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_techniques" title="Genetic engineering techniques">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">Inserting DNA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrobacterium" title="Agrobacterium">Agrobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_gun" title="Gene gun">Biolistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroporation" title="Electroporation">Electroporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_transduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic transduction">Genetic transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipofection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipofection">Lipofection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microinjection" title="Microinjection">Microinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer" title="Somatic cell nuclear transfer">Somatic cell nuclear transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">Transfection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">Recombinant DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgenesis">Transgenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisgenesis" title="Cisgenesis">Cisgenesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food" title="Genetically modified food">Genetically modified food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharming_(genetics)" title="Pharming (genetics)">Pharming</a></li> <li>Companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASF_Plant_Science" title="BASF Plant Science">BASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayer#Bayer_CropScience" title="Bayer">Bayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_AgroSciences" title="Dow AgroSciences">Dow AgroSciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuPont_Pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="DuPont Pioneer">DuPont Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngenta" title="Syngenta">Syngenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Human genetic engineering">humans</a> and<br /> diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic enhancement">Genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">Genetic testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockout" title="Gene knockout">Gene knockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_knockdown" title="Gene knockdown">Gene knockdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_targeting" title="Gene targeting">Gene targeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br /> articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">Transgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_of_genetically_modified_organisms" title="Detection of genetically modified organisms">Detection of genetically modified organisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics_in_fiction" title="Genetics in fiction">Genetics in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_transfection" title="Reverse transfection">Reverse transfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">Genetic use restriction technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_genetic_engineering" title="Regulation of genetic engineering">Regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartagena_Protocol_on_Biosafety" title="Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety">Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in North America">North America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in the United States">US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in Oceania">Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Similar fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">Cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">Synthetic biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioethics" title="Bioethics">Bioethics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Hawaii" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaii" title="Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaii" title="Template talk:Hawaii"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaii"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Hawaii" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hawaii-related_articles" title="Index of Hawaii-related articles">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hawaii" title="Outline of Hawaii">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hawaii" title="Constitution of Hawaii">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Hawaii" title="United States congressional delegations from Hawaii">Delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_settlement_of_Hawaii" title="Discovery and settlement of Hawaii">Discovery and settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Hawaii" title="List of earthquakes in Hawaii">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Seamount</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Governance" title="Hawaii">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_hurricanes" title="List of Hawaii hurricanes">Hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hawaii" title="List of islands of Hawaii">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%CA%BB%C4%93_Petitions" title="Kūʻē Petitions">Kūʻē Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian Language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_parks" title="List of Hawaii state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_National_Memorial" title="Pearl Harbor National Memorial">Pearl Harbor National Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_Memorial" title="USS Arizona Memorial">USS <i>Arizona</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Hawaii" title="List of people from Hawaii">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawaii_state_symbols" title="List of Hawaii state symbols">State symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hawaii" title="Tourism in Hawaii">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Hawaii" title="Transportation in Hawaii">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hawaii">Unification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_architecture" title="Hawaiian architecture">Hawaiian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Hawaii" title="Abortion in Hawaii">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Hawaii">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hawaii" title="Crime in Hawaii">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Native_Hawaiians" title="Culture of the Native Hawaiians">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Demographics" title="Hawaii">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii#Economy" title="Hawaii">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_State_Department_of_Education" title="Hawaii State Department of Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Hawaii" title="List of colleges and universities in Hawaii">Colleges and universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hawaii" title="Energy in Hawaii">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Gun laws in Hawaii">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Hawaii">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hawaii">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_in_Hawaii" title="Folklore in Hawaii">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Hawaii" title="Media in Hawaii">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hawaii" title="Politics of Hawaii">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Sports in Hawaii">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Main islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahoolawe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahoolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Northwestern <br /> Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hawaii" title="List of places in Hawaii">Notable communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilo,_Hawaii" title="Hilo, Hawaii">Hilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahului,_Hawaii" title="Kahului, Hawaii">Kahului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailua-Kona,_Hawaii" title="Kailua-Kona, Hawaii">Kailua-Kona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaneohe,_Hawaii" title="Kaneohe, Hawaii">Kāneʻohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapolei,_Hawaii" title="Kapolei, Hawaii">Kapolei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kihei,_Hawaii" title="Kihei, Hawaii">Kihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihue,_Hawaii" title="Lihue, Hawaii">Līhuʻe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_City,_Hawaii" title="Pearl City, Hawaii">Pearl City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waipahu,_Hawaii" title="Waipahu, Hawaii">Waipahu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Hawaii" title="List of counties in Hawaii">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_County,_Hawaii" title="Hawaii County, Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_County,_Hawaii" title="Honolulu County, Hawaii">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalawao_County,_Hawaii" title="Kalawao County, Hawaii">Kalawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauai_County,_Hawaii" title="Kauai County, Hawaii">Kauaʻi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maui_County,_Hawaii" title="Maui County, Hawaii">Maui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-statehood history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayonet Constitution">Bayonet Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Renaissance" title="Hawaiian Renaissance">Hawaiian Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom">Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Territory of Hawaii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rural_American_history" title="Rural American history">Rural American history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_history_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American history of agriculture in the United States">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_land_loss_in_the_United_States" title="Black land loss in the United States">Black land loss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_food_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Early history of food regulation in the United States">Early history of food regulation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_British_America" title="Indentured servitude in British America">Indentured servitude in British America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Pennsylvania" title="Indentured servitude in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_plants_native_to_the_Americas" title="List of food plants native to the Americas">List of food plants native to the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_agriculture_in_Virginia" title="Native American agriculture in Virginia">Native American in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_on_the_Great_Plains" title="Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains">Prehistoric agriculture on the Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Prehistoric agriculture in the Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_wine" title="History of American wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery among Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Colonial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IHC_corn_picker,_Story_County,_Iowa,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/100px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/150px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg/200px-IHC_corn_picker%2C_Story_County%2C_Iowa%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_production_in_the_United_States" title="Banana production in the United States">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping_in_the_United_States" title="Beekeeping in the United States">Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant_production_in_the_United_States" title="Blackcurrant production in the United States">Blackcurrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States" title="Cannabis in the United States">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_in_the_United_States" title="Hemp in the United States">Hemp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry production in the United States">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_production_in_the_United_States" title="Christmas tree production in the United States">Christmas tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_production_in_the_United_States" title="Corn production in the United States">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cider_in_the_United_States" title="Cider in the United States">Cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Dairy industry in the United States">Dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hop_production_in_the_United_States" title="Hop production in the United States">Hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming_in_the_United_States" title="Poultry farming in the United States">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States" title="Rice production in the United States">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach_in_the_United_States" title="Spinach in the United States">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry_of_the_United_States" title="Sugar industry of the United States">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_the_United_States" title="Tea production in the United States">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Tobacco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_shade_tobacco" title="Connecticut shade tobacco">Connecticut shade tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_production_in_the_United_States" title="Wheat production in the United States">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_wine" title="American wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State, commonwealth,<br /> or territory-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alabama" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Alabama">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_wine" title="Alabama wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Alaska" title="Agriculture in Alaska">Alaska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Alaska" title="Cannabis in Alaska">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_wine" title="Alaska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arizona <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_wine" title="Arizona wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Arizona" title="Cannabis in Arizona">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arkansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cultivation_in_Arkansas" title="Rice cultivation in Arkansas">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_wine" title="Arkansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almonds_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Almonds in California">almonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_California" title="Cannabis in California">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnuts_in_California" title="Walnuts in California">walnuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_wine" title="California wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Colorado">Colorado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_wine" title="Colorado wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Colorado" title="Cannabis in Colorado">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Connecticut" title="Agriculture in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Connecticut" title="Cannabis in Connecticut">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_wine" title="Connecticut wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Delaware <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Delaware" title="Cannabis in Delaware">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_wine" title="Delaware wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_wine" title="Florida wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato_production_in_Florida" title="Tomato production in Florida">tomato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_production_in_Florida" title="Mango production in Florida">mango</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)_wine" title="Georgia (U.S. state) wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Agriculture in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Hawaii" title="Coffee production in Hawaii">coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_Hawaii" title="Sugar plantations in Hawaii">sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wine" title="Hawaii wine">wine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">genetically modified food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Idaho" title="Agriculture in Idaho">Idaho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_wine" title="Idaho wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Illinois <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Illinois" title="Cannabis in Illinois">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_wine" title="Illinois wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Indiana">Indiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_wine" title="Indiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_wine" title="Iowa wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kansas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_wine" title="Kansas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Kentucky" title="Agriculture in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_wine" title="Kentucky wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Louisiana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_wine" title="Louisiana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maine" title="Cannabis in Maine">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_wine" title="Maine wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Maryland" title="Agriculture in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Maryland" title="Cannabis in Maryland">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_wine" title="Maryland wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Massachusetts" title="Cannabis in Massachusetts">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_wine" title="Massachusetts wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Michigan" title="Cannabis in Michigan">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_production_in_Michigan" title="Cherry production in Michigan">cherries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_wine" title="Michigan wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Minnesota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_wine" title="Minnesota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mississippi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_wine" title="Mississippi wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Missouri <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Missouri" title="Cannabis in Missouri">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_wine" title="Missouri wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Montana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Montana" title="Cannabis in Montana">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_wine" title="Montana wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nebraska <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_wine" title="Nebraska wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nevada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Nevada" title="Cannabis in Nevada">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_wine" title="Nevada wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Hampshire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_wine" title="New Hampshire wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Jersey <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Jersey" title="Cannabis in New Jersey">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_wine" title="New Jersey wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_York" title="Agriculture in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_York" title="Cannabis in New York">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_wine" title="New York wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_New_Mexico" title="Cannabis in New Mexico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_wine" title="New Mexico wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Carolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_wine" title="North Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>North Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_wine" title="North Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ohio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_wine" title="Ohio wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oklahoma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_wine" title="Oklahoma wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_wine" title="Oregon wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Oregon" title="Cannabis in Oregon">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pennsylvania" title="Agriculture in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_wine" title="Pennsylvania wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Agriculture in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Cannabis in Puerto Rico">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Coffee production in Puerto Rico">coffee</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rhode Island <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Rhode_Island" title="Cannabis in Rhode Island">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_wine" title="Rhode Island wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Carolina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_wine" title="South Carolina wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Dakota <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_wine" title="South Dakota wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tennessee <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_wine" title="Tennessee wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Utah <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utah_wine" title="Utah wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vermont <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Vermont" title="Cannabis in Vermont">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_wine" title="Vermont wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Virginia" title="Cannabis in Virginia">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_wine" title="Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Virgin Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Cannabis in the United States Virgin Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Washington <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_apples" title="Washington apples">apples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Washington_(state)" title="Cannabis in Washington (state)">cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_wine" title="Washington wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>West Virginia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_wine" title="West Virginia wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wisconsin" title="Agriculture in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_dairy_industry" title="Wisconsin dairy industry">dairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_wine" title="Wisconsin wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wyoming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_wine" title="Wyoming wine">wine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Guam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Guam" title="Cannabis in Guam">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern Mariana Islands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Cannabis in the Northern Mariana Islands">cannabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Texas" title="Agriculture in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_rice_production" title="Texas rice production">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_wine" title="Texas wine">wine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Agriculture in the Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dirt_Region" title="Black Dirt Region">Black Dirt Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Belt" title="Corn Belt">Corn Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Belt" title="Cotton Belt">Cotton Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_Belt" title="Fruit Belt">Fruit Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_oyster_industry" title="Pacific Northwest oyster industry">Pacific Northwest oyster industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Agricultural_Statistics_Service" title="National Agricultural Statistics Service">National Agricultural Statistics Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_of_Agriculture" title="United States Census of Agriculture">United States Census of Agriculture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law and<br />politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Agricultural policy of the United States">Agricultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Trade_Development_and_Assistance_Act_of_1954" title="Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954">Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_Risk_Protection_Act_of_2000" title="Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000">Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Agricultural_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1975" title="California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975">California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capper%E2%80%93Volstead_Act" title="Capper–Volstead Act">Capper–Volstead Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Act_for_Responsible_Employment" title="Children's Act for Responsible Employment">Children's Act for Responsible Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_farm_bill" title="United States farm bill">Farm bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Security_Act_of_1985" title="Food Security Act of 1985">Food Security Act of 1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food,_Agriculture,_Conservation,_and_Trade_Act_of_1990" title="Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990">Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Agriculture_Improvement_and_Reform_Act_of_1996" title="Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996">Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_Futures_Act" title="Grain Futures Act">Grain Futures Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packers_and_Stockyards_Act" title="Packers and Stockyards Act">Packers and Stockyards Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Grazing_Act_of_1934" title="Taylor Grazing Act of 1934">Taylor Grazing Act of 1934</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and<br /> environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_United_States_agricultural_workers" title="Mental health in United States agricultural workers">Agricultural workers mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change and agriculture in the United States">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_suicides_in_the_United_States" title="Farmers' suicides in the United States">Farmer suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_in_the_United_States" title="Genetically modified food in the United States">Genetically modified food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala Aquifer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adulterated_food_in_the_United_States" title="Adulterated food in the United States">Adulterated food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_nut_crimes" title="California nut crimes">California nut crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle raiding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farmworkers_in_the_United_States" title="Farmworkers in the United States">Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_Program" title="Bracero Program">Bracero Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_leasing" title="Convict leasing">Convict leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">Farm Labor Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-2A_visa" title="H-2A visa">H-2A visa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blooming_Onion" title="Operation Blooming Onion">Operation Blooming Onion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Food_and_Commercial_Workers" title="United Food and Commercial Workers">United Food and Commercial Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Land_Army_of_America" title="Woman's Land Army of America">Woman's Land Army of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_maze" title="Corn maze">Corn maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">Cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude_ranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Dude ranch">Dude ranch</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&oldid=1234536691">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&oldid=1234536691</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genetic_engineering_and_agriculture" title="Category:Genetic engineering and agriculture">Genetic engineering and agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Hawaii" title="Category:Agriculture in Hawaii">Agriculture in Hawaii</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2019">Articles with dead external links from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 July 2024, at 21:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5nd9x","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.635","walltime":"0.828","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2961,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":183065,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5816,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":121950,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 605.081 1 -total"," 33.41% 202.187 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.71% 143.471 8 Template:Navbox"," 23.31% 141.018 14 Template:Cite_news"," 17.84% 107.938 1 Template:Genetic_engineering"," 12.73% 77.024 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.89% 53.812 3 Template:Fix"," 8.52% 51.538 2 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.55% 45.672 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.48% 39.182 9 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.330","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8094798,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.eqiad.main-6696b4cc84-d4src","timestamp":"20241122190759","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Genetically modified food in Hawaii","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genetically_modified_food_in_Hawaii","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18343741","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q18343741","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-10-21T03:49:30Z","dateModified":"2024-07-14T21:33:44Z","headline":"overview about genetically modified food in Hawaii"}</script> </body> </html>