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id="toc-Periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Plural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions_followed_by_publications_and_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions_followed_by_publications_and_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Conventions followed by publications and newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions_followed_by_publications_and_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_and_general_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_and_general_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Miscellaneous and general rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_and_general_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurements:_abbreviations_or_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurements:_abbreviations_or_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Measurements: abbreviations or symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurements:_abbreviations_or_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_abbreviation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_abbreviation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syllabic abbreviation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syllabic_abbreviation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syllabic abbreviation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_abbreviation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Albanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay_and_Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay_and_Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Malay and Indonesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay_and_Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_and_Japanese_kanji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_and_Japanese_kanji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Chinese and Japanese kanji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_and_Japanese_kanji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abbreviation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 93 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afkorting" title="Afkorting – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Afkorting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="اختصار (لغة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اختصار (لغة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviadura" title="Abreviadura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Abreviadura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviatura" title="Abreviatura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Abreviatura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviatur" title="Abreviatur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abreviatur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksara_anceng" title="Aksara anceng – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Aksara anceng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3" title="সংক্ষেপণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সংক্ষেপণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sok-si%C3%A1-s%C3%BB" title="Sok-siá-sû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sok-siá-sû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абрэвіятура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абрэвіятура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абрэвіятура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абрэвіятура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абревиатура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абревиатура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviaci%C3%B3" title="Abreviació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abreviació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zkratka" title="Zkratka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zkratka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrfodd" title="Byrfodd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Byrfodd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkortelse" title="Forkortelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forkortelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abk%C3%BCrzung" title="Abkürzung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abkürzung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BChend" title="Lühend – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lühend" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Συντομογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συντομογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Киртянь валт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Киртянь валт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviatura" title="Abreviatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abreviatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallongigo" title="Mallongigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mallongigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburdura" title="Laburdura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laburdura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="کوته‌نوشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوته‌نوشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abr%C3%A9viation" title="Abréviation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abréviation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofkoarting" title="Ofkoarting – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ofkoarting" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorr%C3%BAch%C3%A1n_(teanga)" title="Giorrúchán (teanga) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Giorrúchán (teanga)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorrachadh" title="Giorrachadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Giorrachadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviatura" title="Abreviatura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Abreviatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A6" title="સંક્ષિપ્ત શબ્દ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સંક્ષિપ્ત શબ્દ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suk-si%C3%A1" title="Suk-siá – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Suk-siá" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%80%EB%A7%90" title="준말 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="준말" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հապավում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հապավում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0" title="सूचकाक्षर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूचकाक्षर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratica" title="Kratica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kratica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviuro" title="Abreviuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abreviuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singkatan" title="Singkatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Singkatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skammst%C3%B6fun" title="Skammstöfun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skammstöfun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviazione" title="Abbreviazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abbreviazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A3" title="ಸಂಕ್ಷೇಪಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂಕ್ಷೇಪಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90)" title="აბრევიატურა (ენათმეცნიერება) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრევიატურა (ენათმეცნიერება)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amagambo_ahinnye" title="Amagambo ahinnye – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Amagambo ahinnye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kifupi" title="Kifupi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kifupi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviyasyon" title="Abreviyasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Abreviyasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviatio" title="Abbreviatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Abbreviatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviat%C5%ABra" title="Abreviatūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abreviatūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofkierzung" title="Ofkierzung – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ofkierzung" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6vid%C3%ADt%C3%A9s" title="Rövidítés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rövidítés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Скратеница – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скратеница" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ചുരുക്കെഴുത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചുരുക്കെഴുത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singkatan_kata" title="Singkatan kata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Singkatan kata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E5%AF%AB" title="短寫 – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="短寫" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Товчлол – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Товчлол" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afkorting" title="Afkorting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afkorting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="略語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="略語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkortelse" title="Forkortelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forkortelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forkorting" title="Forkorting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Forkorting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviatura" title="Abbreviatura – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abbreviatura" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%81" title="مخفف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مخفف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afk%C3%B6rten" title="Afkörten – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Afkörten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skr%C3%B3t" title="Skrót – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skrót" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviatura" title="Abreviatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abreviatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affk%C3%B6%C3%B6zung_(Schriive)" title="Affköözung (Schriive) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Affköözung (Schriive)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abreviere" title="Abreviere – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abreviere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkurtesa" title="Shkurtesa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkurtesa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abbreviation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%81" title="مخفف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مخفف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratica" title="Kratica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kratica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Скраћеница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скраћеница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kratica" title="Kratica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kratica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyhenne" title="Lyhenne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lyhenne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rkortning" title="Förkortning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förkortning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அஃகுப்பெயர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அஃகுப்பெயர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asegzel_(tutlayt)" title="Asegzel (tutlayt) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asegzel (tutlayt)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аббревиатура – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аббревиатура" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Кӯтаҳнавишт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯтаҳнавишт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1saltma" title="Kısaltma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kısaltma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbrewiatura" title="Abbrewiatura – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Abbrewiatura" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Абревіатура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абревіатура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%81" title="مخفف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مخفف" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Abbreviation" title="Special:EditPage/Abbreviation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Abbreviation%22">"Abbreviation"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Abbreviation%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Abbreviation%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Abbreviation%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Abbreviation%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Abbreviation%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg/330px-Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg/495px-Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg/660px-Schriftprobe_Latein_15_Jh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Example of 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> manuscript text with <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>abbreviation</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">brevis</i></span>, meaning "short"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method including shortening, <a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">contraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Initialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Initialism">initialism</a> (which includes acronym) or <a href="/wiki/Crasis" title="Crasis">crasis</a>. </p><p>An abbreviation may be a shortened form of a word with a trailing period. For example: <i>etcetera</i> is usually abbreviated <i>etc.</i> and <i>abbreviation</i> is sometimes abbreviated <i>abbr.</i>, <i>abbrv.</i>, or <i>abbrev.</i>. But sometimes the trailing period is not used for such shortened forms. </p><p>A <b>contraction</b> is an abbreviation formed by replacing letters with an apostrophe. Examples include <i>I'm</i> for <i>I am</i> and <i>li'l</i> for <i>little</i>. </p><p>An <b>initialism</b> or <b>acronym</b> is an abbreviation consisting of the initial letter of a sequence of words without other punctuation. For example, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/FBI#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:FBI"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌɛf.biːˈaɪ/</span></a>), <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/USA#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:USA"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌjuː.ɛsˈeɪ/</span></a>), <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/IBM#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:IBM"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌaɪ.biːˈɛm/</span></a>), <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/BBC#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:BBC"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˌbiː.biːˈsiː/</span></a>). When initialism is used as the preferred term, acronym refers more specifically to when the abbreviation is pronounced as a word rather than as separate letters; examples include <a href="/wiki/SWAT" title="SWAT">SWAT</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. </p><p>Initialisms, contractions and crasis share some <a href="/wiki/Semantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semantic">semantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic">phonetic</a> functions, and are connected by the term <i>abbreviation</i> in loose parlance.<sup id="cite_ref-harts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p167">: p167 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Scribal abbreviation</a></div> <p>In early times, abbreviations may have been common due to the effort involved in writing (many inscriptions were carved in stone) or to provide secrecy via <a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">obfuscation</a>. </p><p>Reduction of a word to a single letter was common in both <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> writing.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. (For example, <span class="nowrap">⟨A⟩</span> can be an abbreviation for many words, such as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ager</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">amicus</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">annus</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">as</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aulus</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Aurelius</i></span></i>, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aurum</i></span></i>, and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">avus</i></span></i>.)"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many frequent abbreviations consisted of more than one letter: for example COS for <i>consul</i> and COSS for its <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> etc. plural <i>consules</i>. </p><p>Abbreviations were frequently used in early <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Manuscripts of copies of the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> used many abbreviations, for example the <a href="/wiki/Tironian_et" class="mw-redirect" title="Tironian et">Tironian et</a> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">⁊</span>) or <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">&</span> for <i>and</i>, and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">y</span> for <i>since</i>, so that "not much space is wasted".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included a growth in the use of such abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-spell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, not only periods. For example, sequences like <span class="nowrap">⟨er⟩</span> were replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨ɔ⟩</span>, as in <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">mastɔ</span> for <i>master</i> and <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">exacɔbate</span> for <i>exacerbate</i>. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Warden of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Registrum Annalium Collegii Mertonensis</i></span>, 1503.<sup id="cite_ref-spell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Þ</span> was used for <i>th</i>, as in <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Þ<sup>e</sup></span> ('the'). In modern times, <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ⟩</span> was often used (in the form <span class="nowrap">⟨y⟩</span>) for promotional reasons, as in <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">Y<sup>e</sup> Olde Tea Shoppe</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the growth of <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. Likewise, a century earlier in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, a fad of abbreviation started that swept the United States, with the globally popular term <a href="/wiki/Okay" class="mw-redirect" title="Okay">OK</a> generally credited as a remnant of its influence.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. This question is considered below. </p><p>Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones and the Internet during the 1990s led to a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant and text messaging. The original <a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a> supported message lengths of 160 characters at most (using the <a href="/wiki/GSM_03.38" title="GSM 03.38">GSM 03.38</a> character set), for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brevity gave rise to an informal abbreviation scheme sometimes called <a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Textese</a>, with which 10% or more of the words in a typical SMS message are abbreviated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently Twitter, a popular <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>, began driving abbreviation use with 140 character message limits. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, abbreviations can be annotated using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">abbr</span> <span class="na">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Meaning of the abbreviation."</span><span class="p">></span>abbreviation<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">abbr</span><span class="p">></span></code> to reveal its meaning by <a href="/wiki/Mouseover" title="Mouseover">hovering the cursor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_conventions_in_English">Style conventions in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Style conventions in English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern English, there are multiple conventions for abbreviation, and there is controversy as to which should be used. One generally accepted rule is to be consistent in a body of work. To this end, publishers may express their preferences in a <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guide</a>. </p><p>Some controversies that arise are described below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If the original word was capitalized then the first letter of its abbreviation should retain the capital, for example Lev. for <i>Leviticus</i>. When a word is abbreviated to more than a single letter and was originally spelled with lower case letters then there is no need for capitalization. However, when abbreviating a phrase where only the first letter of each word is taken, then all letters should be capitalized, as in YTD for <i>year-to-date</i>, PCB for <i>printed circuit board</i> and FYI for <i>for your information</i>. However, see the following section regarding abbreviations that have become common vocabulary: these are no longer written with capital letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periods">Periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg/220px-%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg/330px-%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg/440px-%E2%80%9CTo_Penna._R.R._Station%E2%80%9D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Sign in New York City subway, reading "Penna." for Penn<i>sylvani</i>a, showing American style of including the period even for contractions</figcaption></figure> <p>A period (a.k.a. full stop) is sometimes used to signify abbreviation, but opinion is divided as to when and if this convention is best practice. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">Hart's Rules</a>, a word shortened by dropping letters from the end terminates with a period, whereas a word shorted by dropping letters from the middle does not.<sup id="cite_ref-harts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harts-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p167–170">: p167–170 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fowler%27s_Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowler's Modern English Usage">Fowler's Modern English Usage</a> says a period is used for both of these shortened forms, but recommends against this practice: advising it only for end-shortened words and lower-case initialisms; not for middle-shortened words and upper-case initialisms.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Full form </th> <th>Shortening </th> <th>Short form </th> <th>Source </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Doctor</a> </td> <td>mid </td> <td>Dr </td> <td>D——r </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a> </td> <td>end </td> <td>Prof. </td> <td>Prof... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reverend" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend">The Reverend</a> </td> <td>end </td> <td>Rev. </td> <td>Rev... </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reverend" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverend">The Reverend</a> </td> <td>mid </td> <td>Revd </td> <td>Rev——d </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a> </td> <td>mid and end </td> <td>Rt Hon. </td> <td>R——t Hon... </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some British style guides, such as for <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>, disallow periods for all abbreviations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the period is usually included regardless of whether or not it is a contraction, e.g. <i>Dr.</i> or <i>Mrs.</i>. In some cases, periods are optional, as in either <i>US</i> or <i>U.S.</i> for <i>United States</i>, <i>EU</i> or <i>E.U.</i> for <i>European Union</i>, and <i>UN</i> or <i>U.N.</i> for <i>United Nations</i>. There are some house styles, however—American ones included—that remove the periods from almost all abbreviations. For example: </p> <ul><li>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> advises that periods should not be used with abbreviations on road signs, except for cardinal directions as part of a destination name. (For example, <i>"Northwest Blvd"</i>, <i>"W. Jefferson"</i>, and <i>"PED XING"</i> all follow this recommendation.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMA_Manual_of_Style" title="AMA Manual of Style">AMA style</a>, used in many <a href="/wiki/Medical_journal" title="Medical journal">medical journals</a>, uses no periods in abbreviations or acronyms, with almost no exceptions. Thus <a href="/wiki/Exempli_gratia" class="mw-redirect" title="Exempli gratia">eg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Id_est" class="mw-redirect" title="Id est">ie</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/versus" class="extiw" title="wikt:versus">vs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Et_al." class="mw-redirect" title="Et al.">et al.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_(title)" title="Doctor (title)">Dr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mr." title="Mr.">Mr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_unit" title="Intensive care unit">ICU</a>, and hundreds of others contain no periods. The only exceptions are <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">No.</span> (an abbreviation of <a href="/wiki/Numero_sign" title="Numero sign">Numero</a>, Number), to avoid confusion with the word "<a href="/wiki/Yes_and_no" title="Yes and no">No</a>"; initials within persons' names (such as "George R. Smith"); and "St." within persons' names when the person prefers it (such as "Emily R. St. Clair") (but not in city names such as <i>St Louis</i> or <i>St Paul</i>).</li></ul> <p>Acronyms that were originally capitalized (with or without periods) but have since entered the vocabulary as generic words are no longer written with capital letters nor with any periods. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>, <a href="/wiki/SNAFU" title="SNAFU">snafu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scuba_set" title="Scuba set">scuba</a>. </p><p>When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: <i>The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C.</i> </p><p>In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, <i>U. S.</i>, but today this is typically <i>US</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plural">Plural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple ways to pluralize an abbreviation. Sometimes this accomplished by adding an apostrophe and an <i>s</i> (<span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;">'s</span>), as in "two PC's have broken screens". But, some find this confusing since the notation can indicate <a href="/wiki/Possessive_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive case">possessive case</a>. And, this style is deprecated by many style guides. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Turabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Turabian">Kate Turabian</a>, writing about style in academic writings,<sup id="cite_ref-Chicago_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chicago-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows for an apostrophe to form plural acronyms "only when an abbreviation contains internal periods or both capital and lowercase letters". For example, "DVDs" and "URLs" and "Ph.D.'s", while the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-MLA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> explicitly says, "do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of an abbreviation". Also, the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> specifically says,<sup id="cite_ref-APA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "without an apostrophe". </p><p>However, the 1999 style guide for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> states that the addition of an apostrophe is necessary when pluralizing all abbreviations, preferring "PC's, TV's and VCR's".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forming a plural of an initialization without an apostrophe can also be used for a number, or a letter. Examples:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Run_batted_in" title="Run batted in">Runs batted in</a>, RBIs</li> <li>The roaring 20s</li> <li>Mind your Ps and Qs</li></ul> <p>For units of measure, the same form is used for both singular and plural. Examples: </p> <ul><li>1 lb or 20 lb</li> <li>1 ft or 16 ft</li> <li>1 min or 45 min</li></ul> <p>When an abbreviation contains more than one period, <i>Hart's Rules</i> recommends putting the <i>s</i> after the final one. Examples: </p> <ul><li>Ph.D.s</li> <li>M.Phil.s</li> <li>The d.t.s</li></ul> <p>However, the same plurals may be rendered less formally as: </p> <ul><li>PhDs</li> <li>MPhils</li> <li>The DTs (This is the recommended form in the <i>New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors</i>.)</li></ul> <p>According to <i>Hart's Rules</i>, an apostrophe may be used in rare cases where clarity calls for it, for example when letters or symbols are referred to as objects. </p> <ul><li>The x's of the equation</li> <li>Dot the i's and cross the t's</li></ul> <p>However, the apostrophe can be dispensed with if the items are set in italics or quotes: </p> <ul><li>The <i>x</i>s of the equation</li> <li>Dot the 'i's and cross the 't's</li></ul> <p>In Latin, and continuing to the derivative forms in European languages as well as English, single-letter abbreviations had the plural being a doubling of the letter for note-taking. Most of these deal with writing and publishing. A few longer abbreviations use this as well. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular abbreviation </th> <th>Word/phrase </th> <th>Plural abbreviation </th> <th>Discipline </th></tr> <tr> <td>d. </td> <td>didot </td> <td>dd. </td> <td>typography </td></tr> <tr> <td>f. </td> <td>following line or page </td> <td>ff. </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>F. </td> <td>folio </td> <td>Ff. </td> <td>literature </td></tr> <tr> <td>h. </td> <td>hand </td> <td>hh. </td> <td>horse height </td></tr> <tr> <td>J. </td> <td>Justice </td> <td>JJ. </td> <td>law (job title) </td></tr> <tr> <td>l. </td> <td>line </td> <td>ll. </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>MS </td> <td>manuscript </td> <td>MSS </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>op. </td> <td>opus (plural: opera) </td> <td>opp. </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>p. </td> <td>page </td> <td>pp. </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Q. </td> <td>quarto </td> <td>Qq. </td> <td>literature </td></tr> <tr> <td>s. (or <a href="/wiki/%C2%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="§">§</a>) </td> <td>section </td> <td>ss. (or §§) </td> <td>notes </td></tr> <tr> <td>v. </td> <td>volume </td> <td>vv. </td> <td>notes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventions_followed_by_publications_and_newspapers">Conventions followed by publications and newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conventions followed by publications and newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Publications based in the U.S. tend to follow the style guides of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. government follows a style guide published by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> sets the style for abbreviations of units. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many British publications follow some of these guidelines in abbreviation: </p> <ul><li>For the sake of convenience, many British publications, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, have completely done away with the use of periods in all abbreviations. These include: <ul><li>Social titles, e.g. Ms or Mr (though these would usually have not had periods—see above) Capt, Prof, <i>etc.;</i></li> <li>Two-letter abbreviations for countries (<i>"US"</i>, not <i>"U.S."</i>);</li> <li>Abbreviations beyond three letters (full caps for all except initialisms<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>);</li> <li>Words seldom abbreviated with lower case letters (<i>"PR"</i>, instead of <i>"p.r."</i>, or <i>"pr"</i>)</li> <li>Names (<i>"FW de Klerk"</i>, <i>"GB Whiteley"</i>, <i>"Park JS"</i>). A notable exception is <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> which writes <i>"Mr F. W. de Klerk"</i>.</li> <li>Scientific units (see Measurements below).</li></ul></li> <li>Acronyms are often referred to with only the first letter of the abbreviation capitalized. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> can be abbreviated as <i>"Nato"</i> or <i>"NATO"</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome">Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome</a> as <i>"Sars"</i> or <i>"SARS"</i> (compare with <i>"<a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>"</i> which has made the full transition to an English word and is rarely capitalised at all).</li> <li>Initialisms are always written in capitals; for example the <i>"British Broadcasting Corporation"</i> is abbreviated to <i>"BBC"</i>, never <i>"Bbc"</i>. An initialism is also an acronym but is not pronounced as a word.</li> <li>When abbreviating scientific units, no space is added between the number and unit (100mph, 100m, 10cm, 10°C). (This is contrary to the SI standard; see below.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miscellaneous_and_general_rules">Miscellaneous and general rules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous and general rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A doubled letter appears in abbreviations of some Welsh names, as in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> the double "l" is a separate sound: "Ll. George" for (British prime minister) <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>.</li> <li>Some titles, such as "Reverend" and "Honourable", are spelt out when preceded by "the", rather than as "Rev." or "Hon." respectively. This is true for most British publications, and some in the United States.</li> <li>A repeatedly used abbreviation should be spelt out for identification on its first occurrence in a written or spoken passage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abbreviations likely to be unfamiliar to many readers should be avoided.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurements:_abbreviations_or_symbols">Measurements: abbreviations or symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Measurements: abbreviations or symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Writers often use shorthand to denote units of measure. Such shorthand can be an abbreviation, such as "in" for "<a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a>" or can be a symbol such as "km" for "<a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">kilometre</a>". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">International System of Units</a> (SI) manual<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word "symbol" is used consistently to define the shorthand used to represent the various SI units of measure. The manual also <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">defines the way in which units should be written</a>, the principal rules being: </p> <ul><li>The conventions for upper and lower case letters must be observed—for example 1 MW (megawatts) is equal to 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> and 1,000,000,000 mW (milliwatts).</li> <li>No periods should be inserted between letters—for example "m.s" (which is an approximation of "m·s", which correctly uses <a href="/wiki/Middle_dot" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle dot">middle dot</a>) is the symbol for "metres multiplied by seconds", but "ms" is the symbol for milliseconds.</li> <li>No periods should follow the symbol unless the syntax of the sentence demands otherwise (for example a full stop at the end of a sentence).</li> <li>The singular and plural versions of the symbol are identical—not all languages use the letter "s" to denote a plural.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syllabic_abbreviation">Syllabic abbreviation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syllabic abbreviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A syllabic abbreviation is usually formed from the initial syllables of several words, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></i> = <i>International</i> + <i>police</i>. It is a variant of the acronym. Syllabic abbreviations are usually written using <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a>, sometimes starting with a <a href="/wiki/Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">capital letter</a>, and are always pronounced as words rather than letter by letter. Syllabic abbreviations should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteaus</a>, which combine two words without necessarily taking whole syllables from each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllabic abbreviations are not widely used in English. Some UK government agencies such as <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> (Office of Communications) and the former <a href="/wiki/Oftel" title="Oftel">Oftel</a> (Office of Telecommunications) use this style. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> has various neighborhoods named by syllabic abbreviation, such as <a href="/wiki/Tribeca" title="Tribeca">Tribeca</a> (Triangle below Canal Street) and <a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a> (South of Houston Street). This usage has spread into other American cities, giving <a href="/wiki/South_of_Market,_San_Francisco" title="South of Market, San Francisco">SoMa</a>, San Francisco (South of Market) and <a href="/wiki/LoDo,_Denver" title="LoDo, Denver">LoDo, Denver</a> (Lower Downtown), amongst others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>-based electric service provider <a href="/wiki/ComEd" class="mw-redirect" title="ComEd">ComEd</a> is a syllabic abbreviation of <i>Commonwealth</i> and (Thomas) <i>Edison</i>. </p><p>Sections of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> are also often colloquially syllabically abbreviated, as in NorCal (Northern California), CenCal (Central California), and SoCal (Southern California). Additionally, in the context of Los Angeles, the syllabic abbreviation SoHo (Southern Hollywood) refers to the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> neighborhood. </p><p>Partially syllabic abbreviations are preferred by the US Navy, as they increase readability amidst the large number of initialisms that would otherwise have to fit into the same acronyms. Hence <i><a href="/wiki/DESRON" class="mw-redirect" title="DESRON">DESRON</a> 6</i> is used (in the full capital form) to mean "Destroyer Squadron 6", while <i><a href="/wiki/COMNAVAIRLANT" class="mw-redirect" title="COMNAVAIRLANT">COMNAVAIRLANT</a></i> would be "Commander, Naval Air Force (in the) Atlantic". </p><p>Syllabic abbreviations are a prominent feature of <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>, the fictional language of <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s dystopian novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>. The political contractions of Newspeak—<i>Ingsoc</i> (English Socialism), <i>Minitrue</i> (Ministry of Truth), <i>Miniplenty</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Plenty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Plenty">Ministry of Plenty</a>)—are described by Orwell as similar to real examples of German <i>(<a href="#German">see below</a>)</i> and Russian (<i><a href="#Russian">see below</a>)</i> contractions in the 20th century. The contractions in Newspeak are supposed to have a political function by virtue of their abbreviated structure itself: nice sounding and easily pronounceable, their purpose is to mask all ideological content from the speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 310–8">: 310–8 </span></sup> </p><p>A more recent syllabic abbreviation has emerged with the disease <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> (Corona Virus Disease 2019) caused by the <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2</a> (itself frequently abbreviated to <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, partly an initialism). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian">Albanian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Albanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Albanian, syllabic acronyms are sometimes used for composing a person's name, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Migjeni" title="Migjeni">Migjeni</a></i>—an abbreviation from his original name (<i>Millosh Gjergj Nikolla</i>) a famous Albanian poet and writer—or <i><a href="/wiki/ASDRENI" class="mw-redirect" title="ASDRENI">ASDRENI</a></i> (<i>Aleksander Stavre Drenova</i>), another famous Albanian poet. </p><p>Other such names which are used commonly in recent decades are GETOAR, composed from <i><a href="/wiki/Gegeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gegeria">Gegeria</a></i> + <i><a href="/wiki/Tosks" title="Tosks">Tosks</a></i> (representing the two main dialects of the Albanian language, Gegë and Toskë), and <i><a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a></i>—which is an alternative way used to describe all Albanian lands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllabic abbreviations were and are common in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>; much like acronyms in English, they have a distinctly modern connotation, although contrary to popular belief, many date back to before <a href="/wiki/1933_in_Germany" title="1933 in Germany">1933</a>, if not the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great War">the Great War</a>. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kriminalpolizei</a></i></span>, literally <i>criminal police</i> but idiomatically the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department" title="Criminal Investigation Department">Criminal Investigation Department</a> of any German police force, begat <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">KriPo</i></span> (variously capitalised), and likewise <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzpolizei" title="Schutzpolizei">Schutzpolizei</a></i></span> (<i>protection police</i> or <i>uniform department</i>) begat <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">SchuPo</i></span>. Along the same lines, the Swiss Federal Railways' Transit Police—the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Transportpolizei</i></span>—are abbreviated as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">TraPo</i></span>. </p><p>With the National Socialist German Workers' Party gaining power came a frenzy of government reorganisation, and with it a series of entirely new syllabic abbreviations. The single national police force amalgamated from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzpolizeien</i></span> of the various states became the OrPo (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a></i></span>, "order police"); the state KriPos together formed the "SiPo" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i></span>, "security police"); and there was also the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geheime Staatspolizei</i></span>, "secret state police"). The new order of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> in the east brought about a conscious <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>, but also a repudiation of earlier turns of phrase in favour of neologisms such as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></i></span> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatssicherheit</i></span> ("state security", the secret police) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">VoPo</i></span> for <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volkspolizei</i></span>. The phrase <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">politisches Büro</i></span>, which may be rendered literally as "office of politics" or idiomatically as "political party steering committee", became <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politbüro</a></i></span>. </p><p>Syllabic abbreviations are not only used in politics, however. Many business names, trademarks, and service marks from across Germany are created on the same pattern: for a few examples, there is <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a>, from <i>Theo Albrecht</i>, the name of its founder, followed by <i>discount</i>; <a href="/wiki/Haribo" title="Haribo">Haribo</a>, from <i>Hans Riegel</i>, the name of its founder, followed by <i>Bonn</i>, the town of its head office; and <a href="/wiki/Adidas" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Adi_Dassler" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Dassler"><i>Adolf "Adi" Dassler</i></a>, the nickname of its founder followed by his surname. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian">Russian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllabic abbreviations are very common in Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. They are often used as names of organizations. Historically, popularization of abbreviations was a way to simplify mass-education in 1920s (see <a href="/wiki/Likbez" title="Likbez">Likbez</a>). The word <i><a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">kolkhoz</a></i> (<i>kollektívnoye khozyáystvo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective farm">collective farm</a>) is another example. </p><p>Leninist organisations such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a></i> (<i>Communist International</i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a></i> (<i>Kommunisticheskii Soyuz Molodyozhi</i>, or "Communist youth union") used Russian language syllabic abbreviations. In the modern Russian language, words like <i>Rosselkhozbank</i> (from Rossiysky selskokhozyaystvenny bank — <a href="/wiki/Russian_Agricultural_Bank" title="Russian Agricultural Bank">Russian Agricultural Bank</a>, RusAg) and <i>Minobrnauki</i> (from Ministerstvo obrazovaniya i nauki — Ministry of Education and Science) are still commonly used. In nearby <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, there are <i>Beltelecom</i> (Belarus Telecommunication) and Belsat (Belarus Satellite). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Syllabic abbreviations are common in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish (language)">Spanish</a>; examples abound in organization names such as <a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a> for <i>Petróleos Mexicanos</i> ("Mexican Petroleums") or Fonafifo for <i>Fondo Nacional de Financimiento Forestal</i> (National Forestry Financing Fund). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay_and_Indonesian">Malay and Indonesian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Malay and Indonesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Southeast Asian languages, especially in <a href="/wiki/Malay_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay languages">Malay languages</a>, abbreviations are common; examples include <a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a> (for <i>Petroliam Nasional</i>, "National Petroleum"), its Indonesian equivalent <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a> (from its original name <i>Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara</i>, "State Oil and Natural Gas Mining Company"), and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transportation_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Transportation (Indonesia)">Kemenhub</a> (from <i>Kementerian Perhubungan</i>, "Ministry of Transportation"). </p><p>Malaysian abbreviation often uses letters from each word, while Indonesia usually uses syllables; although some cases do not follow the style. For example, general elections in Malaysian Malay often shortened into PRU (<b>p</b>ilihan <b>r</b>aya <b>u</b>mum) while Indonesian often shortened into pemilu (<b>pemil</b>ihan <b>u</b>mum). Another example is Ministry of Health in which Malaysian Malay uses KKM (<b>K</b>ementerian <b>K</b>esihatan <b>M</b>alaysia), compared to Indonesian Kemenkes (<b>Kemen</b>terian <b>Kes</b>ehatan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_and_Japanese_kanji">Chinese and Japanese kanji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chinese and Japanese kanji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East Asian languages whose writing systems use <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> form abbreviations similarly by using key Chinese characters from a term or phrase. For example, in Japanese the term for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <i>kokusai rengō</i> (国際連合) is often abbreviated to <i>kokuren</i> (国連). (Such abbreviations are called <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:略語">ryakugo</a> (略語) in Japanese; see also <a href="/wiki/Japanese_abbreviated_and_contracted_words" title="Japanese abbreviated and contracted words">Japanese abbreviated and contracted words</a>). The syllabic abbreviation of <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> words is frequently used for universities: for instance, <i>Tōdai</i> (東大) for <i>Tōkyō daigaku</i> (東京大学, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tokyo" title="University of Tokyo">University of Tokyo</a>) and is used similarly in Chinese: <i>Běidà</i> (北大) for <i>Běijīng Dàxué</i> (北京大学, <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>). Korean universities often follow the same conventions, such as <i>Hongdae</i> (홍대) as short for <i>Hongik Daehakgyo</i>, or <a href="/wiki/Hongik_University" title="Hongik University">Hongik University</a>. The English phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gung_ho" class="extiw" title="wikt:gung ho">Gung ho</a>" originated as a Chinese abbreviation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation_(music)" title="Abbreviation (music)">Abbreviation (music)</a> – Abbreviations used in music notation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blend_word" title="Blend word">Blend word</a> – Word consisting of two words put together <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portmanteaus" title="List of portmanteaus">List of portmanteaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipping_(morphology)" title="Clipping (morphology)">Clipping (morphology)</a> – Reduction of a word to one of its parts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramogram" title="Gramogram">Gramogram</a> – Group of letters pronounced as if a word</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions" title="List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions">List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_photography" title="List of abbreviations in photography">List of abbreviations in photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a> – Abbreviation consisting of initial letters of a phrase <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acronyms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of acronyms">List of acronyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations" title="List of business and finance abbreviations">List of business and finance abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_abbreviations" title="List of classical abbreviations">List of classical abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_abbreviations" title="List of medieval abbreviations">List of medieval abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">Neologism</a> – Recent term that is gaining acceptance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numeronym" title="Numeronym">Numeronym</a> – Number-based word</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAS_syndrome" title="RAS syndrome">RAS syndrome</a> – Acronym redundantly coupled with its word(s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">SMS language</a> – Abbreviated slang used in text messaging</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-letter_acronym" title="Three-letter acronym">Three-letter acronym</a> – Abbreviation consisting of three letters</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:Abbreviations_in_Webster" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Wiktionary:Abbreviations in Webster">The abbreviations used in the 1913 edition of Webster's dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Unicode alias names and abbreviations</a> – Names and aliases of Unicode characters</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern text messaging is not affected by this issue although, behind the scenes, longer messages are carried in multiple 160-byte short messages in a chain. Characters not in GSM 03.38 require two bytes.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbreviation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/adjective/91/">"brevis/breve, brevis M"</a>. <i>Latin is Simple Online Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329120905/https://www.latin-is-simple.com/en/vocabulary/adjective/91/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Latin+is+Simple+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=brevis%2Fbreve%2C+brevis+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latin-is-simple.com%2Fen%2Fvocabulary%2Fadjective%2F91%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitter2005" class="citation book cs1">Ritter, R M (2005). <i>New Hart's Rules: The handbook of style for writers and editors</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198610410" title="Special:BookSources/9780198610410"><bdi>9780198610410</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225098030">225098030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Hart%27s+Rules%3A+The+handbook+of+style+for+writers+and+editors&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225098030&rft.isbn=9780198610410&rft.aulast=Ritter&rft.aufirst=R+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartington1838" class="citation book cs1">Partington, Charles Frederick (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HA9kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The British Cyclopaedia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural History, and Biography</i></a>. Wm. S. Orr and Company. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/551503698">551503698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Cyclopaedia+of+the+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+History%2C+Geography%2C+Literature%2C+Natural+History%2C+and+Biography&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wm.+S.+Orr+and+Company&rft.date=1838&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F551503698&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=Charles+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHA9kAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy (2004). <i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome</i>. Facts on file. Infobase Publishing. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816074822" title="Special:BookSources/9780816074822"><bdi>9780816074822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882540013">882540013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Rome&rft.series=Facts+on+file&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882540013&rft.isbn=9780816074822&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelderen2014" class="citation book cs1">Gelderen, Elly van (2014). "4 1.". <i>A History of the English Language</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027270436" title="Special:BookSources/9789027270436"><bdi>9789027270436</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097127034">1097127034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+1.&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+Language&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097127034&rft.isbn=9789027270436&rft.aulast=Gelderen&rft.aufirst=Elly+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spell-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spell_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spell_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcherUpton2004" class="citation web cs1">Fletcher, John M.; Upton, Christopher A. (1 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015214606/http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j7/shortcuts.php">"The End of Short Cuts: The use of abbreviated English by the fellows of Merton College, Oxford 1483-1660"</a>. <i>The Simplified Spelling Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j7/shortcuts.php">the original</a> on October 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Simplified+Spelling+Society&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Short+Cuts%3A+The+use+of+abbreviated+English+by+the+fellows+of+Merton+College%2C+Oxford+1483-1660.&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Upton%2C+Christopher+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spellingsociety.org%2Fjournals%2Fj7%2Fshortcuts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lass, R., <i>The Cambridge History of the English Language</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224185657/http://www.illinoisprairie.info/chocokeh.htm">"The Choctaw Expression 'Okeh' and the Americanism 'Okay'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Jim Fay. 2007-09-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoisprairie.info/chocokeh.htm">the original</a> on 2010-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Choctaw+Expression+%27Okeh%27+and+the+Americanism+%27Okay%27&rft.pub=Jim+Fay&rft.date=2007-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoisprairie.info%2Fchocokeh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250.html">"What does "OK" stand for?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Straight_Dope" title="The Straight Dope">The Straight Dope</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512085453/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_250.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straight+Dope&rft.atitle=What+does+%22OK%22+stand+for%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straightdope.com%2Fclassics%2Fa2_250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crystal, David. <a href="/wiki/Txtng:_the_Gr8_Db8" title="Txtng: the Gr8 Db8">Txtng: the Gr8 Db8</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954490-5">978-0-19-954490-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2008" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Robert, ed. (2008). "Full stop". <i>Pocket Fowler's Modern English Usage</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191727078" title="Special:BookSources/9780191727078"><bdi>9780191727078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Full+stop&rft.btitle=Pocket+Fowler%27s+Modern+English+Usage&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780191727078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-a">"Guardian and Observer style guide: A"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2021-04-30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-22</span></span>. <q>Do not use full points in abbreviations, or spaces between initials, including those in proper names: IMF, mph, eg, 4am, M&S, No 10, AN Wilson, WH Smith, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+and+Observer+style+guide%3A+A&rft.date=2021-04-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fguardian-observer-style-guide-a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Economist2005" class="citation book cs1">The Economist (2005). <i>Style guide</i> (9th ed.). London: Profile Books. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84765-030-6"><bdi>978-1-84765-030-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/236346040">236346040</a>. <q>Do not use full stops in abbreviations...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Style+guide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F236346040&rft.isbn=978-1-84765-030-6&rft.au=The+Economist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chicago-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chicago_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurabian" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_L._Turabian" title="Kate L. Turabian">Turabian, Kate L.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Manual_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers,_Theses,_and_Dissertations" title="A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations">A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</a></i> (7th ed.). University of Chicago Press. subsection 20.1.2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+for+Writers+of+Research+Papers%2C+Theses%2C+and+Dissertations&rft.pages=subsection+20.1.2&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.aulast=Turabian&rft.aufirst=Kate+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MLA-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MLA_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th Edition 2009, subsection 3.2.7.g</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA), 5th Edition 2001, subsection 3.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i>, 6th Edition 2010, subsection 4.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegal, AM., Connolly, WG., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RT5w0s7_op8C&q=plurals+abbreviations"><i>The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage</i></a>, Three Rivers Press, 1999, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarner2009" class="citation book cs1">Garner, Bryan (2009). <i>Garner's Modern American Usage</i>. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 638. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538275-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538275-4"><bdi>978-0-19-538275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garner%27s+Modern+American+Usage&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=638&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538275-4&rft.aulast=Garner&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uchicago.edu/explainer/chicago-manual-style-explained">"The Chicago Manual of Style, explained | University of Chicago News"</a>. <i>news.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+explained+%7C+University+of+Chicago+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uchicago.edu%2Fexplainer%2Fchicago-manual-style-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Blake" title="Gary Blake">Gary Blake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Bly" title="Robert W. Bly">Robert W. Bly</a>, <i>The Elements of Technical Writing</i>, pg. 53. New York City: Macmillan Publishers, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0020130856" title="Special:BookSources/0020130856">0020130856</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/International_Bureau_of_Weights_and_Measures" title="International Bureau of Weights and Measures">International Bureau of Weights and Measures</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf"><i>The International System of Units (SI)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (8th ed.), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6" title="Special:BookSources/92-822-2213-6"><bdi>92-822-2213-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604163219/https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/41483022/si_brochure_8.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+System+of+Units+%28SI%29&rft.edition=8th&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=92-822-2213-6&rft.au=International+Bureau+of+Weights+and+Measures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bipm.org%2Fdocuments%2F20126%2F41483022%2Fsi_brochure_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1949" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (1949). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteeneightyfo00orwe_1"><i>Nineteen Eighty-Four</i></a></span>. Secker and Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28423-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28423-4"><bdi>978-0-452-28423-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteen+Eighty-Four&rft.pub=Secker+and+Warburg&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28423-4&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteeneightyfo00orwe_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbbreviation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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