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id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paid_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paid_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paid circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paid_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-paid_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-paid_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Non-paid circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-paid_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controlled_circulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controlled_circulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Controlled circulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controlled_circulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Satire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Colonial America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Late 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_era:_1890s–1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_era:_1890s–1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Progressive era: 1890s–1920s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_era:_1890s–1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930s–1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s–1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>1930s–1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s–1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Women's magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Targeting_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Targeting_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Targeting women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Targeting_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Parenting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celebrity,_human_interest,_and_gossip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celebrity,_human_interest,_and_gossip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Celebrity, human interest, and gossip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celebrity,_human_interest,_and_gossip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Professional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Magazine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydskrif" title="Tydskrif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tydskrif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABdgewrit" title="Tīdgewrit – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tīdgewrit" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9" title="مجلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="আলোচনী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলোচনী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रिका – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पत्रिका" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal" title="Jurnal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jurnal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="درگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="درگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="সাময়িক পত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাময়িক পত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalah" title="Majalah – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Majalah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%CC%8Dp-ch%C3%AC" title="Cha̍p-chì – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cha̍p-chì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Часопіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Часопіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Часопіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Часопіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Списание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Списание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="དུས་དེབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དུས་དེབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopis" title="Časopis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Časopis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelaouenn" title="Kelaouenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kelaouenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сэдхүүл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сэдхүүл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopis" title="Časopis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Časopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazini" title="Magazini – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Magazini" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylchgrawn" title="Cylchgrawn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylchgrawn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidsskrift" title="Tidsskrift – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tidsskrift" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitschrift" title="Zeitschrift – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zeitschrift" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakiri" title="Ajakiri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajakiri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Περιοδικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Περιοδικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revuo" title="Revuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Revuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldizkari" title="Aldizkari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aldizkari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="مجله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magazine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydskrift" title="Tydskrift – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tydskrift" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irisleabhar" title="Irisleabhar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Irisleabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тептар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Тептар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A1%EC%A7%80" title="잡지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잡지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujalla" title="Mujalla – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mujalla" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Հանդես – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանդես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="पत्रिका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्रिका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopis" title="Časopis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Časopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalah" title="Majalah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Majalah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADmarit" title="Tímarit – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tímarit" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivista" title="Rivista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="כתב עת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב עת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawarti" title="Kalawarti – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalawarti" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95" title="ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಯತಕಾಲಿಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჟურნალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟურნალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazin" title="Magazin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Magazin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovar" title="Kovar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kovar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ວາລະສານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວາລະສານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnals" title="Žurnals – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Žurnals" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commentarius_periodicus_pictus" title="Commentarius periodicus pictus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Commentarius periodicus pictus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurn%C4%81ls" title="Žurnāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žurnāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A4itschr%C3%ABft" title="Zäitschrëft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zäitschrëft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnalas" title="Žurnalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žurnalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiedsjrif" title="Tiedsjrif – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tiedsjrif" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurnualu" title="Žurnualu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Žurnualu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazin_(sajt%C3%B3term%C3%A9k)" title="Magazin (sajtótermék) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magazin (sajtótermék)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Списание – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Списание" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="नियतकालिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नियतकालिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჟურნალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟურნალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%87" title="مجله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalah" title="Majalah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majalah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сэтгүүл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгүүл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%87%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မဂ္ဂဇင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဂ္ဂဇင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijdschrift" title="Tijdschrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tijdschrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C" title="雑誌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雑誌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidsskrift" title="Tidsskrift – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tidsskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidsskrift" title="Tidsskrift – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tidsskrift" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%A2s%C3%AEn" title="Magâsîn – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Magâsîn" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnal" title="Jurnal – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jurnal" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਸਾਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasin" title="Magasin – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Magasin" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magaziin" title="Magaziin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Magaziin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="ទស្សនាវដ្ដី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទស្សនាវដ្ដី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasopismo" title="Czasopismo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasopismo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revist%C4%83" title="Revistă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revistă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwista" title="Riwista – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Riwista" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Часопис – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Часопис" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сурунаал – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сурунаал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱛᱷᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista" title="Revista – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revista" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="සඟරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සඟරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magazine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88" title="رسالو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رسالو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casopis" title="Časopis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Časopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revija" title="Revija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Revija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajtszrift" title="Cajtszrift – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cajtszrift" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaladda" title="Majaladda – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Majaladda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="کۆوار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆوار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Часопис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Часопис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazin" title="Magazin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magazin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalah" title="Majalah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Majalah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikakauslehti" title="Aikakauslehti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aikakauslehti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidskrift" title="Tidskrift – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidskrift" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasin" title="Magasin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Magasin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D" title="இதழ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இதழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="นิตยสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิตยสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Маҷалла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҷалла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergi" title="Dergi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dergi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Журнал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Журнал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabceiq" title="Cabceiq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cabceiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A1p_ch%C3%AD" title="Tạp chí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tạp chí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivuwe" title="Rivuwe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rivuwe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magasin" title="Magasin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magasin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" title="杂志 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杂志" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C" title="זשורנאל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשורנאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" title="雜誌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雜誌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAseroki" title="Pêseroki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pêseroki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E5%BF%97" title="杂志 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杂志" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Publication that is typically distributed at a regular interval</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about publications. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Magazine (disambiguation)">Magazine (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Quarterly" redirects here. For quarterly in heraldry, see <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">Quartering (heraldry)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_2009-01-_Iss_530_(IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf/page1-220px-State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf/page1-330px-State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf/page1-440px-State_2009-01-_Iss_530_%28IA_sim_state-magazine_2009-01_530%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Full <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scan</a> of the January 2009 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/State_Magazine" title="State Magazine">State Magazine</a></i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>magazine</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical publication</a>, generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">content</a>. They are generally financed by <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsagent%27s_shop" title="Newsagent's shop">purchase price</a>, prepaid <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscriptions</a>, or by a combination of the three. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the technical sense a <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journal</a></i> has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Thus, <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>, which starts each issue anew with page one, is a magazine, but the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Communication" title="Journal of Business Communication">Journal of Business Communication</a></i>, which continues the same sequence of pagination throughout the coterminous year, is a journal. Some professional or <a href="/wiki/Trade_magazine" title="Trade magazine">trade publications</a> are also <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a>, for example the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Certified_Public_Accountants#External_links" title="American Institute of Certified Public Accountants">Journal of Accountancy</a></i>. Non-peer-reviewed academic or professional publications are generally <i>professional magazines</i>. That a publication calls itself a <i>journal</i> does not make it a journal in the technical sense; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> is actually a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "magazine" derives from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">makhāzin</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مخازن</span></span>), the <a href="/wiki/Broken_plural" title="Broken plural">broken plural</a> of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">makhzan</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مخزن</span></span>) meaning "depot, storehouse" (originally military storehouse); that comes to English via <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">magasin</i></span> and Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">magazzino</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its original sense, the word "magazine" referred to a storage space or device.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of written publication, it refers to a collection of <a href="/wiki/Written_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Written work">written</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">articles</a>. This explains why magazine publications share the term with storage units for military equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_magazine" title="Gunpowder magazine">gunpowder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery magazine">artillery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firearm_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm magazine">firearm magazines</a>, and in French and Russian (adopted from French as <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">магазин</span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Retailer" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailer">retailers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">department stores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Printmagazines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_Printmagazines.jpg/220px-German_Printmagazines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_Printmagazines.jpg/330px-German_Printmagazines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/German_Printmagazines.jpg/440px-German_Printmagazines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption>German print magazines</figcaption></figure> <p>Print magazines can be distributed through the <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>, through sales by <a href="/wiki/Newsstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsstand">newsstands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bookstore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookstore">bookstores</a>, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_distribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic distribution">Electronic distribution</a> methods can include <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">news aggregators</a>, and visibility of a publication's <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a> results. The traditional subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paid_circulation">Paid circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Paid circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a per-issue basis or by subscription, where an annual fee or monthly price is paid and issues are sent by post to readers. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-paid_circulation">Non-paid circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Non-paid circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed, and not who reads them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controlled_circulation">Controlled circulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controlled circulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the model used by many trade magazines (industry-based periodicals) distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. Because of costs (e.g., printing and postage) associated with the medium of print, publishers may not distribute free copies to everyone who requests one (unqualified leads); instead, they operate under controlled circulation, deciding who may receive free subscriptions based on each person's qualification as a member of the trade (and likelihood of buying, for example, likelihood of having corporate purchasing authority, as determined from job title). This allows a high level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertiser's target audience,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it avoids wasted printing and distribution expenses. This latter model was widely used before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Weekly" title="Computer Weekly">Computer Weekly</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Computing_(magazine)" title="Computing (magazine)">Computing</a></i>, and in finance, <i><a href="/wiki/Waters_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Waters Magazine">Waters Magazine</a></i>. For the global media industry, an example would be <i><a href="/wiki/VideoAge_International" title="VideoAge International">VideoAge International</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg/170px-M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg/255px-M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f6/M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg/340px-M._Browne_-_Herbert_Railton_-_Sydney_Grundy_-_Arthur_Sullivan_-_Haddon_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6232" data-file-height="9312" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of 1 October 1892 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest example of magazines was <i><a href="/wiki/Erbauliche_Monaths_Unterredungen" title="Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen">Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen</a></i>, a literary and philosophy magazine, which was launched in 1663 in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-mdes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gentleman%27s_Magazine" title="The Gentleman's Magazine">The Gentleman's Magazine</a></i>, first published in 1741 in London was the first general-interest magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-History_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cave" title="Edward Cave">Edward Cave</a>, who edited <i>The Gentleman's Magazine</i> under the pen name "Sylvanus Urban", was the first to use the term "magazine", on the analogy of a military storehouse,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the quote being: "a monthly collection, to treasure up as in a magazine".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ingram" title="Herbert Ingram">Herbert Ingram</a> in 1842, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Illustrated_London_News" title="The Illustrated London News">The Illustrated London News</a></i> was the first <a href="/wiki/Illustrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated">illustrated</a> weekly news magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-History_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oldest consumer magazine still in print is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scots_Magazine" title="The Scots Magazine">The Scots Magazine</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. <i><a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List" title="Lloyd's List">Lloyd's List</a></i> was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; and though its online platform is still updated daily it has not been published as a magazine since 2013 after 274 years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">History of French journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History of journalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GazettedeFrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/GazettedeFrance.jpg/150px-GazettedeFrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/GazettedeFrance.jpg/225px-GazettedeFrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/GazettedeFrance.jpg/300px-GazettedeFrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/La_Gazette_(France)" title="La Gazette (France)">La Gazette</a></i>, 26 December 1786</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, the most prominent magazines were <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Mercure_de_France" title="Mercure de France">Mercure de France</a></i></span>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Journal_des_s%C3%A7avans" title="Journal des sçavans">Journal des sçavans</a></i></span>, founded in 1665 for scientists, and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Gazette_(France)" title="La Gazette (France)">Gazette de France</a></i></span>, founded in 1631. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Loret" title="Jean Loret">Jean Loret</a> was one of France's first journalists. He disseminated the weekly news of music, dance and Parisian society from 1650 until 1665 in verse, in what he called a <i>gazette burlesque</i>, assembled in three volumes of <i>La Muse historique</i> (1650, 1660, 1665). The French press lagged a generation behind the British, for they catered to the needs of the aristocracy, while the newer British counterparts were oriented toward the middle and working classes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periodicals were censored by the central government in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. They were not totally quiescent politically—often they criticized Church abuses and bureaucratic ineptitude. They supported the monarchy and they played at most a small role in stimulating the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Revolution, new periodicals played central roles as propaganda organs for various factions. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a> (1743–1793) was the most prominent editor. His <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ami_du_peuple" title="L'Ami du peuple">L'Ami du peuple</a></i> advocated vigorously for the rights of the lower classes against the enemies of the people Marat hated; it closed when he was assassinated. After 1800 Napoleon reimposed strict censorship.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magazines flourished after Napoleon left in 1815. Most were based in Paris and most emphasized literature, poetry and stories. They served religious, cultural and political communities. In times of political crisis they expressed and helped shape the views of their readership and thereby were major elements in the changing political culture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, there were eight Catholic periodicals in 1830 in Paris. None were officially owned or sponsored by the Church and they reflected a range of opinion among educated Catholics about current issues, such as the 1830 July Revolution that overthrew the Bourbon monarchy. Several were strong supporters of the Bourbon kings, but all eight ultimately urged support for the new government, putting their appeals in terms of preserving civil order. They often discussed the relationship between church and state. Generally, they urged priests to focus on spiritual matters and not engage in politics. Historian M. Patricia Dougherty says this process created a distance between the Church and the new monarch and enabled Catholics to develop a new understanding of church-state relationships and the source of political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General">General</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Moniteur Ottoman</i> was a gazette written in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and first published in 1831 on the order of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>. It was the first <a href="/wiki/Government_gazette" title="Government gazette">official gazette</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, edited by Alexandre Blacque at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>. Its name perhaps referred to the French newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a></i>. It was issued weekly. <i><a href="/wiki/Takvim-i_Vekayi" title="Takvim-i Vekayi">Takvim-i vekayi</a></i> was published a few months later, intended as a translation of the <i>Moniteur</i> into <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>. After having been edited by former Consul for Denmark "<i>M. Franceschi</i>", and later on by "<i>Hassuna de Ghiez</i>", it was lastly edited by Lucien Rouet. However, facing the hostility of embassies, it was closed in the 1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satire">Satire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Satire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Satirical_magazines_of_Turkey" title="Satirical magazines of Turkey">Satirical magazines</a> of Turkey have a long tradition. One of the earliest satirical magazines was <i><a href="/wiki/Diyojen" title="Diyojen">Diyojen</a></i> which was launched in 1869. There are around 20 satirical magazines; the leading ones are <i><a href="/wiki/Penguen" title="Penguen">Penguen</a></i> (70,000 weekly circulation), <i>LeMan</i> (50,000) and <i>Uykusuz</i>. Historical examples include <a href="/wiki/O%C4%9Fuz_Aral" title="Oğuz Aral">Oğuz Aral</a>'s magazine <i><a href="/wiki/G%C4%B1rg%C4%B1r" title="Gırgır">Gırgır</a></i> (which reached a circulation of 500,000 in the 1970s) and <i><a href="/wiki/Marko_Pa%C5%9Fa" title="Marko Paşa">Marko Paşa</a></i> (launched 1946). Others include <i>L-Manyak</i> and <i>Lombak</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">History of American journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_and_American_politics" title="Mass media and American politics">Mass media and American politics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_America">Colonial America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Colonial America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Publishing was a very expensive industry in colonial times. Paper and printer's ink were taxed imported goods and their quality was inconsistent. <a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Interstate tariffs</a> and a poor road system hindered distribution, even on a regional scale. Many magazines were launched, most failing within a few editions, but publishers kept trying. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> is said to have envisioned one of the first magazines of the American colonies in 1741, the <i>General Magazine and Historical Chronicle</i>. The <i>Pennsylvania Magazine</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, ran only for a short time but was a very influential publication during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. The final issue containing the text of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> was published in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-vogue_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogue-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harper%27s_January.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harper%27s_January.png/170px-Harper%27s_January.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harper%27s_January.png/255px-Harper%27s_January.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Harper%27s_January.png/340px-Harper%27s_January.png 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Monthly">Harper's Monthly</a></i>, a literary and political force in the late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-19th century, monthly magazines gained popularity. They were general interest to begin, containing some news, vignettes, poems, history, political events, and social discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike newspapers, they were more of a monthly record of current events along with entertaining stories, poems, and pictures. The first periodicals to branch out from news were <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine"><i>Harper's</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, which focused on fostering the arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Biagi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biagi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>Harper's</i> and <i>The Atlantic</i> persist to this day, with <i>Harper's</i> being a cultural magazine and The Atlantic focusing mainly on world events. Early publications of <i>Harper's</i> even held famous works such as early publications of <a href="/wiki/Moby-Dick" title="Moby-Dick"><i>Moby Dick</i></a> or famous events such as the laying of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cable</a>; however, the majority of early content was trickle down from British events.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the magazines stimulated an increase in literary criticism and political debate, moving towards more opinionated pieces from the objective newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-Biagi_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biagi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increased time between prints and the greater amount of space to write provided a forum for public arguments by scholars and critical observers.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Luther_Mott_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Luther_Mott-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early periodical predecessors to magazines started to evolve to modern definition in the late 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Luther_Mott_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Luther_Mott-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works slowly became more specialized and the general discussion or cultural periodicals were forced to adapt to a consumer market which yearned for more localization of issues and events.<sup id="cite_ref-Biagi_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biagi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_era:_1890s–1920s"><span id="Progressive_era:_1890s.E2.80.931920s"></span>Progressive era: 1890s–1920s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Progressive era: 1890s–1920s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg/220px-LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg/330px-LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg/440px-LIFEMagazine10Jul1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Olympic Number of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>, 10 July 1924. Issues of general interest magazines focused on a specific subject were referred to as "numbers" and featured cover art relevant to the given topic, in this case the <a href="/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics" title="1924 Summer Olympics">1924 Summer Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muckrakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Muckrakers">Muckrakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_and_American_politics" title="Mass media and American politics">Mass media and American politics</a></div> <p>Mass-circulation magazines became much more common after 1900, some with circulations in the hundreds of thousands of subscribers. Some passed the million-mark in the 1920s. It was an age of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>. Because of the rapid expansion of national advertising, the cover price fell sharply to about 10 cents.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cause was the heavy coverage of corruption in politics, local government and big business, especially by <i>Muckrakers.</i> They were journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. They relied on their own <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">investigative journalism</a> reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">political corruption</a>. Muckraking magazines–notably <i><a href="/wiki/McClure%27s" title="McClure's">McClure's</a></i>–took on corporate monopolies and crooked <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> while raising public awareness of chronic urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, and <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The journalists who specialized in exposing waste, corruption, and scandal operated at the state and local level, like <a href="/wiki/Ray_Stannard_Baker" title="Ray Stannard Baker">Ray Stannard Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Creel" title="George Creel">George Creel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Brand Whitlock</a>. Others, including <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Steffens" title="Lincoln Steffens">Lincoln Steffens</a>, exposed political corruption in many large cities; <a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a> went after <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams" title="Samuel Hopkins Adams">Samuel Hopkins Adams</a> in 1905 showed the fraud involved in many patent medicines, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s 1906 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i> gave a horrid portrayal of how meat was packed, and, also in 1906, <a href="/wiki/David_Graham_Phillips" title="David Graham Phillips">David Graham Phillips</a> unleashed a blistering indictment of the U.S. Senate. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained that they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s–1990s"><span id="1930s.E2.80.931990s"></span>1930s–1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1930s–1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg/220px-Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg/330px-Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg/440px-Fatima_Rushdi_-_Al-Kawakeb_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1594" /></a><figcaption>Actress <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Rushdi" title="Fatima Rushdi">Fatima Rushdi</a> on the cover of Al-Kawakeb magazine, 12 September 1932</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Research Department of <a href="/wiki/Statista" title="Statista">Statista</a>, closures of magazines outnumbered launches in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> during 2009. Although both figures declined during 2010–2015, launches outnumbered closures in each of those years, sometimes by a 3:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Focusing more narrowly, MediaFinder.com found that 93 new magazines were launched during the first six months of 2014, while only 30 closed in that time frame. The category which produced the most new publications was "Regional interest", of which six new magazines were launched, including <i>12th & Broad</i> and <i>Craft Beer & Brewing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, two magazines had to change their print schedules. <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Publishing_Company" title="Johnson Publishing Company">Johnson Publishing</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jet_(magazine)" title="Jet (magazine)">Jet</a></i> stopped printing regular issues, making the transition to digital format, though still printing an annual print edition.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a></i> stopped their monthly schedule and home delivery for subscribers to become a quarterly newsstand-only special interest publication.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to statistics from the end of 2013, subscription levels for 22 of the top 25 magazines declined from 2012 to 2013, with just <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glamour_(magazine)" title="Glamour (magazine)">Glamour</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/ESPN_The_Magazine" title="ESPN The Magazine">ESPN The Magazine</a></i> gaining numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2024, some titles, notably outdoors magazines, appeared to be growing in popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_magazines"><span id="Women.27s_magazines"></span>Women's magazines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Women's magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "seven sisters" of American women's magazines are <i><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Home_Journal" title="Ladies' Home Journal">Ladies' Home Journal</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Housekeeping" title="Good Housekeeping">Good Housekeeping</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/McCall%27s" title="McCall's">McCall's</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Day" title="Woman's Day">Woman's Day</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Redbook" title="Redbook">Redbook</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Circle" title="Family Circle">Family Circle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Better_Homes_and_Gardens_(magazine)" title="Better Homes and Gardens (magazine)">Better Homes and Gardens</a></i>. Some magazines, among them <i><a href="/wiki/Godey%27s_Lady%27s_Book" title="Godey's Lady's Book">Godey's Lady's Book</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar" title="Harper's Bazaar">Harper's Bazaar</a></i>, were intended exclusively for a female audience, emphasizing the traditional gender roles of the 19th century. <i>Harper's Bazaar</i> was the first to focus exclusively on <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">couture fashion</a>, fashion accessories and textiles. The inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Didactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Didactic">didactic</a> content about housekeeping may have increased the appeal of the magazine for a broader audience of women and men concerned about the frivolity of a fashion magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-vogue_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vogue-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Targeting_women">Targeting women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Targeting women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fashion">Fashion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, new magazines appealed to young German women with a sensuous image and advertisements for the appropriate clothes and accessories they would want to purchase. The glossy pages of <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Dame" title="Die Dame">Die Dame</a></i> and <i>Das Blatt der Hausfrau</i> displayed the "Neue Frauen", "New Girl" – what Americans called the flapper. This ideal young woman was chic, financially independent, and an eager consumer of the latest fashions. Magazines kept her up to date on fashion, arts, sports, and modern technology such as automobiles and telephones.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenting">Parenting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parenting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first women's magazine targeted toward wives and mothers was published in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the use of advice columns, <a href="/wiki/Advertisements" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisements">advertisements</a>, and various publications related to <a href="/wiki/Parenting" title="Parenting">parenting</a>, women's magazines have influenced views of <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">motherhood</a> and child-rearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mass-marketed women's magazines have shaped and transformed cultural values related to parenting practices. As such, magazines targeting women and parenthood have exerted power and influence over ideas about motherhood and child-rearing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious groups have used magazines for spreading and communicating religious doctrine for over 100 years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>' primary magazine, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i>, was started by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a> in July 1879 under the title <i>Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence</i>. The public edition of the magazine is one of the most widely distributed magazines in the world, with an average printing of approximately 36 million per issue.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celebrity,_human_interest,_and_gossip"><span id="Celebrity.2C_human_interest.2C_and_gossip"></span>Celebrity, human interest, and gossip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Celebrity, human interest, and gossip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magazines publishing stories and photos of high-profile individuals and celebrities have long been a popular format in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, <i><a href="/wiki/People_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="People Magazine">People Magazine</a></i> ranked second behind ESPN Magazine in total reach with a reported reach of 98.51 million.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional">Professional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Professional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp/220px-Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp/330px-Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp/440px-Broadcast_Magazine_November_2024_cover.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>An example of professional magazine is <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)" title="Broadcast (magazine)">Broadcast</a></i>, targeted towards readers in radio and television broadcast industry in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Professional magazines, also called <a href="/wiki/Trade_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade magazines">trade magazines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Business-to-business" title="Business-to-business">business-to-business</a> magazines are targeted to readers employed in particular industries. These magazines typically cover industry trends and news of interest to professionals in the industry. Subscriptions often come with membership in a <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a>. Professional magazines may derive revenue from advertisement placements or <a href="/wiki/Advertorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertorials">advertorials</a> by companies selling products and services to a specific professional audience. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising Age">Advertising Age</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Automotive_News" title="Automotive News">Automotive News</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_(magazine)" title="Broadcast (magazine)">Broadcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bookseller" title="The Bookseller">The Bookseller</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stage" title="The Stage">The Stage</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cover">Cover</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Being on the cover of certain magazines is considered an honor or distinction. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>. See, for example: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_covers_of_Time_magazine" title="Lists of covers of Time magazine">Lists of covers of <i>Time</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_on_the_United_States_cover_of_Rolling_Stone" title="Lists of people on the United States cover of Rolling Stone">Lists of people on the United States cover of <i>Rolling Stone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vogue_(US)_cover_models" title="List of Vogue (US) cover models">List of <i>Vogue</i> (US) cover models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sports_Illustrated_Swimsuit_Issue_cover_models" title="List of Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue cover models">List of <i>Sports Illustrated</i> Swimsuit Issue cover models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Geographic_cover_stories" title="List of National Geographic cover stories">List of National Geographic cover stories</a></li></ul> <p>See also <a href="/wiki/Cover_art" title="Cover art">cover art</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Magazine_cover_indicator" title="Magazine cover indicator">magazine cover indicator</a> is a not-too-serious economic indicator that is sometimes taken seriously by technical analysts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_journalism" title="History of journalism">History of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_magazine" title="Automobile magazine">Automobile magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boating_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boating magazine">Boating magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_boys%27_magazines" title="British boys' magazines">British boys' magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_magazine" title="Computer magazine">Computer magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_magazine" title="Customer magazine">Customer magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Fantasy fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction_magazine" title="Horror fiction magazine">Horror fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humor_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Humor magazine">Humor magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_magazine" title="Inflight magazine">Inflight magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle magazine">Lifestyle magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_magazine" title="Literary magazine">Literary magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_magazine" title="Luxury magazine">Luxury magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_magazine" title="Music magazine">Music magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="News magazines">News magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_magazine" title="Online magazine">Online magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_magazine" title="Pornographic magazine">Pornographic magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">Pulp magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Science fiction magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">Scientific journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelter_magazine" title="Shelter magazine">Shelter magazines</a> (home design and decorating)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Sports magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_magazine" title="Sunday magazine">Sunday magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_magazine" title="Teen magazine">Teen magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade journal">Trade journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game magazine">Video game magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_magazine" title="Video magazine">Video magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zines</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 18th-century British periodicals">List of 18th-century British periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_British_periodicals" title="List of 19th-century British periodicals">List of 19th-century British periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_amateur_radio_magazines" title="List of amateur radio magazines">List of amateur radio magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architecture_magazines" title="List of architecture magazines">List of architecture magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">List of art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_avant-garde_magazines" title="List of avant-garde magazines">List of avant-garde magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_magazines" title="List of computer magazines">List of computer magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_periodicals" title="List of environmental periodicals">List of environmental periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fashion_magazines" title="List of fashion magazines">List of fashion magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_and_drink_magazines" title="List of food and drink magazines">List of food and drink magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gadget_magazines" title="List of gadget magazines">List of gadget magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_and_fitness_magazines" title="List of health and fitness magazines">List of health and fitness magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_horticultural_magazines" title="List of horticultural magazines">List of horticultural magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lesbian_periodicals" title="List of lesbian periodicals">List of lesbian periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT periodicals">List of LGBT periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_magazines" title="List of literary magazines">List of literary magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of magazines by circulation">List of magazines by circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_magazines_by_country" title="Category:Lists of magazines by country">Lists of magazines by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">List of manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines_published_outside_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of manga magazines published outside of Japan">List of manga magazines published outside of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_men%27s_magazines" title="List of men's magazines">List of men's magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_magazines" title="List of music magazines">List of music magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_magazine_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of online magazine archives">List of online magazine archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_magazines" title="List of political magazines">List of political magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pornographic_magazines" title="List of pornographic magazines">List of pornographic magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railroad-related_periodicals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railroad-related periodicals">List of railroad-related periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_magazines" title="List of satirical magazines">List of satirical magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_magazines" title="List of science magazines">List of science magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_travel_magazines" title="List of travel magazines">List of travel magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_magazines" title="List of teen magazines">List of teen magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_magazines" title="List of video game magazines">List of video game magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wildlife_magazines" title="List of wildlife magazines">List of wildlife magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_magazines" title="List of women's magazines">List of women's magazines</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodicals" title="Category:Periodicals">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_magazines" title="Category:Religious magazines">Religious magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Satirical_magazines" title="Category:Satirical magazines">Satirical magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_magazines" title="Category:Wildlife magazines">Wildlife magazines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-etymonline.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline.com_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine">"magazine | Origin and meaning of magazine"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230843/https://www.etymonline.com/word/magazine">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=magazine+%7C+Origin+and+meaning+of+magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fmagazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magazine">"Definition of Magazine"</a>. <i>Dictionary by Merriam-Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427211822/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/magazine">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Magazine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmagazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation">"Circulation 101: U.S. Newspaper Terms for Paid and Business/Traveler Circulation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118122845/https://knowledge.auditedmedia.com/featured-content/circulation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Circulation+101%3A+U.S.+Newspaper+Terms+for+Paid+and+Business%2FTraveler+Circulation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledge.auditedmedia.com%2Ffeatured-content%2Fcirculation-101-us-newspaper-terms-for-paid-and-business-traveler-circulation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeech" class="citation web cs1">Beech, Valerie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.marquette.edu/c.php?g=36683&p=233038">"Research Guides: Advertising & Public Relations: Circulation data"</a>. <i>libguides.marquette.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libguides.marquette.edu&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+Advertising+%26+Public+Relations%3A+Circulation+data&rft.aulast=Beech&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.marquette.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D36683%26p%3D233038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation">"Home Page – PPA"</a>. <i>PPA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308041226/http://www.ppa.co.uk/all-about-magazines/circulation/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PPA&rft.atitle=Home+Page+%E2%80%93+PPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppa.co.uk%2Fall-about-magazines%2Fcirculation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mdes_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/">"History of magazines"</a>. <i>Magazine Designing</i>. 26 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029183917/http://www.magazinedesigning.com/history-of-the-magazines/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magazine+Designing&rft.atitle=History+of+magazines&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazinedesigning.com%2Fhistory-of-the-magazines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines">"The History of Magazines"</a>. Magazines.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827171442/https://www.magazines.com/history-of-magazines">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Magazines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazines.com%2Fhistory-of-magazines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i>, <i>s.v.</i> "Magazine", and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695">"Magazine – A Dictionary of the English Language – Samuel Johnson – 1755"</a>. <i>johnsonsdictionaryonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127040136/http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5695">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=johnsonsdictionaryonline.com&rft.atitle=Magazine+%E2%80%93+A+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language+%E2%80%93+Samuel+Johnson+%E2%80%93+1755&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnsonsdictionaryonline.com%2F%3Fp%3D5695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Magazine"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Magazine">"Magazine" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magazine&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=301&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmediascotland.com/press/20344/app-launches-for-the-scots-magazine/">"App launches for The Scots Magazine - allmediascotland…media jobs, media release service and media resources for all"</a>. <i>www.allmediascotland.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914171226/http://www.allmediascotland.com/press/20344/app-launches-for-the-scots-magazine/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.allmediascotland.com&rft.atitle=App+launches+for+The+Scots+Magazine+-+allmediascotland%E2%80%A6media+jobs%2C+media+release+service+and+media+resources+for+all&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmediascotland.com%2Fpress%2F20344%2Fapp-launches-for-the-scots-magazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lloydslist.com/ll/incoming/article429827.ece">"Lloyd's List set to become a totally digital service on 20 December 2013"</a>. <i>lloydslist.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821210334/https://www.lloydslist.com/ll/incoming/article429827.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lloydslist.com&rft.atitle=Lloyd%27s+List+set+to+become+a+totally+digital+service+on+20+December+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lloydslist.com%2Fll%2Fincoming%2Farticle429827.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Botein, Jack R. Censer, and Harriet Ritvo, "The periodical press in eighteenth-century English and French society: a cross-cultural approach." <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i> 23#3 (1981): 464–490.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser2002" class="citation book cs1">Censer, Jack (2002). <i>The French press in the age of Enlightenment</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134861606" title="Special:BookSources/9781134861606"><bdi>9781134861606</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+press+in+the+age+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781134861606&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Darnton and Daniel Roche, eds., <i>Revolution in Print: the Press in France, 1775–1800</i> (1989)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Michael_Baker" title="Keith Michael Baker">Keith Michael Baker</a>, et al., <i>The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture: The transformation of the political culture, 1789–1848</i> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Patricia Dougherty, "The French Catholic press and the July Revolution." <i>French History</i> 12#4 (1998): 403–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQiling2019" class="citation web cs1">Qiling, Ma'muriyatiga Murojaat (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hozir.org/usually-a-periodical-publication.html">"Usually a periodical publication: MAGAZINE"</a>. <i>hozir.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hozir.org&rft.atitle=Usually+a+periodical+publication%3A+MAGAZINE&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Qiling&rft.aufirst=Ma%27muriyatiga+Murojaat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhozir.org%2Fusually-a-periodical-publication.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vogue-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vogue_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vogue_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Daniel Delis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvilOZhaRkAC&pg=PA2"><i>As Seen in Vogue: A Century of American Fashion in Advertising</i></a>. Texas Tech University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896726161" title="Special:BookSources/9780896726161"><bdi>9780896726161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+Seen+in+Vogue%3A+A+Century+of+American+Fashion+in+Advertising&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780896726161&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Delis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvilOZhaRkAC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Straubhaar, LaRose, Davenport. <i>Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology</i> (Nelson Education, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biagi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biagi_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biagi_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biagi_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Biagi, Shirley. Media Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, 2013 Update. Cengage Publishing, 2013. Textbook.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/history/">"About"</a>. <i>Harper's Magazine</i>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151205201154/http://harpers.org/history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=About&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Luther_Mott-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Luther_Mott_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Luther_Mott_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott1938" class="citation book cs1">Mott, Frank Luther (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zt1V-ISXFsoC"><i>A History of American Magazines, 1865–1885</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674395527" title="Special:BookSources/9780674395527"><bdi>9780674395527</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407224411/https://books.google.com/books?id=zt1V-ISXFsoC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+Magazines%2C+1865%E2%80%931885&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=9780674395527&rft.aulast=Mott&rft.aufirst=Frank+Luther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzt1V-ISXFsoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloranCocksLessoff2009" class="citation book cs1">Holloran, Peter C.; Cocks, Catherine; Lessoff, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt3243E-Wm0C&pg=PA266"><i>The A to Z of the Progressive Era</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810870697" title="Special:BookSources/9780810870697"><bdi>9780810870697</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216215435/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rt3243E-Wm0C&pg=PA266">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Progressive+Era&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780810870697&rft.aulast=Holloran&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.au=Cocks%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Lessoff%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRt3243E-Wm0C%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Shapiro, ed., <i>The muckrakers and American society</i> (Heath, 1968), contains representative samples as well as academic commentary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Miraldi, ed. <i>The Muckrakers: Evangelical Crusaders</i> (Praeger, 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry H. Stein, "American Muckrakers and Muckraking: The 50-Year Scholarship", <i>Journalism Quarterly</i>, (1979) 56#1 pp 9–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/248772/number-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america/">"Number of magazine launches and closures in North America 2015 | Statistic"</a>. <i>Statista</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502210920/http://www.statista.com/statistics/248772/number-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Number+of+magazine+launches+and+closures+in+North+America+2015+%7C+Statistic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F248772%2Fnumber-of-magazine-launches-and-closures-in-north-america%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik2014" class="citation web cs1">Erik, Sass (1 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/229207/93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html">"93 Magazines Launch in First Half of 2014"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603085037/http://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/229207/93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=93+Magazines+Launch+in+First+Half+of+2014&rft.date=2014-07-01&rft.aulast=Erik&rft.aufirst=Sass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediapost.com%2Fpublications%2Farticle%2F229207%2F93-magazines-launch-in-first-half-of-2014.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2014" class="citation web cs1">Kaufman, Leslie (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604140121/http://www.johnsonpublishing.com/index.php/in-the-news/jet-magazine-to-shift-to-digital-publishing-next-month/">"Jet Magazine to Shift to Digital Publishing Next Month | Johnson Publishing Company"</a>. <i>www.johnsonpublishing.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.johnsonpublishing.com&rft.atitle=Jet+Magazine+to+Shift+to+Digital+Publishing+Next+Month+%7C+Johnson+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnsonpublishing.com%2Findex.php%2Fin-the-news%2Fjet-magazine-to-shift-to-digital-publishing-next-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Noam (24 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/business/media/ladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html">"Ladies' Home Journal to Become a Quarterly"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529134712/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/25/business/media/ladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ladies%27+Home+Journal+to+Become+a+Quarterly&rft.date=2014-04-24&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F25%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fladies-home-journal-to-become-a-quarterly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magazinedeals.com/magazine/articles/brief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp">"A Brief History of Magazines and Subscriptions"</a>. MagazineDeals.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140629211757/http://www.magazinedeals.com/magazine/articles/brief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Magazines+and+Subscriptions&rft.pub=MagazineDeals.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazinedeals.com%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2Fbrief-history-of-magazines-and-subscriptions.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBranch2024" class="citation news cs1">Branch, John (16 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/16/business/media/outdoors-print-magazines.html">"In a Digital Age, High-End Outdoors Magazines Are Thriving in Print"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Question of the Spotted Muumuu: How the Australian Women's Weekly Manufactured a Vision of the Normative School Mother and Child, 1930s–1980s". <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Education_Quarterly" title="History of Education Quarterly">History of Education Quarterly</a></i>. <b>58</b> (2): 229–260. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2018.4">10.1017/heq.2018.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2680">0018-2680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149955078">149955078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+the+Spotted+Muumuu%3A+How+the+Australian+Women%27s+Weekly+Manufactured+a+Vision+of+the+Normative+School+Mother+and+Child%2C+1930s%E2%80%931980s&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-260&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149955078%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2018.4&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Contents page". <i>The Watchtower</i>. Vol. 143, no. 5. 2022. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Contents+page&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supermarketnews.com/archive/top-20-best-selling-magazines-supermarkets">"Top 20 Best-Selling Magazines In Supermarkets"</a>. <i>Supermarket News</i>. 26 August 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Reach+of+popular+magazines+in+the+United+States+in+June+2019&rft.date=2020-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F208807%2Festimated-print-audience-of-popular-magazines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libanswers.mtsu.edu/faq/220193">"Q. What is a trade publication or trade magazine?"</a>. <i>James E. Walker Library</i>. Middle Tennessee State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=James+E.+Walker+Library&rft.atitle=Q.+What+is+a+trade+publication+or+trade+magazine%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibanswers.mtsu.edu%2Ffaq%2F220193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libguides.unf.edu/lisresourcetypes/tradepublications">"LIS1001: Resource Types"</a>. <i>Thomas G. Carpenter Library</i>. University of North Florida<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thomas+G.+Carpenter+Library&rft.atitle=LIS1001%3A+Resource+Types&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibguides.unf.edu%2Flisresourcetypes%2Ftradepublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.piedmont.edu/c.php?g=521332&p=3564565">"Journals & Magazines"</a>. <i>Arrendale Library</i>. Piedmont University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arrendale+Library&rft.atitle=Journals+%26+Magazines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.piedmont.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D521332%26p%3D3564565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobitt2024" class="citation web cs1">Tobitt, Charlotte (10 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/b2b/informa-closes-book-on-76-years-of-b2b-publishing-axing-two-tv-titles/">"Informa closes two B2B news brands covering TV business"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=Informa+closes+two+B2B+news+brands+covering+TV+business&rft.date=2024-06-10&rft.aulast=Tobitt&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgazette.co.uk%2Fpublishers%2Fb2b%2Finforma-closes-book-on-76-years-of-b2b-publishing-axing-two-tv-titles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2024" class="citation web cs1">Maher, Bron (14 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressgazette.co.uk/publishers/b2b/the-stage-the-bookseller-cuts-digital/">"The Stage and Bookseller shift resources towards digital future"</a>. <i>Press Gazette</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Stage+and+Bookseller+shift+resources+towards+digital+future&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Bron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressgazette.co.uk%2Fpublishers%2Fb2b%2Fthe-stage-the-bookseller-cuts-digital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagazine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Angeletti, Norberto, and Alberto Oliva. <i>Magazines That Make History: Their Origins, Development, and Influence</i> (2004), covers <i>Time</i>, <i>Der Spiegel</i>, <i>Life</i>, <i>Paris Match</i>, <i>National Geographic</i>, <i>Reader's Digest</i>, <i>¡Hola!</i>, and <i>People</i></li> <li>Brooker, Peter, and Andrew Thacker, eds. <i>The Oxford Critical and Cultural History of Modernist Magazines: Volume I: Britain and Ireland 1880–1955</i> (2009)</li> <li>Buxton, William J., and Catherine McKercher. "Newspapers, magazines and journalism in Canada: Towards a critical historiography." <i>Acadiensis</i> (1988) 28#1 pp. 103–126 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303243">in JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182924/https://www.jstor.org/stable/30303243">Archived</a> 21 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/acadiensis/article/view/10835/11649">also online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007075519/http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/Acadiensis/article/view/10835/11649">Archived</a> 7 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Cox, Howard and Simon Mowatt. <i>Revolutions from Grub Street: A History of Magazine Publishing in Britain</i> (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Revolutions-Grub-Street-Magazine-Publishing/dp/0198755457/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111021401/http://www.amazon.com/Revolutions-Grub-Street-Magazine-Publishing/dp/0198755457">Archived</a> 11 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Würgler, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012112605"><i>National and Transnational News Distribution 1400–1800</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a> (2010) retrieved: 17 December 2012.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baughman,_James_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Baughman, James L.">Baughman, James L.</a> <i>Henry R. Luce and the Rise of the American News Media</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801867169">excerpt and text search</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221229162427/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0801867169">Archived</a> 29 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Brinkley, Alan. <i>The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century</i>, Alfred A. Knopf (2010) 531 pp. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/books/20book.html">"A Magazine Master Builder"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701094817/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/books/20book.html">Archived</a> 1 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Book review by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Maslin" title="Janet Maslin">Janet Maslin</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 19 April 2010</li></ul></li> <li>Damon-Moore, Helen. <i>Magazines for the Millions: Gender and Commerce in the Ladies' Home Journal and the Saturday Evening Post, 1880–1910</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/102491415/magazines-for-the-millions-gender-and-commerce-in">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183456/https://www.questia.com/library/102491415/magazines-for-the-millions-gender-and-commerce-in">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Elson, Robert T. <i>Time Inc: The Intimate History of a Publishing Enterprise, 1923–1941</i> (1968); vol. 2: <i>The World of Time Inc.: The Intimate History, 1941–1960</i> (1973), official corporate history</li> <li>Endres, Kathleen L. and Therese L. Lueck, eds. <i>Women's Periodicals in the United States: Consumer Magazines</i> (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3425396/women-s-periodicals-in-the-united-states-consumer">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182709/https://www.questia.com/library/3425396/women-s-periodicals-in-the-united-states-consumer">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Haveman, Heather A. <i>Magazines and the Making of America: Modernization, Community, and Print Culture, 1741–1860</i> (Princeton UP, 2015)</li> <li>Johnson, Ronald Maberry and Abby Arthur Johnson. <i>Propaganda and Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of Afro-American Magazines in the Twentieth Century</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/1991169/propaganda-and-aesthetics-the-literary-politics-of">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183549/https://www.questia.com/library/1991169/propaganda-and-aesthetics-the-literary-politics-of">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Mott, Frank Luther. <i>A History of American Magazines</i> (five volumes, 1930–1968), detailed coverage of all major magazines, 1741 to 1930 by a leading scholar.</li> <li>Nourie, Alan and Barbara Nourie. <i>American Mass-Market Magazines</i> (Greenwood Press, 1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/87284345/american-mass-market-magazines">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119182958/https://www.questia.com/library/87284345/american-mass-market-magazines">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Rooks, Noliwe M. <i>Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Culture That Made Them</i> (Rutgers UP, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120090273/ladies-pages-african-american-women-s-magazines">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183001/https://www.questia.com/library/120090273/ladies-pages-african-american-women-s-magazines">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Summer, David E. <i>The Magazine Century: American Magazines Since 1900</i> (Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 242 pages. Examines the rapid growth of magazines throughout the 20th century and analyzes the form's current decline.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Tebbel" title="John William Tebbel">Tebbel, John</a>, and Mary Ellen Zuckerman. <i>The Magazine in America, 1741–1990</i> (1991), popular history</li> <li>Wood, James P. <i>Magazines in the United States: Their Social and Economic Influence</i> (1949) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/393437/magazines-in-the-united-states-their-social-and-economic">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119183616/https://www.questia.com/library/393437/magazines-in-the-united-states-their-social-and-economic">Archived</a> 19 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zuckerman, Mary Ellen. <i>A History of Popular Women's Magazines in the United States, 1792–1995</i> (Greenwood Press, 1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/3772249/a-history-of-popular-women-s-magazines-in-the-united">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120003748/https://www.questia.com/library/3772249/a-history-of-popular-women-s-magazines-in-the-united">Archived</a> 20 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magazine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magazines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Magazines">Magazines</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magazine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:magazine"><i>periodical</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magazine_rack">The Magazine Rack Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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