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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mesoamerican peoples in the Southeast Asian country</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Mexican settlement in 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22">"Mexican settlement in the Philippines"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mexicans in the Philippines<br /><small><i>Mexicanos en las Filipinas</i></small><br /><small><i>Ang mga Mehikano sa Pilipinas</i></small></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg/220px-Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg/330px-Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg/440px-Mexico_Philippines_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">377<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Mexican nationals in the country; unknown number of Mexican descent) 2.33% of the population in the Spanish-Philippines during the 1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-Intercolonial_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a>.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/White_Mexicans" title="White Mexicans">Mexicans of European descent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mexican settlement in the Philippines</b> comprises a multilingual Filipino ethnic group composed of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_nationality_law" title="Philippine nationality law">Philippine citizens</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> ancestry. The immigration of Mexicans to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History of the Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></div> <p>Mexican <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">immigration to the Philippines</a> mainly occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Hispanic period</a>. Between 1565-1821, the Philippines were in fact administered from the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>'s capital, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. During this period trans-Pacific trade brought many Mexicans and Spaniards to the Philippines as sailors, crew, prisoners, slaves, adventurers and soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila-Acapulco Galleons</a> which was the main form of communication between the two Spanish territories. Similarly the route brought <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">various different</a> <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines#Native_ethnolinguistic_nations" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">native Filipinos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish Filipinos</a> (Philippine-born <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people"><i>Insulares</i></a>), <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> (See <a href="/wiki/Chinese_immigration_to_Mexico#Arrival" title="Chinese immigration to Mexico">Chinese immigration to Mexico</a>), and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_Mexicans" title="Asian Mexicans">Asian groups</a> to Mexico. </p><p>According to Stephanie Mawson in her M.Phil thesis entitled <i>Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific</i>, in the 1600s there were thousands of Latin American settlers sent to the Philippines by the Spaniards per year and around that time frame the Spaniards had cumulatively sent 15,600 settlers from Peru and Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while there were only 600 Spaniards from Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that supplemented a Philippine population of only 667,612 people.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the initial low population count, people of Latin American and Hispanic descent quickly spread across the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several hundred <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcalan</a> soldiers sailed to the islands in the 16th century, with some settling permanently and contributing numerous <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> words to the Filipino languages.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was royal policy to use Peruvian and Mexican soldiers as colonists to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="text-align: left;">Geographic distribution and year of settlement of the Latin-American immigrant soldiers assigned to the Philippines in the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Location</b> </th> <th>1603 </th> <th>1636 </th> <th>1642 </th> <th>1644 </th> <th>1654 </th> <th>1655 </th> <th>1670 </th> <th>1672 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>900 </td> <td>446 </td> <td>— </td> <td>407 </td> <td>821 </td> <td>799 </td> <td>708 </td> <td>667 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Santiago" title="Fort Santiago">Fort Santiago</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>22 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>50 </td> <td>— </td> <td>86 </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>70 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>89 </td> <td>— </td> <td>225 </td> <td>211 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>46 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>155 </td> <td>155 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calamianes" class="mw-redirect" title="Calamianes">Calamianes</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>73 </td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>45 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>81 </td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>86 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>135 </td> <td>135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Formosa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>180 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>80 </td> <td>480 </td> <td>507 </td> <td>— </td> <td>389 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Otón</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>66 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>169 </td> <td>169 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>210 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>184 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>255 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total Reinforcements<sup id="cite_ref-Mexicans_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>1,533</b> </td> <td><b>1,633</b> </td> <td><b>2,067</b> </td> <td><b>2,085</b> </td> <td><b>n/a</b> </td> <td><b>n/a</b> </td> <td><b>1,632</b> </td> <td><b>1,572</b> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The book <i>Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964</i> by Paula C. Park cites "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" gave a higher number of later Mexican soldier-immigrants to the Philippines, pegging the number at 35,000 immigrants in the 1700s,<sup id="cite_ref-Intercolonial_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intercolonial-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a Philippine population which was only around 1.5 Million,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus forming 2.33% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corroborating these Spanish era estimates, an anthropological study published in the Journal of Human Biology and researched by Matthew Go, using physical anthropology, concluded that 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as Hispanic (Latin American mestizos or Malay-Spanish mestizos), 7.3% as Indigenous American, African at 4.5% and European at 2.7%. Thus, as much as 20% of those sampled bodies, which were representative of the Philippines, translating to about 20 million Filipinos, can be physically classified as Latin American in appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, German ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jagor" title="Fedor Jagor">Fedor Jagor</a>, using Spanish censuses, estimated that one-third of the island of Luzon, which holds half of the Philippine population, had varying degrees of Spanish and Latin American ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-jagor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jagor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> Spain feared that the large Mexican population in the Philippines would incite the Filipinos to rebel, thus Spaniards direct from Spain were imported and the Latin American class in the Philippines were displaced and were forced into a lower rank of the caste system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Spanish period, the islands formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, along with other areas of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Marianas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas">Marianas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a> and during a short period in northern <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. The Spaniards built trade routes from Mexico to the Philippines, primarily from their starting points of <a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Vallarta" title="Puerto Vallarta">Puerto Vallarta</a>, with their final destination being <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, the current capital of the Philippines. The Spanish ships on these routes were known as the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexican (or rather, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spaniard</a>) immigrants to the Philippines belonged to different ethnic groups such as indigenous people, mestizos and Creoles who mainly mixed with the local population, which increased the number of descendants with Spanish surnames. The construction of the military fort of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga</a> used the help of these Mexican immigrants who had already settled in the islands. The Mexican legacy in the Philippines, consisting of marriage between the Spanish and the indigenous culture of origin (<a href="/wiki/Maya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya language">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>), has been marked in these islands. Many words that originated from Nahuatl, a language spoken by the descendants of the indigenous Mexican <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and Tlaxcallans, have influenced some local languages of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_people_of_Spanish_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people of Spanish ancestry">Filipino people of Spanish ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish settlement in the Philippines">Spanish settlement in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Mexico–Philippines relations">Mexico–Philippines relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_of_the_first_Filipinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing of the first Filipinos">Landing of the first Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Filipino immigration to Mexico">Filipino immigration to Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizos_in_Mexico" title="Mestizos in Mexico">Mestizos in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_mestizo" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino mestizo">Filipino mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/684016/Filipinas_mundo20.pdf">"Mexicanos residentes en FILIPINAS 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexicanos+residentes+en+FILIPINAS+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fcms%2Fuploads%2Fattachment%2Ffile%2F684016%2FFilipinas_mundo20.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intercolonial-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intercolonial_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intercolonial_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Intercolonial Intimacies Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964</i> by Paula C. Park page 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765-1811</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+in+the+Spanish+Pacific+World%3A+From+Mexico+to+the+Philippines%2C+1765-1811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~<i>Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425.</i> "In 1787 <i>the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each.</i>" <i>La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uco.es/aaf/garcia-abasolo/files/63df3.pdf">Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century</i> By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipinokastila.tripod.com/FilMex.html">"Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico"</a>. June 21, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their country of origin had been erased from memory.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South+American+Connection%2C+Tales+of+Two+Sisters%3A+Manila+and+Mexico&rft.date=1997-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilipinokastila.tripod.com%2FFilMex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latinobookreview.com/when-tlaxcalan-natives-went-to-war-in-the-philippines--latino-book-review.html">"When Tlaxcalan Natives Went to War in the Philippines"</a>. <i>LATINO BOOK REVIEW</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LATINO+BOOK+REVIEW&rft.atitle=When+Tlaxcalan+Natives+Went+to+War+in+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinobookreview.com%2Fwhen-tlaxcalan-natives-went-to-war-in-the-philippines--latino-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623">"Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)</a>(English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mexicans-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mexicans_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419">Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson</a> AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67xO2hUwzasC&dq=Friar+Manuel+Buzeta+1,502,574&pg=PR12">"The Unlucky Country The Republic of the Philippines in the 21st Century" By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (2012)(page xii)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia1998" class="citation journal cs1">Garcia, María Fernanda (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bagn.archivos.gob.mx/index.php/legajos/article/view/1243">"Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)"</a>. <i>Bolotin Archivo General de la Nación</i>. <b>4</b> (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bolotin+Archivo+General+de+la+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Forzados+y+reclutas%3A+los+criollos+novohispanos+en+Asia+%281756-1808%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Fernanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbagn.archivos.gob.mx%2Findex.php%2Flegajos%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilippineAnthropologyStudy_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An inter-university study published in the <i>Journal of Forensic Anthropology</i> concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that is phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American classification is 7.3%. 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines are therefore Latino in physical appearance.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Go, Matthew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38744342">"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1"</a>. <i>Human Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (4). University of Florida Press: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005">10.5744/fa.2019.1005</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2020</span>. <q>[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Classification+Trends+among+Contemporary+Filipino+Crania+Using+Fordisc+3.1&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38744342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jagor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jagor_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.authorama.com/former-philippines-b-8.html"><i>The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegarda2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benito_J._Legarda" title="Benito J. Legarda">Legarda, Benito J.</a> (7 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/664/770"><i>The economic background of Rizal's time</i></a>. The Philippine Review of Economics (published 2 December 2011). p. 4. <q>In the meantime, the Spanish empire in the continental Americas had crumbled. From the Grito de Dolores in Mexico in 1810 to the great final battle at Ayacucho in Peru in 1824, the independence movement had been led by Creoles, ethnic Europeans born in the colonies who resented peninsular officials. Only the island possessions were retained by Spain. The Creole efforts in the Americas resonated in the Philippines. In 1821 the Bayot conspiracy in Manila was uncovered, and Governor Folgueras immediately sent to Spain for peninsular officers to replace the Creoles and Mexicans who until then formed a majority of the officers. (For example, the governor of the Fort of Zamboanga, Juan de San Martin, was a brother of the liberator of Argentina.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+economic+background+of+Rizal%27s+time&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=The+Philippine+Review+of+Economics&rft.date=2024-12-07&rft.aulast=Legarda&rft.aufirst=Benito+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecon.upd.edu.ph%2Fpre%2Findex.php%2Fpre%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F664%2F770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican+settlement+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schurz, William Lytle. The Manila Galleon, 1939. P 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/257/259">Hispanic Words of Indoamerican Origin in the Philippines</a> Page 136-137</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican_settlement_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nslij-genetics.org/pub/yang-hg-2005.pdf">Examination of ancestry and ethnic affiliation using high informations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colorq.org/meltingPot/article.aspx?d=America&x=LatinoAsian">Color Q world: Asian-Latino Intermarriage in the Americas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015180841/http://www.mb.com.ph/issues/2005/01/28/OPED2005012827368.html">"Filipinos in Mexican History"</a> The Manila Bulletin. retrieved 29 January 2005.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexican diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexican_diaspora38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexican_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican diaspora">Mexican diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latin_American_Belizean" title="Hispanic and Latin American Belizean">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Canadians" title="Mexican Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Chile" title="Mexican immigration to Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Costa_Rica" title="Mexican immigration to Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Cuba" title="Mexican immigration to Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Panama" title="Mexicans in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Japan" title="Mexicans in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_France" title="Mexicans in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Germany" title="Mexicans in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_immigration_to_Spain" title="Mexican immigration to Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mexicans in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lowland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot" title="Bugkalot">Bugkalot</a> (Ilongot)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyunon_people" title="Cuyunon people">Cuyunon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_people" title="Gaddang people">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_people" title="Romblomanon people">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_people" title="Capiznon people">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaya_people" title="Eskaya people">Eskaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_people" title="Karay-a people">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Porohanon people">Porohanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_people" title="Butuanon people">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_people" title="Surigaonon people">Surigaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamboangue%C3%B1o_people" title="Zamboangueño people">Zamboangueño</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moro20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banguingui_people" title="Banguingui people">Banguingui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaagan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaagan people">Kaagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Samal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Highland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_people" title="Balangao people">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_people" title="Ibaloi people">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_people" title="Isnag people">Isneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_people" title="Kalinga people">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Tinguian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_people" title="Blaan people">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad#Bukidnon" title="Lumad">Bukidnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manobo" title="Manobo">Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanon_people" title="Subanon people">Subanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teduray_people" title="Teduray people">Teduray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_people" title="Tboli people">Tboli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_people" title="Ratagnon people">Ratagnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamanwa">Mamanwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palaweño</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_people_(Philippines)" title="Batak people (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa" title="Tagbanwa">Tagbanua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Molbog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suludnon" title="Suludnon">Suludnon/Tumandok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigrants <br />or expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_the_Philippines" title="Americans in the Philippines">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_the_Philippines" title="Brazilians in the Philippines">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Filipino" title="Indian Filipino">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesians_in_the_Philippines" title="Indonesians in the Philippines">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Malay_descent" title="Filipinos of Malay descent">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_the_Philippines" title="Nepalese people in the Philippines">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_the_Philippines" title="Arabs in the Philippines">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_Philippines" title="Iranians in the Philippines">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Philippines" title="Germans in the Philippines">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Greek settlement in the Philippines">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Polish settlement in the Philippines">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_settlement_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian settlement in the Philippines">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Filipino">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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