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<span>Guidance and content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidance_and_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drug" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drug"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Food and drug</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drug-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Information technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Information technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Information_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specification_need" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specification_need"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Specification need</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specification_need-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Formal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architectural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Architectural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Program</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Functional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Web service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Document" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Document"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Document</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Document-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > 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mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9" title="مواصفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مواصفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6" title="বিনির্দেশ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিনির্দেশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especificaci%C3%B3" title="Especificació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Especificació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifikace" title="Specifikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Specifikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudoma" title="Kudoma – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kudoma" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifikation" title="Spezifikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spezifikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spetsifikatsioon" title="Spetsifikatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spetsifikatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especificaci%C3%B3n" title="Especificación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especificación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cification_(norme_technique)" title="Spécification (norme technique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Spécification (norme technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%84%9C" title="시방서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시방서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF" title="विशिष्टि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशिष्टि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifica_tecnica" title="Specifica tecnica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Specifica tecnica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сипаттама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сипаттама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwerpspecificatie" title="Ontwerpspecificatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontwerpspecificatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%95%E6%A7%98" title="仕様 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="仕様" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спецификация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спецификация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pecifik%C3%A1cia" title="Špecifikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Špecifikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84" title="ข้อกำหนดทางเทคนิค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้อกำหนดทางเทคนิค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eartname" title="Şartname – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şartname" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Специфікація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Специфікація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83_(%E6%96%87%E6%A1%A3)" title="规范 (文档) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="规范 (文档)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Explicit implementation of requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Specification" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Specification_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Specification (disambiguation)">Specification (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> A <b>specification</b> often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specification is often a type of <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standard</a>. </p><p>There are different types of technical or engineering specifications (specs), and the term is used differently in different technical contexts. They often refer to particular documents, and/or particular information within them. The word <i>specification</i> is broadly defined as "to state explicitly or in detail" or "to be specific". </p><p>A <b>requirement specification</b> is a documented <a href="/wiki/Requirement" title="Requirement">requirement</a>, or set of documented requirements, to be satisfied by a given material, design, product, service, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-blue_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blue-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a common early part of <a href="/wiki/Engineering_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering design">engineering design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">product development</a> processes in many fields. </p><p>A <b>functional specification</b> is a kind of requirement specification, and may show functional block diagrams.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <b>design or product specification</b> describes the features of the <i>solutions</i> for the Requirement Specification, referring to either a designed solution <b>or</b> final produced solution. It is often used to guide fabrication/production. Sometimes the term <i>specification</i> is here used in connection with a <a href="/wiki/Data_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Data sheet">data sheet</a> (or <i>spec sheet</i>), which may be confusing. A data sheet describes the technical characteristics of an item or product, often published by a manufacturer to help people choose or use the products. A data sheet is not a technical specification in the sense of informing how to produce. </p><p>An "<b>in-service</b>" or "<b>maintained as</b>" <b>specification</b>, specifies the conditions of a system or object after years of operation, including the effects of wear and maintenance (configuration changes). </p><p>Specifications are a type of technical standard that may be developed by any of various kinds of organizations, in both the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> sectors. Example organization types include a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> (a small group of corporations), a <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade association</a> (an industry-wide group of corporations), a national government (including its different public entities, <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agencies</a>, and national laboratories and institutes), a <a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">professional association</a> (society), a purpose-made <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards organization</a> such as <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, or vendor-neutral developed generic requirements. It is common for one organization to <i>refer to</i> (<i>reference</i>, <i>call out</i>, <i>cite</i>) the standards of another. Voluntary standards may become mandatory if adopted by a government or business contract. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>, it is vital for <a href="/wiki/Suppliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppliers">suppliers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purchasing" title="Purchasing">purchasers</a>, and users of materials, products, or services to understand and agree upon all requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A specification may refer to a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standard</a> which is often referenced by a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> or procurement document, or an otherwise agreed upon set of requirements (though still often used in the singular). In any case, it provides the necessary details about the specific requirements. </p><p>Standards for specifications may be provided by government agencies, standards organizations (<a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Welding_Society" title="American Welding Society">AWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIST" class="mw-redirect" title="NIST">NIST</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a> / <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard" title="United States Military Standard">DoD</a>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">trade associations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, and others. A memorandum published by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">William J. Perry</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Defense Secretary</a>, on 29 June 1994 announced that a move to "greater use of performance and commercial specifications and standards" was to be introduced, which Perry saw as "one of the most important actions that [the Department of Defense] should take" at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following <a href="/wiki/British_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="British standards">British standards</a> apply to specifications: </p> <ul><li>BS 7373-1:2001 Guide to the preparation of specifications <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BS 7373-2:2001 Product specifications. Guide to identifying criteria for a product specification and to declaring product conformity <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>BS 7373-3:2005, Product specifications. Guide to identifying criteria for specifying a service offering <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A design/product specification does not necessarily prove a <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a> to be correct or useful in every context. An item might be <a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">verified</a> to comply with a specification or stamped with a specification number: this does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for other, non-validated uses. The people who use the item (<a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, etc.) or specify the item (<a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a>, government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the choice of available specifications, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use the item correctly. <a href="/wiki/Verification_and_Validation" class="mw-redirect" title="Verification and Validation">Validation</a> of suitability is necessary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_European_Union" title="Government procurement in the European Union">Public sector procurement</a> rules in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and United Kingdom require <a href="/wiki/Non-discriminatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-discriminatory">non-discriminatory</a> technical specifications to be used to identify the purchasing organisation's requirements. The rules relating to public works contracts initially prohibited "technical specifications having a discriminatory effect" from 1971; this principle was extended to public supply contracts by the then European Communities' Directive 77/62/EEC coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts, adopted in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organisations provide guidance on specification-writing for their staff and partners.<sup id="cite_ref-suffolk_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suffolk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to identifying the specific attributes required of the goods or services being purchased, specifications in the public sector may also make reference to the organisation's current corporate objectives or priorities.<sup id="cite_ref-suffolk_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suffolk-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidance_and_content">Guidance and content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guidance and content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes a guide or a <a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">standard operating procedure</a> is available to help write and format a good specification.<sup id="cite_ref-eswg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eswg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agws_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agws-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MilSpec_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MilSpec-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specification might include: </p> <ul><li>Descriptive title, number, <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifier</a>, etc. of the specification</li> <li>Date of last effective <a href="/wiki/Revision_(writing)" title="Revision (writing)">revision</a> and revision designation</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> to indicate the document <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> and origin<sup id="cite_ref-gsg_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsg-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_contents" title="Table of contents">Table of Contents</a> (TOC), if the document is long</li> <li>Person, office, or agency responsible for questions on the specification, updates, and deviations.</li> <li>The significance, scope or importance of the specification and its intended use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Definitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions">definitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbreviations">abbreviations</a> to clarify the meanings of the specification<sup id="cite_ref-iso1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rabt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_method" title="Test method">Test methods</a> for measuring all specified characteristics</li> <li>Material requirements: physical, mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc. Targets and <a href="/wiki/Tolerance_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerance (engineering)">tolerances</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance_testing" title="Acceptance testing">Acceptance testing</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Performance_test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance test (assessment)">performance testing</a> requirements. Targets and <a href="/wiki/Tolerance_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerance (engineering)">tolerances</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawings" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawings">Drawings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">photographs</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">technical illustrations</a></li> <li>Workmanship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certification" title="Certification">Certifications</a> required.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a> considerations and requirements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">Security</a> considerations and requirements (where appropriate: e.g. for products and services to be provided to government or military agencies, information technology firms, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> considerations and requirements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">Quality control</a> requirements, <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_sampling" title="Acceptance sampling">acceptance sampling</a>, inspections, acceptance criteria; or, where a quality management system is operating, <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">quality assurance</a> requirements set forth to regulate business processes involved in the delivery of the product/service which is in the scope of the specification.</li> <li>Person, office, or agency responsible for enforcement of the specification (which could include the arrangement and execution of audits for verifying compliance with the requirements set forth in the specification).</li> <li>Completion and delivery conditions (often referring to standardized <a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">INCOTERMS</a>).</li> <li>Provisions for rejection, reinspection, rehearing, <a href="/wiki/Corrective_and_preventive_action" title="Corrective and preventive action">corrective measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/References" class="mw-redirect" title="References">References</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citations</a> for which any instructions in the content maybe required to fulfill the <a href="/wiki/Traceability" title="Traceability">traceability</a> and clarity of the document<sup id="cite_ref-rabt_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dbrc_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbrc-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibrs_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibrs-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Signatures">Signatures</a> of approval, if necessary;<sup id="cite_ref-21cfrp11_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21cfrp11-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes specific procedures apply to sign-off / buy-off events.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_control" title="Change control">Change record</a> to summarize the chronological development, revision and completion if the document is to be circulated internally<sup id="cite_ref-pdfs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdfs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addendum" title="Addendum">Annexes and Appendices</a> that expand on details, add clarification, or offer options.<sup id="cite_ref-pdfs_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdfs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specifications in North America form part of the contract documents that accompany and govern the drawings for construction of building and infrastructure projects. Specifications describe the quality and performance of building materials, using code citations and published standards, whereas the drawings or <a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">building information model</a> (BIM) illustrates quantity and location of materials. The guiding master document of names and numbers is the latest edition of <a href="/wiki/MasterFormat" title="MasterFormat">MasterFormat</a>. This is a consensus document that is jointly sponsored by two professional organizations: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Construction_Specifications_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Construction Specifications Canada (page does not exist)">Construction Specifications Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> based in the United States and updated every two years. </p><p>While there is a tendency to believe that "specifications overrule drawings" in the event of discrepancies between the text document and the drawings, the actual intent must be made explicit in the contract between the Owner and the Contractor. The standard AIA (American Institute of Architects) and EJCDC (Engineering Joint Contract Documents Committee) states that the drawings and specifications are complementary, together providing the information required for a complete facility. Many public agencies, such as the Naval Facilities Command (NAVFAC) state that the specifications overrule the drawings. This is based on the idea that words are easier for a jury (or mediator) to interpret than drawings in case of a dispute. </p><p>The standard listing of construction specifications falls into <a href="/wiki/50_Divisions" title="50 Divisions">50 Divisions</a>, or broad categories of work types and work results involved in construction. The divisions are subdivided into sections, each one addressing a specific material type (concrete) or a work product (steel door) of the construction work. A specific material may be covered in several locations, depending on the work result: stainless steel (for example) can be covered as a sheet material used in flashing and sheet Metal in division 07; it can be part of a finished product, such as a handrail, covered in division 05; or it can be a component of building hardware, covered in division 08. The original listing of specification divisions was based on the time sequence of construction, working from exterior to interior, and this logic is still somewhat followed as new materials and systems make their way into the construction process. </p><p>Each section is subdivided into three distinct parts: "general", "products" and "execution". The MasterFormat and SectionFormat<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> systems can be successfully applied to residential, commercial, civil, and industrial construction. Although many architects find the rather voluminous commercial style of specifications too lengthy for most residential projects and therefore either produce more abbreviated specifications of their own or use ArCHspec (which was specifically created for residential projects). Master specification systems are available from multiple vendors such as Arcom, Visispec, BSD, and Spectext. These systems were created to standardize language across the United States and are usually subscription based. </p><p>Specifications can be either "performance-based", whereby the specifier restricts the text to stating the performance that must be achieved by the completed work, "prescriptive" where the specifier states the specific criteria such as fabrication standards applicable to the item, or "proprietary", whereby the specifier indicates specific products, vendors and even contractors that are acceptable for each workscope. In addition, specifications can be "closed" with a specific list of products, or "open" allowing for substitutions made by the constructor. Most construction specifications are a combination of performance-based and proprietary types, naming acceptable manufacturers and products while also specifying certain standards and design criteria that must be met. </p><p>While North American specifications are usually restricted to broad descriptions of the work, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> ones and Civil work can include actual work quantities, including such things as <a href="/wiki/Area" title="Area">area</a> of <a href="/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall">drywall</a> to be built in square meters, like a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_materials" title="Bill of materials">bill of materials</a>. This type of specification is a collaborative effort between a specification writer and a <a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">quantity surveyor</a>. This approach is unusual in North America, where each bidder performs a quantity survey on the basis of both drawings and specifications. In many countries on the European continent, content that might be described as "specifications" in the United States are covered under the building code or municipal code. Civil and infrastructure work in the United States often includes a quantity breakdown of the work to be performed as well. </p><p>Although specifications are usually issued by the <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>'s office, specification writing itself is undertaken by the architect and the various <a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">engineers</a> or by specialist specification writers. Specification writing is often a distinct professional trade, with professional certifications such as "Certified Construction Specifier" (CCS) available through the Construction Specifications Institute and the Registered Specification Writer (RSW)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through Construction Specifications Canada. Specification writers may be separate entities such as <a href="/wiki/Subcontractor" title="Subcontractor">sub-contractors</a> or they may be <a href="/wiki/Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Employees">employees</a> of architects, engineers, or construction management companies. Specification writers frequently meet with manufacturers of <a href="/wiki/Building_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Building materials">building materials</a> who seek to have their products specified on upcoming construction projects so that contractors can include their products in the estimates leading to their proposals. </p><p>In February 2015, ArCHspec went live, from ArCH (Architects Creating Homes), a nationwide American professional society of architects whose purpose is to improve residential architecture. ArCHspec was created specifically for use by licensed architects while designing SFR (Single Family Residential) architectural projects. Unlike the more commercial CSI/CSC (50+ division commercial specifications), ArCHspec utilizes the more concise 16 traditional Divisions, plus a Division 0 (Scope & Bid Forms) and Division 17 (low voltage). Many architects, up to this point, did not provide specifications for residential designs, which is one of the reasons ArCHspec was created: to fill a void in the industry with more compact specifications for residential projects. Shorter form specifications documents suitable for residential use are also available through Arcom, and follow the 50 division format, which was adopted in both the United States and Canada starting in 2004. The 16 division format is no longer considered standard, and is not supported by either CSI or CSC, or any of the subscription master specification services, data repositories, product lead systems, and the bulk of governmental agencies. </p><p>The United States' <a href="/wiki/Federal_Acquisition_Regulation" title="Federal Acquisition Regulation">Federal Acquisition Regulation</a> governing <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement_in_the_United_States" title="Government procurement in the United States">procurement</a> for the <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">federal government</a> and its agencies stipulates that a copy of the drawings and specifications must be kept available on a construction site.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Special:EditPage/Specification (technical standard)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard">"Specification" technical standard</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Specification%22+technical+standard&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Specifications in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> form part of contract documents. The Housing and Building National Research Center (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520220731/http://www.hbrc.edu.eg/en/Home.html">HBRC</a>) is responsible for developing construction specifications and codes. The HBRC has published more than 15 books which cover building activities like <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">earthworks</a>, plastering, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UK">UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Specification_(technical_standard)" title="Special:EditPage/Specification (technical standard)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard">"Specification" technical standard</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Specification%22+technical+standard">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Specification%22+technical+standard&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Specifications in the UK are part of the contract documents that accompany and govern the construction of a building. They are prepared by construction professionals such as <a href="/wiki/Architects" class="mw-redirect" title="Architects">architects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural technologists">architectural technologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">structural engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">building services engineers</a>. They are created from previous project specifications, in-house documents or master specifications such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Building_Specification" title="National Building Specification">National Building Specification</a> (NBS). The National Building Specification is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> (RIBA) through their commercial group RIBA Enterprises (RIBAe). NBS master specifications provide content that is broad and comprehensive, and delivered using software functionality that enables specifiers to customize the content to suit the needs of the project and to keep up to date. </p><p>UK project specification types fall into two main categories prescriptive and performance. Prescriptive specifications define the requirements using generic or proprietary descriptions of what is required, whereas performance specifications focus on the outcomes rather than the characteristics of the components. </p><p>Specifications are an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Building_Information_Modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Information Modeling">Building Information Modeling</a> and cover the non-geometric requirements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_and_drug">Food and drug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food and drug"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmaceutical products can usually be tested and qualified by various <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopoeia" title="Pharmacopoeia">pharmacopoeias</a>. Current existing pharmaceutical standards include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia" title="British Pharmacopoeia">British Pharmacopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Pharmacopoeia" title="European Pharmacopoeia">European Pharmacopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Pharmacopoeia" title="Japanese Pharmacopoeia">Japanese Pharmacopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Pharmacopoeia" title="The International Pharmacopoeia">The International Pharmacopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">United States Pharmacopeia</a></li></ul> <p>If any pharmaceutical product is not covered by the above <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a>, it can be evaluated by the additional source of pharmacopoeias from other nations, from industrial specifications, or from a standardized <a href="/wiki/Formulary_(pharmacy)" title="Formulary (pharmacy)">formulary</a> such as </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary_for_Children" title="British National Formulary for Children">British National Formulary for Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Formulary" title="British National Formulary">British National Formulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Formulary" class="mw-redirect" title="National Formulary">National Formulary</a></li></ul> <p>A similar approach is adopted by the food manufacturing, of which <a href="/wiki/Codex_Alimentarius" title="Codex Alimentarius">Codex Alimentarius</a> ranks the highest standards, followed by regional and national standards.<sup id="cite_ref-anzfsc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anzfsc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coverage of food and drug <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a> by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> is currently less fruitful and not yet put forward as an urgent agenda due to the tight restrictions of regional or national constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specifications and other standards can be externally imposed as discussed above, but also internal manufacturing and quality specifications. These exist not only for the <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> product but also for the processing <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">packaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cold_chain" title="Cold chain">cold chain</a>), etc. and are exemplified by ISO 14134 and ISO 15609.<sup id="cite_ref-oois_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oois-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sqwp_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sqwp-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The converse of explicit statement of specifications is a process for dealing with observations that are out-of-specification. The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> has published a non-binding recommendation that addresses just this point.<sup id="cite_ref-CDER2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDER2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the present time, much of the information and regulations concerning food and food products remain in a form which makes it difficult to apply automated information processing, storage and transmission methods and techniques. </p><p>Data systems that can process, store and transfer information about food and food products need formal specifications for the representations of data about food and food products in order to operate effectively and efficiently. </p><p>Development of formal specifications for food and drug data with the necessary and sufficient clarity and precision for use specifically by digital computing systems have begun to emerge from some government agencies and standards organizations: the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> has published specifications for a "Structured Product Label" which drug manufacturers must by mandate use to submit electronically the information on a drug label.<sup id="cite_ref-fdaspl_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fdaspl-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the ISO has made some progress in the area of food and drug <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">standards</a> and formal specifications for data about regulated substances through the publication of ISO 11238.<sup id="cite_ref-iso11238_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso11238-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Information_technology">Information technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Information technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specification_need">Specification need</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Specification need"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many contexts, particularly software, specifications are needed to avoid errors due to lack of compatibility, for instance, in interoperability issues. </p><p>For instance, when two applications share Unicode data, but use different normal forms or use them incorrectly, in an incompatible way or without sharing a minimum set of interoperability specification, errors and data loss can result. For example, Mac OS X has many components that prefer or require only decomposed characters (thus decomposed-only Unicode encoded with UTF-8 is also known as "UTF8-MAC"). In one specific instance, the combination of OS X errors handling composed characters, and the <a href="/wiki/Samba_(software)" title="Samba (software)">samba</a> file- and printer-sharing software (which replaces decomposed letters with composed ones when copying file names), has led to confusing and data-destroying interoperability problems.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applications may avoid such errors by preserving input code points, and normalizing them to only the application's preferred normal form for internal use. </p><p>Such errors may also be avoided with algorithms normalizing both strings before any binary comparison. </p><p>However errors due to file name encoding incompatibilities have always existed, due to a lack of minimum set of common specification between software hoped to be inter-operable between various file system drivers, operating systems, network protocols, and thousands of software packages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal">Formal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Formal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">Formal specification</a></div> <p>A <b>formal specification</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> description of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a> that may be used to develop an <a href="/wiki/Implementation" title="Implementation">implementation</a>. It describes <i>what</i> the system should do, not (necessarily) <i>how</i> the system should do it. Given such a specification, it is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">formal verification</a> techniques to demonstrate that a candidate system design is correct with respect to that specification. This has the advantage that incorrect candidate system designs can be revised before a major investment has been made in actually implementing the design. An alternative approach is to use provably correct <a href="/wiki/Program_refinement" class="mw-redirect" title="Program refinement">refinement</a> steps to transform a specification into a design, and ultimately into an actual implementation, that is correct by construction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architectural">Architectural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architectural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In (hardware, software, or enterprise) systems development, an <b>architectural specification</b> is the set of <a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">documentation</a> that describes the <a href="/wiki/Structure" title="Structure">structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, and more <a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">views</a> of that <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program">Program</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>program specification</b> is the definition of what a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> is expected to do. It can be <i>informal</i>, in which case it can be considered as a user manual from a developer point of view, or <i><a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">formal</a></i>, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> or programmatic terms. In practice, many successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety-critical">safety-critical</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Software systems">software systems</a> are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional">Functional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Functional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>, a <b>functional specification</b> (also, <b>functional spec</b> or <b>specs</b> or <b>functional specifications document (FSD)</b>) is the set of <a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">documentation</a> that describes the behavior of a computer program or larger <a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">software system</a>. The documentation typically describes various inputs that can be provided to the <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> system and how the <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> responds to those inputs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_service">Web service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Web service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Web_service_specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Web service specifications">List of Web service specifications</a></div> <p>Web services specifications are often under the umbrella of a <a href="/wiki/Quality_management_system" title="Quality management system">quality management system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mdsw_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mdsw-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Document">Document</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Document"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These types of documents define how a specific document should be written, which may include, but is not limited to, the systems of a document naming, version, layout, referencing, structuring, appearance, language, copyright, hierarchy or format, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-tsds_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsds-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iect_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iect-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very often, this kind of specifications is complemented by a designated template.<sup id="cite_ref-dtsp_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dtsp-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lsso_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lsso-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ssop_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssop-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benchmarking" title="Benchmarking">Benchmarking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_control" title="Change control">Change control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guideline" title="Guideline">Guideline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Standard">Defense Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_specification" title="Design specification">Design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_design_specification" title="Diagnostic design specification">Diagnostic design specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation" title="Documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_specification" title="Formal specification">Formal specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonization_(standards)" title="Harmonization (standards)">Harmonization (standards)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">List of ISO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Air_Ministry_specifications" title="List of Air Ministry specifications">List of Air Ministry specifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_standard" title="Open standard">Open standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance test (assessment)">Performance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_specification" title="Process specification">Process specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_Available_Specification" title="Publicly Available Specification">Publicly Available Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revision_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Revision control">Revision control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shop_drawing" title="Shop drawing">Shop drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_and_Description_Language" title="Specification and Description Language">Specification and Description Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specification_tree" title="Specification tree">Specification tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_interference" title="Statistical interference">Statistical interference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submittals_(construction)" title="Submittals (construction)">Submittals (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_documentation" title="Technical documentation">Technical documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Standard">Technical Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolerance_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerance (engineering)">Tolerance (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-blue-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blue_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blue_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laser+Safety+Standard+Operating+Procedure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-group.slac.stanford.edu%2Fesh%2Feshmanual%2Freferences%2FlaserTemplateSOP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecification+%28technical+standard%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssop-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ssop_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_University_of_Toledo" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Toledo">The University of Toledo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utoledo.edu/depts/safety/docs/Lab_Safety/BSL2_SOP.pdf">"Sample Standard Operating Procedure Requirements for BSL2 Containment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sample+Standard+Operating+Procedure+Requirements+for+BSL2+Containment&rft.au=The+University+of+Toledo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoledo.edu%2Fdepts%2Fsafety%2Fdocs%2FLab_Safety%2FBSL2_SOP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecification+%28technical+standard%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specification_(technical_standard)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pyzdek, T, "Quality Engineering Handbook", 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-4614-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-4614-7">0-8247-4614-7</a></li> <li>Godfrey, A. B., "Juran's Quality Handbook", 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/007034003X" title="Special:BookSources/007034003X">007034003X</a></li> <li>"Specifications for the Chemical And Process Industries", 1996, ASQ Quality Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87389-351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87389-351-4">0-87389-351-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTM">ASTM</a> E29-06b Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chemical_Information_and_Modeling" title="Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling">Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130122005804/http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/journals/journals.htm?PHPSESSID=18na5lljuj9hjamf6te5i99r21&id=jd">Journal of Documentation</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Group_Publishing" title="Emerald Group Publishing">Emerald Group Publishing</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-0418">0022-0418</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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