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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Christian texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Christian texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Revelation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Alexander Romance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Islamic texts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Islamic texts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_of_the_wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_of_the_wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Location of the wall </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_of_the_wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Identifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Malaysian-Indonesian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Malaysian-Indonesian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 In Malaysian-Indonesian tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Malaysian-Indonesian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sunni_and_Shia_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sunni_and_Shia_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 In Sunni and Shia sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sunni_and_Shia_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Alexander the Great </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Alexander_the_Great-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Alexander the Great subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Alexander_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursor_texts_in_Syriac" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_texts_in_Syriac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Precursor texts in Syriac </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_texts_in_Syriac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexander_Romances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexander_Romances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Alexander Romances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexander_Romances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifications_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifications_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Identifications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identifications_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identifications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identifications_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barbarian_and_nomadic_identifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barbarian_and_nomadic_identifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Barbarian and nomadic identifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barbarian_and_nomadic_identifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasian_steppes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasian_steppes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Eurasian steppes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasian_steppes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_confined_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_confined_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 The confined Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_confined_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kievan_Rus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kievan_Rus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Kievan Rus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kievan_Rus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_apocalypticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_apocalypticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Modern apocalypticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_apocalypticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Gog and Magog</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC" title="يأجوج ومأجوج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يأجوج ومأجوج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="ইয়াজুজ মাজুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইয়াজুজ মাজুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Гог и Магог – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гог и Магог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_i_Magog" title="Gog i Magog – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gog i Magog" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_und_Magog" title="Gog und Magog – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gog und Magog" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_kaj_Magog" title="Gog kaj Magog – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gog kaj Magog" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC" title="یأجوج و مأجوج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یأجوج و مأجوج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_et_Magog" title="Gog et Magog – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gog et Magog" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A1%EA%B3%BC_%EB%A7%88%EA%B3%A1" title="곡과 마곡 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곡과 마곡" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C" title="याजूज माजूज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="याजूज माजूज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_dan_Magog" title="Gog dan Magog – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gog dan Magog" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_e_Magog" title="Gog e Magog – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gog e Magog" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92" title="מלחמת גוג ומגוג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת גוג ומגוג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გოგი და მაგოგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გოგი და მაგოგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogas_ir_Magogas" title="Gogas ir Magogas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gogas ir Magogas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3g_%C3%A9s_Mag%C3%B3g" title="Góg és Magóg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Góg és Magóg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B4ga_sy_Mag%C3%B4ga" title="Gôga sy Magôga – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gôga sy Magôga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC" title="يأجوج و مأجوج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يأجوج و مأجوج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_en_Magog" title="Gog en Magog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gog en Magog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B0%E3%81%A8%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B4%E3%82%B0" title="ゴグとマゴグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴグとマゴグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_og_Magog" title="Gog og Magog – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gog og Magog" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC" title="یاجوج تے ماجوج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یاجوج تے ماجوج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_i_Magog" title="Gog i Magog – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gog i Magog" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogue_e_Magogue" title="Gogue e Magogue – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gogue e Magogue" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_din_Magog" title="Gog din Magog – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gog din Magog" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Гог и Магог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гог и Магог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogu_dhe_Magogu" title="Gogu dhe Magogu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gogu dhe Magogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Гог и Магог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гог и Магог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_ja_Magog" title="Gog ja Magog – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gog ja Magog" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog" title="Gog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gog_at_Magog" title="Gog at Magog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gog at Magog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BE%D2%91_%D1%96_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%BE%D2%91" title="Ґоґ і Маґоґ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґоґ і Маґоґ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AC" title="یاجوج اور ماجوج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یاجوج اور ماجوج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E9%9D%A9%E5%92%8C%E7%91%AA%E5%90%84" title="歌革和瑪各 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歌革和瑪各" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Gog and Magog statues in London, see <a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(giant)" title="Gogmagog (giant)">Gogmagog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a>. For the ancient oak trees of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Oaks_of_Albion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaks of Albion">Oaks of Albion</a>. For the hills, see <a href="/wiki/Gog_Magog_Hills" title="Gog Magog Hills">Gog Magog Hills</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gog (disambiguation)">Gog (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magog_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Magog (disambiguation)">Magog (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg/300px-Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg/450px-Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Wauquelin-histoire-bnf-fr9342-fol131v-peuple-de-gog-et-magog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>The Gog and Magog people being walled off by Alexander's forces.<div style="float:right;">–<a href="/wiki/Jean_Wauquelin" title="Jean Wauquelin">Jean Wauquelin</a>'s Book of Alexander. Bruges, Belgium, 15th century</div></figcaption></figure> Gog and Magog (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɒɡ ... ˈmeɪɡɒɡ/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: גּוֹג וּמָגוֹג, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Gōg ū-Māgōg) or Ya'juj and Ma'juj (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: يَأْجُوجُ وَمَأْجُوجُ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Yaʾjūju wa-Maʾjūju) are a pair of names that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, variously ascribed to individuals, tribes, or lands. In <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_38" title="Ezekiel 38">Ezekiel 38</a>, Gog is an individual and Magog is his land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374-1">[1]</a> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Revelation_20" title="Revelation 20">Revelation 20</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#20:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">Revelation 20:8</a>), Jewish tradition had long since changed Ezekiel's "Gog from Magog" into "Gog and Magog".<a href="#cite_note-boring-2">[2]</a> The Gog prophecy is meant to be fulfilled at the approach of what is called the "<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of days</a>", but not necessarily the end of the world. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish eschatology</a> viewed Gog and Magog as enemies to be defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a>, which would usher in the age of the Messiah. One view within <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is more starkly <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">apocalyptic</a>, making Gog and Magog allies of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> against God at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">millennium</a>, as described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mounce-3">[3]</a> A legend was attached to Gog and Magog by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Roman period</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a> were erected by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> to repel the tribe. Romanized Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> knew them as the nation descended from Magog the <a href="/wiki/Japhetites" title="Japhetites">Japhetite</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, and explained them to be the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>. In the hands of Early Christian writers they became apocalyptic hordes. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, they were variously identified as the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">nomads</a>, or even the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israel</a>. The legend of Gog and Magog and the gates were also interpolated into the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romances</a>. According to one interpretation, "Goth and Magothy" are the kings of the Unclean Nations whom Alexander drove through a mountain pass and prevented from crossing his new wall. Gog and Magog are said to engage in <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">human cannibalism</a> in the romances and derived literature. They have also been depicted on Medieval cosmological maps, or <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">mappae mundi</a>, sometimes alongside Alexander's wall. The conflation of Gog and Magog with the legend of Alexander and the Iron Gates was disseminated throughout the Near East in the early centuries of the Christian and Islamic era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994123-4">[4]</a> They appear in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> in chapter <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Al-Kahf</a> as Yajuj and Majuj, primitive and immoral tribes that were separated and barriered off by <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> ("He of the Two Horns") who is mentioned in the Quran as a great righteous ruler and conqueror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201057,_fn_3-5">[5]</a> Some contemporary Muslim historians and geographers regarded the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> as the emergence of Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2>[<a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eschatology" title="Category:Eschatology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— Biblical texts —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— Major figures —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— Different views —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul> </div><div style="padding-top:0.75em;"> <ul><li>— Other events —</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events of Revelation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven Seals</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— Figures — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%CA%BEim_%C4%80l_Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qāʾim Āl Muḥammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#In_Islamic_tradition">Yajuj and Majuj</a></li></ul> </div> — Events — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khasf_al-Bayda" title="Khasf al-Bayda">Swallowing in Bayda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_of_the_appearance_of_Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Signs of the appearance of Mahdi">Coming of the Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ#Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Return of Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li>— Biblical texts —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Book of Zechariah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></li></ul></div></li> <li>— Other sources —</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Medieval Jewish scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> — Figures — <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah the Prophet">Elijah the Prophet</a>, Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach Ben David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Mashiach Ben Yosef</a>), <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> — Events and terms — <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atchalta_De%27Geulah" title="Atchalta De'Geulah">Atchalta De'Geulah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Kibbutz Galuyot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_Gog_and_Magog" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection#Judaism" title="Resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Jewish_eschatology" title="World to come">Olam Haba</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;">— Figures and items — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bound_monster" title="Bound monster">Bound monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarhorn" title="Gjallarhorn">Gjallarhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADf%C3%BErasir" title="Líf and Lífþrasir">Líf and Lífþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naglfar" title="Naglfar">Naglfar</a></li></ul> </div> — Events — <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulwinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Divine Incantations Scripture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:none;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #cee0f2;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Inter-religious</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-bottom:3px solid #cee0f2;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gog and Magog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Age</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Universal resurrection</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eschatology" title="Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eschatology" title="Template talk:Eschatology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eschatology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The names are mentioned together in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_38" title="Ezekiel 38">chapter 38</a>, where Gog is an individual and Magog is his land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374-1">[1]</a> The meaning of the name Gog remains uncertain, and in any case, the author of the Ezekiel prophecy seems to attach no particular importance to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374-1">[1]</a> Efforts have been made to identify him with various individuals, notably <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a>, a king of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a> in the early 7th century BC, but many scholars do not believe he is related to any historical person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Genesis_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 10">Genesis 10</a> Magog is described as a son of <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>, and a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, although there is no mention there of a person named Gog. The name Magog itself is of obscure origin. It is often associated with Assyrian mat-Gugu, "Land of Gyges", i.e., Lydia.<a href="#cite_note-gmirkin-7">[7]</a> Alternatively, Gog may be derived from Magog rather than the other way around, and "Magog" may be code for <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999a536-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001p._84,_fn._31-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The form "Gog and Magog" may have emerged as shorthand for "Gog and/of the land of Magog", based on their usage in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007166-12">[11]</a> An example of this combined form in Hebrew (Gog u-Magog) has been found, but its context is unclear, being preserved only in a fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007172-14">[12]</a> In Revelation, Gog and Magog together are the hostile nations of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe200189–90-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-mounce-3">[3]</a> Gog the <a href="/wiki/Reubenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Reubenite">Reubenite</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe200149-16">[14]</a> occurs in <a href="/wiki/1_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Chronicles">1 Chronicles</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Chronicles#5:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Chronicles">5:4</a>, but he has no connection with the Gog of Ezekiel or Magog of Genesis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe20011-17">[15]</a> The Biblical "Gog and Magog" possibly gave derivation of the name <a href="/wiki/Gogmagog_(giant)" title="Gogmagog (giant)">Gogmagog</a>, a legendary British giant.<a href="#cite_note-18">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> A later corrupted folk rendition in print altered the tradition around Gogmagog and <a href="/wiki/Corineus" title="Corineus">Corineus</a> with two giants Gog and Magog, with whom the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall</a> statues came to be identified.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_texts">Jewish texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jewish texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ezekiel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_(Ezekiel_IX_-2-7)_-_Walters_44616_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Flemish_-_Ezekiel%27s_Vision_of_the_Sign_%22Tau%22_%28Ezekiel_IX_-2-7%29_-_Walters_44616_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="1251" /></a><figcaption>Ezekiel's Vision of the Sign "Tau" from Ezekiel IX:2–7. <div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a> <a href="/wiki/Champlev%C3%A9" title="Champlevé">champlevé</a> panel, mid-12th century.</div></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a> records a series of visions received by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a>, a priest of <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>, who was among the captives during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian exile</a>. The exile, he tells his fellow captives, is <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a>'s punishment on Israel for turning away, but God will restore his people to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> when they return to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp1996178-21">[18]</a> After this message of reassurance, chapters <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Ezekiel#Chapter_38" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Ezekiel">38–39</a>, the Gog oracle, tell how Gog of Magog and his hordes will threaten the restored Israel but will be destroyed, after which God will establish a new Temple and dwell with his people for a period of lasting peace (chapters 40–48).<a href="#cite_note-bullock-22">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Son of man, direct your face against Gog, of the land of Magog, the prince, leader of <a href="/wiki/Meshech" title="Meshech">Meshech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tubal" title="Tubal">Tubal</a>, and prophesy concerning him. Say: Thus said the Lord: Behold, I am against you, Gog, the prince, leader of Meshech and Tubal ... <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush</a> and Put will be with you ... also <a href="/wiki/Gomer" title="Gomer">Gomer</a> with all its troops, and Beth <a href="/wiki/Togarmah" title="Togarmah">Togarmah</a> from the far north with all its troops—the many nations with you."<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a></blockquote> Internal evidence indicates that the Gog oracle was composed substantially later than the chapters around it.<a href="#cite_note-24">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman2011271-25">[21]</a> Of Gog's allies, Meshech and Tubal were 7th-century BC kingdoms in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> north of Israel, Persia towards the east, Cush (Ethiopia) and Put (Libya) to the south; Gomer is the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, a nomadic people north of the Black Sea, and Beth Togarmah was on the border of Tubal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199872–73,_439–440-26">[22]</a> The confederation thus represents a multinational alliance surrounding Israel.<a href="#cite_note-hays-duvall-pate-27">[23]</a> "Why the prophet's gaze should have focused on these particular nations is unclear", comments Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Block" title="Daniel I. Block">Daniel I. Block</a>, but their remoteness and reputation for violence and mystery possibly "made Gog and his confederates perfect symbols of the archetypal enemy, rising against God and his people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1998436-28">[24]</a> One explanation is that the Gog alliance, a blend of the "<a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Table of Nations</a>" in Genesis 10 and <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>'s trading partners in Ezekiel 27, with Persia added, was cast in the role of end-time enemies of Israel by means of Isaiah 66:19, which is another text of eschatological foretelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman2011147–148-29">[25]</a> Although the prophecy refers to Gog as an enemy in some future, it is not clear if the confrontation is meant to occur in a final "<a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end of days</a>" since the Hebrew term aḥarit ha-yamim (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: אחרית הימים) may merely mean "latter days", and is open to interpretation. Twentieth-century scholars have used the term to denote the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschaton</a> in a malleable sense, not necessarily meaning final days, or tied to the Apocalypse.<a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman201194–97-31">[26]</a> Still, the Utopia of chapters 40–48 can be spoken of in the parlance of "true <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatological</a> character, given that it is a product of "cosmic conflict" described in the immediately preceding Gog chapters.<a href="#cite_note-petersen-32">[27]</a> The Septuagint reads "Gog" instead of "Agag" in Numbers 24:7. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg/300px-Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg/450px-Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg/600px-Toulouse_ms_815-049v-Gog%26Magog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Gog and Magog besiege the City of Saints. Their depiction with the hooked noses noted by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Meyer_(philologist)" title="Paul Meyer (philologist)">Paul Meyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-apocalypse-33">[28]</a> <div style="float:right;">—Old French Apocalypse in verse, Toulouse MS. 815, fol. 49v</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_(1909)_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg/220px-Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg/330px-Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg/440px-Apokalipsis_trekhtolkoviy_%281909%29_64_-_O_Goze_i_Magoze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Devil, Gog and Magog attack the Holy City (from a 17th-century Russian manuscript)</figcaption></figure> Over the next few centuries Jewish tradition changed Ezekiel's Gog from Magog into Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-boring-2">[2]</a> The process, and the shifting geography of Gog and Magog, can be traced through the literature of the period. The 3rd book of the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a>, for example, which originated in Egyptian Judaism in the middle of the 2nd century BC,<a href="#cite_note-wardle-34">[29]</a> changes Ezekiel's "Gog from Magog" to "Gog and Magog", links their fate with up to eleven other nations, and places them "in the midst of <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopian</a> rivers"; this seems a strange location, but ancient geography did sometimes place Ethiopia next to Persia or even India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001142–144-35">[30]</a> The passage has a highly uncertain text, with manuscripts varying in their groupings of the letters of the Greek text into words, leading to different readings; one group of manuscripts ("group Y") links them with the "<a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Marsians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacians</a>", in eastern Europe, amongst others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001145–146-36">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, from about the same time, makes three references to either Gog or Magog: in the first, Magog is a descendant of Noah, as in Genesis 10; in the second, Gog is a region next to Japheth's borders; and in the third, a portion of Japheth's land is assigned to Magog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001153-37">[32]</a> The 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Liber Antiquitatum Biblicarum</a>, which retells Biblical history from Adam to Saul, is notable for listing and naming seven of Magog's sons, and mentions his "thousands" of descendants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001186–189-38">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan Torah">Samaritan Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> (a Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made during the last few centuries of the pre-Christian era) occasionally introduce the name of Gog where the Hebrew original has something else, or use Magog where the Hebrew has Gog, indicating that the names were interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999a536–537-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrashic_writings">Midrashic writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Midrashic writings">edit</a>]</div> The anti-Roman <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in the 2nd century AD looked to a human leader as the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, but after its failure Jews began to conceive of the messianic age in supernatural terms: first would come a forerunner, the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Messiah ben Joseph</a>, who would defeat Israel's enemies, identified as Gog and Magog, to prepare the way for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messianism">Messiah ben David</a>;<a href="#cite_note-41">[f]</a> then the dead would rise, divine judgement would be handed out, and the righteous would be rewarded.<a href="#cite_note-shengold-jewish-encyclopedia-42">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001201–204-43">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">aggadah</a>, homiletic and non-legalistic exegetical texts in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical rabbinic literature">classical rabbinic literature</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, treat Gog and Magog as two names for the same nation who will come against Israel in the final war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkolnikBerenbaum2007684-44">[38]</a> The rabbis associated no specific nation or territory with them beyond a location to the north of Israel,<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> but the great Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> identified the Christians as their allies and said God would thwart their plan to kill all Israel.<a href="#cite_note-grossman-46">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commentary_on_Torah_portion_"Nasso"">Commentary on Torah portion "Nasso"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commentary on Torah portion "Nasso"">edit</a>]</div> The "Fruit of the Righteous" or "Pri Tzaddik" on the weekly portion Nasso, connects Gog uMagog with <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a>. In this work from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Tzadok_HaKohen_of_Lublin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabbi Tzadok HaKohen of Lublin (page does not exist)">Rabbi Tzadok HaKohen of Lublin</a> it can be read in chapter 15:2:<blockquote>"And after all of this, there still will be war of Gog uMagog upon the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_ben_Joseph" title="Messiah ben Joseph">Messiah son of Yoseph</a>, for Gog uMagog is the seed of Amalek, and Amalek corresponds always to the opposite of the sanctity of Israel, deeply...".<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a></blockquote>Similarly, in the Tanakh, book of Judges 5:14 (JPS 1985) it can be read: <blockquote>"From Ephraim came they whose roots are in Amalek".<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_texts">Christian texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christian texts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revelation">Revelation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revelation">edit</a>]</div> Chapters 19:11–21:8 of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, dating from the end of the 1st century AD,<a href="#cite_note-stuckenbruck-49">[43]</a> tells how <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> is to be imprisoned for a thousand years, and how, on his release, he will rally "the nations in the four corners of the Earth, Gog and Magog", to a final battle with Christ and his saints:<a href="#cite_note-mounce-3">[3]</a> <blockquote>When the thousand years are over, Satan will be released from his prison and will go out to deceive the nations in the four corners of the Earth—Gog and Magog—and to gather them for battle. In number they are like the sand on the seashore.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_Romance">Alexander Romance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alexander Romance">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a> of Pseudo-Callisthenes describes gates constructed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> between two mountains called the "Breasts of the North" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Μαζοί Βορρά). The mountains are initially 18 feet apart and the pass is rather wide, but Alexander's prayers to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> causes the mountains to draw nearer, thus narrowing the pass. There he builds the Caspian Gates out of bronze, coating them with fast-sticking oil. The gates enclosed twenty-two nations and their monarchs, including Gog and Magog (therein called "Goth and Magoth"). The geographic location of these mountains is rather vague, described as a 50-day march away northwards after Alexander put to flight his Belsyrian enemies (the <a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrykes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193235-51">[45]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in modern-day North <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman1991185–187-52">[46]</a> Christian texts following in the tradition of the Alexander Romance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> (late 7th century) and the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius (7th century) would continue to identify Gog and Magog as among those barbarian groups encapsulated behind Alexander's walls, but they would also combine this with the apocalyptic motif of Revelation and assert that the end of the world would also involve the barbarian groups penetrating through the wall and bringing about the apocalypse.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_texts">Islamic texts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Islamic texts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg/220px-Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg/330px-Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg/440px-Iranischer_Meister_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Iskandar (Alexander) builds a wall to seal Yajuj and Majuj; here aided by <a href="/wiki/Div_(Persian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Div (Persian mythology)">dīvs</a> (demons). <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Falnama" title="Falnama">Falnama</a>, 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-54">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></figcaption></figure> Two chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Kahf" title="Al-Kahf">Al Kahf</a> (Chapter 18) and <a href="/wiki/Al-Anbiya" title="Al-Anbiya">Al-Anbiya</a> (Chapter 21), discuss Gog and Magog. In the Qur'an, Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) are suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: ذو القرنين, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'the two-horned one').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201057,_fn_3-5">[5]</a> Dhul-Qarnayn, having journeyed to the ends of the world, meets "a people who scarcely understood a word" who seek his help in building a barrier that will separate them from the people of Ya'juj and Ma'juj who "do great mischief on earth". He agrees to build it for them, but warns that when the time comes (Last Age), God will remove the barrier.<a href="#cite_note-dict-islam-56">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg/220px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg/440px-Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Shakir_Ruzmah-%27i_Nathani_-_The_Monster_of_Gog_and_Magog_-_Walters_W659190B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>The Monster of Gog and Magog, by <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">al-Qazwini</a> (1203–1283).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/220px-Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/330px-Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg/440px-Emperor_Theophilos_Chronicle_of_John_Skylitzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>A Byzantine ruler protected by two <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, often compared with Gog and Magog</figcaption></figure> The early Muslim traditions were summarised by <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a> (d. 1283) in two popular works called the Cosmography and the Geography. Gog and Magog, he says, live near to the sea that encircles the Earth and can be counted only by God; this sea is claimed to be the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black sea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">the Sea of Azov</a>. They are human, but only half the height of a normal man, with claws instead of nails, and a hairy tail and huge hairy ears which they use as mattress and cover for sleeping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201065–68-57">[51]</a> They dig into their wall each day until they almost break through. They break for the night saying, "Tomorrow we will finish", but each night God restores it. Then one day, as they stop digging for the night, one will say, "Tomorrow we will finish, God Willing", and in the morning, it is not restored as with every night. When they do break through, they will be so numerous that, "Their vanguard is in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> and their rear in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201074-58">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_of_the_wall">Location of the wall</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location of the wall">edit</a>]</div> The wall dividing them from civilized peoples was normally placed towards today's <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, but in the year 842 the <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">Al-Wathiq</a> had a dream in which he saw that it had been breached, and sent an official named Sallam to investigate (this may be related to <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Ergenekon" title="Epic of Ergenekon">Ergenekon</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt2010xvii–xviii,_82-59">[53]</a> Sallam returned a little over two years later and reported that he had seen the wall and also the tower where Dhul Qarnayn had left his building equipment, and all was still intact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt2010xvii–xviii,_244-60">[54]</a> It is not entirely clear what Sallam saw, but he may have reached <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> in the Caucasus or the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jade Gate">Jade Gate</a> and the westernmost customs point on the border of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt2010xvii–xviii-61">[55]</a> Somewhat later the 14th-century traveller <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> reported that the wall was sixty days' travel from the city of <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Zeitun</a>, which is on the coast of China; the translator notes that Ibn Battuta has confused the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a> with that built by <a href="/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul-Qarnayn">Dhul-Qarnayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gibb-beckingham-62">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifications">Identifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Identifications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png/300px-Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png/450px-Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png/600px-Quran_Surah_Al_Kahf.png 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Surah Al Kahf Story of Gog and Magog</figcaption></figure> Various nations and peoples in history were identified as Ya'juj and Ma'juj. At one point, it was the Turks, who threatened <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and northern Iran;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201082–84-63">[57]</a> later, when the Mongols destroyed Baghdad in 1258, it was they who were Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201130-64">[58]</a> Others regarded the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> and their descendants as Gog and Magog, since the unknown group from <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> had made their sudden and considerable entry into the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">history of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-6">[6]</a> Viking travelers and colonists were seen at many points in history as violent raiders. Many historical documents suggest that their conquests of other territories was retaliation in response to the encroachment upon tribal lands by <a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Christian missionaries</a>, and perhaps by the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Wars" title="Saxon Wars">Saxon Wars</a> prosecuted by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> and his kin to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Rudolf_Simek_2005,_p._24–25-65">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruno_Dumézil_2005-66">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-annals_R.20-67">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decaux_1981_pp._184-68">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyer,_R._2008_p._96-69">[63]</a> Researches of professors and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Allama Muhammad Iqbal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Syeed Abul Ala Mawdudi</a>, who played important roles in British and South Asian politics, and American academic <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ammaar_Yasir_Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi">Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi</a> and Caribbean eschatologist <a href="/wiki/Imran_N._Hosein" title="Imran N. Hosein">Imran N. Hosein</a>, compare the languages, behaviors and sexual activities of the tribes of Gog and Magog with those of Vikings.<a href="#cite_note-Lund-70">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lawson-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Badsey_et_al.-74">[68]</a> Some scholars further attempt to relate Yajuj and Majuj to the Lake of Tiberias, currently known as the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s lowest freshwater lake, and the Dead Sea.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> Historian and exegete <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> mentioned similar theories in his book <a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa%27l-Nihaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya">Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya</a> and mentions "Gog and Magog are two groups of Turks, descended from Yafith (Japheth), the father of the Turks, one of the sons of Noah".<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Malaysian-Indonesian_tradition">In Malaysian-Indonesian tradition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In Malaysian-Indonesian tradition">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> tradition, stories about Gog and Magog were introduced by way of translation from <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> texts by religious authorities. They increasingly became prominent during the 16th century, a period of heightened political rivalry and conflict. For example, a text known as the Hikayat Ya’juj wa-Ma’juj was read by some Malay warriors fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a>. Similarly, a poem originating in early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, a city located on the Indonesian island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, goes as far as to subvert Quranic teaching in order to use the story of Gog and Magog to vilify colonists from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a>. Another text was the Hikayat Raja Iskandar ("Story of King Alexander"). This version argued, contrary to other traditions where both Gog and Magog variously descend from Adam, Noah, or Jesus, that Gog descended from the semen Adam produced while he dreamt of intercourse with Eve, and that Magog descended from the menstrual blood of Eve. Alexander ("Iskandar") is taught this story by the prophet <a href="/wiki/Khidr" title="Khidr">Khidr</a>. Nūr ad-Dīn ar-Ranīrī (d. 1658), a Gujariti scholar, depicted Gog and Magog as infidel tribes that eat dogs, descendants of Noah, and originally from Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sunni_and_Shia_sources">In Sunni and Shia sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In Sunni and Shia sources">edit</a>]</div> According to Shia sources, Yajooj and Majooj are not from the Children of Adam (the human race). Al-Kafi, one of their primary collections of ahadith, states that it has been narrated from <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> that when he asked <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> about the "creatures", he responded by saying God has created "1,200 species on the land, 1,200 species in the sea, 70 species from the Children of Adam and the people are the Children of Adam except for the Yajooj and Majooj".<a href="#cite_note-Kulayni-79">[73]</a> This is in contradiction with many reports in Sunni sources, including those in <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Al-Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih Al-Bukhari">Sahih Al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, which indicate they will indeed be from the Children of Adam, and this is the belief of the overwhelming majority of Islamic scholars.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> The "Abbasid orthodoxy" believed the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> Mongol invaders who laid <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">siege to and then sacked Baghdad</a>, were Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201154-81">[75]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, Muhammad said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Then a people whom God had protected from him (dajjal) would come to Isa, son of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Maryam</a>, and he would wipe their faces and would inform them of their ranks in Paradise and it would be under such conditions that God would reveal to Isa (alaihis salam) these words: I have brought forth from amongst My servants such people against whom none would be able to fight; you take these people safely to Tur, and then God would send Gog and Magog and they would swarm down from every slope. The first of them would pass the lake of Tiberias and drink out of it. And when the last of them would pass, he would say: There was once water there.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alexander_the_Great">Alexander the Great</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alexander the Great">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">Gates of Alexander</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg/220px-Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg/330px-Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg/440px-Abraham_Cresques_Atlas_de_cartes-GogiMagog-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Land of "Gog i Magog", its king mounted on a horse, followed by a procession (lower half); Alexander's Gate, showing Alexander, Antichrist, and mechanical trumpeters (upper left).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199861–62-82">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassing199131,_32_n60-83">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-siebold-catalan-84">[78]</a><div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (1375), Paris, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> The 1st-century Jewish historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> equated Magog with the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, but he never mentioned Gog.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-85">[79]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">another work</a>, Josephus recounts that the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> (whom he calls a Scythian tribe) were given passage by the <a href="/wiki/Hyrcania" title="Hyrcania">Hyrcanian</a> king, a warder of an <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_Alexander" title="Gates of Alexander">iron gate</a> built by Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-86">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barry-85">[79]</a> By the time of Josephus, Alexander was already a Jewish folk hero.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-85">[79]</a> However, the earliest fusion of Alexander's gate and the apocalyptic nations of Gog and Magog is a product of late antiquity, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Legend_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Legend of Alexander">Syriac Legend of Alexander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017"The_episode_of_Alexander's_building_a_wall_against_Gog_and_Magog,_however,_is_not_found_in_the_oldest_Greek,_Latin,_Armenian_and_Syriac_versions_of_the_''Romance''._Though_the_Alexander_Romance_was_decisive_for_the_spreading_of_the_new_and_supernatural_image_of_Alexander_the_king_in_East_and_West,_the_barrier_episode_has_not_its_origin_in_this_text._The_fusion_of_the_motif_of_Alexander's_barrier_with_the_Biblical_tradition_of_the_apocalyptic_peoples_Gog_and_Magog_appears_in_fact_for_the_first_time_in_the_so_called_''Syriac_Alexander_Legend''._This_text_is_a_short_appendix_attached_to_the_Syriac_manuscripts_of_the_''Alexander_Romance''."_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017"The_episode_of_Alexander's_building_a_wall_against_Gog_and_Magog,_however,_is_not_found_in_the_oldest_Greek,_Latin,_Armenian_and_Syriac_versions_of_the_''Romance''._Though_the_Alexander_Romance_was_decisive_for_the_spreading_of_the_new_and_supernatural_image_of_Alexander_the_king_in_East_and_West,_the_barrier_episode_has_not_its_origin_in_this_text._The_fusion_of_the_motif_of_Alexander's_barrier_with_the_Biblical_tradition_of_the_apocalyptic_peoples_Gog_and_Magog_appears_in_fact_for_the_first_time_in_the_so_called_''Syriac_Alexander_Legend''._This_text_is_a_short_appendix_attached_to_the_Syriac_manuscripts_of_the_''Alexander_Romance''."-87">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_texts_in_Syriac">Precursor texts in Syriac</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Precursor texts in Syriac">edit</a>]</div> In the Syriac Alexander Legend dating to 629–630, Gog (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܓܘܓ, gwg) and Magog (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܡܓܘܓܵ, mgwg) appear as kings of <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnish</a> nations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_p._150-89">[81]</a> Written by a Christian based in Mesopotamia, the Legend is considered the first work to connect the Gates with the idea that Gog and Magog are destined to play a role in the apocalypse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017-90">[82]</a> The legend claims that Alexander carved prophecies on the face of the Gate, marking a date for when these Huns, consisting of 24 nations, will breach the Gate and subjugate the greater part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-91">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_pp._153–54-92">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017–21-93">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Methodius">Pseudo-Methodius</a>, written originally in Syriac, is considered the source of the Gog and Magog tale incorporated into Western versions of the Alexander Romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201030-94">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman199129-95">[86]</a> The earlier-dated Syriac Alexander Legend contains a somewhat different treatment of the Gog and Magog material, which passed into the lost Arabic version,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979123-96">[87]</a> or the Ethiopic and later Oriental versions of the Alexander romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201032-97">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[j]</a> The Pseudo-Methodius (7th century<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a>) is the first source in the Christian tradition for a new element: two mountains moving together to narrow the corridor, which was then sealed with a gate against Gog and Magog. This idea is also in the Quran (609–632 CE<a href="#cite_note-100">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-LivRlgP338-101">[91]</a>), and found its way in the Western Alexander Romance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201021-102">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alexander_Romances">Alexander Romances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alexander Romances">edit</a>]</div> This Gog and Magog legend is not found in earlier versions of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a> of Pseudo-Callisthenes, whose oldest manuscript dates to the 3rd century,<a href="#cite_note-104">[k]</a> but an <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">interpolation</a> into recensions around the 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-105">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman199128–32-106">[94]</a> In the latest and longest Greek version<a href="#cite_note-107">[m]</a> are described the Unclean Nations, which include the Goth and Magoth as their kings, and whose people engage in the habit of eating worms, dogs, human <a href="/wiki/Cadaver" title="Cadaver">cadavers</a> and fetuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman1991185–187-52">[46]</a> They were allied to Belsyrians (<a href="/wiki/Bebryces" title="Bebryces">Bebrykes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193235-51">[45]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> in modern-day North <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), and sealed beyond the "Breasts of the North", a pair of mountains fifty days' march away towards the north.<a href="#cite_note-108">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman1991185–187-52">[46]</a> Gog and Magog appear in somewhat later Old French versions of the romance.<a href="#cite_note-109">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199857-110">[95]</a> In the verse <a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre" title="Roman d'Alexandre">Roman d'Alexandre</a>, Branch III, of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_le_Tort" class="extiw" title="fr:Lambert le Tort">Lambert le Tort</a> (c. 1170), Gog and Magog ("Gos et Margos", "Got et Margot") were vassals to <a href="/wiki/Porus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Porus the Elder">Porus</a>, king of India, providing an auxiliary force of 400,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-111">[p]</a> Routed by Alexander, they escaped through a <a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">defile</a> in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Tus,_Iran" title="Tus, Iran">Tus</a> (or Turs),<a href="#cite_note-112">[q]</a> and were sealed by the wall erected there, to last until the advent of the Antichrist.<a href="#cite_note-113">[r]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1937VI,_p._41-114">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886summary_of_§11_(Michel_ed.,_pp._295–313),_pp._169–170;_appendix_II_on_Gog_and_Magog_episode,_pp._386–389;_on_third_branch,_pp._213,_214-115">[97]</a> Branch IV of the poetic cycle tells that the task of guarding Gog and Magog, as well as the rule of Syria and Persia was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a>, one of Alexander's successors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886207-116">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg/300px-Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg/450px-Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg/600px-Thomas-de-Kent-Bnf-fr24364-fol60v_-_gog-et-magog-mangent-gents.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Gog and Magog consuming humans. <div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Kent" title="Thomas de Kent">Thomas de Kent</a>'s Roman de toute chevalerie, Paris manuscript, 14th century</div></figcaption></figure> Gog and Magog also appear in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Kent" title="Thomas de Kent">Thomas de Kent</a>'s Roman de toute chevalerie (c. 1180), where they are portrayed as cave-dwellers who consume human flesh. A condensed account occurs in a derivative work, the Middle English <a href="/wiki/King_Alisaunder" title="King Alisaunder">King Alisaunder</a> (vv. 5938–6287).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193288-117">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-harf-lancner-118">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-akbari-119">[101]</a> In the 13th-century French <a href="/wiki/Roman_d%27Alexandre_en_prose" title="Roman d'Alexandre en prose">Roman d'Alexandre en prose</a>, Alexander has an encounter with cannibals who have taken over the role of Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-warren-120">[102]</a> This is a case of imperfect transmission, since the prose Alexander's source, the Latin work by Archpriest <a href="/wiki/Leo_of_Naples" title="Leo of Naples">Leo of Naples</a> known as Historia de Preliis, does mention "Gogh et Macgogh", at least in some manuscripts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMichael1982133-121">[103]</a> The Gog and Magog are not only human flesh-eaters, but illustrated as men "a notably beaked nose" in examples such as the "<a href="/wiki/Sawley_map" title="Sawley map">Sawley map</a>", an important example of <a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">mappa mundi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199861-122">[104]</a> Gog and Magog caricaturised as figures with hooked noses on a miniature depicting their attack of the Holy City, found in a manuscript of the Apocalypse in Anglo-Norman.<a href="#cite_note-123">[s]</a><a href="#cite_note-meyer-apocalypse-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identifications_2">Identifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Identifications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barbarian_and_nomadic_identifications">Barbarian and nomadic identifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Barbarian and nomadic identifications">edit</a>]</div> Throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, Christian and Jewish writers identified Gog and Magog with a wide diversity of groups: <ul><li>Romans. This identification was made by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b375-124">[105]</a></li> <li>Goths. Gog and Magog were connected to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> (d. 397) and <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> (d. 555). The latter believed that the Goths, Scythians, and <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> were all the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994125-125">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[t]</a> The Goths also represent Gog and Magog in the ε and γ recensions of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Romance" title="Alexander Romance">Alexander Romance</a>, where the term "Gog and Magog" forms a portmanteau with "Goth" to form "Goth and Magoth".<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[47]</a></li> <li>Scythians. The Scythian identification was made by <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (d. 420), <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994125-125">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Mopsuestia" title="Theodore of Mopsuestia">Theodore of Mopsuestia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret of Cyrrhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">John Zonaras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Freising" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-128">[108]</a></li> <li>Sarmatians and Alans. This identification was made in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> (for whom the Scythians were a subgroup of the Alans), <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hegesippus" title="Pseudo-Hegesippus">Pseudo-Hegesippus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:13-129">[109]</a></li> <li>Huns. The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> said it was the Huns Alexander had locked out,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994125–126-130">[110]</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Alexander_Legend" title="Syriac Alexander Legend">Syriac Alexander Legend</a> the kingdom of the Huns is also used to represent Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-:1-53">[47]</a> This identification can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Andreas_of_Caesarea" title="Andreas of Caesarea">Andreas of Caesarea</a>, as well as multiple Syriac and Greek texts which followed the identification found in the Syriac Alexander Legend over the course of the seventh century and beyond: the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Ephraem" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Ephraem</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a>, the Vita Alexandri, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Syrian" title="Michael the Syrian">Michael the Syrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-131">[111]</a></li> <li>Haphthalites. This identification was made by <a href="/wiki/Movses_Kaghankatvatsi" title="Movses Kaghankatvatsi">Movses Kaghankatvatsi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-132">[112]</a></li> <li>Avars and Magyars. This identification was made by <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Synkellos" title="Theodore Synkellos">Theodore Synkellos</a>, the Anonymi Bele regis notarii Gesta Hungarorum, and the Chronicon Pictum.<a href="#cite_note-:16-133">[113]</a></li> <li>Turks. In Islamic tradition, the following authors identified Gog and Magog as the Turks: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurayra" title="Abu Hurayra">Abu Hurayra</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Dahhak_ibn_Muzahim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim (page does not exist)">al-Dahhak ibn Muzahim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a>, Al-Qazwini, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Majlisi">Al-Majlisi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:17-134">[114]</a></li> <li>Khazars. This identification was made by <a href="/wiki/Aethicus_Ister" title="Aethicus Ister">Aethicus Ister</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iovane_Sabanisje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iovane Sabanisje (page does not exist)">Iovane Sabanisje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_of_Stavelot" title="Christian of Stavelot">Christian of Stavelot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_Dhulqarnayn" title="Hadith Dhulqarnayn">Hadith Dhulqarnayn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-135">[115]</a></li> <li>Mongols and Tartars. This identification was made by the <a href="/wiki/Historia_de_Preliis" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia de Preliis">Historia de Preliis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richer_of_Senones" title="Richer of Senones">Richer of Senones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayton_of_Corycus" title="Hayton of Corycus">Hayton of Corycus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riccoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce" title="Riccoldo da Monte di Croce">Riccoldo da Monte di Croce</a>, and the Continuation of Barhebraeus.<a href="#cite_note-:19-136">[116]</a></li> <li>Other. A Western monk named Fredegar seems to have Gog and Magog in mind in his description of savage hordes from beyond Alexander's gates who had assisted the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610–641) against the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994125–126-130">[110]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eurasian_steppes">Eurasian steppes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Eurasian steppes">edit</a>]</div> As one nomadic people followed another on the Eurasian steppes, so the identification of Gog and Magog shifted. In the 9th and 10th centuries these kingdoms were identified by some with the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a>, a Turkic people whose leaders had converted to Judaism and whose empire dominated Central Asia–the 9th-century monk <a href="/wiki/Christian_of_Stavelot" title="Christian of Stavelot">Christian of Stavelot</a> referred to Gazari, said of the Khazars that they were "living in the lands of Gog and Magog" and noted that they were "circumcised and observing all [the laws of] Judaism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook20067–8,_96-137">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199865-138">[118]</a> Arab traveler ibn Fadlan also reported of this belief, writing around 921 he recorded that "Khazars are part of the Gog and Magog".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook20068-139">[119]</a> After the Khazars came the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, seen as a mysterious and invincible horde from the east who destroyed Muslim empires and kingdoms in the early 13th century; kings and popes took them for the legendary <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>, marching to save Christians from the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>, but when they entered Poland and Hungary and annihilated Christian armies a terrified Europe concluded that they were "Magogoli", the offspring of Gog and Magog, released from the prison Alexander had constructed for them and heralding <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199312,_120–122,_144-140">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europeans_in_Medieval_China" title="Europeans in Medieval China">Europeans in Medieval China</a> reported findings from their travels to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. Some accounts and maps began to place the "Caspian Mountains", and Gog and Magog, just outside the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tartar_Relation" title="Tartar Relation">Tartar Relation</a>, an obscure account of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Friar Carpini</a>'s 1240s journey to Mongolia, is unique in alleging that these Caspian Mountains in Mongolia, "where the Jews called Gog and Magog by their fellow countrymen are said to have been shut in by Alexander", were moreover purported by the Tartars to be magnetic, causing all iron equipment and weapons to fly off toward the mountains on approach.<a href="#cite_note-painter-141">[121]</a> In 1251, the French friar <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_de_Longjumeau" title="André de Longjumeau">André de Longjumeau</a> informed his king that the Mongols originated from a desert further east, and an apocalyptic Gog and Magog ("Got and Margoth") people dwelled further beyond, confined by the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xxi,_fn_2-142">[122]</a> In the map of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Sharif Idrisi</a>, the land of Gog and Magog is drawn in the northeast corner (beyond Northeast Asia) and enclosed.<a href="#cite_note-143">[123]</a> Some medieval European world maps also show the location of the lands of Gog and Magog in the far northeast of Asia (and the northeast corner of the world).<a href="#cite_note-144">[124]</a> In fact, Gog and Magog were held by the Mongol to be their ancestors, at least by some segment of the population. As traveler and Friar <a href="/wiki/Riccoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce" title="Riccoldo da Monte di Croce">Riccoldo da Monte di Croce</a> put it in c. 1291, "They say themselves that they are descended from Gog and Magog: and on this account they are called Mogoli, as if from a corruption of Magogoli".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979126-145">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875285,_fn_5-146">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866–67-147">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, traveling when the initial terror had subsided, places Gog and Magog among the <a href="/wiki/Tartars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartars">Tartars</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Tenduc</a>, but then claims that the names Gog and Magog are translations of the place-names Ung and Mungul, inhabited by the Ung and Mongols respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875276–286-148">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-strickland-149">[129]</a> An explanation offered by Orientalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a> was that Marco Polo was only referring to the "Rampart of Gog and Magog", a name for the Great Wall of China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875283,_fn_5-150">[130]</a> Friar André's placement of Gog and Magog far east of Mongolia has been similarly explained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xxi,_fn_2-142">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_confined_Jews">The confined Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The confined Jews">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg/330px-Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg/495px-Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg/660px-Mapa_de_Borgia_XV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="4506" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Borgia_map" title="Borgia map">Borgia map</a>, copper-engraved world map (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430). Gog and Magog (identified as confined Jews) are shown on the left, representing the far east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78-151">[131]</a></figcaption></figure> Some time around the 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes" title="Ten Lost Tribes">Ten Lost Tribes</a> of Israel came to be identified with Gog and Magog;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199523–24-152">[132]</a> possibly the first to do so was <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Comestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Comestor">Petrus Comestor</a> in Historica Scholastica (c. 1169–1173),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199542-153">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979124-154">[134]</a> and he was indeed a far greater influence than others before him, although the idea had been anticipated by the aforementioned Christian of Stavelot, who noted that the Khazhars, to be identified with Gog and Magog, was one of <a href="/wiki/Seven_chieftains_of_the_Magyars" title="Seven chieftains of the Magyars">seven tribes of the Hungarians</a> and had converted to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook20067–8,_96-137">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199865-138">[118]</a> While the confounding Gog and Magog as confined Jews was becoming commonplace, some, like Riccoldo or <a href="/wiki/Vincent_de_Beauvais" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent de Beauvais">Vincent de Beauvais</a> remained skeptics, and distinguished the Lost Tribes from Gog and Magog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979126-145">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994134-155">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199556–57-156">[136]</a> As noted, Riccoldo had reported a Mongol folk-tradition that they were descended from Gog and Magog. He also addressed many minds (Westerners or otherwise<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866-157">[137]</a>) being credulous of the notion that Mongols might be Captive Jews, but after weighing the pros and cons, he concluded this was an open question.<a href="#cite_note-160">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866–67-147">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)187558,_fn_3-158">[138]</a> The Flemish Franciscan friar <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, who was first-hand witness to Alexander's <a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Derbent" title="Fortifications of Derbent">supposed wall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a> on the shores of the Caspian Sea in 1254,<a href="#cite_note-162">[v]</a> identified the people the walls were meant to fend off only vaguely as "wild tribes" or "desert nomads",<a href="#cite_note-163">[w]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_100,_120,_122,_130,_262–263_and_fn-164">[141]</a> but one researcher made the inference Rubruck must have meant Jews,<a href="#cite_note-165">[x]</a> and that he was speaking in the context of "Gog and Magog".<a href="#cite_note-166">[y]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866-157">[137]</a> Confined Jews were later to be referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Red_Jews" title="Red Jews">Red Jews</a>" (die roten Juden) in German-speaking areas; a term first used in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> epic dating to the 1270s, in which Gog and Magog were two mountains enclosing these people.<a href="#cite_note-167">[z]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199570–71-168">[142]</a> The author of the <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">Travels of Sir John Mandeville</a>, a 14th-century best-seller, said he had found these Jews in Central Asia where as Gog and Magog they had been imprisoned by Alexander, plotting to escape and join with the Jews of Europe to destroy Christians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199868–69-169">[143]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Borgia_map" title="Borgia map">Borgia map</a>, a copper-engraved world map probably produced in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430, the most eastern part contains two fortified regions depicting Gog and Magog, with the following Latin inscriptions:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78-151">[131]</a> <ul><li>Provincia gog, in qua fuerunt iudei inclusi tempore artaxersis regis persarum.</li></ul> <dl><dd>The province of Gog, in which the Jews were confined during the time of Artaxerxes, king of the Persians.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Magog in istis duabus sunt gentes magni et gigantes pleni omnium malorum morum. Quos iudeos artaxersex collexit de omnibus partibus persarum.</li></ul> <dl><dd>Magog – in these two are large people and giants who are full of all kinds of bad behaviors. These Jews were collected by Artaxerxes from all parts of Persia.</dd></dl> The Persian king Artaxerxes (either <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>, appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a> 7) was commonly confused in Medieval Europe with the Neo-Assyrian ruler <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser V</a>, who according to <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Kings" title="Books of Kings">2 Kings</a> 17 drove the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel into exile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78-151">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kievan_Rus">Kievan Rus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kievan Rus">edit</a>]</div> The twelfth-century chronicle Primary Chronicle posited that the people of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> were descendants of the biblical Japheth, son of Noah, and of the tribe of Magog.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[144]</a> According to political scientist Christopher Marsh, "the implications" of being descendants of the tribe of Magog, depicted as being thrown out of heaven in the biblical Revelation of John, "apparently didn't matter to those drawing" the connection who believed that "[a]ncestors were found in the Bible, and that was enough", allegedly making the Rus' a chosen people of the Christian God.<a href="#cite_note-:0-170">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_apocalypticism">Modern apocalypticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Modern apocalypticism">edit</a>]</div> In the early 19th century, some <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> identified the <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> as "The War of Gog and Magog".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels2013205-171">[145]</a> But as the century progressed, apocalyptic expectations receded as the populace in Europe began to adopt an increasingly secular worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle201234–35-172">[146]</a> This has not been the case in the United States, where a 2002 poll indicated that 59% of Americans believed the events predicted in the Book of Revelation would come to pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu2011196-173">[147]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the idea that <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Russia</a> had the role of Gog gained popularity, since Ezekiel's words describing him as "prince of Meshek" – rosh meshek in Hebrew – sounded suspiciously like Russia and Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp1996178-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> also took up the idea.<a href="#cite_note-174">[148]</a> Some post-Cold War <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarians</a> still identify Gog with Russia, but they now tend to stress its allies among Islamic nations, especially <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle2012171-175">[149]</a> For the most fervent, the countdown to <a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a> began with the <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">return of the Jews to Israel</a>, followed quickly by further signs pointing to the nearness of the final battle – nuclear weapons, <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>, Israel's <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">reunification of Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, and America's wars in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">Afghanistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle20124-176">[150]</a> In the Islamic apocalyptic tradition, the end of the world would be preceded by the release of Gog and Magog, whose destruction by God in a single night would usher in the Day of Resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook20058,_10-177">[151]</a> Reinterpretation did not generally continue after Classical times, but the needs of the modern world have produced a new body of apocalyptic literature in which Gog and Magog are identified as Communist Russia and China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook200512,_47,_206-178">[152]</a> One problem these writers have had to confront is the barrier holding Gog and Magog back, which is not to be found in the modern world: the answer varies, some writers saying that Gog and Magog were the Mongols and that the wall is now gone, others that both the wall and Gog and Magog are invisible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2005205–206-179">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gog_and_Magog" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gog_(film)" title="Gog (film)">Gog (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander the Great in the Quran">Alexander the Great in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great_in_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus the Great in the Quran">Cyrus the Great in the Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag and Mag</a> in Mandaeism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koka_and_Vikoka" title="Koka and Vikoka">Koka and Vikoka</a> in Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magog_(Bible)" title="Magog (Bible)">Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_defense_lines" title="Sasanian defense lines">Sasanian defense lines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> The encryption technique is called <a href="/wiki/Atbash" title="Atbash">atbash</a>. BBL ("Babylon") when read backwards and displaced by one letter becomes MGG (Magog). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> 4Q523 scroll </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The giant mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> (1136 AD). </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Composed between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Tooman's view is that the "latter days" means "the end of history-as-we-know-it and the initiation of a new historical age". </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The coming of the Messiah ben David "is contemporary with or just after that of Messiah ben Joseph" (van der Woude (1974), p. 527).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001201-40">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Josephus, <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D1%3Awhiston%20chapter%3D6%3Awhiston%20section%3D1">1.123</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D18%3Awhiston+chapter%3D4%3Awhiston+section%3D4">18.97</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0148%3Abook%3D7%3Awhiston%20chapter%3D7%3Awhiston%20section%3D4">7.244–51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Also called Christian Legend concerning Alexander, ed. tr. by E. A. Wallis Budge. It has a long full-title, which in shorthand reads "An exploit of Alexander.. how.. he made a gate of iron, and shut it [against] the Huns". </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The first invasion, prophesied to occur 826 years after Alexander predicted, has been worked out to fall on 1 October 514; the second invasion on A.D. 629 (<a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 124). </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The Ethiopic version derives from the lost Arabic version (<a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 133). </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> The oldest manuscript is recension α. The material is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian, and Syriac versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017,_21-103">[93]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Recension ε </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Recension γ </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Alexander's prayer caused the mountains to move nearer, making the pass narrower, facilitating his building his gate. This is the aforementioned element first seen in pseudo-Methodius. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Gog and Magog being absent in the <a href="/wiki/Alexandreis" title="Alexandreis">Alexandreis</a> (1080) of <a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Walter of Châtillon">Walter of Châtillon</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Note the change in loyalties. According to the Greek version, Gog and Magog served the Belsyrians, whom Alexander fought them after completing his campaign against Porus. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Tus" in Iran, near the Caspian south shore, known as <a href="/wiki/Susia" class="mw-redirect" title="Susia">Susia</a> to the Greeks, is a city in the itinerary of the historical Alexander. Meyer does not make this identification, and suspects a corruption of mons Caspius etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Branch III, <a href="/wiki/Laisse" title="Laisse">laisses</a> 124–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Toulouse manuscript 815, folio 49v. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> The idea that Gog and Magog were connected with the Goths was longstanding; in the mid-16th century, Archbishop of Uppsala <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Magnus" title="Johannes Magnus">Johannes Magnus</a> traced the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> back to Magog son of Japheth, via Suenno, progenitor of the Swedes, and Gog, ancestor of the Goths).<a href="#cite_note-derry-126">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Riccoldo observed that the Mongol script resembled Chaldean (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)187558,_fn_3-158">[138]</a> a form of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>), and in fact it does derive from Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979125,_note_19-159">[139]</a> However, he saw that Mongols bore no physical resemblance to Jews and were ignorant of Jewish laws. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Rubruck refers Derbent as the "Iron Gate", this also being the meaning of the Turkish name (Demir kapi) for the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_262_note_1-161">[140]</a> Rubruck may have been the only medieval Westerner to claim to have seen it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866-157">[137]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Also "barbarous nations", "savage tribes". </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Based on Rubruck stating elsewhere "There are other enclosures in which there are Jews" </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, having been informed by Rubruck, urged the study of geography to discover where the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> and Gog and Magog might be found. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Scharfenberg" title="Albrecht von Scharfenberg">Albrecht von Scharfenberg</a>, Der jüngere Titurel. It belongs in the <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian cycle">Arthurian cycle</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELust1999b373–374_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLust1999b">Lust 1999b</a>, pp. 373–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-boring-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boring_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-boring_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoring1989" class="citation book cs1">Boring, Eugene M (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVRIOJVkg7cC&pg=PP4">Revelation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster John Knox">Westminster John Knox</a>. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664237752" title="Special:BookSources/9780664237752"><bdi>9780664237752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780664237752&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=Eugene+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVRIOJVkg7cC%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mounce-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mounce_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mounce_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mounce_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounce1998" class="citation book cs1">Mounce, Robert H (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=06VR1JzzLNsC&pg=PP4">The Book of Revelation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825377" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825377"><bdi>9780802825377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780802825377&rft.aulast=Mounce&rft.aufirst=Robert+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D06VR1JzzLNsC%26pg%3DPP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994123-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994123_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBietenholz1994">Bietenholz 1994</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201057,_fn_3-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201057,_fn_3_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201057,_fn_3_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 57, fn 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer1982" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, P. H. (10 April 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4MjAQAAMAAJ&q=vikings+and+gog+and+magog">Kings and Vikings: Scandinavia and Europe, A.D. 700–1100</a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780416741902" title="Special:BookSources/9780416741902"><bdi>9780416741902</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Vikings%3A+Scandinavia+and+Europe%2C+A.D.+700%E2%80%931100&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982-04-10&rft.isbn=9780416741902&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=P.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db4MjAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dvikings%2Band%2Bgog%2Band%2Bmagog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gmirkin-7"><a href="#cite_ref-gmirkin_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGmirkin2006" class="citation book cs1">Gmirkin, Russell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKuoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780567134394" title="Special:BookSources/9780567134394"><bdi>9780567134394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berossus+and+Genesis%2C+Manetho+and+Exodus%3A+Hellenistic+Histories+and+the+Date+of+the+Pentateuch&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780567134394&rft.aulast=Gmirkin&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKuoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELust1999a536-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELust1999a536_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLust1999a">Lust 1999a</a>, p. 536. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe2001p._84,_fn._31-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBøe2001p._84,_fn._31_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBøe2001">Bøe 2001</a>, p. 84, fn. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLust1999a">Lust (1999a)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFBøe2001">Bøe (2001)</a> cite Brownlee (1983) "Son of Man Set Your Face: Ezekiel the Refugee Prophet", HUCA 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007166-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007166_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuitenwerf2007">Buitenwerf 2007</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007172-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuitenwerf2007172_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuitenwerf2007">Buitenwerf 2007</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe200189–90-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBøe200189–90_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBøe2001">Bøe 2001</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe200149-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBøe200149_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBøe2001">Bøe 2001</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBøe20011-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBøe20011_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBøe2001">Bøe 2001</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonRoud2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Simpson" title="Jacqueline Simpson">Simpson, Jacqueline</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Roud" title="Steve Roud">Roud, Stephen</a> (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTcdvd1iRXsC&pg=PT409">Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore</a>, Oxford University Press, Gogmagog (or Gog and Magog), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192100191" title="Special:BookSources/9780192100191"><bdi>9780192100191</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+English+Folklore&rft.pages=Gogmagog+%28or+Gog+and+Magog%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780192100191&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft.au=Roud%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTcdvd1iRXsC%26pg%3DPT409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairholt1859" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Fairholt" title="Frederick William Fairholt">Fairholt, Frederick William</a> (1859), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VoQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8">Gog and Magog: The Giants in Guildhall; Their Real and Legendary History</a>, John Camden Hotten, pp. 8–11, 130</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog%3A+The+Giants+in+Guildhall%3B+Their+Real+and+Legendary+History&rft.pages=8-11%2C+130&rft.pub=John+Camden+Hotten&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Fairholt&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8VoQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp1996178-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp1996178_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlenkinsopp1996178_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlenkinsopp1996">Blenkinsopp 1996</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-bullock-22"><a href="#cite_ref-bullock_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1986" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, C. Hassell (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KabKHP4qZMIC&pg=PA301">An Introduction to the Old Testament Prophetic Books</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Moody_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody Press">Moody Press</a>. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575674360" title="Special:BookSources/9781575674360"><bdi>9781575674360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament+Prophetic+Books&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Moody+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9781575674360&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=C.+Hassell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKabKHP4qZMIC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2038&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 38</a> (NRSV) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman2011271-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooman2011271_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooman2011">Tooman 2011</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock199872–73,_439–440-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlock199872–73,_439–440_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlock1998">Block 1998</a>, pp. 72–73, 439–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-hays-duvall-pate-27"><a href="#cite_ref-hays-duvall-pate_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaysDuvallPate2009" class="citation book cs1">Hays, J. Daniel; Duvall, J. Scott; Pate, C. Marvin (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xvFZDcJSgdMC&pg=PT294">Dictionary of Biblical Prophecy and End Times</a>. Zondervan. p. no pagination. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310571049" title="Special:BookSources/9780310571049"><bdi>9780310571049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Prophecy+and+End+Times&rft.pages=no+pagination&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780310571049&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=J.+Daniel&rft.au=Duvall%2C+J.+Scott&rft.au=Pate%2C+C.+Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxvFZDcJSgdMC%26pg%3DPT294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlock1998436-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlock1998436_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlock1998">Block 1998</a>, p. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman2011147–148-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooman2011147–148_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooman2011">Tooman 2011</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooman201194–97-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooman201194–97_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooman2011">Tooman 2011</a>, pp. 94–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-petersen-32"><a href="#cite_ref-petersen_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Petersen" title="David L. 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The Travels of Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, A.D. 1325–1354 (Vol. IV). <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>. pp. 896, fn 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780904180374" title="Special:BookSources/9780904180374"><bdi>9780904180374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Ba%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%AD%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADa%2C+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354+%28Vol.+IV%29&rft.pages=896%2C+fn+30&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780904180374&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=H.A.R.&rft.au=Beckingham%2C+C.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201082–84-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201082–84_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201130-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201130_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiliu2011">Filiu 2011</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolf_Simek_2005,_p._24–25-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_Simek_2005,_p._24–25_65-0">^</a> Simek, Rudolf (2005) "the emergence of the viking age: circumstances and conditions", "The vikings first Europeans VIII – XI century – the new discoveries of archaeology", other, pp. 24–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruno_Dumézil_2005-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruno_Dumézil_2005_66-0">^</a> Bruno Dumézil, master of Conference at Paris X–Nanterre, Normalien, aggregated history, author of conversion and freedom in the barbarian kingdoms. 5th – 8th centuries (Fayard, 2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-annals_R.20-67"><a href="#cite_ref-annals_R.20_67-0">^</a> "Franques Royal Annals" cited in Sawyer, Peter (2001) The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-285434-8">0-19-285434-8</a>. p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Decaux_1981_pp._184-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Decaux_1981_pp._184_68-0">^</a> Decaux, Alain and Castelot, André (1981) Dictionnaire d'histoire de France. Perrin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7242-3080-9">2-7242-3080-9</a>. pp. 184–85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyer,_R._2008_p._96-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyer,_R._2008_p._96_69-0">^</a> Boyer, R. (2008) Les Vikings: histoire, mythes, dictionnaire. R. Laffont. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-221-10631-0">978-2-221-10631-0</a>. p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lund-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Lund_70-0">^</a> Lund, Niels "The Danish Empire and the End of the Viking Age", in Sawyer, History of the Vikings, pp. 167–181. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx">The Royal Household, "Sweyn"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012256/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/Sweyn.aspx">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The official Website of The British Monarchy, 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawson-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Lawson_72-0">^</a> Lawson, M K (2004). "Cnut: England's Viking King 1016–35". The History Press Ltd, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582059702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582059702">978-0582059702</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx">The Royal Household, "Canute The Great"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012257/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensofEngland/TheAnglo-Saxonkings/CanutetheGreat.aspx">Archived</a> 29 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The official Website of The British Monarchy, 15 March 2015, accessed 15 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Badsey_et_al.-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Badsey_et_al._74-0">^</a> Badsey, S. Nicolle, D, Turnbull, S (1999). "The Timechart of Military History". Worth Press Ltd, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903025-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-903025-00-1">1-903025-00-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, 2937, The Book of Tribulations and Portents of the Last Hour </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> (Shahadat-ul-Qur’an, Ruhani Khazain, Volume 6, Pages 361–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghayb.com/tag/gog-and-magog/">"Gog and magog Archives"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gog+and+magog+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fghayb.com%2Ftag%2Fgog-and-magog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaneshgar2023" class="citation cs2">Daneshgar, Majid (31 December 2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110720235-022/html">"Gog and Magog in Malay-Indonesian Islamic Exegetical Works"</a>, Gog and Magog in Malay-Indonesian Islamic Exegetical Works, De Gruyter, pp. 597–616, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110720235-022">10.1515/9783110720235-022</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072023-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-072023-5"><bdi>978-3-11-072023-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 9 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+Malay-Indonesian+Islamic+Exegetical+Works&rft.atitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+Malay-Indonesian+Islamic+Exegetical+Works&rft.pages=597-616&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110720235-022&rft.isbn=978-3-11-072023-5&rft.aulast=Daneshgar&rft.aufirst=Majid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110720235-022%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulayni-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Kulayni_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Kulayni2015" class="citation book cs1">al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb (2015). Al-Kafi (Volume 8 ed.). Islamic Seminary Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780991430864" title="Special:BookSources/9780991430864"><bdi>9780991430864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Kafi&rft.edition=Volume+8&rft.pub=Islamic+Seminary+Incorporated&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780991430864&rft.aulast=al-Kulayni&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+ibn+Ya%E2%80%98q%C5%ABb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linktoislam.net/islamic-articles/article.aspx?id=40">"Story of Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Gog and Magog) form The Quran – Link To Islam"</a>. www.linktoislam.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.linktoislam.net&rft.atitle=Story+of+Ya%27juj+and+Ma%27juj+%28Gog+and+Magog%29+form+The+Quran+%E2%80%93+Link+To+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linktoislam.net%2Fislamic-articles%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201154-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201154_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiliu2011">Filiu 2011</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199861–62-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199861–62_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassing199131,_32_n60-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassing199131,_32_n60_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassing1991">Massing 1991</a>, pp. 31, 32 n60. </li> <li id="cite_note-siebold-catalan-84"><a href="#cite_ref-siebold-catalan_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiebold2015" class="citation web cs1">Siebold, Jim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myoldmaps.com/late-medieval-maps-1300/235-catalan-atlas/">"The Catalan Atlas (#235)"</a>. My Old Maps. Retrieved 12 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Old+Maps&rft.atitle=The+Catalan+Atlas+%28%23235%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Siebold&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myoldmaps.com%2Flate-medieval-maps-1300%2F235-catalan-atlas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barry-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barry_85-2">c</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarryAnderson1933" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Phillips; Anderson, A. R. (1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846760">"Review of Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog, and the Inclosed Nations"</a>. Speculum. 8 (2): 264–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2846760">10.2307/2846760</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846760">2846760</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=Review+of+Alexander%27s+Gate%2C+Gog+and+Magog%2C+and+the+Inclosed+Nations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=264-270&rft.date=1933&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2846760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2846760&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Phillips&rft.au=Anderson%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2846760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017"The_episode_of_Alexander's_building_a_wall_against_Gog_and_Magog,_however,_is_not_found_in_the_oldest_Greek,_Latin,_Armenian_and_Syriac_versions_of_the_''Romance''._Though_the_Alexander_Romance_was_decisive_for_the_spreading_of_the_new_and_supernatural_image_of_Alexander_the_king_in_East_and_West,_the_barrier_episode_has_not_its_origin_in_this_text._The_fusion_of_the_motif_of_Alexander's_barrier_with_the_Biblical_tradition_of_the_apocalyptic_peoples_Gog_and_Magog_appears_in_fact_for_the_first_time_in_the_so_called_''Syriac_Alexander_Legend''._This_text_is_a_short_appendix_attached_to_the_Syriac_manuscripts_of_the_''Alexander_Romance''."-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017"The_episode_of_Alexander's_building_a_wall_against_Gog_and_Magog,_however,_is_not_found_in_the_oldest_Greek,_Latin,_Armenian_and_Syriac_versions_of_the_''Romance''._Though_the_Alexander_Romance_was_decisive_for_the_spreading_of_the_new_and_supernatural_image_of_Alexander_the_king_in_East_and_West,_the_barrier_episode_has_not_its_origin_in_this_text._The_fusion_of_the_motif_of_Alexander's_barrier_with_the_Biblical_tradition_of_the_apocalyptic_peoples_Gog_and_Magog_appears_in_fact_for_the_first_time_in_the_so_called_''Syriac_Alexander_Legend''._This_text_is_a_short_appendix_attached_to_the_Syriac_manuscripts_of_the_''Alexander_Romance''."_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 17, "The episode of Alexander's building a wall against Gog and Magog, however, is not found in the oldest Greek, Latin, Armenian and Syriac versions of the Romance. Though the Alexander Romance was decisive for the spreading of the new and supernatural image of Alexander the king in East and West, the barrier episode has not its origin in this text. The fusion of the motif of Alexander's barrier with the Biblical tradition of the apocalyptic peoples Gog and Magog appears in fact for the first time in the so called Syriac Alexander Legend. This text is a short appendix attached to the Syriac manuscripts of the Alexander Romance.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_p._150-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_p._150_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudge1889">Budge 1889</a>, II, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_pp._153–54-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudge1889'''II''',_pp._153–54_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudge1889">Budge 1889</a>, II, pp. 153–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017–21-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017–21_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 17–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201030-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201030_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman199129-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman199129_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoneman1991">Stoneman 1991</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979123-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979123_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201032-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201032_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith2008" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Sidney Harrison (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jn-tiP0b-PYC&pg=PA34">The Church in the Shadow of the Mosque: Christians and Muslims in the World of Islam</a>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691130156" title="Special:BookSources/9780691130156"><bdi>9780691130156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Mosque%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780691130156&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djn-tiP0b-PYC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFazlur_Rehman_Shaikh2001" class="citation book cs1">Fazlur Rehman Shaikh (2001). Chronology of Prophetic Events. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+Prophetic+Events&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Ta-Ha+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Fazlur+Rehman+Shaikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LivRlgP338-101"><a href="#cite_ref-LivRlgP338_101-0">^</a> Living Religions: An Encyclopaedia of the World's Faiths, Mary Pat Fisher, 1997, page 338, I.B. Tauris Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201021-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201021_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017,_21-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_DonzelSchmidt201017,_21_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010">Van Donzel & Schmidt 2010</a>, pp. 17, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneman199128–32-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneman199128–32_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoneman1991">Stoneman 1991</a>, pp. 28–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199857-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199857_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1937VI,_p._41-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong1937VI,_p._41_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArmstrong1937">Armstrong 1937</a>, VI, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886summary_of_§11_(Michel_ed.,_pp._295–313),_pp._169–170;_appendix_II_on_Gog_and_Magog_episode,_pp._386–389;_on_third_branch,_pp._213,_214-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886summary_of_§11_(Michel_ed.,_pp._295–313),_pp._169–170;_appendix_II_on_Gog_and_Magog_episode,_pp._386–389;_on_third_branch,_pp._213,_214_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer1886">Meyer 1886</a>, summary of §11 (Michel ed., pp. 295–313), pp. 169–170; appendix II on Gog and Magog episode, pp. 386–389; on third branch, pp. 213, 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886207-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeyer1886207_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeyer1886">Meyer 1886</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson193288-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson193288_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson1932">Anderson 1932</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-harf-lancner-118"><a href="#cite_ref-harf-lancner_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarf-Lancner2012" class="citation cs2">Harf-Lancner, Laurence (2012), Maddox, Donald; Sturm-Maddox, Sara (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUqQbemlo80C&pg=PA238">"From Alexander to Marco Polo, from Text to Image: The Marvels of India"</a>, Medieval French Alexander, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, p. 238, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791488324" title="Special:BookSources/9780791488324"><bdi>9780791488324</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+French+Alexander&rft.atitle=From+Alexander+to+Marco+Polo%2C+from+Text+to+Image%3A+The+Marvels+of+India&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780791488324&rft.aulast=Harf-Lancner&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTUqQbemlo80C%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-akbari-119"><a href="#cite_ref-akbari_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbari2012" class="citation cs2">Akbari, Suzanne Conklin (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TIudRds1yyMC&pg=PA104">Idols in the East: European Representations of Islam and the Orient, 1100–1450</a>, Cornell University Press, p. 104, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801464973" title="Special:BookSources/9780801464973"><bdi>9780801464973</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idols+in+the+East%3A+European+Representations+of+Islam+and+the+Orient%2C+1100%E2%80%931450&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780801464973&rft.aulast=Akbari&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Conklin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTIudRds1yyMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-warren-120"><a href="#cite_ref-warren_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2012" class="citation cs2">Warren, Michelle R. 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University of Minnesota Press. p. 129 (fn). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816637997" title="Special:BookSources/9780816637997"><bdi>9780816637997</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Scandinavia%3A+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+and+Iceland&rft.pages=129+%28fn%29&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780816637997&rft.aulast=Derry&rft.aufirst=T.K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDh5z2_K_S0C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2023" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agusti (2023). 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"Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.). Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. 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Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110720150" title="Special:BookSources/9783110720150"><bdi>9783110720150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Wall%3A+Eurasian+Steppe+Nomads+in+the+Gog+and+Magog+Motif&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog%3A+contributions+toward+a+world+history+of+an+apocalyptic+motif&rft.place=Berlin+Boston&rft.series=Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam+-+tension%2C+transmission%2C+transformation&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783110720150&rft.aulast=Alemany&rft.aufirst=Agusti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-135"><a href="#cite_ref-:18_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2023" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.). Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110720150" title="Special:BookSources/9783110720150"><bdi>9783110720150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Wall%3A+Eurasian+Steppe+Nomads+in+the+Gog+and+Magog+Motif&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog%3A+contributions+toward+a+world+history+of+an+apocalyptic+motif&rft.place=Berlin+Boston&rft.series=Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam+-+tension%2C+transmission%2C+transformation&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783110720150&rft.aulast=Alemany&rft.aufirst=Agusti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlemany2023" class="citation book cs1">Alemany, Agusti (2023). "Beyond the Wall: Eurasian Steppe Nomads in the Gog and Magog Motif". In Tamer, Georges; Mein, Andrew; Greisiger, Lutz (eds.). Gog and Magog: contributions toward a world history of an apocalyptic motif. Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - tension, transmission, transformation. Berlin Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110720150" title="Special:BookSources/9783110720150"><bdi>9783110720150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Wall%3A+Eurasian+Steppe+Nomads+in+the+Gog+and+Magog+Motif&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog%3A+contributions+toward+a+world+history+of+an+apocalyptic+motif&rft.place=Berlin+Boston&rft.series=Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam+-+tension%2C+transmission%2C+transformation&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9783110720150&rft.aulast=Alemany&rft.aufirst=Agusti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook20067–8,_96-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook20067–8,_96_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook20067–8,_96_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrook2006">Brook 2006</a>, pp. 7–8, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199865-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199865_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199865_138-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrook20068-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrook20068_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrook2006">Brook 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall199312,_120–122,_144-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall199312,_120–122,_144_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1993">Marshall 1993</a>, pp. 12, 120–122, 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-painter-141"><a href="#cite_ref-painter_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1965" class="citation cs2">Painter, George D. Painter, ed. (1965), The Tartar Relation, Yale University, pp. 64–65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tartar+Relation&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xxi,_fn_2-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xxi,_fn_2_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xxi,_fn_2_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900">William of Rubruck & Rockhill (tr.) 1900</a>, pp. xxi, fn 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Gow, Andrew. "Gog and Magog on Mappaemundi and early printed world maps: Orientalizing ethnography in the apocalyptic tradition." Journal of Early Modern History 2, no. 1 (1998): 61–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Van Duzer, Chet. "The Legends on the Yale Martellus Map." In Henricus Martellus's World Map at Yale (c. 1491), pp. 44–117. Springer, Cham, 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979126-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979126_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979126_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875285,_fn_5-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875285,_fn_5_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875">Marco Polo & Yule (tr.) 1875</a>, pp. 285, fn 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866–67-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866–67_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866–67_147-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875276–286-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875276–286_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875">Marco Polo & Yule (tr.) 1875</a>, pp. 276–286. </li> <li id="cite_note-strickland-149"><a href="#cite_ref-strickland_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2008" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, Deborah Higgs (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRsc5fa0SRYC&pg=PA38">"Text, Image and Contradiction in the Devisement du monde"</a>. In Akbari, Suzanne Conklin; Iannucci, Amilcare (eds.). Marco Polo and the Encounter of East and West. University of Toronto Press. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802099280" title="Special:BookSources/9780802099280"><bdi>9780802099280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Text%2C+Image+and+Contradiction+in+the+Devisement+du+monde&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+and+the+Encounter+of+East+and+West&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802099280&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Deborah+Higgs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRsc5fa0SRYC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875283,_fn_5-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875283,_fn_5_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875">Marco Polo & Yule (tr.) 1875</a>, pp. 283, fn 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199877–78_151-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGow1998">Gow 1998</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199523–24-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199523–24_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGow1995">Gow 1995</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199542-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199542_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGow1995">Gow 1995</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979124-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979124_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994134-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBietenholz1994134_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBietenholz1994">Bietenholz 1994</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199556–57-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199556–57_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGow1995">Gow 1995</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199866_157-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)187558,_fn_3-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)187558,_fn_3_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)187558,_fn_3_158-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875">Marco Polo & Yule (tr.) 1875</a>, pp. 58, fn 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979125,_note_19-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyle1979125,_note_19_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoyle1979">Boyle 1979</a>, p. 125, note 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_262_note_1-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_262_note_1_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900">William of Rubruck & Rockhill (tr.) 1900</a>, pp. xlvi, 262 note 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_100,_120,_122,_130,_262–263_and_fn-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900xlvi,_100,_120,_122,_130,_262–263_and_fn_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900">William of Rubruck & Rockhill (tr.) 1900</a>, pp. xlvi, 100, 120, 122, 130, 262–263 and fn. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGow199570–71-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGow199570–71_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGow1995">Gow 1995</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrem199868–69-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrem199868–69_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrem1998">Westrem 1998</a>, pp. 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarsh2011">Marsh (2011</a>, p. 254). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWessels2013205-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWessels2013205_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWessels2013">Wessels 2013</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle201234–35-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyle201234–35_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyle2012">Kyle 2012</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu2011196-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu2011196_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiliu2011">Filiu 2011</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyer1992" class="citation book cs1">Boyer, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FyTeW7vQ8K4C&pg=PR1">When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern Culture</a>. Belknap Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674028616" title="Special:BookSources/9780674028616"><bdi>9780674028616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Time+Shall+Be+No+More%3A+Prophecy+Belief+in+Modern+Culture&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780674028616&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFyTeW7vQ8K4C%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle2012171-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyle2012171_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyle2012">Kyle 2012</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKyle20124-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKyle20124_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKyle2012">Kyle 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook20058,_10-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook20058,_10_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2005">Cook 2005</a>, pp. 8, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook200512,_47,_206-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook200512,_47,_206_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2005">Cook 2005</a>, pp. 12, 47, 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2005205–206-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2005205–206_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2005">Cook 2005</a>, pp. 205–206. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Monographs</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1932" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Andrew Runni (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVUbAAAAYAAJ">Alexander's Gate, Gog and Magog: And the Inclosed Nations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mediaeval_Academy_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediaeval Academy of America">Mediaeval Academy of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780910956079" title="Special:BookSources/9780910956079"><bdi>9780910956079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Gate%2C+Gog+and+Magog%3A+And+the+Inclosed+Nations&rft.pub=Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=9780910956079&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Runni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVUbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBøe2001" class="citation book cs1">Bøe, Sverre (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vettpBoVOX4C&pg=PA76">Gog and Magog: Ezekiel 38–39 as Pre-text for Revelation 19,17–21 and 20,7–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161475207" title="Special:BookSources/9783161475207"><bdi>9783161475207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog%3A+Ezekiel+38%E2%80%9339+as+Pre-text+for+Revelation+19%2C17%E2%80%9321+and+20%2C7%E2%80%9310&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783161475207&rft.aulast=B%C3%B8e&rft.aufirst=Sverre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvettpBoVOX4C%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuitenwerf2007" class="citation book cs1">Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAyzzK7COmoC&pg=PA165">"The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8"</a>. In de Jonge, H. J.; Tromp, Johannes (eds.). The Book of Ezekiel and its Influence. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754655831" title="Special:BookSources/9780754655831"><bdi>9780754655831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gog+and+Magog+Tradition+in+Revelation+20%3A8&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ezekiel+and+its+Influence&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780754655831&rft.aulast=Buitenwerf&rft.aufirst=Rieuwerd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAyzzK7COmoC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2011" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xlLFUegIBQC&pg=PA254">Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441112477" title="Special:BookSources/9781441112477"><bdi>9781441112477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State+in+Russia+and+China%3A+Suppression%2C+Survival%2C+and+Revival&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781441112477&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xlLFUegIBQC%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael1982" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Ian (1982). "Typological Problems in Medieval Alexander Literature: The Enclosure of Gog and Magog". In Isoz, Claire; Olak, Lucie; Noble, Peter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWrYAAAAMAAJ">The Medieval Alexander Legend and Romance Epic: Essays in Honour of David J.A. Ross</a> (2nd ed.). Kraus International Publication. pp. 131–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780527626006" title="Special:BookSources/9780527626006"><bdi>9780527626006</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Typological+Problems+in+Medieval+Alexander+Literature%3A+The+Enclosure+of+Gog+and+Magog&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Alexander+Legend+and+Romance+Epic%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+David+J.A.+Ross&rft.pages=131-147&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kraus+International+Publication&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780527626006&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWrYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooman2011" class="citation book cs1">Tooman, William A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U3FXL_m4ursC&pg=PA271">Gog of Magog: Reuse of Scripture and Compositional Technique in Ezekiel 38–39</a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161508578" title="Special:BookSources/9783161508578"><bdi>9783161508578</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+of+Magog%3A+Reuse+of+Scripture+and+Compositional+Technique+in+Ezekiel+38%E2%80%9339&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783161508578&rft.aulast=Tooman&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU3FXL_m4ursC%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_DonzelSchmidt2010" class="citation book cs1">Van Donzel, Emeri J.; Schmidt, Andrea Barbara (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PtxOXRlPMA0C">Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004174160" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004174160"><bdi>978-9004174160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog+and+Magog+in+Early+Eastern+Christian+and+Islamic+Sources%3A+Sallam%27s+Quest+for+Alexander%27s+Wall&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004174160&rft.aulast=Van+Donzel&rft.aufirst=Emeri+J.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Andrea+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPtxOXRlPMA0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrem1998" class="citation book cs1">Westrem, Scott D. (1998). Tomasch, Sylvia; Sealy, Gilles (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PdEywwxcQ0wC&pg=PA54">Against Gog and Magog</a>. Text and Territory: Geographical Imagination in the European Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812216350" title="Special:BookSources/0812216350"><bdi>0812216350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+Gog+and+Magog&rft.series=Text+and+Territory%3A+Geographical+Imagination+in+the+European+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0812216350&rft.aulast=Westrem&rft.aufirst=Scott+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPdEywwxcQ0wC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Encyclopedias</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLust1999a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lust, J. (1999a). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA536">Magog</a>. Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824912" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824912"><bdi>9780802824912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magog&rft.series=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802824912&rft.aulast=Lust&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLust1999b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lust, J. (1999b). Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA374">Gog</a>. Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802824912" title="Special:BookSources/9780802824912"><bdi>9780802824912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gog&rft.series=Dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+Bible&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802824912&rft.aulast=Lust&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyCkRz5pfxz0C%26pg%3DPA374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnikBerenbaum2007" class="citation book cs1">Skolnik, Fred; Berenbaum, Michael (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 7. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 684. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028659350" title="Special:BookSources/9780028659350"><bdi>9780028659350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=684&rft.pub=Granite+Hill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780028659350&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Berenbaum%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Biblical studies</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlenkinsopp1996" class="citation book cs1">Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6P9YEd9lXeAC">A History of Prophecy in Israel</a> (revised and enlarged ed.). <a href="/wiki/Westminster_John_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Westminster John Knox">Westminster John Knox</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664256395" title="Special:BookSources/9780664256395"><bdi>9780664256395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Prophecy+in+Israel&rft.edition=revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780664256395&rft.aulast=Blenkinsopp&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6P9YEd9lXeAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._Block" title="Daniel I. Block">Block, Daniel I.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uYemhagtCpgC&pg=PA478">The Book of Ezekiel: Chapters 25-48</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eerdmans">Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802825360" title="Special:BookSources/9780802825360"><bdi>9780802825360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ezekiel%3A+Chapters+25-48&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780802825360&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Daniel+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuYemhagtCpgC%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Literary</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1937" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Edward C. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PELAAAAIAAJ">The Medieval French Roman d'Alexandre</a>. Vol. VI. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+French+Roman+d%27Alexandre&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PELAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBietenholz1994" class="citation book cs1">Bietenholz, Peter G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFjXaCAWoOUC&pg=PA127">Historia and Fabula: Myths and Legends in Historical Thought from Antiquity to the Modern Age</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004100636" title="Special:BookSources/9004100636"><bdi>9004100636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+and+Fabula%3A+Myths+and+Legends+in+Historical+Thought+from+Antiquity+to+the+Modern+Age&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9004100636&rft.aulast=Bietenholz&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFjXaCAWoOUC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Boyle" title="John Andrew Boyle">Boyle, John Andrew</a> (1979), "Alexander and the Mongols", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 111 (2): 123–136, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00135555">10.1017/S0035869X00135555</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25211053">25211053</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164166534">164166534</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Alexander+and+the+Mongols&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-136&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164166534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25211053%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00135555&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._A._Wallis_Budge" title="E. A. Wallis Budge">Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis</a>, ed. (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XBxjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144">"A Christian Legend concerning Alexander"</a>. The History of Alexander the Great, Being the Syriac Version. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Christian+Legend+concerning+Alexander&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Alexander+the+Great%2C+Being+the+Syriac+Version&rft.pages=144-158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXBxjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Meyer_(philologist)" title="Paul Meyer (philologist)">Meyer, Paul</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandrelegran02meyegoog">Alexandre le Grand dans la littérature française du moyen âge</a>. F. Vieweg. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexandrelegran02meyegoog/page/n212">170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexandre+le+Grand+dans+la+litt%C3%A9rature+fran%C3%A7aise+du+moyen+%C3%A2ge&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=F.+Vieweg&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexandrelegran02meyegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneman1991" class="citation book cs1">Stoneman, Richard (tr.), ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZmqYv_dSwMC&pg=PA185">The Greek Alexander Romance</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141907116" title="Special:BookSources/9780141907116"><bdi>9780141907116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Alexander+Romance&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780141907116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZmqYv_dSwMC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geography and ethnography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook2006" class="citation book cs1">Brook, Kevin A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC&pg=PA192">The Jews of Khazaria</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442203020" title="Special:BookSources/9781442203020"><bdi>9781442203020</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Khazaria&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781442203020&rft.aulast=Brook&rft.aufirst=Kevin+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEuIveNl9kcC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gow" title="Andrew Gow">Gow, Andrew Colin</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yp5O_rPI7nsC">The Red Jews: Antisemitism in an Apocalyptic Age, 1200–1600</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004102558" title="Special:BookSources/9004102558"><bdi>9004102558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Jews%3A+Antisemitism+in+an+Apocalyptic+Age%2C+1200%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9004102558&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYp5O_rPI7nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGow1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gow" title="Andrew Gow">Gow, Andrew Colin</a> (1998). "Gog and Magog On Mappaemundi and Early Printed World Maps: Orientalizing Ethnography in the Apocalyptic Tradition". Journal of Early Modern History. 2 (1): 61–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006598X00090">10.1163/157006598X00090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Gog+and+Magog+On+Mappaemundi+and+Early+Printed+World+Maps%3A+Orientalizing+Ethnography+in+the+Apocalyptic+Tradition&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-88&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006598X00090&rft.aulast=Gow&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1993" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQleM5Yc0VAC&pg=PA6">Storm from the East: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan</a>. University of California Press. pp. 6–12, 120–122, 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520083004" title="Special:BookSources/9780520083004"><bdi>9780520083004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storm+from+the+East%3A+from+Genghis+Khan+to+Khubilai+Khan&rft.pages=6-12%2C+120-122%2C+144&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780520083004&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQleM5Yc0VAC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassing1991" class="citation cs2">Massing, Michel (1991), Levenson, Jay A. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMK-Ba0-RG4C&pg=PA32">"Observations and Beliefs: The World of the Catalan Atlas"</a>, Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration, Yale University Press, pp. 31, 32 n60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051670" title="Special:BookSources/0300051670"><bdi>0300051670</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circa+1492%3A+Art+in+the+Age+of+Exploration&rft.atitle=Observations+and+Beliefs%3A+The+World+of+the+Catalan+Atlas&rft.pages=31%2C+32+n60&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0300051670&rft.aulast=Massing&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMK-Ba0-RG4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_PoloYule_(tr.)1875" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Polo, Marco</a> (1875), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yBoRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA275">"Ch. 59: Concerning the Province of Tenduc, and the Descendants of Prester John"</a>, The Book of Sir Marco Polo, the Venetian, vol. 1, Translated and edited by Henry Yule (2nd, revised ed.), J. Murray, pp. 276–286</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+59%3A+Concerning+the+Province+of+Tenduc%2C+and+the+Descendants+of+Prester+John&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Sir+Marco+Polo%2C+the+Venetian&rft.pages=276-286&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Polo&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyBoRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Chapter_59" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Chapter 59">Chapter 59</a> at Wikisource)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_of_RubruckRockhill_(tr.)1900" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> (1900). <a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">Rockhill, William Woodville</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeywilliamr00ruysgoog">The Journey of William of Rubruck to the Eastern Parts of the World, 1253–55</a>. Hakluyt Society. pp. xlvi, 100, 120, 122, 130, 262–263 and fn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Journey+of+William+of+Rubruck+to+the+Eastern+Parts+of+the+World%2C+1253%E2%80%9355&rft.pages=xlvi%2C+100%2C+120%2C+122%2C+130%2C+262-263+and+fn&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1900&rft.au=William+of+Rubruck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneywilliamr00ruysgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern apocalyptic thought</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2005" class="citation book cs1">Cook, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCtQhsrnwWQC">Contemporary Muslim Apocalyptic Literature</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815630586" title="Special:BookSources/9780815630586"><bdi>9780815630586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Muslim+Apocalyptic+Literature&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780815630586&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCtQhsrnwWQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiliu2011" class="citation book cs1">Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jq_n2vOUwgC&pg=PA30">Apocalypse in Islam</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520264311" title="Special:BookSources/9780520264311"><bdi>9780520264311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalypse+in+Islam&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780520264311&rft.aulast=Filiu&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Jq_n2vOUwgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyle2012" class="citation book cs1">Kyle, Richard G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1dJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">Apocalyptic Fever: End-Time Prophecies in Modern America</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621894100" title="Special:BookSources/9781621894100"><bdi>9781621894100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apocalyptic+Fever%3A+End-Time+Prophecies+in+Modern+America&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781621894100&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1dJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessels2013" class="citation book cs1">Wessels, Anton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ75AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">The Torah, the Gospel, and the Qur'an: Three Books, Two Cities, One Tale</a>. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802869081" title="Special:BookSources/9780802869081"><bdi>9780802869081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torah%2C+the+Gospel%2C+and+the+Qur%27an%3A+Three+Books%2C+Two+Cities%2C+One+Tale&rft.pub=Eerdmans&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780802869081&rft.aulast=Wessels&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQ75AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGog+and+Magog" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_crisis" title="Social crisis">Social crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivalism" title="Survivalism">Survivalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Categories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apocalypticism" title="Category:Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Future_problems" title="Category:Future problems">Future problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hazards" title="Category:Hazards">Hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Risk_analysis" title="Category:Risk analysis">Risk analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios" title="Category:Doomsday scenarios">Doomsday scenarios</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&oldid=1257279732">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gog_and_Magog&oldid=1257279732</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gog_and_Magog" title="Category:Gog and Magog">Gog and 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href="/wiki/Category:Kabbalistic_words_and_phrases" title="Category:Kabbalistic words and phrases">Kabbalistic words and phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchs_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Category:Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible">Monarchs in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Book_of_Jubilees" title="Category:Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a 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