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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kokhand_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kokhand_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kokhand rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kokhand_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsarist_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsarist_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Tsarist era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsarist_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Soviet era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Independence era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orientation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orientation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Orientation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orientation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>City centre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outer_neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outer_neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Outer neighbourhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outer_neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Outside the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Distances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology and environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Air quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Mass public transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commuter_and_long-distance_buses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commuter_and_long-distance_buses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Commuter and long-distance buses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commuter_and_long-distance_buses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bishkek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 162 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-162" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">162 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishk%C3%A8k" title="Bishkèk – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bishkèk" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%AC%E1%8A%AD" title="ቢሽኬክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢሽኬክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%83" title="بيشكك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيشكك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixkek" title="Bixkek – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bixkek" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="बिस्केक – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बिस्केक" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="بیشکک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیشکک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95" title="বিশকেক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশকেক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Бешкәк – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бешкәк" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бішкек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бішкек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бішкек – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бішкек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="बिश्केक – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिश्केक" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%80" title="བི་སི་ཀེཀ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བི་སི་ཀེཀ" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichkek" title="Bichkek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bichkek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixkek" title="Bixkek – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bixkek" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorod_Bishkek" title="Gorod Bishkek – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gorod Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischkek" title="Bischkek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bischkek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81eezh_Bee_Bine%CA%BCadziihii" title="Łeezh Bee Bineʼadziihii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łeezh Bee Bineʼadziihii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BA" title="Μπισκέκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπισκέκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Бишкек ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бишкек ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Dkeko" title="Biŝkeko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biŝkeko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixkek" title="Bixkek – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bixkek" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="بیشکک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیشکک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichkek" title="Bichkek – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bichkek" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixkek" title="Bixkek – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bixkek" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%88%EC%BC%80%ED%81%AC" title="비슈케크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슈케크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%B7%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%AF" title="Բիշքեկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիշքեկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="बिश्केक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिश्केक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A7" title="בישקק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בישקק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಷ್ಕೆಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಷ್ಕೆಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბიშკეკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიშკეკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бішкек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бішкек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichkek" title="Bichkek – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bichkek" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AE%C5%9Fkek" title="Bîşkek – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîşkek" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisphecum" title="Pisphecum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pisphecum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1keka" title="Biškeka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Biškeka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischkek" title="Bischkek – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bischkek" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kekas" title="Biškekas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biškekas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bixcec" title="Bixcec – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bixcec" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="विस्केक – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="विस्केक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ബിഷ്കെക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിഷ്കെക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="बिश्केक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिश्केक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ბიშკეკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიშკეკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83" title="بيشكيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيشكيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="بیشکک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیشکک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘီရှကက်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီရှကက်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95" title="विस्केक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विस्केक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%B1%E3%82%AF" title="ビシュケク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビシュケク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischkek_(Steed)" title="Bischkek (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bischkek (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishquec" title="Bishquec – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bishquec" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%95" title="ਬਿਸ਼ਕੇਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਸ਼ਕੇਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بشکیک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بشکیک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%DA%A9%DA%A9" title="بشکک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بشکک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bischkek" title="Bischkek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bischkek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biszkek" title="Biszkek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biszkek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisqueque" title="Bisqueque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bisqueque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C8%99kek" title="Bișkek – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bișkek" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бішкек – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бішкек" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkeku" title="Bishkeku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bishkeku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%DA%AA%D9%8A%DA%AA" title="بشڪيڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بشڪيڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biszkek" title="Biszkek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Biszkek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8E%DA%A9" title="بیشکێک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیشکێک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisjkek" title="Bisjkek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bisjkek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biskek" title="Biskek – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biskek" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பிசுக்கெக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிசுக்கெக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BA" title="Бишкәк – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бишкәк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="బిష్కెక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బిష్కెక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81" title="บิชเคก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิชเคก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бишкек – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бишкек" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бішкек – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бішкек" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="بشکیک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بشکیک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B4%D9%83%DB%95%D9%83" title="بىشكەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىشكەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BB%80%E5%87%AF%E5%85%8B" title="比什凯克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比什凯克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A7" title="בישקעק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בישקעק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BB%80%E5%87%B1%E5%85%8B" title="比什凱克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比什凱克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%9Fkek" title="Bişkek – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bişkek" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BB%80%E5%87%AF%E5%85%8B" title="比什凯克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比什凯克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisk%C3%A8k" title="Biskèk – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Biskèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bishkek" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%A1kek" title="Biškek – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Biškek" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bishkek&params=42_52_29_N_74_36_44_E_region:KG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°52′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°36′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.87472°N 74.61222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.87472; 74.61222</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Kyrgyzstan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Kyrgyzstan</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bishkek</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ky">Бишкек</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a> transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Biškek</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bishkek</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_Romanization" class="mw-redirect" title="ALA-LC Romanization">ALA-LC</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bishkek</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg/288px-Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg/432px-Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg/576px-Bishkek_City%27s_business_center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div><div>Bishkek's skyline and the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Ala-Too_Range" title="Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range">Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Hall,_Bishkek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg/142px-City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg/213px-City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg/284px-City_Hall%2C_Bishkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bishkek" title="Mayor of Bishkek">Bishkek City Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg/142px-Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg/213px-Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg/284px-Bishkek_Central_Mosque_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Central_Mosque" title="Bishkek Central Mosque">Bishkek Central Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkek,_Kyrgyzstan_(44662092801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg/159px-Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg/239px-Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg/318px-Bishkek%2C_Kyrgyzstan_%2844662092801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="2030" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Bishkek" title="Victory Square, Bishkek">Victory Square</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg/125px-E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg/188px-E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg/250px-E7903-Bishkek-Ala-Too-Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ala-Too_Square" title="Ala-Too Square">Ala-Too Square</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><b>Clockwise from top</b>: view from Bishkek south towards the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Ala-Too_Range" title="Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range">Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Central_Mosque" title="Bishkek Central Mosque">Bishkek Central Mosque</a>; Residential Area of the City; <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Bishkek" title="Victory Square, Bishkek">Victory Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bishkek" title="Mayor of Bishkek">Bishkek City Hall</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bishkek.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bishkek"><img alt="Flag of Bishkek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bishkek.svg/120px-Flag_of_Bishkek.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bishkek.svg/180px-Flag_of_Bishkek.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Bishkek.svg/240px-Flag_of_Bishkek.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bishkek" title="Flag of Bishkek">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Bishkek"><img alt="Coat of arms of Bishkek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bishkek_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bishkek is located in Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Bishkek is located in Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Kyrgyzstan.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:13.895%;left:48.381%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bishkek"><img alt="Bishkek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Bishkek</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Kyrgyzstan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Kyrgyzstan</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bishkek is located in Asia"><img alt="Bishkek is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.946%;left:36.368%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Bishkek"><img alt="Bishkek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:4px;left:-3em"><div>Bishkek</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Bishkek (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bishkek&params=42_52_29_N_74_36_44_E_region:KG_type:city(1145044)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°52′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°36′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.87472°N 74.61222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.87472; 74.61222</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Regions of Kyrgyzstan">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bishkek<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Districts of Kyrgyzstan">District</a><sup id="cite_ref-class_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Districts</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Birinchi_May_District,_Bishkek" title="Birinchi May District, Bishkek">Birinchi May</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lenin_District,_Bishkek" title="Lenin District, Bishkek">Lenin</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_District,_Bishkek" title="Oktyabr District, Bishkek">Oktyabr</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sverdlov_District,_Bishkek" title="Sverdlov District, Bishkek">Sverdlov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Bishkek" title="Mayor of Bishkek">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Aibek Junushaliev</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-stat09_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">386.0 km<sup>2</sup> (149.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">800 m (2,600 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2023)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,145,044</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,000/km<sup>2</sup> (7,700/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B06:00" title="UTC+06:00">UTC+06:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan_Time" title="Kyrgyzstan Time">KGT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">720000–720085</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+996) 312</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">B, E, 01</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2021)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.739<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#0c0">high</span> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Kyrgyzstan_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of regions of Kyrgyzstan by Human Development Index">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meria.kg">meria<wbr />.kg</a></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Kyrgyz, Russian, and English)</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bishkek</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formerly known as <b>Frunze</b>, and earlier <b>Pishpek</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Bishkek is also the administrative centre of the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishkek is situated near the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_border" title="Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan border">border with Kazakhstan</a> and has a population of 1,074,075, as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-pop21_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a> established the fortress of Pishpek in 1825 to control local caravan routes and to collect <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> tribes. On 4 September 1860, with the approval of the Kyrgyz, Russian forces led by Colonel Apollon Zimmermann destroyed the fortress. In the present day, the fortress ruins can be found just north of Jibek jolu Street, near the new main mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Russian settlement was established in 1868 on the site of the fortress under its original name, Pishpek. It lay within the General Governorship of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Semirechye_Oblast" title="Semirechye Oblast">Semirechye Oblast</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast</a> was established in 1925 in Russian Turkestan, promoting Pishpek to its capital. In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> renamed the city <i>Frunze</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> military leader <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> (1885–1925), who was born there. Frunze became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic">Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic</a> in 1936, during the final stages of <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">national delimitation in the Soviet Union</a>. In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz parliament">Kyrgyz parliament</a> changed the capital's name to Bishkek. </p><p>Bishkek is situated at an altitude of about 800 metres (2,600 ft), just off the northern fringe of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Ala-Too_Range" title="Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range">Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range</a>, an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountain range. These mountains rise to a height of 4,895 metres (16,060 ft). North of the city, a fertile and gently undulating steppe extends far north into neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. The river <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">Chüy</a> drains most of the area. Bishkek is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Turkestan%E2%80%93Siberia_Railway" title="Turkestan–Siberia Railway">Turkestan–Siberia Railway</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Spur_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur line">spur line</a>. </p><p>Bishkek is a city of wide boulevards and marble-faced public buildings combined with numerous <a href="/wiki/Khrushchevka" title="Khrushchevka">Soviet-style apartment blocks</a> surrounding interior courtyards. There are also thousands of smaller, privately built houses, mostly outside the city centre. Streets follow a grid pattern, with most flanked on both sides by narrow irrigation channels, which provide water to trees which provide shade during the hot summers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek is supposedly named after the paddle used to churn fermenting milk.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official website of the Bishkek's city hall provides the following etymological justification for the name of the city: the pregnant wife of a hero lost a paddle used to churn <a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a>. While looking for it, she suddenly gave birth to a boy, who she named Bishkek. Bishkek would grow up to be a noble figure and after his death, was buried on a mound near the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Alam%C3%BCd%C3%BCn_(river)" title="Alamüdün (river)">Alamüdün</a>. There, a tombstone was erected. The building was seen and described by travelers of the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bishkek" title="Timeline of Bishkek">Timeline of Bishkek</a></div> <p>Based on DNA evidence, the area near Bishkek is considered one of the possible origins of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> between AD 1346 and 1353.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kokhand_rule">Kokhand rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kokhand rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally a caravan rest stop, possibly founded by the <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a>, on one of the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> range, the location was fortified in 1825 by the <a href="/wiki/Khan_of_Kokand" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan of Kokand">khan of Kokand</a> with a mud fort. In the last years of Kokhand rule, the Pishpek fortress was led by <a href="/wiki/Atabeg" title="Atabeg">Atabek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmanjan_Datka" title="Kurmanjan Datka">the Datka</a>. In 1844, the forces of <a href="/wiki/Ormon_Khan" title="Ormon Khan">Ormon Khan</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Кыргыз хандыгы">Kara-Kyrgyz Khanate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ky:Кыргыз хандыгы">ky</a>]</span>, briefly captured the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsarist_era">Tsarist era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tsarist era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> annexed the area, and the military forces of Colonel Apollon Zimmerman took and razed the fort. Colonel Zimmermann rebuilt the town over the destroyed fort and appointed field-Poruchik Titov as head of a new Russian garrison. The Imperial Russian government redeveloped the site from 1877 onward, encouraging the settlement of Russian peasants by giving them fertile land to develop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_era">Soviet era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soviet era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG/240px-Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG/360px-Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG/480px-Michael_Frunze_Statue_vor_dem_Bahnhof_von_Bischkek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> near the railway station</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Kara-Kirghiz_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast">Kirghiz ASSR</a> and was renamed Frunze after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s close associate who was born in Bishkek and played key roles during the <a href="/wiki/1905_Russian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Russian Revolution">revolutions of 1905</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">1917</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of the early 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era">Independence era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 1990s were a tumultuous time for Bishkek. In June 1990, a state of emergency was declared following severe ethnic riots in southern Kyrgyzstan that threatened to spread to the capital. The city was renamed Bishkek on 5 February 1991, and Kyrgyzstan achieved independence later that year during the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakup of the Soviet Union">breakup of the Soviet Union</a>. Before independence, the majority of Bishkek's population were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. In 2004, Russians made up approximately 20% of the city's population, and about <span class="nowrap">7–8%</span> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bishkek is Kyrgyzstan's financial centre, with all of the country's 21 commercial banks headquartered there. During the Soviet era, the city was home to many industrial plants, but most have been shut down since 1991 or now operate on a much-reduced scale. One of Bishkek's largest employment centres today is the <a href="/wiki/Dordoy_Bazaar" title="Dordoy Bazaar">Dordoy Bazaar</a> open market, where many of the Chinese goods imported to <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries are sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alma-Ata_NK-43_(1948)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Alma-Ata_NK-43_%281948%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6338" data-file-height="4998" /></a><figcaption>Map including Bishkek (labelled as Frunze) (<a href="/wiki/Army_Map_Service" title="Army Map Service">AMS</a>, 1948)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientation">Orientation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Orientation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Bishkek itself is relatively young, its surrounding area has some sites of interest dating to prehistoric times. There are also sites from the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a> period, the period of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a> influence, the era of the Central Asian <i><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">khanates</a></i>, and the Soviet period.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/220px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/330px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg/440px-Russian_Orthodox_cathedral_in_Bishkek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="2514" /></a><figcaption>Russian Orthodox cathedral of the Holy Resurrection</figcaption></figure> <p>The central part of the city is laid out on a rectangular grid plan. The city's main street is the east-west Chüy Avenue (<a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Prospekti" title="Chüy Prospekti">Chüy Prospekti</a>), named after the region's <a href="/wiki/Chu_(river)" title="Chu (river)">main river</a>. In the Soviet era, it was called <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> Avenue. Along or near it are many important government buildings and universities. These include the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> compound. The westernmost section of the avenue is known as <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> Avenue. </p><p>The main north–south street is <a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_Communist_Kyrgyzstan" title="Leadership of Communist Kyrgyzstan">Yusup Abdrakhmanov</a> Street, still commonly referred to by its old name, Sovietskaya Street. Its northern and southern sections are called, respectively, Yelebesov and Baityk Batyr Streets. Several major shopping centres are located along with it, and in the north, it provides access to <a href="/wiki/Dordoy_Bazaar" title="Dordoy Bazaar">Dordoy Bazaar</a>. </p><p>Erkindik ("Freedom") Boulevard runs from north to south, from the main railroad station (Bishkek II) south of Chüy Avenue to the museum quarter and sculpture park just north of Chüy Avenue, and further north toward the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the past, it was called Dzerzhinsky Boulevard, named after a Communist revolutionary, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>, and its northern continuation is still called Dzerzhinsky Street. </p><p>An important east–west street is Jibek Jolu ('<a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>'). It runs parallel to Chüy Avenue about 2 km (1.2 mi) north of it and is part of the main east–west road of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy Region</a>. Both the eastern and western bus terminals are located along Jibek Jolu. </p><p>There is a Roman Catholic church located at ul. Vasiljeva 197 (near Rynok Bayat). It is the only Catholic cathedral in Kyrgyzstan.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A stadium named in honour of Dolon Omurzakov is located near the centre of Bishkek. This is the largest stadium in the Kyrgyz Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_centre">City centre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: City centre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_State_Historical_Museum" title="Kyrgyz State Historical Museum">Kyrgyz State Historical Museum</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Ala-Too_Square" title="Ala-Too Square">Ala-Too Square</a>, the main city square.</li> <li>State Museum of Applied Arts, containing examples of traditional Kyrgyz <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a>.</li> <li>Frunze House Museum.</li> <li>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Panfilov" title="Ivan Panfilov">Ivan Panfilov</a> in the park near the <a href="/wiki/White_House,_Bishkek" title="White House, Bishkek">White House</a>.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> stands in a large park (Boulevard Erkindik) across from the train station.</li> <li>The train station was built in 1946 by German <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> and has survived since then without further renovation or repairs; most of those who built it perished and were buried in unmarked pits near the station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The main government building, the White House, is a large seven-story marble building and the former headquarters of the Communist Party of the <a href="/wiki/Kirghiz_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirghiz SSR">Kirghiz SSR</a>.</li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Ala-Too_Square" title="Ala-Too Square">Ala-Too Square</a> there is an independence monument where the changing of the guards may be watched.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh_Bazaar" title="Osh Bazaar">Osh Bazaar</a>, west of the city centre, is a large, picturesque produce market.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_National_Philharmonic" title="Kyrgyz National Philharmonic">Kyrgyz National Philharmonic</a>, concert hall.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outer_neighbourhoods">Outer neighbourhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Outer neighbourhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dordoy_Bazaar" title="Dordoy Bazaar">Dordoy Bazaar</a>, just inside the bypass highway on the north-eastern edge of the city, is a major retail and wholesale market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_the_city">Outside the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Outside the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Ala-Too_Range" title="Kyrgyz Ala-Too Range">Kyrgyz Ala-Too mountain range</a>, some 40 kilometres (25 mi) away, provides a spectacular backdrop to the city; the <a href="/wiki/Ala_Archa_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala Archa National Park">Ala Archa National Park</a> is only a 30 to 45 minutes drive away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distances">Distances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek is about 300 km away directly from the country's second largest city <a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a>. However, its nearest large city is <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> of Kazakhstan, which is 190 km to the east. Furthermore, it is 470 km from <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a> (Uzbekistan), 680 km from <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> (Tajikistan), and about 1,000 km each from <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> (Kazakhstan), <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (China), <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> (Pakistan), and <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a> (Afghanistan). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek has a Mediterranean-influenced <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> <i>Dsa</i>), as the average mean temperature in the winter is below 0 °C (32.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> is around 440 millimetres (17 in) per year. Average daily high temperatures range from 3 °C (37.4 °F) in January to about 31 °C (87.8 °F) during July.<sup id="cite_ref-Pogoda_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogoda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summer months are dominated by dry periods, punctuated by the occasional <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">thunderstorm</a>, which produces strong gusty winds and rare <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>. The mountains to the south provide a natural boundary and protection from damaging weather, as does the smaller mountain chain that runs north-west to south-east. In the winter months, sparse <a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">snow storms</a> and frequent heavy <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> are the dominating features. There are sometimes temperature inversions, during which the fog can last for days at a time. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bishkek (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4<br />(77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br />(86.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7<br />(94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7<br />(98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.9<br />(105.6) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(107.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0C00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(103.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1<br />(98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.8<br />(85.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7<br />(74.7) </td> <td style="background: #F60000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">42.1<br />(107.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br />(53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7<br />(27.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9<br />(73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br />(39.6) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.6<br />(52.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1<br />(19.2) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7<br />(53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.2<br />(22.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3A3AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.9<br />(−25.4) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−34<br />(−29) </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21.8<br />(−7.2) </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3<br />(9.9) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8<br />(27.0) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.2<br />(−26.0) </td> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.1<br />(−20.4) </td> <td style="background: #2F2FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−34<br />(−29) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #E3FFE3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">455<br />(17.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5<br />(2.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">93 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50 </td> <td style="background: #4F4FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45 </td> <td style="background: #4747FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #1111FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">62 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">137 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF27; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128 </td> <td style="background: #C5C505; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">306 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">332 </td> <td style="background: #F2F214; color:#000000;" class="notheme">317 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144 </td> <td style="background: #B3B370; color:#000000;" class="notheme">114 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-Pogoda_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogoda-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek is the most populated city in Kyrgyzstan. Its population, estimated in 2021, was 1,074,075.<sup id="cite_ref-pop21_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the foundation of the city to the mid-1990s, ethnic Russians and other peoples of European descent (Ukrainians, Germans) comprised the majority of the city's population. According to the 1970 census, the ethnic Kyrgyz were only 12.3%, while Europeans comprised more than 80% of the Frunze population. Now Bishkek is a predominantly Kyrgyz city, with 75% of its residents Kyrgyz, while European peoples make up around 15% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-Table_1.13:_Distribution_of_the_resident_population_by_individual_nationalities_at_the_beginning_of_2020_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Table_1.13:_Distribution_of_the_resident_population_by_individual_nationalities_at_the_beginning_of_2020-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this fact, Russian is the main language while Kyrgyz continues losing ground, especially among the younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferdinand_and_Komlósi_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand_and_Komlósi-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical populations in Bishkek</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1876</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1882</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,135</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+50.74%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1893</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,857</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.76%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,615</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1902</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">9,656</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1907</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,752</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.33%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1913</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,102</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.53%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,610</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.72%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">92,783</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.42%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">223,831</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.50%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">436,459</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">535,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.30%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">619,903</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.48%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">762,308</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2009</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">835,743</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.92%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">846,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.29%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">859,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.57%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2012</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">874,400</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.70%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,074,075</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.31%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox 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Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stat09_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pop21_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop21-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_environment">Ecology and environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ecology and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_quality">Air quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Air quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emissions of air pollutants in Bishkek amounted to 14,400 tons in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-meteo.ktnet.kg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteo.ktnet.kg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among all cities in Kyrgyzstan, the level of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> in Bishkek is the highest, occasionally exceeding maximum allowable concentrations by several times, especially in the city centre.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> occasionally exceed maximum allowable limits by a factor of four. The hydrogeologist Zheenbek Kulbekov identifies coal-heating mainly in informal settlements (<i>samozakhvat</i>), the exhaust from private vehicles and the lack of air circulation as the three main factors for the grave air pollution in Kyrgyzstan's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is mainly due to the haphazard construction of private multi-story buildings - in contradiction to former city plans developed up until the end of the USSR - which prompted discussion on a moratorium on the further construction of high-rise buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Leupold_1194–1221_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leupold_1194–1221-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Responsibility for ambient air quality monitoring in Bishkek lies with the Kyrgyz State Agency of <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorology" title="Hydrometeorology">Hydrometeorology</a>. There are seven air-quality monitoring stations in Bishkek, measuring levels of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meteo.ktnet.kg_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteo.ktnet.kg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg/220px-E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg/330px-E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg/440px-E7919-Dordoy-Bazaar-clothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dordoy_Bazaar" title="Dordoy Bazaar">Dordoy Bazaar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bishkek uses the Kyrgyzstan currency, the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzstani som">som</a>. The som's value fluctuates regularly but averaged around 86 som per U.S. dollar as of November 2024. The economy in Bishkek is primarily agricultural, and agricultural products are sometimes bartered in the outlying regions. The streets of Bishkek are regularly lined with produce vendors in a market-style venue. In most of the downtown area there is a more urban cityscape with banks, stores, markets, and malls. Sought-after goods include hand-crafted artisan pieces, such as statues, carvings, paintings, and many nature-based sculptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with many cities in post-Soviet states, housing in Bishkek has undergone extensive changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union. While housing was formerly distributed to citizens in the Soviet era, housing in Bishkek has since become privatised. </p><p>Though single-family houses are slowly becoming more popular, the majority of the residents live in Soviet-era apartments. Despite the Kyrgyz economy experiencing growth, increases in available housing have been slow with very little new construction and a doubling of prices from 2001 to 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed by the 2010s when an unprecedented housing boom has transformed the city. By 2021, over 246 construction firms were active in Kyrgyzstan, primarily focusing on upscale residences, often marketed as 'business class' or 'premium class' accommodations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern part of the city, where a significant portion of new constructions is concentrated, faces a critical concern due to its proximity to the Issyk-Ata fault line.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounded by the inadequately seismic-proof architecture of most of these buildings, this situation poses a serious threat to the safety of residents and has sparked criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-Leupold_1194–1221_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leupold_1194–1221-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited land availability propels private developers to encroach into socialist-era residential zones, resulting in the loss of green spaces and vital social infrastructure, including sports fields and playgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those unable to afford the high housing price within Bishkek, notably internal migrants from rural villages and small provincial towns, often have to resort to informal <a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Squatting in Kyrgyzstan">squatter settlements</a> on the city's outskirts such as Ak Jar, Ak Jol, Ak Örgö, Altyn Kazyk, Archa Beshik, Kalys-Ordo, Kayndy-2, Kelechek, Muras-Ordo and TETS-2 Yntymak.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These urban settlements are estimated to house 400,000 people or about 30 percent of Bishkek's population. While many of the settlements have lacked basic necessities such as electricity and running water, recently, the local government has pushed to provide these services.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Local government is administered by the Bishkek Mayor's Office. <a href="/wiki/Askarbek_Salymbekov" title="Askarbek Salymbekov">Askarbek Salymbekov</a> was mayor until his resignation in August 2005, after which his deputy, <a href="/wiki/Arstanbek_Nogoev" title="Arstanbek Nogoev">Arstanbek Nogoev</a>, took over the mayorship. Nogoev was in turn removed from his position in October 2007 through a decree of President <a href="/wiki/Kurmanbek_Bakiyev" title="Kurmanbek Bakiyev">Kurmanbek Bakiyev</a> and replaced by businessman and former first deputy prime minister <a href="/wiki/Daniar_Usenov" title="Daniar Usenov">Daniar Usenov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2008 former head of the Kyrgyz Railways <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Tuleyev" title="Nariman Tuleyev">Nariman Tuleyev</a> was appointed mayor, who was dismissed by the interim government after 7 April 2010. From April 2010 to February 2011 Isa Omurkulov, also a former head of the Kyrgyz Railways, was an interim mayor,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 4 February 2011 to 14 December 2013 he was re-elected the mayor of Bishkek.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kubanychbek Kulmatov was nominated for election by parliamentary group of <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan">Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan</a> in city kenesh, and he was elected as a new mayor on 15 January 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and stepped down on 9 February 2016. The next mayor, Albek Sabirbekovich Ibraimov, was also nominated for election by parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan in city kenesh, and Bishkek City Kenesh elected him on 27 February 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current mayor is Emil Abdykadyrov, who was elected on 24 February 2022. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Central Committee Building"><img alt="Former Central Committee Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg/120px-Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg/180px-Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg/240px-Kyrgyz_Republic_Government_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5892" data-file-height="3927" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Central Committee Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_University_of_Central_Asia,_Bishkek_(2005).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Supreme Soviet Building"><img alt="Former Supreme Soviet Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg/120px-American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg/180px-American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg/240px-American_University_of_Central_Asia%2C_Bishkek_%282005%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Supreme Soviet Building</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek city covers 169.6 square kilometres (65.5 square miles)<sup id="cite_ref-stat09_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stat09-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is administered separately and not part of any region. Besides the city proper, one <a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">urban-type settlement</a> and one village are administered by the city: <a href="/wiki/Chong-Aryk,_Bishkek" title="Chong-Aryk, Bishkek">Chong-Aryk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orto-Say" title="Orto-Say">Orto-Say</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-class_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is divided into 4 districts: <a href="/wiki/Birinchi_May_District,_Bishkek" title="Birinchi May District, Bishkek">Birinchi May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenin_District,_Bishkek" title="Lenin District, Bishkek">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_District,_Bishkek" title="Oktyabr District, Bishkek">Oktyabr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sverdlov_District,_Bishkek" title="Sverdlov District, Bishkek">Sverdlov</a>. Chong-Aryk and Orto-Say are part of Lenin District.<sup id="cite_ref-class_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-class-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, there has been discussion of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">replacing</a> the Soviet era district names with ones that reflect Kyrgyz identity and history. Other former Soviet republics have widely replaced Soviet era place names; despite renaming the capital in 1991, Kyrgyzstan is the only nation in Central Asia to retain Soviet era names for districts in its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek is culturally the country's most important city. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Kyrgyz_Republic" title="National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic">National Library of the Kyrgyz Republic</a> as well as a number of museums, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_State_Historical_Museum" title="Kyrgyz State Historical Museum">Kyrgyz State Historical Museum</a> or the <a href="/wiki/M._V._Frunze_Museum" title="M. V. Frunze Museum">M. V. Frunze Museum</a>. The national public broadcasting service KTRK or <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Television" title="Kyrgyz Television">Kyrgyz Television</a> is based in Bishkek. Newspapers in Bishkek include the English-language <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Observer" title="Bishkek Observer">Bishkek Observer</a>, the world's only <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">dungan-language</a> newspaper called <a href="/wiki/Huimin_bao" title="Huimin bao">Huimin bao</a> and the Russian-language <a href="/wiki/Vecherniy_Bishkek" title="Vecherniy Bishkek">Vecherniy Bishkek</a> newspaper. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The largest religion is <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, but since many Russians live in Kyrgyzstan, there is also a large <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a> community. The <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Central_Mosque" title="Bishkek Central Mosque">Bishkek Central Mosque</a> is one of the largest in Central Asia. Bishkek is home to the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Apostolic Administration of Kyrgyzstan">Apostolic Administration of Kyrgyzstan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishkek is home to <a href="/wiki/Dolen_Omurzakov_Stadium" title="Dolen Omurzakov Stadium">Dolen Omurzakov Stadium</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> stadium in Kyrgyzstan and the only one eligible to host international matches.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Bishkek-based football teams play on this pitch, including six-time Kyrgyzstan League champions, <a href="/wiki/FC_Dordoi_Bishkek" title="FC Dordoi Bishkek">Dordoi Bishkek</a>. Others include <a href="/wiki/FC_Alga_Bishkek" title="FC Alga Bishkek">Alga Bishkek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilbirs_Bishkek_FC" title="Ilbirs Bishkek FC">Ilbirs Bishkek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FC_RUOR-Guardia_Bishkek" title="FC RUOR-Guardia Bishkek">RUOR-Guardia Bishkek</a>. </p><p>Bishkek hosted the <a href="/wiki/2014_IIHF_Challenge_Cup_of_Asia_%E2%80%93_Division_I" title="2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I">2014 IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia – Division I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educational institutions in Bishkek include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_International_University_NRZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz International University NRZ (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz International University NRZ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APAP_KR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APAP KR (page does not exist)">APAP KR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Central_Asia" title="American University of Central Asia">American University of Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabaev_Kyrgyz_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabaev Kyrgyz State University (page does not exist)">Arabaev Kyrgyz State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Humanities_University" title="Bishkek Humanities University">Bishkek Humanities University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atat%C3%BCrk-Alatoo_University" class="mw-redirect" title="International Atatürk-Alatoo University">International Atatürk-Alatoo University</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="International University of Kyrgyzstan">International University of Kyrgyzstan</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_International_University_NRZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz International University NRZ (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz International University NRZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Russian_Slavic_University" title="Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University">Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University</a><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>I.K. Akhunbaev <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_State_Medical_Academy" title="Kyrgyz State Medical Academy">Kyrgyz State Medical Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_State_National_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz State National University">Kyrgyz State National University</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Technical_University" title="Kyrgyz Technical University">Kyrgyz Technical University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz-Russian_State_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz-Russian State University (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz-Russian State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz-Turkish_Manas_University" title="Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University">Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrgyz_Uzbek_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrgyz Uzbek University (page does not exist)">Kyrgyz Uzbek University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plato_University_of_Management_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plato University of Management and Design (page does not exist)">Plato University of Management and Design</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia" title="University of Central Asia">University of Central Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In addition, the following international schools serve the expatriate community in Bishkek: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_School_in_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="European School in Central Asia">European School in Central Asia</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_International_School_Bishkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford International School Bishkek (page does not exist)">Oxford International School Bishkek</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Academy_of_Bishkek" title="Hope Academy of Bishkek">Hope Academy of Bishkek</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=QSI_International_School_of_Bishkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QSI International School of Bishkek (page does not exist)">QSI International School of Bishkek</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silk_Road_International_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silk Road International School (page does not exist)">Silk Road International School</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg/220px-E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg/330px-E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg/440px-E8094-Bishkek-East-Bus-Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A typical Bishkek passenger van passes by the East Bus Terminal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg/220px-E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg/330px-E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg/440px-E7912-Bishkek2-interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The electronic board in the main hall of Bishkek-2, the main train station, shows Bishkek and Moscow time.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg/220px-Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg/330px-Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg/440px-Bishkek_Railway_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bishkek-2_railway_station" title="Bishkek-2 railway station">Bishkek-2 railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_public_transport">Mass public transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mass public transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public transportation includes buses, electric <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, and public vans (known in Russian as <i><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutka</a></i>). The first bus and trolley bus services in Bishkek were introduced in 1934 and 1951, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taxi cabs can be found throughout the city. </p><p>The city is considering designing and building a light rail system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commuter_and_long-distance_buses">Commuter and long-distance buses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Commuter and long-distance buses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main bus stations in Bishkek. The smaller old Eastern Bus Station is primarily the terminal for minibusses to various destinations within or just beyond the eastern suburbs, such as <a href="/wiki/Kant,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Kant, Kyrgyzstan">Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokmok" title="Tokmok">Tokmok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemin" title="Kemin">Kemin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Issyk_Ata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Issyk Ata (page does not exist)">Issyk Ata</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Korday" title="Korday">Korday</a> border crossing. </p><p>Long-distance regular bus and minibus services to all parts of the country, as well as to <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a> (the largest city in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, China, run mostly from the newer grand Western Bus Station; only a smaller number run from the Eastern Station. </p><p>The Dordoy Bazaar on the north-eastern outskirts of the city also contains makeshift terminals for frequent minibusses to suburban towns in all directions (from <a href="/wiki/Sokuluk" title="Sokuluk">Sokuluk</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Tokmok" title="Tokmok">Tokmak</a> in the east) and to some buses taking traders to Kazakhstan and Siberia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishkek-2_railway_station" title="Bishkek-2 railway station">Bishkek-2 railway station</a> sees only a few trains a day. It offers a popular three-day train service from Bishkek to Moscow. </p><p>There are also long-distance trains that leave for Siberia (<a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novokuznetsk" title="Novokuznetsk">Novokuznetsk</a>), via <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, over the <a href="/wiki/TurkSib" class="mw-redirect" title="TurkSib">TurkSib</a> route, and to <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> (Sverdlovsk) in the Urals, via <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>. These services are remarkably slow (over 48 hours to Yekaterinburg), due to long stops at the border and the indirect route (the trains first have to go west for more than a 100 kilometres (62 mi) before they enter the main TurkSib line and can continue to the east or north). For example, as of the fall of 2008, train No. 305 Bishkek-Yekaterinburg was scheduled to take 11 hours to reach the <a href="/wiki/Shu,_Jambyl" title="Shu, Jambyl">Shu</a> junction—a distance of some 269 kilometres (167 mi) by rail, and less than half of that by road.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Manas_International_Airport" title="Manas International Airport">Manas International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a> code FRU), located approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) north-west of the city centre. </p><p>In 2001, the United States obtained the right to use Manas International Airport as an <a href="/wiki/Transit_Center_at_Manas" title="Transit Center at Manas">air base</a> for its military operations in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia subsequently (2003) established an airbase of its own (<a href="/wiki/Kant_(air_base)" title="Kant (air base)">Kant Air Base</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Kant,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Kant, Kyrgyzstan">Kant</a>, some 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Bishkek. It is based at a facility that used to be home to a major Soviet military pilot training school; one of its students, <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>, later became president of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinghiz_Aitmatov" title="Chinghiz Aitmatov">Chinghiz Aitmatov</a> (1928–2008), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altynai_Botoyarova" title="Altynai Botoyarova">Altynai Botoyarova</a> (born 2004), model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Chudinov" title="Igor Chudinov">Igor Chudinov</a> (born 1961), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugolbay_Sydykbekov" title="Tugolbay Sydykbekov">Tugolbay Sydykbekov</a> (1912–1997), writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talant_Dujshebaev" title="Talant Dujshebaev">Talant Dujshebaev</a> (born 1968), handball coach and former handball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> (1885–1925), after whom the city was named from 1926 to 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasirdin_Isanov" title="Nasirdin Isanov">Nasirdin Isanov</a> (1943–1991), first prime minister of Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamchy_Kolbayev" title="Kamchy Kolbayev">Kamchy Kolbayev</a> (1974–2023), crime boss</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_B._Korolev" title="Sergei B. Korolev">Sergei B. Korolev</a> (born 1962), First Deputy Director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Kulov" title="Felix Kulov">Felix Kulov</a> (born 1948), politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orzubek_Nazarov" title="Orzubek Nazarov">Orzubek Nazarov</a> (born 1966), former WBA lightweight boxing champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roza_Otunbayeva" title="Roza Otunbayeva">Roza Otunbayeva</a> (born 1950), third president of Kyrgyzstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Perlin" title="Vladimir Perlin">Vladimir Perlin</a> (born 1942), cellist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Petrashov" title="Denis Petrashov">Denis Petrashov</a> (born 2000), swimmer, Youth Games and Maccabiah Games medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salizhan_Sharipov" title="Salizhan Sharipov">Salizhan Sharipov</a> (born 1964), first cosmonaut of independent Kyrgyzstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonina_Shevchenko" title="Antonina Shevchenko">Antonina Shevchenko</a> (born 1984), kickboxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentina_Shevchenko" title="Valentina Shevchenko">Valentina Shevchenko</a> (born 1988), kickboxer and UFC champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iasyr_Shivaza" title="Iasyr Shivaza">Iasyr Shivaza</a> (1906–1988), poet and activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalya_Tsyganova" title="Natalya Tsyganova">Natalya Tsyganova</a> (born 1971), 800m medallist at the World and European championships, representing Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniar_Usenov" title="Daniar Usenov">Daniar Usenov</a> (born 1960), banker and politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Kyrgyzstan" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Asia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Kyrgyzstan</a></div> <p>Bishkek is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a>, Turkmenistan (2018)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a>, United States (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar"><img alt="Qatar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a>, Qatar (2014)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gumi,_North_Gyeongsang" title="Gumi, North Gyeongsang">Gumi</a>, South Korea (1991)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, Turkey (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lianyungang" title="Lianyungang">Lianyungang</a>, China (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan (2011)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>, Iran (2003)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a>, Turkey<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>, Belgium (2012)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran (1994)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, Turkey (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Russia (2017)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a>, China (1993)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China (2016)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yinchuan" title="Yinchuan">Yinchuan</a>, China (2000)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_of_Bishkek" title="List of monuments of Bishkek">List of monuments of Bishkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Outline of Kyrgyzstan">Outline of Kyrgyzstan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: <span lang="ky">Бишкек</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kyrgyz" title="Romanization of Kyrgyz">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">Bişkek</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ky-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">[biʃˈkek]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Бишкек</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[bʲɪʂˈkʲek]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The region surrounds the city, although the city itself is not part of the region but rather a region-level unit of Kyrgyzstan.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-bishkek.kg/?q=node/13">Law on the Status of Bishkek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721201655/http://e-bishkek.kg/?q=node%2F13">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 April 1994, article 2 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>. Retrieved on 3 August 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-class_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kg/media/files/21f93e4d-9418-433e-aed9-ecb28d70ef5a.doc">"Classification system of territorial units of the Kyrgyz Republic"</a> (in Kyrgyz). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. May 2021. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Classification+system+of+territorial+units+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Committee+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.date=2021-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kg%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2F21f93e4d-9418-433e-aed9-ecb28d70ef5a.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stat09-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stat09_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat09_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stat09_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kg/media/files/7785e73a-a9b8-4d57-8011-3ceb391b6e0a.pdf">"2009 population and housing census of the Kyrgyz Republic: Bishkek City"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2010. pp. 13, 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+population+and+housing+census+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic%3A+Bishkek+City&rft.pages=13%2C+15&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Committee+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kg%2Fmedia%2Ffiles%2F7785e73a-a9b8-4d57-8011-3ceb391b6e0a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/769/">Permanent population of the Kyrgyz Republic as of January 1, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/KGZ/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019">"Sub-national HDI – Area Database"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i>. 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National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211110033419/http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/825/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+regions%2C+districts%2C+towns%2C+urban-type+settlements%2C+rural+communities+and+villages+of+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Committee+of+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft.date=2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kg%2Fru%2Fstatistics%2Fdownload%2Foperational%2F825%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://central-asia.guide/kyrgyzstan/destinations-kg/bishkek/">"Bishkek – Central Asia Guide"</a>. <i>Central Asia Guide</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Asia+Guide&rft.atitle=Bishkek+%E2%80%93+Central+Asia+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcentral-asia.guide%2Fkyrgyzstan%2Fdestinations-kg%2Fbishkek%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111190636/https://www.icesco.org/en/bishkek-capital-of-islamic-culture-2014/">"Bishkek Capital of Islamic Culture 2014"</a>. <i>ICESCO-En</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icesco.org/en/bishkek-capital-of-islamic-culture-2014/">the original</a> on 11 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICESCO-En&rft.atitle=Bishkek+Capital+of+Islamic+Culture+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icesco.org%2Fen%2Fbishkek-capital-of-islamic-culture-2014%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/5efd328e-bcdd-41ec-96c1-1aec00f38d74">"In Kyrgyzstan, a taste of the 'purest milk imaginable'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 26 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=In+Kyrgyzstan%2C+a+taste+of+the+%27purest+milk+imaginable%27&rft.date=2022-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F5efd328e-bcdd-41ec-96c1-1aec00f38d74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/kyrgyzstan-kumis-fermented-milk-intl-hnk/index.html">"This Asian country is betting on fermented horse milk to attract tourists"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meria.kg%2Fru%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodward2022" class="citation news cs1">Woodward, Aylin (15 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/black-death-plague-that-killed-50-million-in-europe-began-in-central-asia-study-shows-11655305200">"Black Death Mystery Solved Centuries After Plague Killed 50 Million in Europe"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Black+Death+Mystery+Solved+Centuries+After+Plague+Killed+50+Million+in+Europe&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Aylin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fblack-death-plague-that-killed-50-million-in-europe-began-in-central-asia-study-shows-11655305200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelyakov2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belyakov, Yuri (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proza.ru/2020/05/02/745">"Ормон-хан"</a> [Ormon Khan]. <i>proza.ru</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=proza.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD-%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Belyakov&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproza.ru%2F2020%2F05%2F02%2F745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3681/is_200407/ai_n9472919">Residential Real Estate Market in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan: Current Conditions and Prospects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321113715/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3681/is_200407/ai_n9472919">Archived</a> 21 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourism-review.com/travel-tourism-magazine-bishkek-the-city-of-lenin-and-the-white-house-article765">"Bishkek: The City of Lenin and the White House | .TR"</a>. <i>www.tourism-review.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Kyiv. 15 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://old.kyivcity.gov.ua/files/2018/2/15/Mista-pobratymy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lianyungang<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lyg.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%BE%80%E6%9D%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyg.gov.cn%2Fzglygzfmhwz%2Fyhwl%2Fyhwl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220514180354/https://www.samsun.bel.tr/icerik/biskek-kirgizistan">"Bişkek, Kırgızistan"</a>. <i>samsun.bel.tr</i> (in Turkish). Samsun. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samsun.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Bi%C5%9Fkek%2C+K%C4%B1rg%C4%B1zistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsun.bel.tr%2Ficerik%2Fbiskek-kirgizistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bishkek.gov.kg/ky/international_connections">"International relations"</a>. <i>City Hall</i> (in Kyrgyz)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Hall&rft.atitle=International+relations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbishkek.gov.kg%2Fky%2Finternational_connections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sz.gov.cn/en_szgov/govt/cities/sister/index.html">"Sister Cities"</a>. <i>sz.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Shenzhen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sz.gov.cn&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sz.gov.cn%2Fen_szgov%2Fgovt%2Fcities%2Fsister%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203081144/http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi">"Ну, здравствуй, брат! Города-побратимы Ташкента"</a>. <i>vot.uz</i> (in Russian). The Voice of Tashkent. 10 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vot.uz/article/2015/11/10/neobratimi%D0%B5-pobratimi">the original</a> on 3 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vot.uz&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D1%83%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B9%2C+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%21+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvot.uz%2Farticle%2F2015%2F11%2F10%2Fneobratimi%25D0%25B5-pobratimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223212753/https://www.trabzon.bel.tr/fck-sayfalar.aspx?id=4485">"Kardeş Şehirler"</a>. <i>trabzon.bel.tr</i> (in Turkish). Trabzon. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trabzon.bel.tr/fck-sayfalar.aspx?id=4485">the original</a> on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trabzon.bel.tr&rft.atitle=Karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Eehirler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trabzon.bel.tr%2Ffck-sayfalar.aspx%3Fid%3D4485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113112857/http://fao.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjwqb/ycyx/201208/21615331c0ea4225af1249aed04cb510.shtml">"新疆维吾尔自治区友城介绍"</a>. <i>xinjiang.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. 9 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fao.xinjiang.gov.cn/xjwqb/ycyx/201208/21615331c0ea4225af1249aed04cb510.shtml">the original</a> on 13 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xinjiang.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA%E5%8F%8B%E5%9F%8E%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffao.xinjiang.gov.cn%2Fxjwqb%2Fycyx%2F201208%2F21615331c0ea4225af1249aed04cb510.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yinchuan.gov.cn/sshc/ycgk/yhcs/">"银川市友好城市及交流合作情况"</a>. <i>yinchuan.gov.cn</i> (in Chinese). Yinchuan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yinchuan.gov.cn&rft.atitle=%E9%93%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8F%8A%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yinchuan.gov.cn%2Fsshc%2Fycgk%2Fyhcs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABishkek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bishkek#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Bishkek">Bibliography of the history of Bishkek</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishkek&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Districts of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:Districts of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Kyrgyzstan&#124;link=Kyrgyzstan_Districts_(Raions)_of_Kyrgyzstan214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Districts of Kyrgyzstan">Districts (<i>Raions</i>) of Kyrgyzstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>North Kyrgyzstan</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bishkek City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birinchi_May_District,_Bishkek" title="Birinchi May District, Bishkek">Birinchi May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenin_District,_Bishkek" title="Lenin District, Bishkek">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktyabr_District,_Bishkek" title="Oktyabr District, Bishkek">Oktyabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverdlov_District,_Bishkek" title="Sverdlov District, Bishkek">Sverdlov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alam%C3%BCd%C3%BCn_District" title="Alamüdün District">Alamüdün</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_District" title="Chüy District">Chüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayyl_District" title="Jayyl District">Jayyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemin_District" title="Kemin District">Kemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moskva_District,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Moskva District, Kyrgyzstan">Moskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panfilov_District,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Panfilov District, Kyrgyzstan">Panfilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokuluk_District" title="Sokuluk District">Sokuluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ysyk-Ata_District" title="Ysyk-Ata District">Ysyk-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokmok" title="Tokmok">City of Tokmok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_Region" title="Issyk-Kul Region">Issyk-Kul Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak-Suu_District" title="Ak-Suu District">Ak-Suu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_District" title="Issyk-Kul District">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeti-%C3%96g%C3%BCz_District" title="Jeti-Ögüz District">Jeti-Ögüz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_District" title="Tong District">Tong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCp_District" title="Tüp District">Tüp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balykchy" title="Balykchy">City of Balykchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">City of Karakol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naryn_Region" title="Naryn Region">Naryn Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak-Talaa_District" title="Ak-Talaa District">Ak-Talaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At-Bashy_District" title="At-Bashy District">At-Bashy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumgal_District" title="Jumgal District">Jumgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochkor_District" title="Kochkor District">Kochkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryn_District" title="Naryn District">Naryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryn" title="Naryn">City of Naryn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Talas_Region" title="Talas Region">Talas Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakay-Ata_District" title="Bakay-Ata District">Bakay-Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Buura_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Buura District">Kara-Buura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_District" title="Manas District">Manas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talas_District,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas District, Kyrgyzstan">Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas, Kyrgyzstan">City of Talas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyrgyzstan_raions.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Raions of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Raions of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kyrgyzstan_raions.png/160px-Kyrgyzstan_raions.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kyrgyzstan_raions.png/240px-Kyrgyzstan_raions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Kyrgyzstan_raions.png/320px-Kyrgyzstan_raions.png 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Raions of Kyrgyzstan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b>South Kyrgyzstan</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>no districts</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batken_Region" title="Batken Region">Batken Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_District" title="Batken District">Batken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamjay_District" title="Kadamjay District">Kadamjay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leylek_District" title="Leylek District">Leylek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batken" title="Batken">City of Batken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kyya" title="Kyzyl-Kyya">City of Kyzyl-Kyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCl%C3%BCkt%C3%BC" title="Sülüktü">City of Sülüktü</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad_Region" title="Jalal-Abad Region">Jalal-Abad Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksy_District" title="Aksy District">Aksy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala-Buka_District" title="Ala-Buka District">Ala-Buka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazar-Korgon_District" title="Bazar-Korgon District">Bazar-Korgon </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatkal_District" title="Chatkal District">Chatkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooken_District" title="Nooken District">Nooken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzak_District" title="Suzak District">Suzak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toguz-Toro_District" title="Toguz-Toro District">Toguz-Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toktogul_District" title="Toktogul District">Toktogul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad" title="Jalal-Abad">City of Jalal-Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-K%C3%B6l" title="Kara-Köl">City of Kara-Köl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayluu-Suu" title="Mayluu-Suu">City of Mayluu-Suu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash-K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Tash-Kömür">City of Tash-Kömür</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Osh_Region" title="Osh Region">Osh Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alay_District" title="Alay District">Alay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravan_District" title="Aravan District">Aravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chong-Alay_District" title="Chong-Alay District">Chong-Alay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Kulja_District" title="Kara-Kulja District">Kara-Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Suu_District" title="Kara-Suu District">Kara-Suu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nookat_District" title="Nookat District">Nookat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n_District" title="Özgön District">Özgön</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Kyrgyzstan25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Regions of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kyrgyzstan_provinces_map.png/60px-Kyrgyzstan_provinces_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Kyrgyzstan_provinces_map.png/80px-Kyrgyzstan_provinces_map.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="423" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_Region" title="Batken Region">Batken</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bishkek</a> (city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%BCy_Region" title="Chüy Region">Chüy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul_Region" title="Issyk-Kul Region">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad_Region" title="Jalal-Abad Region">Jalal-Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryn_Region" title="Naryn Region">Naryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh_Region" title="Osh Region">Osh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a> (city)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talas_Region" title="Talas Region">Talas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Flag of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Kyrgyzstan79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_seats_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template:Regional seats of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_seats_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Template talk:Regional seats of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_seats_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional seats of Kyrgyzstan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Kyrgyzstan79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Regions of Kyrgyzstan">regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/45px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken" title="Batken">Batken</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bishkek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal-Abad" title="Jalal-Abad">Jalal-Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naryn" title="Naryn">Naryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh" title="Osh">Osh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talas,_Kyrgyzstan" title="Talas, Kyrgyzstan">Talas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Emblem of Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/45px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia352" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9361#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9361#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9361#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125627802">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260653/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqvTKhx8D7ykqkP9yh8md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4094939-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129719">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002603m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12002603m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1242464&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007567619105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/8e148744-f4d0-49fc-875b-b01f43adcc75">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028130219">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818" /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bishkek&params=42_52_29_N_74_36_44_E_region:KG_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°52′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">74°36′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.87472°N 74.61222°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.87472; 74.61222</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img 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